Papers by Charles Orora,PhD.
Practices among household heads towards malaria control in Mosocho Divison of Kisii County, Kenya
This research aims to determine any factors affecting on the interest in using e-Filing in East D... more This research aims to determine any factors affecting on the interest in using e-Filing in East Denpasar Sub district, Denpasar City, Bali Province Indonesia. Type of research is explanatory, this study is trying to determine the causal relation of various studied variables. The populations in this research are all taxpayers of e-Filling users spread in East Denpasar Sub district Denpasar City. Sample collection method is non probability sampling namely accidental sampling. Data collection methods are questionnaires and interview. The collected data are analyzed using Multi linear regression Method through SPSS 20.0 program. Results of regression analysis have proven that the social factor variable influences positively on the interest in using e-Filling; meanwhile, the performance expectation, business expectancy and facilitating condition variables do not influence on the interest in using e-Filing.
Coordination of Disaster and Humanitarian Interventions: The Missing Link in the Grassroots Actors in Developing Countries
International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (142... more International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (142-148), Month: July – August 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Household Environmental Hazards and Behavioral Practices Influencing Children Diarrhea Incidences in Homabay County, Kenya
Household Environmental Hazards and Behavioral Practices Influencing Children Diarrhea Incidences in Homabay County, Kenya
Practices among household heads towards malaria control in Mosocho Divison of Kisii County, Kenya
Globally, more than 5 million children die every year from diseases linked to the environmental c... more Globally, more than 5 million children die every year from diseases linked to the environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to explore environmental risk factors influencing diarrhoea morbidity of children under five. A community based cross sectional study was conducted to explore incidence and environmental risk factors associated with children under five. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informants interview (KII) and observational check list were employed as data collection instruments. Microbial water quality was conducted to check on presence of faecal coli forms. Residual chlorine levels were also assessed through laboratory analysis. A sample size of 384 households was used with 10% to account for non response was incorporated. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis of quantitative data. Qualitative data from both questionnaire and Key Informants interview guide were triangulated. Water collection from the water points ...
International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health, 2016
Aims: To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding transmission, prevention and treatme... more Aims: To assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding transmission, prevention and treatment of malaria in four rural settings and one urban neighborhood. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive survey carried out in Cameroon. This study took place in rural Mbonge division (Pete, Marumba-1, Marumba-2, and Bai Manya) and one neighbourhood in a urban town (Kumba), South West region of Cameroon between May and July 2015. Methodology: 227 participants (118 males and 109 females) took part in this study. Information was collected with a pre-tested questionnaire with mostly closed-ended questions and a few openended questions. Questions focused on socio-demographic parameters, knowledge attitudes and practices with respect to malaria. Data was analysed using SPSS Statistics version 22 (SPSS Inc. IBM). p values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: 118(52%) males and 109(48.0%) females were part of this study. Malaria was listed as the most common disease in all the settings without exception. In the rural settings, respondents related transmission of malaria to mosquito as follows: 53.3% in Pete, 70.7% in Marumba-2, 53.3% in Marumba-1, 65% in Bai Manya. In the urban setting, Kumba, 85.4% of respondents said malaria was caused by a mosquito bite. Other factors listed as ways in which malaria was transmitted include: using the same cup, dirtiness, dirty water, through drugs, bad environment, wind, sun and red fly. Mosquito nets were predominantly used for malaria prevention. These were obtained mostly as government donations. Respondents sought formal help mostly after 48 hours from onset of symptoms. Self-medication was commonly practiced irrespective of setting. This study has shown that participants in Mbonge sub-division and Buea-road Kumba have gaps in knowledge about malaria transmission, prevention and treatment. There is a need for tailored health-education intervention building on formal and local knowledge to reduce the imposed burden of malaria.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Towards Malaria Control in Mosocho Division of Kisii County, Kenya
The presentation outlines Community Health Services Strategies and policies in place to support ... more The presentation outlines Community Health Services Strategies and policies in place to support Primary Health Care Delivery
Coordination of Disaster and Humanitarian Interventions: The Missing Link in the Grassroots Actors in Developing Countries
International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (142... more International Journal of Novel Research in Humanity and Social Sciences Vol. 3, Issue 4, pp: (142-148), Month: July – August 2016, Available at: www.noveltyjournals.com
