International Development Cooperation

ATPS) is a transdisciplinary network of researchers, policymakers, private sector actors, and the civil society promoting the generation, dissemination, use, and mastery of Science, Technology, and Innovations (STI) for African development, environmental sustainability, and global inclusion. In collaboration with likeminded institutions, ATPS provides platforms for regional and international research and knowledge sharing in order to build Africa's capabilities in STI policy research, policymaking, and implementation for sustainable development.

espanolLa COVID-19 ha dejado noqueada a la UE tras la division inicial entre los Estados miembros. Si la respuesta a la crisis sanitaria y economica no es contundente con un plan de reconstruccion creible, los desafios de politica exterior en la vecindad empeoraran, el vuelco geopolitico se inclinara mas hacia Asia, las tendencias nacionalistas y populistas iran al alza y la globalizacion y el multilateralismo se ralentizaran mas todavia. EnglishCOVID-19 has knocked out the EU after the initial split between Member States. If the response to the health and economic crisis is not conclusive with a credible reconstruction plan; foreign policy challenges in the neighbourhood will worsen, the geopolitical shift will lean more towards Asia, nationalist and populist trends will rise; and globalization and multilateralism will slow down even further

This study investigates the adaptive social protection (ASP) theory of humanitarianism.  Adaptive Social Protection encompasses three key aspects of practice: social protection (SP), disaster risk reduction (DRR), and climate change adaptation (CCA). These aspects have evolved from diverse origins, driven by the goal of reducing susceptibility and building resilience. These interrelated groups of practice distribute, reduce vulnerability, and build resilience. In 2014, the ASP initiative began, which took place in six countries in the Sahel region: Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal. It was completed in 2019.

ASP reflects hazardous procedures and climate changes that eradicate the origin of susceptibility, lack, and inequality. This concept is important because of the difference between handling and the ability to adapt. This reduces the adverse influences of worldwide encounters and transformation in terms of poverty, food insecurity, and climate change, which contribute to natural disasters.  Adaptive social protection builds the resilience of deprived and susceptible households through the ability to prepare, handle, and adjust to shocks. It protects people’s well-being and safeguards them from poverty because of the shock effects. ASP systems are instruments used to reduce poverty and mitigate the effects of shocks. The following building blocks establish the ASP system: adaptive information, adaptive programmes, and adaptive financing.

El cambio climático constituye un «prolongado estado de emergencia» cuyas repercusiones trascienden los «límites planetarios». Más que una crisis aislada, representa una amenaza sistémica con el potencial de erosionar los principios de la democracia, que desafía la capacidad institucional para responder a sus impactos multidimensionales. Este artículo examina los retos políticos de la gobernanza del cambio climático desde la perspectiva democrática. Se identifican cinco retos estructurales: a) la erosión de la legitimidad democrática, b) las catástrofes naturales y riesgos medioambientales, c) la inseguridad alimentaria mundial, d) las desigualdades globales y la responsabilidad histórica del cambio climático, y e) el impacto migratorio. A partir de este análisis, se exploran estrategias para fortalecer la resiliencia democrática frente al cambio climático y formular, finalmente, un marco analítico integral orientado a la consolidación de la gobernanza democrática del cambio climático.

1 ABSTRACT Design considerations remain significant in low cost housing projects in both developed and developing countries; which are currently faced by challenges of shelter provision for everyone including the urban poor; due to unprecedented increase in rates of urban migration and urbanization. Ethiopia, particularly Addis Ababa city has not been spared. The city administration launched grand low cost housing projects through the Integrated Housing Development Programme (IHDP) in 2006. This study sought to unveil the significance of design considerations in low cost housing provision thorough the IHDP and the extent to which the Addis Ababa Administration had considered this relevant. The research made use of detailed case analysis of condominium housing on 103 sites of Addis Ababa City using primary and secondary data sources such as questionnaires, interviews, the Delphi technique and document analysis. Qualitative and quantitative data were produced. This research revealed t...

La cooperación internacional adoptó a partir del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial un modelo basado en el desarrollo puramente económico, siguiendo las premisas e intereses particulares de los países occidentales, y dejando relegados a una posición secundaria los intereses de los países receptores. Estas dinámicas propiciaron el establecimiento de unas relaciones de dependencia Norte-Sur, que algunos países del Sur Global, como China, India o Brasil, intentan revertir con el establecimiento de unos nuevos mecanismos de cooperación. En los últimos años, esta tendencia ha sido seguida por otros países que comienzan a ser considerados como actores importantes dentro del Sur Global. Entre ellos cabe destacar el caso de los países del Golfo Pérsico, que a partir de la década de 1970 se convierten en importantes donantes a nivel internacional. Esta mayor presencia ha coincidido en los últimos años con la emergencia de un nuevo escenario en el que la cooperación Sur-Sur ha pasado a ser un elemento central de la política exterior de estos países, que a su vez son parte activa en la reconfiguración de las relaciones dentro del sistema internacional, y particularmente dentro del mundo arabo-islámico.

