Internt of Things

The need to make the world smarter and safer has led to the growth of intelligent and secure cities that connect the physical world to the virtual world, providing real-time services that improve real-time situations. Here, we proposed the design and experimentally proved a smart city application and products. Our proposed system has seven main contributions, i.e., "Smart street lights", "Smart home", "Bio-metric door and home security system", "Intelligent traffic lights management and road security system", "Private and smart parking", "Intelligent accident management system" and "Smart information display/ notice board system". Our prototypes / products employ Arduino UNO board, Node MCU, Ultrasonic sensor, Fingerprint module, Servo motors, GSM, GPS, LEDs, Flame Sensor, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi module etc. Firstly, we controlled street lights using android application from mobile, that also record data of objects passing on the road. After that, Wi-Fi module through the internet is used for home automation in which the appliances will be controlled with android application. Moreover, fingerprint-based door security system has also been introduced that only operates on the authorized match. Similarly, home security system is proposed in which alarm and window will be automatically opened when fire or suspicious activity detected, while location will also be sent to the security department simultaneously. Furthermore, a smart traffic control system is proposed which adjusts traffic signals during peak hours, skipping capability, and a road security system to detect vehicle verification by OCR technique. Besides, private and smart parking system that only works on authorized detection of vehicles, this system also shows available parking slots. Most importantly, there is an automated accident management system in sensitive areas, that sends the exact location of the incident via text message and automatically throws sprinkles of water on the fire. Finally, a digital notice board system that displays data received from mobile app., climatic and current affairs about the city. We are very confident that our proposed systems of which three are prototype "streetlights control, smart accident management, information display systems" and four are products "home automation, bio-metric security, smart traffic control ,parking systems", are efficient, reliable, and cost-effective and can be easily tested and implemented on a large scale under real conditions, which will be useful in future smart city automation and smart home applications.

With the rapid increase in the number of vehicles in urban areas, drivers waste a lot of time and fuel to find an appropriate parking spot in a commercial parking lot. Moreover, approximately 30% of urban congestion is created by drivers cruising for packing space. This paper aims at providing a low-cost solution to this problem by creating a Smart Parking Space using the technology of IoT and an inexpensive processor NodeMCU. This amalgamation of embedded systems, connectivity and application will provide the user with the information of available parking spaces in a parking lot and also allows the user to reserve a parking space in the lot within the timestamp over the MQTT protocol. A Smart Parking Technology, as such, will help optimize space usage, improve the efficiency of the parking operations and help the smoother flow of vehicles. Further, this paper proposes a completely automated and smart parking space without much human intervention by including fire alarms, temperatur...

The project has been aimed at achieving a solution for huge energy wastage by introducing a method to control and monitor the ON and OFF timings of street lights by both automatically and manually from a remote location using Internet of Things (IoT). Conventional street lights in most of the areas are turned ON and OFF manually in the evening before the sun sets and the next day morning after there is sufficient sunlight and do not have a controlling system. The complete setup incorporates the use of Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) for sensing the light intensity in the environment and the sunlight falling on them to control the street lights. The lights will automatically glow once the sun goes down or at times when the intensity of light falling on the sensors diminishes due to stormy weather. A major leap has been taken in the project by using ESP 8266 Wi-Fi module for integrating the sensor with the street light and also for monitoring and controlling the whole network in real ...

Biometric authentication has become a prominent technology in the protection of individual and corporate digital identities, responding to the increasing demand to fight data breaches, identity theft, and fraud. The purpose of this research is to investigate the use of biometric authentication in enhancing digital identity protection, particularly its ability to offer greater security than conventional means, including passwords or PINs. As businesses continue to drive digitalization and cyber attacks become more sophisticated, the requirement for highly secure yet user-friendly authentication methods has become a priority. Although biometric technologies like fingerprint, facial recognition, and iris scanning have gained widespread attention, there are still some research loopholes regarding their real-world usage and limitations in different situations. A critical area that requires more investigation is the performance of biometric authentication across various environments, particularly the uptake of the use of biometric authentication alongside multi-factor authentication (MFA) systems in a bid to enhance security. Also, issues regarding privacy, data management, and the risks that accompany the compromise of biometric data require more investigation. The research also aims to investigate the degree to which biometric authentication affects the user experience, particularly in terms of convenience and ease of access. The research aims to overcome the limitations by providing an analysis of the technical, legal, and ethical aspects of biometric security as well as recommending guidance to organizations seeking to implement these systems for the effective safeguarding of identity. Generally, the research aims to facilitate the ease of implementation of biometric authentication in safeguarding personal and corporate digital identities in the face of evolving security threats.

