Insect Taxonomy

Identificación molecular de la mosquilla del brote Prodiplosis sp. Gagné en los cultivos de Asparagus officinalis L. por amplificación parcial del gen citocromo oxidasa I Molecular identification of gall midge Prodiplosis sp. Gagné in Asparagus officinalis L. crops by partial amplification of the gene cytochrome oxidase I

Automeris manantlanensis new sp. is described from the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlán between Jalisco and Colima states in western Mexico. It belongs to the Automeris io group, and is the darkest species in the group. Male and female genitalia are figured, and specific characters are compared with those of closely related species.

This paper provides a comprehensive catalogue of the New Zealand members of the family Zopheridae Solier (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) in an effort to stabilize the nomenclature preceding extensive revisionary taxonomy within the group. A checklist of the 17 New Zealand zopherid genera and an account for each of the 189 species (by current combination) is provided. Type material for nearly all species was examined, and type specimens are designated herein (90 confirmed holotypes, 3 confirmed paratypes, 102 lectotypes, 280 paralectotypes). Images of all primary type specimens and labels examined are provided. Pycnomerus sulcatissimus Sharp, 1886 is a junior synonym and secondary homonym of Pycnomerus sulcatissimus (Reitter, 1880). One replacement name is proposed, Chorasus buckleyi new name, for Chorasus subcaecus (Broun), and 23 new combinations are given.

To document the relative distribution and abundance of the mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi and the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the Colorado River in Middle Park, Colorado in 2010 and compare the results with historical data and records compiled over the past 25-40 years, prior to the construction and operation of Windy Gap Dam in 1983. Document the relative abundance and distribution of the aquatic invertebrate fauna of the upper Colorado River between the confluence with the Blue River and Windy Gap Dam west of Granby, Colorado.

La première observation en Belgique de la chrysope Nineta principiae Monserrat 1980 est ici présentée et discutée. Les informations pertinentes pour son identification, y compris une clé de détermination sont fournies. La distribution européenne de l'espèce, son développement et ses exigences écologiques sont également présentés. Le genre Nineta et la distribution européenne de ses espèces sont aussi brièvement considérés.

Some observations have been made on the reproductive activity of the Poekilocerus pictus (Fab.) under room temperature. Egg laying in P. pictus begins from 20-30 days after final ecdysis and oviposition has been started after two to five days of mating. The insect laid eggs in moist soil at a depth of 6.96±0.64 cm. The preoviposition period was 14.5±1.43 days and oviposition period was 2.28±0.66 days. Deposition of eggs lasted 22.8±0.66 min, and secretion of foamy mass took place in 14.37±2.81 min. P. pictus took an average of 2.28±0.66 h for the oviposition. Total number of egg pods in crowded medium was 1.58±0.7 and 1.8±0.78 in isolated reared insects. In addition to this, the total number of eggs per pod in isolated reared insects was 81.2±16.9, while in crowded condition it was 79.8±16.12. Beside this, the total number of eggs per pod in mass reared medium was 81.2±16.9 as against 79.8±16.12 in isolated reared insects under laboratory conditions. It was also studied that average total number of eggs in pods gradually decreased with increase in oviposition number.