Development policy analysts usually focus on how specific reforms would improve economic or social wellbeing in developing countries. Sometimes analysts broaden their perspective to think about what a comprehensive package of such reforms should look like, paying attention to policy interactions and spillovers. International politics rarely seeks to deliver comprehensive and coherent policy packages. The United Nations has been one global political forum that has periodically sought precisely that, most recently at the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development in Seville, Spain. The negotiated outcome of the Seville conference does reflect a coherent vision and promises negotiations toward making it more comprehensive. Admittedly, the consensus is limited to agreeing only to keep talking about unrealized elements of the package and not every government will come even to talk. This paper draws together and assesses those opportunities.

This study explored how Social Cash Transfers (SCTs) support climate change adaptation among small-scale farmers in Ntulo, a rural community in Zambia's Kawambwa District severely affected by climate variability. The region faces recurring droughts, floods, and temperature extremes, which undermine agriculture, cause water shortages, and result in livestock losses, increasing food insecurity and economic vulnerability. SCTs, initially aimed at reducing extreme poverty, are investigated for their potential to enhance climate resilience. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study collected data from 210 SCT beneficiary households through structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Findings indicate that SCTs significantly improve food security, support the purchase of agricultural inputs, and encourage livelihood diversification. They also enhance access to education and healthcare, increase meal frequency, and boost agricultural productivity. However, the study identifies several persistent challenges, including limited coverage, insufficient funding, and implementation difficulties. While SCTs contribute positively to building resilience, they are not a comprehensive solution. The study recommends expanding SCT coverage, improving payment systems, and integrating climate adaptation strategies into the program. It concludes by emphasizing the need for further research into the long-term impacts of SCTs and the removal of barriers hindering their full potential in strengthening small-scale farmers' resilience to climate change.

Pada Februari 2025, Indonesia AID dan OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) menandatangani Perjanjian Kerjasama strategis yang memperkuat kolaborasi dalam bidang infrastruktur, kesehatan, dan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Kerjasama ini merupakan manifestasi nyata dari prinsip Al-Ta'awwun, yaitu nilai tolong-menolong, kebersamaan, dan saling mendukung yang menjadi pijakan moral dalam hubungan antar negara berkembang. Melalui perjanjian ini, kedua pihak berkomitmen memajukan sumber daya, keahlian, dan pengalaman untuk mengatasi tantangan pembangunan yang kompleks di masa globalisasi dan masa berkembang pesatnya teknologi saling terkait. Prinsip Al-Ta'awwun menegaskan pentingnya saling membantu satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan dan keadilan, serta memiliki nasib yang sama, sehingga kemitraan ini dijalankan secara setara dan berorientasi pada manfaat bersama. Lebih dari aspek teknis, kerjasama Selatan-Selatan ini menegaskan harapan agar negaranegara berkembang dapat berdiri kokoh bersama dengan solidaritas yang tulus, mendorong kemajuan yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan. Ini adalah cermin dari semangat persaudaraan global, di mana setiap pihak bertanggungjawab secara kolektif demi masa depan yang lebih baik dan seimbang untuk semua negara berkembang.

Within the broader context of the global reach of EU law, this chapter
focuses on the EU’s legal influence on migration and how the EU stimulates (and sometimes achieves) changes in the domestic legal orders of the African States. A thorough analysis of the projects funded by the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTFA) shows how the EU supports the national migration authorities’ institutional and enforcement capacity in third countries. Such projects are effective in achieving legal objectives in third countries, namely preventing irregular migration to the EU, and reveal a clear EU external normative agenda. The combined effect of the proliferation of soft law instruments and the increased blurring of external competences in the EU’s external action facilitate this legal influence in third countries. Ultimately, this chapter problematises the use of funding to persuade third countries to change their domestic legislation or enforce it in a manner instrumental to the EU’s interests.

El presente documento tiene cuatro propositos basicos, en primer lugar, presentar algunas referencias conceptuales basicas, pero actuales, sobre la cooperacion internacional al desarrollo; en segundo lugar se realiza un breve analisis de la realidad de la I. Municipalidad de Cuenca, que origino y en la que se desenvolvio el presente estudio; en tercer lugar aportar con una propuesta organizativa para potenciar la gestion de la Jefatura de Relaciones Internacionales y Protocolo de la Municipalidad y sus organos autonomos, y por ultimo, emitir algunas recomendaciones que han surgido del estudio realizado y que intentan proporcionar algunos elementos de soporte a la gestion de esta dependencia municipal.