A Internet já não é apenas uma ferramenta — é o novo espaço público. É onde se aprende, se ama, se protesta, se organiza, se empreende, e até onde se vota. Portanto, não se pode pensar a governação deste espaço sem considerar os interesses, desafios e sonhos da maior faixa da população moçambicana: os jovens. Contudo, ao observarmos os espaços de decisão digital — desde os conselhos consultivos aos fóruns nacionais e internacionais — é notório o silêncio ou a ausência juvenil. E esta ausência não é neutra. Ela compromete o futuro e reproduz assimetrias que já nos afectam em outras esferas da sociedade.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), popularly known as Artificial Intelligence for Everything (AIoT), has become a game-changing technology for industrial use. This research explores how AIoT enhances automation and efficiency in industrial machinery through networked devices, real-time decision-making, and advanced data analytics. Through a thorough analysis of recent studies and academic publications, the paper emphasizes the potential of AIoT in intelligent monitoring systems, process optimization, and predictive maintenance. The findings reveal that AIoT enables industrial machines to operate autonomously by leveraging AI algorithms to analyze data collected from IoT devices. This integration reduces downtime, optimizes resource utilization, and improves overall operational efficiency. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the role of edge computing and cloud-based platforms in facilitating seamless data processing and decision-making in real-time. Key challenges such as data security, system scalability, and implementation cost are also identified, along with potential strategies to address these issues. This research provides valuable insights for industry stakeholders, policy makers, and researchers interested in leveraging AIoT to revolutionize industrial operations and achieve Industry 4.0 goals.

Now a day's smart vehicle parking system is necessary. Mostly, those vehicles are too long they cannot park their vehicles properly. In this paper, we are going to focus on smart vehicle parking using a back eye system. Display mounted on the dashboard will give indication or information to the driver about how much backside distance is empty to park a vehicle or to take reverse. In the case of a long vehicle, parking problems are there, drivers are not able to judge backside empty space. In this paper, we are proposing a smart system which can able to display backside empty space on the dashboard. It will help the driver to judge backside empty space for parking.

The internet of things (IoT) has transformed the way appliances and devices are connected and especially in the case of smart homes, in which smart devices can communicate through networks to improve everyday activities. However, it might be difficult to provide a high level of security for the data produced by these devices. Current security mechanisms might not always function adequately in all circumstances, especially when the number of devices increases. This research proposes an edge IoT-based smart home authentication scheme that adopts IPv6. For devices that use a smartphone application, it also offers a passwordless user authentication approach through the use of the smartphone ID and biometrics. The proposed authentication scheme was simulated to verify its ease of use and security. Security and cost analysis was also performed by reviewing and comparing the proposed scheme with previous research on IoT authentication systems.
This research finds that the proposed authentication scheme is efficient at
shielding home IoT networks from possible attacks, as well as maintaining a high level of usability.

This research project addresses about how a simple smart parking system was made. A Sonar sensor is used by the system to find out if a parking spot is available or occupied. When a car parks in the place, the sensor checks the distance away it is and changes the parking status to reflect that. If the parking spot is taken, a red LED lights up. If the spot is open, a green LED lights up. The system also sends information to a cloud-based service called ThingSpeak, which lets the user see changes and usage of parking spaces over time.

In answering the challenges of industrial revolution 4.0, robotics and the Internet of Things (IoT) should be used as one of the learning curricula at all educational stages, especially at the high school level. Furthermore, robotics and IoT education are now becoming an important aspect to implement and learn about Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. To support robotics and IoT education, an easy and user-friendly education kit as a learning medium is required. This work aims at developing a prototype of a robotics and IoT education kit that is suitable for senior high school students. The education kit is designed to be interesting and challenging enough to increase the student's interest in learning robotics and IoT. The kit is developed by using various independent and unattached sensors so that the users, i.e., high-school students can choose their sensors and can investigate the microcontroller pins that are used for these components. In addition, users can also learn to connect an electronic component with other electronic components on the kit to be able to produce various logical embedded systems that can be connected to the internet.

This research paper presents a comprehensive review of decentralized identity verification in the context of metaverse auditing, leveraging blockchain technology. With the rapid evolution of virtual environments and the emergence of the metaverse, ensuring trust, transparency, and security becomes paramount. Traditional centralized identity verification systems face challenges in such decentralized and dynamic environments. Blockchain technology offers promising solutions by providing a transparent, immutable, and decentralized ledger for identity management and verification. Conceptual Analysis research methodology used in this research paper because theoretical and conceptual clarity are crucial for understanding complex phenomena. The paper begins by exploring the concept of decentralized identity management systems and their significance in virtual environments. It discusses various challenges associated with traditional identity verification methods and highlights the potential of blockchain-based solutions in addressing these challenges. Through a systematic literature review, the paper examines existing research and developments in decentralized identity verification, metaverse auditing, and blockchain technology. Key topics covered include the architecture of decentralized identity systems, consensus mechanisms for identity verification on blockchain networks, privacy-preserving techniques, and interoperability standards for cross-platform identity management. Furthermore, the paper investigates the role of smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) in facilitating identity verification processes within the metaverse. The review also discusses the potential implications of decentralized identity verification in enhancing trust and security in virtual economies, enabling seamless user experiences, and fostering innovation in digital asset management. Moreover, it identifies current gaps and challenges in the field and proposes future research directions to address these issues. Overall, this research paper contributes to the understanding of decentralized identity verification in metaverse auditing using blockchain technology. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in exploring the intersection of decentralized identity, virtual environments, and blockchain technology. The insights provided aim to stimulate further research and innovation in this rapidly evolving domain.