RESUMEN. Los ortópteros comúnmente conocidos como chapulines, saltamontes y langostas se agrupan en la superfamilia Acridoidea. Son de gran importancia agrícola pues suelen hospedar y alimentarse de arvenses, arbustos y cultivos. Los estados con mayor daño por plaga son aquellos cuya altitud es mayor a 2000 m, como es el caso de Michoacán; causando pérdidas en cultivos básicos como maíz, frijol y calabaza. La distribución de los chapulines depende de la disposición y preferencia de alimento. Existen pocos estudios en México sobre la diversidad de poblaciones de acridoideos. Se determinó la distribución y diversidad de las poblaciones de chapulín presentes en cultivos de maíz, con sistema monocultivo y milpa. Se muestrearon dos parcelas con cada tipo de manejo en tres sitios diferentes, realizando capturas dentro y fuera del cultivo. Las colectas se realizaron de julio a noviembre. Se colectaron 2806 ejemplares de chapulín con 18 morfoespecies, las cuales se identificaron utilizando claves taxonómicas. La abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de chapulines fueron mayores en las áreas marginales de los cultivos; la abundancia fue superior en la milpa, la riqueza y la diversidad de especies fue mayor en el monocultivo. La especie que predominó en los agroecosistemas fue Sphenarium purpurascens Charpentier (1845). Palabras clave: Ortópteros, diversidad de poblaciones, maíz. Distribution and diversity of grasshoppers in maize agroecosystems of the Pátzcuaro Lake basin ABSTRACT. The orthoptera commonly known as grasshoppers and locusts are grouped in the superfamily Acridoidea. They are of great agricultural importance because they usually host and feed on weeds, shrubs and crops. The states with greater damages by plague are those whose altitude is higher than 2000 m, as is the case of Michoacán; causing losses in basic crops such as corn, beans and squash. Grasshoppers distribution depends on the disposition and preference of food. There exist a few studies in Mexico about the Acridoidea populations diversity. The distribution and diversity of grasshopper populations present in corn crops, with monoculture system and milpa, was determined. Two plots were sampled with each type of management in three different sites, making captures inside and outside the crop. The collections were made from July to November. 2806 specimens of grasshoppers were collected with 18 different morphospecies, which were identified using taxonomic keys. The abundance, richness and diversity of grasshoppers were greater in the marginal areas of crops; abundance was higher in the milpa, species richness and diversity were higher in the monoculture. The predominant species in the agroecosystems was Sphenarium purpurascens Charpentier (1845).

Investigations were undertaken to know the species composition of insect fauna attracted towards the light trap. Observations revealed that order Coleoptera showed a rich population i.e. 41.81% and 35.10% of the total collection for 2011-12 and 2012-13, respectively followed by Hemiptera 16.86% and 21.77% and Lepidoptera 12.96% and 12.89%, respectively. 19 species of scarab beetles belonging to 10 genera were found to be the prominent visitors for both the years. Subfamily, Melolonthinae had rich species diversity with five species of genus Holotrichia and Schizonycha ruficollis. Amongst Rutelines, Rhinyptia indica, R. nigrifrons, Anomala varicolor, A. dimidiata, A. ruficapilla and Adoretus bicolor prevailed. Onthophagous gazelle ruled the scarabaeinae fauna. Protaetia aurichalcea, P. teracea, Oxycetonia jucunda, O. versicolor, Clinteria klugi, Heterorrhina micans of Cetoninae were also found predominant in this vicinity. Shannon Biodiversity index for the various insect orders collected was calculated to support the findings.

In the present study we analyze and compare 12 different morphological features on the head capsule and body segments in 34 Pediciidae larvae (instars III. and IV.) to test the selectivity of the already known external characters in species level identification. Our results show that Pediciidae has good characters to separate taxa at subfamily, genus and subgenus level. The following characters have a high taxonomical importance: the shape of the locomotor structures, the spiracular field and the length and pubescence of ventral lobe, the shape and segmentation of the anal lobes, the shape of the head capsule, the structures on the labrum, the shape of the mandibles and the shape of the hypostomal teeth. However, the tested features have no selectivity at species level identification. SEI ultrastructures are proposed to test new characters (the sculpture of the head capsule, the attachment points of the first body segment to the head capsule, sensory structures position) to improve the existing identification keys for Pediciidae.