At the beginning of this century, International Development Cooperation (IDC) beganto occupy a central position in Brazil’s international status. Political and social transformationscreated conditions for Brazil to begin acting as a relevant protagonist in international projects, es-pecially in developing nations, through South-South Cooperation (SSC). However, a succession ofcrises after 2011 and the emergence of ideas opposed to cooperation during the Bolsonaro admin-istration (2019-2022) altered the conditions that sustained IDC as part of Brazilian foreign policy.In this article, we will identify the political and economic conditions that ensured (1) the structur-ing and (2) the growth of Brazilian cooperation up until 2011, and we will argue that the loss ofthese conditions resulted in IDC’s (3) decline, leading to (4) its agony beginning in 2019. Finally,we will evaluate several consequences of the cooperation crisis based on an evaluation of Brazilianforeign policy in the global health agenda, and its commercial relationship with African nations.Keywords: international cooperation; development; South-South cooperation; foreign policy;crises; Brazil.

Since the September 11 attacks, a great number of studies have explored the causes and effects of transnational terrorist attacks which are carried out by at least two different nationals. However, discussions of whether transnational terrorist attacks are more deadly than domestic terrorist attacks are scant in the current empirical literature. This paucity of research is unfortunate given that many people believe that transnational terrorists, due to their possession of greater organizational, financial, and logistical resources than domestic terrorists, tend to incur higher death tolls. The literature indeed reveals three deficiencies: (a) a discrepancy between popular belief and scholarly work exists regarding the superior lethality of transnational terrorism, (b) very few researchers have taken a serious step toward debunking the myths of international terrorist attacks, and (c) the findings of the published studies are inconsistent. These deficiencies call for an empirical investigation of whether popular belief aligns with empirical data. A series of regression analyses after compiling a sample of 209,706 terrorist incidents spanning from 1970 to 2020 shows robust evidence supporting the popular sentiment of the superior lethality of transnational terrorist attacks over domestic ones. This finding implies that the counterterrorism community should remain committed to the Global War on Terrorism to protect innocent lives. Since terrorist threats persist and even diversify with new tactics, the counterterrorism community must strive to finish the initiative that President George W. Bush set out about 20 years ago: "our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated.

Por vezes achamos que a trajetória acadêmica é um caminhar solitário. Que o processo de construção de uma tese é um processo de conhecimento individual e pouco partilhado. Um breve olhar para o caminho trilhado, no entanto, desfaz essa impressão e nos conscientiza do tanto compartilhado com muitos. A todos que me acompanharam nessa caminhada de quatro anos, meus sinceros agradecimentos: à amiga e orientadora, Elsa Kraychete, cuja condução de uma orientação tranquila sempre me permitiu dar meus próprios passos com a segurança devida. Agradeço a sugestão do tema e a empolgação em desenvolver novos projetos com a temática da cooperação em terras africanas; ao professor Gerhard Seibert, a quem devoto minha sincera amizade, por me receber em terras lusitanas e partilhar suas impressões e informações sobre a cooperação brasileira; ao LABMUNDO, grande casa de acolhimento aos que pesquisam temas internacionais na UFBA, por tornar viável minha ida a campo em Moçambique, por meio do projeto PROADM -Rede de Cooperação Acadêmica para a Formação em Gestão Internacional, financiado pela CAPES; ao ISCTE-IUL, nas pessoas da professora Clara Carvalho e Fernanda Alvim, que tão bem me receberam. Nessa instituição, pude acessar uma ampla literatura sobre a realidade moçambicana que enriqueceu grandemente este trabalho; aos entrevistados José

This volume provides a detailed analysis of at least $4.2 trillion (in constant USD 2023) allocated to sub-Saharan Africa between 1960 and the end of 2023. This staggering sum, equivalent to 26 Marshall Plans, has failed to lift the region out of poverty. I examine the characteristics of each financial flow, revealing that while remittances directly benefit recipients, at least 70% of ODA are returning to lenders and contributors through repayable loans, consultancy fees, technical assistance, and work carried out by companies from donor countries. I also explore internal factors within sub-Saharan Africa that contribute to its developmental challenges, using Ethiopia as a case study for FDI impacts.

El objetivo de este artículo de revisión es analizar las iniciativas de turismo comunitario y sostenible en países en desarrollo, destacando los modelos implementados, las estrategias de sostenibilidad y los impactos económico, social y cultural. Para este propósito, se aplicó la metodología PRISMA, lo cual permitió una selección sistemática de estudios publicados entre 2000 y 2024 en bases de datos académicas. Se analizaron 100 estudios que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión, organizando los hallazgos en cinco categorías de análisis: modelos de turismo, estrategias de sostenibilidad, impacto económico, impacto social y cultural, y desafíos. Los resultados destacan que el ecoturismo, el turismo cultural y el agroturismo son modelos exitosos, promoviendo ingresos sostenibles y la conservación ambiental. Las estrategias de sostenibilidad, como el uso de energías renovables y la preservación cultural, son clave para la viabilidad a largo plazo de estos proyectos. Asimismo, el turismo comunitario ha mejorado la autonomía económica, empoderando a mujeres y jóvenes. No obstante, se identifican desafíos, como la falta de financiamiento y la dependencia del turismo, que limitan su sostenibilidad. Este estudio concluye que el turismo comunitario representa una vía viable para el desarrollo sostenible, siempre que se implementen políticas de apoyo y capacitación.