Keywords: Decentralized Identity Verification (DIV), Metaverse Auditing, Blockchain Technology, Virtual Environments, Smart Contracts, Decentralized Applications (DApps), Digital Asset Management, Privacy-preserving techniques

Water supply is the most important thing in daily home activity especially for washing, cleaning, and taking a bath. The Indonesian villagers commonly supply the water by pumping the groundwater to fill a water tank. However, the utilization of non-automated switch used to turn on and turn off a pumping machine sometimes causes either the water spills or a wasteful electrical consumption. The previous works reported the utilizations of Arduino TM based sensors for plant watering system, water tank overflow control, and automated irrigation system. In this work, an automated water tank filling system will be proposed. The system is designed by applying an ultrasonic sensor, an automatic switch module, a water-flow sensor, an Arduino TM microcontroller, and a pumping machine in order to automatically switch the water filling. By applying an ultrasonic sensor, an ultrasonic transmitter is mounted on the top of the tank and transmits an ultrasonic pulse down into the tank. This pulse which travels at the speed of sound will be reflected back to the transmitter from the liquid surface. The time delay measurement between transmitted and received signals enables the device to calculate the distance to the surface. The transmitter is programmed to automatically determine the liquid level and switch the pumping machine. The dynamics of water flow and liquid level during filling and draining the water tank will be reported. We hope to this system, people will enjoy supplying water without their worries related to water spills and a wasteful electrical consumption.

Sensing-as-a-Service paradigm has realized a number of contemporary Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) applications. In this paper, we have considered an order driven scenario of a smart factory, where wearable devices provide various services and communicate with the service providers. The discovery process generates numerous smart factory services. The selection of an appropriate (or a set of) service(s) remains a challenge while preserving the service data privacy. It is required to involve an anonymous communication mechanism to design a privacy preserved ranking model. The prevalent techniques for the prioritization of semantically equivalent sensor-provided services rely on Quality-of-Service (QoS) information. However, the QoS information is not always readily available at the node level. Moreover, the existing topological information-based (i.e., node importance and energy) solutions do not consider imperative features such as degree. The objective of this study is to design a privacy preserved ranking model, based on the onion routing technique and features along with the stochastic shortest route. Onion routing enables anonymous communication and prevents unauthorized entities from accessing ranking results. The weighted valuation is then derived to compute the cost of the homogeneous and dynamic sensor-provided services. Finally, the ranking is computed based on each service cost. The proposed model is extensively evaluated in two different network configurations of varying sizes. The evaluation results show that the proposed method performs 10% better in terms of ranking quality and 32% in terms of energy efficiency across different network configurations as compared to the existing cost-based method while offering a desired level of privacy. .

Smart Grid (SG) provides enhancement to existing grids with two-way communication between the utility, sensors, and consumers, by deploying smart sensors to monitor and manage power consumption. However due to the vulnerability of SG, secure component authenticity necessitates robust authentication approaches relative to limited resource availability (i.e. in terms of memory and computational power). SG communication entails optimum efficiency of authentication approaches to avoid any extraneous burden. This systematic review analyses 27 papers on SG authentication techniques and their effectiveness in mitigating certain attacks. This provides a basis for the design and use of optimized SG authentication approaches.

2017 CHAPTER 10 CHIP NUMBER VEHICLE APPLICATIONS AS PART OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) 10.1 INTRODUCTION Currently the number of motor vehicles is increasing in Indonesia. Based on BPS data 2014 Number of motor vehicles in 2014 as many as 114,209,266 vehicles consisting of passenger cars 12,599,138 units, 2,398,846 units of bus, car goods 6,235,136 units and the most dominant motorcycle 92,976,240 units. The city of Jakarta as the capital of the Republic of Indonesia in 2015 the number of motor vehicles as many as 17,523,967 units dominated by two-wheeled vehicles with the amount of 13,084,372 units. It was followed by private cars with 3,226,009 units, 673,661 units of freight cars, 362,066 units of buses and 137,859 units of special vehicles, while the road growth was only 0.01 percent so it was not comparable with the number of vehicles. One way to break down congestion in Jakarta is the reduction in the number of motor vehicles such as three in one for four-wheeled vehicles, the implementation of electronic road pricing (ERP), and the reduction in the number of motorcycles. The reduction in the number of motorcycles aims to reduce traffic density while reducing the number of traffic accidents. Guntoro Barovih, [1], The level of traffic accidents each year is increasing. This is due to the lack of awareness, discipline, tolerance and emotional high riders who have an impact on motorist negligence. Police korlantas data in zebra operations in 2015 there was a 5% increase or approximately 684,973 letters of infringement cases compared to 2014. In addition, another problem is the crime of motor vehicle theft. This is not independent of the behavior of vehicle users in driving a motor vehicle [2]. This accident or crime handling solution can be done in a way to control the number of vehicles in an integrated manner. The Internet Of Things (IoT) can be used as a vehicle detection control tool through the use of number plate chips 10.2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10.2.1 Internet Of Things brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