Dieser Bestimmungsschlüssel beschreibt alle Libellenarten in Nord- und Mitteleuropa. Um die Ausbreitung der Arten aufgrund der Klimaerwärmung abzubilden, wurde der Schlüssel auf Nord-Spanien, Nord-Italien und die istrische Halbinsel erweitert. Er umfasst nun 115 Arten und Unterarten, die in kurzen Abschnitten mit ihren wichtigsten Merkmalen, Verbreitungskarten, Flugzeiten, Habitatansprüchen, Vorkommen und Gefährdungsstatus vorgestellt werden.
Für die Bestimmung werden bevorzugt morphologische Merkmale inklusive der Genitalien verglichen, die über die gesamte Lebensspanne konstant sind. So kann der Schlüssel im Feld, in der Sammlung und zur Beurteilung von Fotografien eingesetzt werden.
Die Anzahl der Abbildungen wurde für die 6. Auflage nochmals deutlich erhöht, die meisten der über 700 Abbildungen sind nach Lebendaufnahmen gezeichnet. Neu sind auch viele Abbildungen, welche die Libellen in typischen Haltungen und Situationen des Lebens zeigen, sowie eine maßstabsgetreue Übersicht der Gattungen.

The common housefly with the scientific name Musca domestica is a common pest of man known to cause nuisance, annoyance and has also been discovered to mechanically transport pathogenic microorganisms to man. Housefly is able to transmit disease to man because of its close association with man. Houseflies feed on liquid or semi-liquid food and therefore when they land on human solid food, they regurgitate liquid containing saliva and digestive juices which may contain pathogens accumulated in their esophagus from their previous feast on rotting and decaying matter such as human and animal feces. Structurally, the housefly is well suited in picking up pathogens. Housefly possesses wings therefore the continuous movement of house flies from filthy substances, such as human feces, animal excreta, carcasses, and garbage, to food makes them perfect candidate vectors for disease transmission. Several studies have shown that eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, Enterobious vermicularis, Taenia species, Hymenolepis nana, Toxocara canis, and Strongyloides stercoralis are transmitted by houseflies. Protozoan cysts and trophozoites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and bacteria such as Shigella species are also transmitted by houseflies. Houseflies can be controlled by various mechanisms which can be cultural, biological or by chemical means.

Elaeidobius kamerunicus adalah kumbang polinator efektif pada tanaman kelapa sawit. Keberadaan kumbang penyerbuk kelapa sawit di perkebunan sangat diperlukan dalam meningkatkan pembentukan buah untuk menjamin kelangsungan penyerbukan pada kelapa sawit, sehingga diperlukan kumbang dengan jumlah optimum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kelimpahan populasi, frekuensi kunjungan dan efektivitas E. kamerunicus serta hubungannya dengan produktivitas pada beberapa varietas kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Nagari Gunung Selasih, Sungai Dareh dan IV Koto Kecamatan Pulau Punjung Kabupaten Dharmasraya dengan menggunakan varietas DxP Simalungun dan DxP Dumpy, metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei yang terdiri dari lima tahap yaitu penentuan lokasi dan tanaman sampel, pengamatan kelimpahan E. kamerunicus, pengamatan frekuensi kunjungan E. kamerunicus, pengukuran efektivitas E. kamerunicus dan analisis data.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan populasi perhektar mencukupi untuk proses penyerbukan, dan frekuensi kunjungan tertinggi pada bulan Oktober dan terendah bulan November, kelimpahan populasi dan frekuensi kunjungan berbanding lurus dengan rata-rata efektivitas penyerbukan yaitu 75%, sehingga kondisi seperti ini harus dipertahankan.

The Order Hymenoptera presents a great diversity of species and it is the most important in the Biological Control of insect pests at world level. In the Mexican Republic, 1,440 genera and 5,974 species have been recorded but there are many new species not described yet. In the Biosphere Reserve “El Cielo”, representatives of 481 species from 34 families have been collected, including 99 new species recently described and published (80 Ichneumonidae, 15 Aphelinidae, 2 Encyrtidae, 1 Eulophidae, and 1 Ceraphronidae) by UAT specialists. Moreover, UAT Insects Museum contains individuals from 294 genera with 342 morphospecies, and undetermined material of other 18 families. In total, 52 families of Hymenoptera with 446 genera and 823 species are known in “El Cielo”.