Un análisis de los procesos participativos desarrollados sobre los planes hidrológicos de las cuencas gallegas Participation in the Water Management: An Analysis of Participative Processes Developed on Galician Basins´ Hidrological Plans & Resumo: A Directiva Marco da auga (Directiva 2000/60/CE) é a norma básica que preside, desde o ano 2000, a xestión das augas da Unión Europea e supuxo, no momento da súa aprobación, un cambio de filosofía na tradicional xestión dos recursos hídricos. Dunha concepción "desenvolvista", baseada no aproveitamento dos ríos para todo tipo de usos e demandas, pásase a unha visión "conservadora" cuxo obxectivo é a prevención, a conservación e a recuperación do bo estado ecolóxico das masas de auga así como o seu uso sostible. En segundo lugar, a Directiva Marco da auga (DMA) consagra a participación pública como un dos piares da nova política da auga. A DMA diferencia tres formas de participación pública: o acceso á información; a consulta pública en todas as fases do proceso de planificación; e, en terceiro lugar, a implicación activa no proceso de planificación. Galicia conta con dúas demarcacións hidrolóxicas diferentes: Galicia-Costa, que abrangue as concas internas galegas (cuxa xestión é competencia da Xunta de Galicia que exerce a través do organismo autónomo Augas de Galicia) e a Miño-Sil, integrada polas concas internacionais dos ríos Miño e Limia (competencia estatal que asume a Confederación Hidrográfica do Miño-Sil). Este artigo analiza as experiencias de participación pública desenvolvidas por ambas as dúas administracións durante a última fase do proceso de planificación, correspondente coa elaboración, consulta pública e aprobación dos documentos definitivos dos plans hidrolóxicos de ambas as dúas concas. Analízanse os obxectivos da participación pública establecidos pola

Os Estados Unidos e a China são as principais potências do sistema internacional no século XXI e os mais importantes parceiros políticos, estratégicos e econômicos do Brasil. Em meio às transformações globais, de um caos sistêmico e de guerras quentes, parece surgir a Guerra Fria 2.0 entre o Ocidente e o Oriente. O Brasil escolherá lados nesta nova bipolaridade? Diante da coexistência competitiva sino-americana como ser pragmático? Por que escolher entre os dois mundos se podemos ter os dois?

The research work ascertains the availability and accessibility of digital records keeping among university administrators in Nigeria. To accomplish the survey's goal, two research inquiries were put forward, and two corresponding alternative hypotheses were developed to direct the investigation. A survey research approach was employed. The respondents consisted of 498 university administrators. The instrument used for the study was the Availability and Accessibility of Digital Record Keeping among University Administrators Questionnaire (AADRKUAQ). A trial test was carried out on 50 administrative staff at Ebonyi State University that yielded an overall reliability coefficient of 0.85. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions, and the t-test was equally used to test the research hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. According to the findings, digital record keeping is widely available and accessible. Whereas the alternate hypothesis revealed no significant difference in the extents of availability and accessibility of digital record keeping among gender, it was strongly recommended, along with many other things, that the school administration should embrace international standards for accessibility and availability of digital record keeping.