Automatic car parking obtains information about available parking space, process it and then place the car at certain position. It is inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology and generally people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slot in a city. The Automatic car parking which enables the user to find the nearest parking area and gives availability of parking slots in that respective parking area with the help of LCD display and it mainly focus on reducing the time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus, it reduces the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere. Sometimes, it is very difficult to find a suitable parking place in parking lot. This research paper has proposed a suitable solution to this problem.

The management of electricity consumption for lamps and water tanks generally relies on a kWh meter, so it is still not effective because it can only monitor and limit electricity usage, not being able to turn off pumps and unused lights. These problems can be overcome with the Internet of Things, which is able to connect equipment through the internet network. The process requires a communication protocol system, which is efficient in terms of bandwidth, latency, and power consumption. The communication protocol model used in this study is Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, considering that this protocol can connect to slow networks. The test results show that the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) application has a better performance on the lighting and watering automation system, which is implemented on a mobile application using the Flutter framework to receive and display high-load garden light control, waterpump control and underground reservoir water level monitoring. The calibration results show that the HYSRF05 sensor can work well in the range of 50-150 cm, with a maximum relative error of 0.36%. The smallest distance change that can be detected by the sensor is 0.04 cm with a maximum relative error of 0.05%. With the magnitude of the error obtained, it can be said that the sensor is suitable for use as a water level detector in an underground reservoir water level monitoring system. The power consumption for lighting and water pumps shows that the design of this system has an impact on power savings of 118.03 kWh. With the Flutter framework, a Mobile Application was built to manage and handle underground reservoir water level monitoring system data, so that users can set conditions to notify users about water level thresholds, use of lighting devices and water pumps through a Mobile Application that is equipped with a Notification feature that is integrated in real-time.

Automatic car parking obtains information about available parking space, process it and then place the car at certain position. It is inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology and generally people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slot in a city. The Automatic car parking which enables the user to find the nearest parking area and gives availability of parking slots in that respective parking area with the help of LCD display and it mainly focus on reducing the time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus, it reduces the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere. Sometimes, it is very difficult to find a suitable parking place in parking lot. This research paper has proposed a suitable solution to this problem.

This paper proposes an IoT based Car Parking Management System that is developed to display the vacant or available parking slot. It integrates a nodeMCU as microcontroller with IR sensor and LCD screen. The IR sensor is used to detect the absence or presence of a car when it enters the parking slot, and the LCD screen is then used to display the vacant parking slot to the driver. The parking slots are continuously monitored, and the data is continuously updated in the LCD screen. The proposed parking system is developed using the Internet of Things (IoT) technology with the minimum cost, effective and efficient. The main purpose of the proposed parking system is to help or assist drivers in finding a vacant parking slot. Furthermore, the proposed parking system can also record the availability status of parking slot and the exact time a car enters or exits a parking slot in the database for the use of the administrative management. Thus, it also helps the drivers in reducing their time spent in finding vacant parking slots. As such, the drivers save their energy and will help reduce the traffic congestion in the parking area. The prototype for proposed parking system was developed to visualize and stimulate the real parking system environment, and a demonstration of the prototype has proven the capability of the system to reserve the exact location of the parking slot by displaying on the LCD screen. Then, a user acceptance test was conducted with 30 respondents to determine the effectiveness of the prototype for the proposed parking system. The result obtained from the testing was positively accepted by most of the participants. Therefore, the proposed parking system has been proven to be beneficial to the drivers and can also motivate other developers to contribute to more future projects to help the drivers in finding a vacant parking slot easily.

The problem of a fixed power switch or is only in a controlled device, has its own problems. The problem is if you forget to turn off, or cannot turn off because there are certain activities that cannot be abandoned. The basic of these problems, it is necessary to present a solution. The solution in question is an electric switch that can be controlled remotely and can be controlled with a variety of devices. This discovery presents a solution to the problem of a fixed electric switch. By utilizing qualified communication network, integrated with web technology as a user interface and a device that can be used to control devices through the internet network, the node MCU is integrated with a relay. The test results show that the electric switch which is controlled remotely by a web page running well and is constant. This finding is given the name internet of things (IoT) electricity switch.

Automatic car parking obtains information about available parking space, process it and then place the car at certain position. It is inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology and generally people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slot in a city. The Automatic car parking which enables the user to find the nearest parking area and gives availability of parking slots in that respective parking area with the help of LCD display and it mainly focus on reducing the time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus, it reduces the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere. Sometimes, it is very difficult to find a suitable parking place in parking lot. This research paper has proposed a suitable solution to this problem.