Immunization is a strong pillar of public health system its attainment is dependent on strategic ... more Immunization is a strong pillar of public health system its attainment is dependent on strategic utilization of behaviour change communication strategies. Kenya, reports vaccination of 77% of children aged 12-23 months far much below the stipulated of 90% and at 80 % in county level. Homabay County Fully Immunization Coverage is still a challenge at 73.5% .Pskenya is a communication Campaign aimed at increasing the number of care givers who, Know the recommended number of vacinnes, where to access them and recall at least four vaccines and the diseases they prevent.Community participatory approaches and social behaviour change communication are pertinent to enhance and sustain caregivers' knowledge about key vaccines and their role in child survival, access and utilization of services. Methods: The paper utilized data from on ground demand creation activities through the community strategy focusing on defaulter tracking and DHIS data from link facilities for one year June 2017 to June 2018 in Suba and Kabondo Sub counties, Homabay County. Door to door, targeted outreaches in hard to reach areas, dialogue days, Joint supportive supervision and monthly programmatic reiew forums were the avenues used to strengthen the intervention Results: Training of 627 community health Volunteers was conducted in June and implementation started in July, there was a steady increase in FIC with on ground SBCC activities, HH mapping of Children under 2 years done in July 2017 had positive colleration to vaccines uptake. FIC Improved from 55% to 84% and from 55% to 63 % in Suba and Kabondo respectively. Through the implementation period we had drops of FIC in moths attributed to service providers' industrial strike and poor weather in rainy seasons. Conclusion: There is improvement on FIC, with variation during health service providers srike.Household mapping, joint review forum supportive supervision and defaulter tracing were the most significant drivers of utilization of immunization Services.The County should incorporate demand creation indicators in routine data collection and ensure sustained targeted demand creation
This paper focuses on public health preparedness and response to disasters within the context of ... more This paper focuses on public health preparedness and response to disasters within the context of El Niño phenomenon, with emphasis on Malaria, and water-borne diseases. Floods are associated with a heightened risk of disease due to contamination of water sources thus increasing odds of waterborne diseases outbreaks (Cann ,Thomas & Salmon ,2013 ).The goal of the El Nino Preparedness and Response Programme was to complement national MOH efforts to prepare for and respond to El Niño flooding and to protect the health of vulnerable population in flood-prone areas.PS Kenya through funding from Department of International Development (DFID) carried out communication intervention and availed products for prevention and treatment of water-related diseases in flood-prone counties to elicit change. The intervention was grounded on Health belief Model. Awareness was raised through a mix of media channels on Public health disaster preparedness. Adequate supplies of health products were procured for stockpiling to affected areas in the event of major flooding namely long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs), WaterGuard point-of-use chlorine water treatment , P&G Purifier of Water,Artesunate malaria treatment medication; and and oral rehydration solution and zinc tablets (ORS/Zn). The intervention was in tandem with priority 4 of the Sendai Frame work (Sendai 2015).
Worldwide, millions of people are annually affected by conflict and other natural calamities whic... more Worldwide, millions of people are annually affected by conflict and other natural calamities which call for humanitarian intervention from both cluster lead organizations and grassroots actors. Recently, 30 million people were estimated to be internally displaced and 23 million to be refugees who were seeking refuge across international borders, the vast majority of whom were fleeing conflict zones. The main objective of this paper is to look at the missing link in grass root actors and cluster leads in the various sectors in humanitarian interventions. There is need for continued coordination and collaboration among cluster leads and partners in order to mitigate the effects of emergencies and disaster. Additionally, it will look into the principle of partnerships, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) code of conduct number six which outlines developing capacities of local actors and lastly the Sphere core standard two on coordination in regard to humanitarian intervention. In life, disasters come to test the reactivity of our systems, especially the capacity of different actors to work together for a common goal. It will also outline ways through which capacity building grassroot actors can be achieved and sustained. Lastly, it will recommend on the necessary actions to be taken in order to enhance the coordination between grass root actors and external actors.
Maternal health seeking behaviours in humanitarian and development prisms affect the children and... more Maternal health seeking behaviours in humanitarian and development prisms affect the children and their mothers immensely. Failure or delays in seeking proper health care for children in developing countries results to significant numbers of deaths attributed to high diarrhoea morbidity. The study examined patterns of health seeking behaviour of caregivers in prevention of diarrhoea morbidity. Statistics confirm higher diarrhoea morbidity in Nyanza twice the rate from Central Kenya in children under five despite a national decline from previous years. The study thus sought to explore health-seeking behaviour of caregivers of children under five years facing diarrhoea in Homabay County. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used in the study. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informants interview (KII) were employed as data collection instruments. A sample size of 384 households was used with 10% to account for non response was incorporated. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20 was used for the analysis of quantitative data. Qualitative data from both questionnaire and Key Informants interview guide were triangulated. Open-ended questions were also analysed through a quantitative content analysis. Chi square test with statistical significance set at α<0.05 was used to test relationship between categorical variables, odds ratio calculated at 95% confidence intervals (CI). Delayed health seeking behaviour was evident from majority of the respondents (68.4%) who sought healthcare more than a day after the onset of diarrhoeal incidences. There was no significant relationship between knowledge of diarrhoea and awareness of the danger signs α = 0.31, 33.8%. Children experienced diarrhoea at a frequency of 3 episodes per day and 3-4 per day, ORS was used by 60% of the respondents, 39% used ORS + Zinc for treatment. Poor health-seeking behaviour was evident and the study attributed it to diminished finances, few health facilities and poor services in them. The study recommends enhanced community knowledge, better practices for identification and mitigation of danger signs to improve diarrheal management in children.