The research was carried out to analyses the effectiveness of cooperatives on agricultural production in Akinyele local government area of Oyo State. This study therefore sets out to determine resources use efficiency of farmers, to compare the net return of cooperating and non-cooperating farmers and to identity problems faced by farmers.
In this study a total of 100 farmers (50 cooperators and 50 non-cooperators were selected using random sampling technique). The number of farmers interviewed from each town was determined by limited of fund and time constraints. For the analysis input-output data for 2000 crop farming season were collected.
The farmers’ characteristics were studied, and the results showed that the average sampled farmer in an illiterate with considerable experience in crop farming. Most farming in the study area cultivated less than ten hectares of land and in scattered holdings. Education and farm size were found to have an effect on the management techniques adopted by farmers while age was independent of methods of farming.
Cost and returns analysis showed that higher revenue accrued to cooperators than non-cooperators and these were N3,199.12 and N1,128.98 per hectare, respectively. However, net returns per farmers for a mean land area of 5.7ha for non-cooperators. The revenue that accrued to cooperators was higher than that of non-cooperators because cooperators cultivated more are of land than non-cooperators. This is due to the cooperatives funds made available to the cooperators, which has helped them to procure more inputs at moderate prices and at their desired time, which consequently enhanced their agricultural production.
The value of crop output (y) was regressed on the independent variable VIZ; farm size, family labour, hired labour, cost of planting materials, cost of planting materials, cost of fertilizer, cost of chemical, cost of hired tractor and farming experience.
The result of regression analysis revealed that for cooperators the following variables, (farm size, cost of fertilizer, cost of planting materials, cost of chemical and farming experience) were positively signed, an indication of positive relationship with the output’s value which indicated that increase in farm cost, cost of fertilizer, cost of planting materials, cost of chemical and farming experience also brought about an increase in output’s value and vice versa while the cost of hired tractor has a negative correlation with the output’s value, meaning that as tractor hiring cost increases output’s value decreases and vice versa.
For non-cooperators farm size had positive relationship with output’s value while family labour had negative correlation with the value of output.
Production functions were fitted separately for the two groups and the result showed that the double-log function had the best fit with coefficients of multiple determination (R2) of 0.94 for cooperators and 0.54 for the non-cooperators. The R square values were high which showed that much explanation can be offered for the variation in output’s value (Y) by the independent variables, these important determinants of variations in gross returns were farm size, fertilizer, chemicals, crop combination and management techniques practiced by farmers in the two groups. Also, there was significant difference between the technical efficiency of the two groups of farms.
The problem militating against crop farming an Akinyele local government on the basis of the findings are in the following order of importance to the cooperators VIZ: Diseases and pests, transportation problems, inadequacy of farm inputs, climate and edaphic problems inadequacy of credit facilities. While the order of importance of the problems to non-cooperators are as follows, inadequate credit facilities, insufficient farm inputs, transportation problems disease and pests, climate and edaphic problems.
On the basis of these findings, some recommendations are as follows:
(1) Farmers Cooperative society membership should be encouraged among crop producing farmers since this has been shown to increase agricultural production and net returns of farmers.
(2) Government should make credit facilities available to farmers to improve their purchasing power of input, so as to increase agricultural production.
(3) There is need to increase and improve the level of resources (land, labour, fertilizer and planting materials) in order to stimulate agricultural production in the study area.
(4) As was pointed out in the study farmers generally should improve on the farming methods to increase farm production. Therefore, extension services should be intensified and communication between the farmers and extension agent made effective.
(5) Existing agricultural co-operative societies as well as the up-coming ones should be financially assisted by the government. This would not only increase the level of agricultural production to meet various demands but agricultural production would be sustained for the ever-increasing needs for human non-human uses.

Social and Behavior Change (SBC) is the systematic use of theory-driven, evidence-based, and participatory approaches to influence both individual and collective behaviors, while also addressing the social and structural factors that shape them. Unlike simple information sharing, SBC empowers people to adopt and sustain positive behaviors by considering attitudes, knowledge, norms, and enabling environments. It is essential across all development sectors because behavior is the driving force behind outcomes such as improved nutrition, education, gender equality, and resilience. Importantly, SBC recognizes that people are influenced by multiple layers of context and must therefore be engaged holistically.
The Social Ecological Model (SEM) provides a framework for applying SBC at different levels: the individual knowledge and skills , interpersonal (family and peers), community (norms and leadership), organizational (systems and services), and policy/structural (laws and resources). This multi-layered approach makes SBC relevant across sectors promoting healthy practices in health and nutrition, inclusive participation in education, hygiene in WASH, climate-smart agriculture in livelihoods, gender equity in protection, and preparedness in climate resilience. By working across these layers and sectors, SBC ensures that interventions are people-centered, context-sensitive, and sustainable.

Competitiveness development in regions, sectors and institutions is an
excellent book for experts, students and entrepreneurs. In their pages,
we can discover different topics about the competitive factors like
Knowledge Management, Service Quality, Management leadership,
Innovation, Production Value, and so on.
In ten chapters, experts explain the situation of the organization,
institutions and regions according to the competitiveness development.
Every part of this book was based on empirical and real evidence
from enterprises, universities, governments and institutions. All of these
studied organizations are part of the competitive environment that
involves the market. The writers believe in economic progress across of
the innovation, the entrepreneurship and the international cooperation
between regions, countries and corporations.

Competitiveness against the Sustainable Development Goals is an excellent book for experts, governments, and entrepreneurs. In its pages, we can discover different topics about two competitive factors. New poverty profiles and climate change are factors that modify strategist perception and the construction of competitive advantages.
Experts explain the situation of the organization, institutions and regions according to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in nine chapters. SDGs are considered as the essential guidelines that facilitate the strategic consideration of climate change and the new poverty profiles to achieve greater competitiveness.
Each part of this book was based on empirical and real evidence from enterprises, universities, governments, and institutions. All of these studied organizations are part of the competitive environment. The writers believe in economic progress in line with the innovation, the resilience, the entrepreneurship, and the international cooperation between regions, countries, and corporations.