Annotation: Arduino designs, manufactures and supports electronic devices and software that enable people around the world to easily access advanced technologies that interact with the physical world. This platform is simple, straightforward and powerful, ready to meet the needs of users from students to developers and professional developers. It can make it possible to solve all problems through the available electronic and digital technologies.

The rising area of Internet of Things (IoT) intends to unify sensors data all over the world through the web. In this context, new technologies emerge to bring integration between society and those data. This paper proposes a low-cost method to measure water tank level and send it to the Internet for remote monitoring. A search was made on patents and papers index databases to verify similar technologies. Using a cheap microcontroller and wires as switches, the water level was measured, this data was uploaded on the cloud through MQTT protocol, in JSON format, and even a relay for a water pump was actuated. Further, some other ways to improve this work and how it differs from existent technologies were discussed.

The population of many cities in the world is increasing over time, which leads to urban sprawl and an increase in energy consumption and polluting gases, especially in urban areas. Indeed, energy consumption and pollutant gases threaten human life. On the other hand, technology has affected every aspect of our life. To prevent such threats, cities must be smart so that they can be managed in a smart way. In this sense, the main objective of this paper is to realize a prototype of an Internet of Things (IoT) system to save human life while preserving the environment. This system is called I-CITY and incorporates Smart Parking, Intelligent fire detection system with automatic fire extinguisher and quality monitoring system around the city environment. This invented device is made up of web access that gathers, sends, and processes data from their environment using embedded systems including processors, sensors, and communication gear. Finally, I-CITY solves parking problems in cities with high populations. It also contains a flame detection system that can identify local fires by processing signals receives from flames. However, this system contains a fire extinguisher to automatically extinguish the fire. Finally, an air quality monitoring system collects information from their surroundings. The information from this work could be used by decision market for better city planning.

With the Internet of Things (IoT) gradually evolving as the next phase of the Internet's evolution, it becomes important to recognize the various potential domains for IoT deployments, and research challenges especially those related to monitoring and control applications in industry. This paper shows how to program a simple On/Off temperature control system via IoT using Arduino and the iTCLab Kit. Meanwhile, for monitoring and controlling temperature via cellphone, the IoT MQTT Panel is used. The experimental results show that the control system has worked well. This is indicated by controlling and monitoring the results of temperature control via cell phone as expected.

One can achieve home automation by simply connecting home appliance electrical devices to the internet or cloud storage. the reason for this demand of network enabled home automation is reaching the zenith in recent days for its simplicity and comparable affordability. Platforms based on cloud computing help to connect to the things surroundings everyone so that one can find it easy to access anything and everything at any time and place in a user friendly manner using custom defined portals. Hence, cloud act as a front end to access IOT. Here we are assuming a system which can control devices through wireless based network or cloud based approach. The automation system will have ability to be controlled from a central host PC, the internet, and also remotely accessed via a packet PC with a windows mobile based application Keywords-It consists of various components like Node Mcu, 2 relay module,LDR(Light dependent resistor) power supply and smartphone having proper internet connectivity.

Street lighting promotes safety by allowing pedestrians and vehicles to see each other and prevents accidents, robberies, unwanted theft, and other crimes that occur on the highway. But the electrical energy consumed for street lighting is a significant concern for developing countries, especially when the lights are on at night during the absence of objects. Also, maintaining the street lighting system is costly, and manually controlling and repairing the lights is unfeasible. Considering the above problems, this paper presents an IoT-based street lighting system that mitigates the above challenges by automating the system. The proposed system will run entirely on solar power systems, which draw clean, pure energy from the sun. As the object gets closer, the lights will become brighter and reduce the brightness as objects travel away. The system also cleans the lights once every week by servo motor. To determine whether the light needs repairing, replacing, or not, an ESP8266 Wi-Fi...

The management of electricity consumption for lamps and water tanks generally relies on a kWh meter, so it is still not effective because it can only monitor and limit electricity usage, not being able to turn off pumps and unused lights. These problems can be overcome with the Internet of Things, which is able to connect equipment through the internet network. The process requires a communication protocol system, which is efficient in terms of bandwidth, latency, and power consumption. The communication protocol model used in this study is Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, considering that this protocol can connect to slow networks. The test results show that the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) application has a better performance on the lighting and watering automation system, which is implemented on a mobile application using the Flutter framework to receive and display high-load garden light control, waterpump control and underground reservoir water level monitoring. The calibration results show that the HYSRF05 sensor can work well in the range of 50-150 cm, with a maximum relative error of 0.36%. The smallest distance change that can be detected by the sensor is 0.04 cm with a maximum relative error of 0.05%. With the magnitude of the error obtained, it can be said that the sensor is suitable for use as a water level detector in an underground reservoir water level monitoring system. The power consumption for lighting and water pumps shows that the design of this system has an impact on power savings of 118.03 kWh. With the Flutter framework, a Mobile Application was built to manage and handle underground reservoir water level monitoring system data, so that users can set conditions to notify users about water level thresholds, use of lighting devices and water pumps through a Mobile Application that is equipped with a Notification feature that is integrated in real-time.