Globally, more than 5 million children die every year from diseases linked to the environmental c... more Globally, more than 5 million children die every year from diseases linked to the environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to explore environmental risk factors influencing diarrhoea morbidity of children under five. A community based cross sectional study was conducted to explore incidence and environmental risk factors associated with children under five. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informants interview (KII) and observational check list were employed as data collection instruments. Microbial water quality was conducted to check on presence of faecal coli forms. Residual chlorine levels were also assessed through laboratory analysis. A sample size of 384 households was used with 10% to account for non response was incorporated. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis of quantitative data. Qualitative data from both questionnaire and Key Informants interview guide were triangulated. Water collection from the water points was reported to be mainly done by the female children under 15 years 124 (39.5%) while male children under 15 years were reported to go for water by 23 (7.0%) of the respondents. The respondents reported cleaning their toilets in varied periods. Ninety one (46.4%) clean their toilets on a weekly basis, 60(30.7%) clean on a daily basis, while 18 (9.2%) did not clean their toilets. There was a statistical significance between children diarrhoea incidences and faeces disposal practices (r s = 0. 018, p = .01). Efforts should be made by the county governments to ensure that the communities within the study area adopt current best practices as pertains to sanitation, water storage and Point of Use Treatment. Mechanisms should be put in place to sensitize the local communities to put up and utilize latrines correctly to deter occurrences of faecal coli forms in water as it happens in the event of Open defecation.
Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Its burden is great... more Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Its burden is greater felt in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15% of all disability adjusted life years (DALYs) lost to the disease. Malariaaffects more than 70% of its population. The disease also remains a cause of much suffering due to social and economic problems. The understanding of malaria transmission, recognition of signs and symptoms, perception of cause, treatment seeking patterns and preventive measures are important in malaria control. Malaria is the most prevalent disease in Mosocho division rated at 14.4%.The study evaluated practices towards malaria control among household heads. A cross sectional study design was employed it involved a sample size of 384 household heads.Multi-age sampling was used to select participants for the study. Pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to gather information from household heads. Interview guides were used to collect data from key informants. The focus group discussions that were used involved household heads that were randomly selected. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Chi-square test was used to determine differences in the responses given. The findings revealed that Practices towards malaria control were highwith two hundred and forty five respondents (63.8%) exhibiting above average practices towards malaria control. One hundred and eleven respondents (28.9%) mentioned that some of their household members failed to use mosquito nets every night. The study recommends that community health promotioninterventionsthrough behavior change Communication should be sustained. Locally tailored messages should be used to highlight the threat posed by malaria, non-adherence of malaria prescription and the importance of every one participating in malaria control interventions. Mosquito net hanging demonstrations should be regularly carried out to enhance net-hanging skills. Community members should be assured that mosquito nets are safe and effective and must be used in all seasons all around the year.
Books by Charles Orora,PhD.
Social and Behavior Change (SBC) is the systematic use of theory-driven, evidence-based, and part... more Social and Behavior Change (SBC) is the systematic use of theory-driven, evidence-based, and participatory approaches to influence both individual and collective behaviors, while also addressing the social and structural factors that shape them. Unlike simple information sharing, SBC empowers people to adopt and sustain positive behaviors by considering attitudes, knowledge, norms, and enabling environments. It is essential across all development sectors because behavior is the driving force behind outcomes such as improved nutrition, education, gender equality, and resilience. Importantly, SBC recognizes that people are influenced by multiple layers of context and must therefore be engaged holistically.
The Social Ecological Model (SEM) provides a framework for applying SBC at different levels: the individual knowledge and skills , interpersonal (family and peers), community (norms and leadership), organizational (systems and services), and policy/structural (laws and resources). This multi-layered approach makes SBC relevant across sectors promoting healthy practices in health and nutrition, inclusive participation in education, hygiene in WASH, climate-smart agriculture in livelihoods, gender equity in protection, and preparedness in climate resilience. By working across these layers and sectors, SBC ensures that interventions are people-centered, context-sensitive, and sustainable.
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Papers by Charles Orora,PhD.
Books by Charles Orora,PhD.
The Social Ecological Model (SEM) provides a framework for applying SBC at different levels: the individual knowledge and skills , interpersonal (family and peers), community (norms and leadership), organizational (systems and services), and policy/structural (laws and resources). This multi-layered approach makes SBC relevant across sectors promoting healthy practices in health and nutrition, inclusive participation in education, hygiene in WASH, climate-smart agriculture in livelihoods, gender equity in protection, and preparedness in climate resilience. By working across these layers and sectors, SBC ensures that interventions are people-centered, context-sensitive, and sustainable.