La necesidad de relatos críticos y contrahegemónicos sobre pobreza y empobrecimiento en la formación de liderazgos emprendedores…………...…………………………………. 32 Crisis del concepto gobernanza bajo el modelo neoliberal en América Latina………………………………………….

This article presents a reconstruction of the 1980sʼ research-policy debate on farmer-managed irrigation systems (FMIS) in Asia. Such a reconstruction yields important lessons for the role of academic researchers in the current research-policy debate on African farmer-led irrigation development (FLID). Two interrelated insights stand out: (1) academic irrigation research was (and is) produced in an institutional context that is infused with the politics of the professional tradition in irrigation, and more specifically, (2) academic knowledge on the institutional heterogeneity of farmer-organized irrigation was (and is) incompatible with how things really work in the institution of the irrigation tradition. These insights raise critical questions on the politics of academic research on FLID, whose research agenda is really pursued, what roles do academic researchers want to play, and how to make irrigation research in development more democratic?

Ipea publications are available for free download in PDF (all) and EPUB (books and periodicals). Access: The opinions expressed in this publication are of exclusive responsibility of the authors, not necessarily expressing the official views of the Institute for Applied Economic Research and the Ministry of Economy. Reproduction of this text and the data contained within is allowed as long as the source is cited. Reproduction for commercial purposes is prohibited.

Internal female migration is shaping Ghana’s development discourse as an increasing number of women and young girls engage in rural-urban migration either independently or by family decision due to widespread poverty, limited arable land and high female unemployment. Limited literature exists on determining factors of female internal rural-urban migration. This paper fills the gap by examining determinants of female rural-urban migration in the East Maprusi District of the North East Region. Primary data were collected from individuals, heads of households, women’s groups, key informants, and focus group discussions, among others, through a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions.
The study found the existence of pull and push factors as being responsible for female internal migration, including the collective household decision to send the female to the cities as one of the many livelihood diversification strategies for the rural poor households.  Other factors responsible for female out-migration included lack of land rights for women, as customary land tenure and rights tended to favour male over the female counterpart, low farm output leading to extreme poverty among rural women, the desire of young spinsters to prepare themselves financially and materially towards marriage by purchasing clothes/items, cooking utensils and low levels of skills and education among rural women. The study recommends a change in gender norms and culture that inhibits women from accessing land resources to ward off gender discrimination and the incorporation of affirmative action policies, which give women freedom of choice without hindrances.
Keywords: Internal Migration; Female, Determinants; Feminization; District, Ghana

The study examines innovative pedagogy and blended learning among the undergraduate students’ of Wesley University Ondo, Nigeria. The research design method used for this study was qualitative research methods. The population of the study comprises of six hundred and fifty-four (654) registered students for 2020/2021 academic session. The sample size of Two hundred and forty-eight (248) respondents was selected through the Krejcie and Morgan sampling techniques to select the sample size from the population. The returned rate of the instrument used to elicit the data from the respondents was 238(93.42%). The instrument used to collect data was questionnaire. This questionnaire was designed on a scale of 4 points Likert. The validity of the instrument was done and the reliability of the instrument was tested through the use of Cronbach Alpha reliability to determine the internal consistency of the instrument. The instrument revealed a coefficient of 0.762 which is acceptable. The meth...

Los tres principales donantes globales —China, Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea—, que juntos concentran cerca del 80 % de la ayuda bilateral y ejercen un control directo e indirecto sobre gran parte de la ayuda multilateral, han adoptado en los últimos años un enfoque abiertamente transaccional. Esto supone un cambio de modelo relevante, ya que vuelve a situar en el centro de los procesos de cooperación internacional los intereses estratégicos de las grandes potencias y desplaza los de los países más vulnerables.

Términos como nearshoring, y desacoplamiento económico, ambos con un alto nivel de equivalencia y similitud, han tenido un rol preponderante dentro del proceso de fragmentación económica global que vive actualmente la economía mundial. El tema de la fragmentación económica global y sus costes asociados, han sido el lema más reiterativo en los últimos cinco años en materia económica y política a nivel internacional. También es el re�ejo de un proceso de reorganización de orden geoeconómico de lo que hasta hoy se ha conocido popularmente como la globalización de la economía mundial. Es producto de la relocalización, no sólo de las cadenas de suministros, sino de producción y ensamblaje global. Recientemente, el Fondo Monetario Internacional ha publicado una serie de estimaciones sobre dichos costos. Según el citado Organismo, las restricciones al comercio internacional, así como los nearshoring en proceso de ejecución, podrían reducir el PIB mundial hasta en un 7 por ciento a largo plazo, o alrededor de 7,4 billones de dólares en dólares de hoy. Eso equivale al tamaño combinado, según el citado organismo, de las economías francesa y alemana, y a tres veces la producción anual del África Subsahariana. La siguiente grá�ca de FMI, nos muestra el impacto que ha tenido principalmente desde el año 2010 hasta el 2022 las crecientes restricciones al comercio internacional producto de los con�ictos geoeconómicos y políticos entre los Estados Unidos y sus respectivos aliados europeos y asiáticos con sus contrincantes chinos y rusos principalmente, en los sectores de bienes, servicios e inversiones.