Wireless networks have continued to evolve to offer connectivity between users and smart devices such as drones and wireless sensor nodes. In this environment, insecure public channels are deployed to link the users to their remote smart devices. Some of the application areas of these smart devices include military surveillance and healthcare monitoring. Since the data collected and transmitted to the users are highly sensitive and private, any leakages can have adverse effects. As such, strong entity authentication should be implemented before any access is granted in these wireless networks. Although numerous protocols have been developed for this purpose, the simultaneous attainment of robust security and privacy at low latencies, execution time and bandwidth remains a mirage. In this paper, a session-dependent token-based payload enciphering scheme for integrity enhancements in wireless networks is presented. This protocol amalgamates fuzzy extraction with extended Chebyshev cha...

Wireless networks have continued to evolve to offer connectivity between users and smart devices such as drones and wireless sensor nodes. In this environment, insecure public channels are deployed to link the users to their remote smart devices. Some of the application areas of these smart devices include military surveillance and healthcare monitoring. Since the data collected and transmitted to the users are highly sensitive and private, any leakages can have adverse effects. As such, strong entity authentication should be implemented before any access is granted in these wireless networks. Although numerous protocols have been developed for this purpose, the simultaneous attainment of robust security and privacy at low latencies, execution time and bandwidth remains a mirage. In this paper, a session-dependent token-based payload enciphering scheme for integrity enhancements in wireless networks is presented. This protocol amalgamates fuzzy extraction with extended Chebyshev cha...

Wireless sensor networks convey mission critical data that calls for adequate privacy and security protection. To accomplish this objective, numerous intrusion detection schemes based on machine learning approaches have been developed. In addition, authentication and key agreements techniques have been developed using techniques such as elliptic curve cryptography, bilinear pairing operations, biometrics, fuzzy verifier and Rabin cryptosystems. However, these schemes have either high false positive rates, high communication, computation, storage or energy requirements, all of which are not ideal for battery powered sensor nodes. Moreover, majority of these algorithms still have some security and privacy challenges that render them susceptible to various threats. In this paper, a WSN authentication algorithm is presented that is shown to be robust against legacy WSN privacy and security attacks such as sidechannel, traceability, offline guessing, replay and impersonations. From a per...

To ensure secure access to the data held in internet of things, many lightweight authentication schemes have been developed using approaches such as symmetric cryptography or hashing operations. Although these schemes achieve forward key secrecy and user anonymity, de-synchronization is a major problem in these protocols. As such, many other schemes have been presented to address this pertinent security challenge. However, some of these schemes are still susceptible to smart card loss attacks among others. In this paper, stochastic security ephemeral generation protocol for 5G enabled internet of things is presented. It is demonstrated to offer mutual authentication and session key agreement. It is also robust against packet replays, eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. In terms of performance, it has the lowest computation and communication overheads.

Wireless networks have continued to evolve to offer connectivity between users and smart devices such as drones and wireless sensor nodes. In this environment, insecure public channels are deployed to link the users to their remote smart devices. Some of the application areas of these smart devices include military surveillance and healthcare monitoring. Since the data collected and transmitted to the users are highly sensitive and private, any leakages can have adverse effects. As such, strong entity authentication should be implemented before any access is granted in these wireless networks. Although numerous protocols have been developed for this purpose, the simultaneous attainment of robust security and privacy at low latencies, execution time and bandwidth remains a mirage. In this paper, a session-dependent token-based payload enciphering scheme for integrity enhancements in wireless networks is presented. This protocol amalgamates fuzzy extraction with extended Chebyshev chaotic maps to boost the integrity of the exchanged payload. The security analysis shows that this scheme offers entity anonymity and backward and forward key secrecy. In addition, it is demonstrated to be robust against secret ephemeral leakage, side-channeling, man-in-the-middle and impersonation attacks, among other security threats. From
the performance perspective, the proposed scheme requires the least communication overheads and a relatively low execution time during the authentication process.

Although many smart grid authentication protocols have been presented in literature, majority of them remain susceptible to numerous attacks. In addition, some of these protocols are based on computationally intensive cryptographic primitives, which render them inefficient. To address some of these challenges, a protocol based on masked symmetric key encrypted verification codes is presented in this paper. The security analysis carried out shows that this protocol provides message confidentiality, unlinkability, and traceability for malicious network entities. It is also resilient against side-channel and forgery attacks. In terms of efficiency, limited numbers of elliptic curve multiplication and one wayhashing operations are executed during mutual authentication, message signing and verification. As such, this protocol exhibits the least computation and communication complexities in comparison with its peers.