Sub-Saharan Africa is on the cusp of an unprecedented urban transformation. By 2050, it is projected that 68% of the world's population will reside in urban areas, with Sub-Saharan Africa leading this shift, experiencing the fastest urbanization rate globally at a remarkable 4.1% annually (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [UN DESA], 2019). This rapid demographic and spatial growth presents immense economic development opportunities and significant, complex challenges for sustainable urban planning and governance. Key Challenges: The accelerated pace of urbanization in the region has outstripped the capacity of many governments and existing infrastructure to cope effectively. This has led to several critical issues, including: The widespread proliferation of informal settlements, often characterised by inadequate housing, lack of basic services, and precarious living conditions, currently houses approximately 62% of urban residents. Critical infrastructure across vital sectors, such as water supply, sanitation, energy, transportation networks, and waste management, is severely deficient. These deficiencies hinder public health, economic productivity, and overall quality of life. Entrenched governance fragmentation, characterized by a lack of coordinated planning across different levels of government, limited institutional capacity, and issues of transparency and accountability. These factors collectively undermine effective service delivery and longterm urban sustainability initiatives. Strategic Priorities: Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a comprehensive and forward-looking approach. Our strategic recommendations focus on three interconnected pillars: Promoting integrated urban-rural development planning, which recognizes the symbiotic relationship between urban centers and their surrounding rural areas. This approach aims to foster balanced regional growth, optimize resource allocation, and enhance food security by strengthening economic linkages and service provision across the continuum. Implementing robust governance and anti-corruption measures that foster transparency, accountability, and citizen participation in urban development processes. Strengthening institutional frameworks and promoting ethical leadership are crucial for building public trust and ensuring equitable distribution of resources and opportunities. Developing climate-resilient infrastructure and services that can withstand the increasing impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events, water scarcity, and rising sea levels. This involves investing in green infrastructure, sustainable energy solutions, and adaptive urban planning strategies to safeguard lives and livelihoods and ensure long-term environmental sustainability. This Executive Summary outlines a pathway towards fostering inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities in Sub-Saharan Africa, aligning with the ambitions of SDG 11. By prioritizing these strategic areas, the region can transform rapid urbanization into a powerful engine for equitable and sustainable development for all its citizens.

Primary education in Bangladesh is the seed from which the nation's future grows, laying the groundwork for literacy, skills, and social progress. Over the last few decades, Bangladesh has made incredible progress in bringing more children into the classroom through smart government policies, dedicated NGO work, and global partnerships. Still, major hurdles remain, such as improving the quality of teaching, reducing student dropout rates, upgrading school buildings, and ensuring all regions have equal opportunities. This article explores the journey of primary education in Bangladesh-celebrating its successes, examining its challenges, and looking toward the future. The proposed path forward involves empowering teachers, embracing digital learning, and creating an inclusive system for all children. These changes are key to unlocking human potential and helping Bangladesh achieve its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

This paper examines the triangular cooperation approaches of India and Germany in Africa, focusing on pilot projects in Cameroon, Ghana, and Malawi. India's development cooperation, rooted in a consultative model, aligns with the priorities and needs of partner countries, guided by South-South cooperation principles. It emphasises capacity building, agriculture, affordable healthcare, education, renewable energy, and infrastructure development. Germany, a key player in Africa's development, focuses on humanitarian aid and long-term capacity building. Through a joint declaration of intent on triangular cooperation, India and Germany have expanded avenues for collaboration, successfully implementing projects in Cameroon, Ghana, and Malawi. Case studies highlight the tangible impacts of these initiatives. In Malawi, the agri-business incubator model for women in agriculture and food systems established "AmayiHub," the country's first women's incubator, training and supporting over 50 women entrepreneurs. In Ghana, bamboo-based enterprises promote income generation for women and youth, with nearly 50 individuals trained in innovative bamboo product design, diversification, and financial management. In Cameroon, the potato seed production project leverages Rooted Apical Cutting (RAC) technology to enhance access to quality seed potatoes, benefiting 15 scientists, six local entrepreneurs, and 200 farmers. These initiatives highlight the practical impact of triangular cooperation, empowering local communities and contributing to sustainable development. This paper recommends continued prioritization of sectoral cooperation in agriculture, climate change women empowerment and other key areas. Through triangular cooperation, countries can leverage their comparative advantages, accelerate equitable development, and create a more sustainable future. This approach, pooling resources among Global North donors, pivotal Global South countries, and partner nations, ensures cost-effective, impactful development outcomes.