Security issues in drone communication include man-inthe-middle attacks, packet replays and forgery. On the other hand, privacy issues include location tracing and lack of user anonymity. Consequently, drone communication security and privacy is critical and as such, numerous schemes have been proposed to address these issues. However, most of the conventional approaches either do not fully address security and privacy issues or result in high communication and computational overheads. In this paper, an efficient authentication protocol is proposed for internet of drones (IoDs) to counter both privacy and security attacks. The simulation results show that this protocol is robust against attacks such as desynchronization, replays, impersonation, tracing, side channel attacks and offers anonymity, forward and backward key secrecy. It also requires less storage costs and authentication time, while exhibiting average communication and computational overheads.

Driven by the requirements for entirely low communication latencies, high bandwidths, reliability and capacities, the Fifth Generation (5G) networks has been deployed in a number of countries. One of the most prevalent application scenarios of 5G networks is the Internet of Things (IoT) that can potentially boost convenience and energy savings. However, the information exchanged over the open wireless 5G networks is susceptible
to numerous attacks such as malicious modifications. Although many protocols have been developed to protect against these attacks, the provision of optimum security and privacy issues in 5G networks is still an open challenge. This is attributed to the high device density, frequent handovers and resource constrained nature the 5G IoT nodes. In this article, a network selection and authentication protocol that securely verifies the authenticity of all the communicating entities is presented. The network selection is accomplished using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for increased efficiency. In addition, all the security tokens are independently derived at the end devices without the involvement
of any central authority. Formal security analysis based on the Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic shows that all the terminals securely authenticate each other before the onset of packet exchanges. In addition, it is shown that this protocol thwarts majority of the conventional 5G attack vectors and is robust under the Dolev–Yao (DY) threat model. Moreover, a comparison with other related schemes shows that the
proposed protocol offers many adorable security features at relatively low communication and computation costs. The simulation results show that the deployed ANN yields low packet loss ratio and latency variations.

With the widespread use of Internet of Things (IoT) in various applications and several security vulnerabilities reported in them, the security requirements have become an integral part of an IoT system. Authentication and access control are the two principal security requirements for ensuring authorized and restricted accesses to limited and essential resources in IoT. The built-in authentication mechanism in IoT devices is not reliable, because several security vulnerabilities are revealed in the firmware implementation of authentication protocols in IoT. On the other hand, the current authentication approaches for IoT that are not firmware are vulnerable to some security attacks prevalent in IoT. Moreover, the recent access control approaches for IoT have limitations in context-awareness, scalability, interoperability, and security. To mitigate these limitations, there is a need for a robust authentication and access control system to safeguard the rapidly growing number of IoT d...

Wireless networks have continued to evolve to offer connectivity between users and smart devices such as drones and wireless sensor nodes. In this environment, insecure public channels are deployed to link the users to their remote smart devices. Some of the application areas of these smart devices include military surveillance and healthcare monitoring. Since the data collected and transmitted to the users are highly sensitive and private, any leakages can have adverse effects. As such, strong entity authentication should be implemented before any access is granted in these wireless networks. Although numerous protocols have been developed for this purpose, the simultaneous attainment of robust security and privacy at low latencies, execution time and bandwidth remains a mirage. In this paper, a session-dependent token-based payload enciphering scheme for integrity enhancements in wireless networks is presented. This protocol amalgamates fuzzy extraction with extended Chebyshev cha...

The management of electricity consumption for lamps and water tanks generally relies on a kWh meter, so it is still not effective because it can only monitor and limit electricity usage, not being able to turn off pumps and unused lights. These problems can be overcome with the Internet of Things, which is able to connect equipment through the internet network. The process requires a communication protocol system, which is efficient in terms of bandwidth, latency, and power consumption. The communication protocol model used in this study is Message Queuing Telemetry Transport, considering that this protocol can connect to slow networks. The test results show that the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) application has a better performance on the lighting and watering automation system, which is implemented on a mobile application using the Flutter framework to receive and display high-load garden light control, waterpump control and underground reservoir water level monitoring. The calibration results show that the HYSRF05 sensor can work well in the range of 50-150 cm, with a maximum relative error of 0.36%. The smallest distance change that can be detected by the sensor is 0.04 cm with a maximum relative error of 0.05%. With the magnitude of the error obtained, it can be said that the sensor is suitable for use as a water level detector in an underground reservoir water level monitoring system. The power consumption for lighting and water pumps shows that the design of this system has an impact on power savings of 118.03 kWh. With the Flutter framework, a Mobile Application was built to manage and handle underground reservoir water level monitoring system data, so that users can set conditions to notify users about water level thresholds, use of lighting devices and water pumps through a Mobile Application that is equipped with a Notification feature that is integrated in real-time.

Street lighting promotes safety by allowing pedestrians and vehicles to see each other and prevents accidents, robberies, unwanted theft, and other crimes that occur on the highway. But the electrical energy consumed for street lighting is a significant concern for developing countries, especially when the lights are on at night during the absence of objects. Also, maintaining the street lighting system is costly, and manually controlling and repairing the lights is unfeasible. Considering the above problems, this paper presents an IoT-based street lighting system that mitigates the above challenges by automating the system. The proposed system will run entirely on solar power systems, which draw clean, pure energy from the sun. As the object gets closer, the lights will become brighter and reduce the brightness as objects travel away. The system also cleans the lights once every week by servo motor. To determine whether the light needs repairing, replacing, or not, an ESP8266 Wi-Fi...

Most of the time, due to negligence of hospitalstaff, excessive number of patients or inattentiveness of relatives it may happen that saline bottle is not monitored properly and it may lead to cause heart attack due to "AIR EMBOLISM". In a hospital, number of electrical equipments (fan, lights) are more so energy is more. Thus, it is important to use electricity as per the requirement. Thus, In this paper we have proposed a system which include combination of sensor technology and Internet of Things(IoT).Using this system one can control switch of the electricity and monitor level of the saline bottle from distant position.

Street lighting promotes safety by allowing pedestrians and vehicles to see each other and prevents accidents, robberies, unwanted theft, and other crimes that occur on the highway. But the electrical energy consumed for street lighting is a significant concern for developing countries, especially when the lights are on at night during the absence of objects. Also, maintaining the street lighting system is costly, and manually controlling and repairing the lights is unfeasible. Considering the above problems, this paper presents an IoT-based street lighting system that mitigates the above challenges by automating the system. The proposed system will run entirely on solar power systems, which draw clean, pure energy from the sun. As the object gets closer, the lights will become brighter and reduce the brightness as objects travel away. The system also cleans the lights once every week by servo motor. To determine whether the light needs repairing, replacing, or not, an ESP8266 Wi-Fi...

Automatic car parking obtains information about available parking space, process it and then place the car at certain position. It is inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology and generally people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slot in a city. The Automatic car parking which enables the user to find the nearest parking area and gives availability of parking slots in that respective parking area with the help of LCD display and it mainly focus on reducing the time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus, it reduces the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere. Sometimes, it is very difficult to find a suitable parking place in parking lot. This research paper has proposed a suitable solution to this problem.

Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has enabled the doctors to remotely diagnose the patients, control the medical equipment, and monitor the quarantined patients through their digital devices. Security is a major concern in IoMT because the Internet of Things (IoT) nodes exchange sensitive information between virtual medical facilities over the vulnerable wireless medium. Hence, the virtual facilities must be protected from adversarial threats through secure sessions. This article proposes a lightweight and physically secure mutual authentication and secret key establishment protocol that uses physical unclonable functions (PUFs) to enable the network devices to verify the doctor's legitimacy (user) and sensor node before establishing a session key. PUF also protects the sensor nodes deployed in an unattended and hostile environment from tampering, cloning, and side-channel attacks. The proposed protocol exhibits all the necessary security properties required to protect the IoMT networks, like authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and anonymity. The formal AVISPA and informal security analysis demonstrate its robustness against attacks like impersonation, replay, a man in the middle, etc. The proposed protocol also consumes fewer resources to operate and is safe Manuscript

Automatic car parking obtains information about available parking space, process it and then place the car at certain position. It is inevitable for the people to update with the growing technology and generally people are facing problems on parking vehicles in parking slot in a city. The Automatic car parking which enables the user to find the nearest parking area and gives availability of parking slots in that respective parking area with the help of LCD display and it mainly focus on reducing the time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus, it reduces the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon footprints in an atmosphere. Sometimes, it is very difficult to find a suitable parking place in parking lot. This research paper has proposed a suitable solution to this problem.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of heterogeneous and smart devices that can make decisions without human intervention. It can connect millions of devices across the universe. Their ability to collect information, perform analysis, and even come to meaningful conclusions without human capital intervention matters. Such circumstances require stringent security measures and, in particular, the extent of authentication. Systems applied in the IoT paradigm point out high-interest levels since enormous damage will occur if a malicious, wrongly authenticated device finds its way into the IoT system. This research provides a clear and updated view of the trends in the IoT authentication area. Among the issues covered include a series of authentication protocols that have remained research gaps in various studies. This study applies a comparative evaluation of authentication protocols, including their strengths and weaknesses. Thus, it forms the foundation in the IoT authentication field of study. In that direction, a multi authentication architecture that involves secured means is proposed for protocol authentication. Informal analysis can affect the security of the protocols. Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic provides proof of the attainment of mutual authentication. NS3 simulator tool is used to compare the performance of the proposed protocol to verify the formal security offered by the BAN logic.

The process of finding a vacant space in a parking lot has become very tedious nowadays. The proposed method eases the situation and helps in finding the vacant spots. The method is implemented using Ultrasonic sensors, microcontrollers and LCD displays. The modules incorporated detect the unoccupied positions and display the information to the end users. A prototype has been devised and the results prove that the proposed method is 97.5% accurate. The deployment of this method will reduce the car idling time in parking lots in search of vacant slots and avoids the frustration of end users.