This volume marks the fiftieth anniversary of diplomatic relations between Italy and Vietnam (1973–2023), offering a comprehensive overview that intertwines historical memory, cultural cooperation, scientific exchange, and economic perspectives. Edited by Sandra Scagliotti and Lorenzo Riccardi, the book brings together contributions from scholars, diplomats, and witnesses who retrace the key stages of friendship between the two countries: from solidarity during the Vietnam War to the creation of academic and cultural partnerships, and the consolidation of political and economic ties.

The first part highlights the role of Italian civil society and associations that supported Vietnam in its most difficult times, showing how cultural cooperation and the dissemination of knowledge laid the foundations for a lasting dialogue. The second part examines the development of Vietnamese studies in Italy, editorial initiatives, and institutional networks that have fostered mutual understanding. The third part is devoted to economic relations and the evolution of the strategic partnership, with particular attention to trade flows, investment, and the opportunities opened by the EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement. Finally, the fourth part collects and documents the main bilateral treaties that have shaped fifty years of cooperation.

Through a multidisciplinary perspective, the book emphasizes the resilience and vitality of Italy–Vietnam relations, built on shared values of friendship, peace, and cooperation. It not only retraces the milestones of a meaningful past but also offers reflections on the common challenges and new opportunities awaiting both countries in the global context.

El presente capítulo ofrece un análisis de la Carta de la Tierra, un documento de alcance global que emerge como una propuesta integral para abordar la crisis socioambiental y civilizatoria. Su objetivo primordial es catalizar la transición hacia una sociedad más justa, sostenible y pacífica. La Carta se estructura en cuatro pilares interconectados: respeto y cuidado de la comunidad de vida, integridad ecológica, justicia social y económica, y democracia, no violencia y paz, de los cuales se desprenden 16 principios generales y 64 directrices de acción.

Este documento busca fomentar una profunda concientización que se traduzca en un cambio de comportamiento colectivo, invitando a la ciudadanía mundial a una corresponsabilidad universal en el cuidado del medio ambiente. Promueve una visión holística y sistémica de la realidad, que trasciende enfoques limitados de desarrollo, al reconocer los derechos de la naturaleza. En México, la Carta ha sido fundamental para la integración de la sustentabilidad en el ámbito universitario, influyendo en la ambientalización de planes de estudio y en la creación de programas de protección ambiental, contribuyendo a la formación ética de futuros profesionales.

This article assesses the economic performance of the original BRICS economies, relative to the growth and currency appreciation projections presented in the papers that introduced the acronym, prior to the grouping becoming a diplomatic, political, and economic reality. It also discusses the BRICS agenda in the current challenging geopolitical context, in which economic fragmentation tends to raise costs for the global economy and presents considerable obstacles for emerging and developing economies.

Cooperation beyond ODA overcomes traditional role concepts in development politics. The conventional ascriptions of the North providing and the South receiving assistance are being contested and increasingly replaced by new modalities that enable countries to engage with each other on a more equal footing. The Second UN High-level Conference on South-South Cooperation (BAPA +40), held in March 2019 in Buenos Aires, empowered the Global South and consolidated South-South cooperation as a key element of the 2030 Agenda. At the same time, triangular cooperation between northern and southern countries is gaining momentum and starting to trigger ministries and implementing agencies to rethink the role of former donors in a setting beyond ODA. With our discussants we debate the current prospects and challenges for South-South and triangular cooperation and set them in relation to ODA graduation. Are these modes suitable alternatives for graduating countries, especially regarding their demand for technical cooperation and knowledge exchange? How can South-South and triangular cooperation be further promoted, more recognised and improved? The discussion was held between Orria Goni Delzangles, Team Leader for South-South Cooperation and Finance for Development at the UNDP Africa Finance Sector Hub, Nadine Piefer-Söyler, Policy Analyst for triangular cooperation and cooperation with Latin American and Caribbean countries at the OECD's Development Cooperation Directorate, Martín Rivero Illa:, Coordinator of South-South Cooperation at the Ibero-American General Secretariat, SEGIB 119 , and Rita Walraf, desk officer for emerging countries and triangular cooperation at the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, BMZ. It was facilitated by Christof Kersting, director of the Regional Fund for Triangular Cooperation in Latin America and the Caribbean at GIZ, and Juliane Kolsdorf, editor of this publication. 120 119 SEGIB is an international support organisation for the Ibero-American community, covering the 19 Spanish-and Portuguese-speaking countries in Latin America and those of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain, Portugal and Andorra. 120 For better distinction from the discussants, the inputs and questions by the facilitators are displayed in italic without naming the respective person.

In this chapter, the author examines the origins and colonial elements of
development cooperation. A comparison of the beginnings of develop-
ment cooperation with the earlier colonial discourse serves as a basis for
analysing the colonial continuities and potential new perspectives of the
current Sustainable Development Goals. Reflections on how to decolonise
development cooperation conclude the chapter.