The state of Jharkhand (India) is a biodiversity hotspot owing to its topography and geographical features and is blessed with tropical zone dry and wet forests. The mainstay of tribal communities is agriculture. Acridoids have long been credited as forest and crop pest and till date there is no consolidated work dealing with the distribution of locusts and grasshoppers from the state. Keeping this in view the area was surveyed and acridoid fauna has been listed in addition to worked out taxonomy. Keys to subfamilies and genera have been provided. The interaction of concerned samples with their natural habitat was observed very closely and has been listed wherever required. Collection of 421 samples has been worked out that comprised 41 species belonging to 28 genera of 10 subfamilies, 3 families and 4 tribes.

Nearly 5,000 mayfly (Ephemeroptera), stonefly (Plecoptera), and
caddisfly (Trichoptera) (EPT) species records collected from the South Platte River Basin (SPRB) were compiled from literature, field surveys, and institutional and personal collections. From this effort, a total of 291 species (69 mayflies, 66 stoneflies, 156 caddisflies) representing 35 families and 134 genera are reported from 1,208 unique collection locations. The EPT fauna of the foothills transition zone appears to be the most diverse and best characterized physiographic province of the SPRB. Four caddisflies are reported from Colorado for the first time; Asynarchus circopa (Ross & Merkley), Orthotrichia cristata Morton, leptocerus americanus Banks, and Helicopsyche n. sp. The mayflies Ephemera compar (Hagen) and Ephemerella apopsis McCafferty are apparently endemic to the South Platte River Basin; however, both Species have not been reported since their original collections in 1873 and 1974, respectively. The microcaddisfly Ochrotrichia susanae Flint & Herrmann and the winter stonefly, Arsapnia (Capnia) arapahoe Nelson and Kondratieff are currently under emergency petition in Colorado under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
Many other species were represented by few records and require further
investigation to better understand their distributions.

An illustrated key for the identification of soldier caste of common termite genera so far recorded from south India is given. This comprises of 35 genera belonging to five families. The families includes Termitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Hodotermitidae and Styolotermitidae.

A total 14 species from 10 genera belonging to three subfamilies: Eumeninae, Polistinae and Vespinae are listed from the Multan region of Pakistan. The subfamily Eumeninae is represented by 11 species in eight genera, while there are two species of genus Polistes belonging to the subfamily Polistinae and one species of the genus Vespa belonging to subfamily Vespinae. Among these Allorhynchium argentatum, Antepipona ceylonica, Delta esuriens esuriens, Delta pyriforme pyriforme, Odynerus reniformis, Xenorhynchium nitidulum, Polistes indicus, Polistes wattii and Vespa orientalis are recorded for the first time from Multan region. Genus Odynerus and two species: Antepipona ceylonica, and Odynerus reniformis are new records from Pakistan.

Celonites ivanovi sp. nov. is described as a new species from Dagestan where it has been recorded from dry habitats in a small area on the northern side of the Greater Caucasus. Celonites cagrii sp. nov. is described from Erzurum Province in east Turkey. As in other members of the C. cyprius-group, the females of both species were observed to visit flowers of Heliotropium (Boraginaceae). A morphological examination including the male genitalia of all species of the C. cyprius-group revealed that C. ivanovi sp. nov. and C. cagrii sp. nov. share the apomorphic characters of this group and are closely related to Celonites osseus Morawitz, 1888. Mean genetic distance between C. ivanovi sp. nov. and C. cagrii sp. nov. based on COI-5 sequences is 7.40%. The geographical distribution of all members of the C. cyprius-group is summarized and an illustrated key is provided for the identification of males and females of the species. A lectotype is designated for C. osseus.

The present study was conducted at Vagamon hill station to evaluate the biodiversity of moths. During the present study, a total of 675 moth specimens were collected from the study area which represented 112 species from 16 families and eight super families. Though much of the species has been reported earlier from other parts of India, 15 species were first records for the state of Kerala. The highest species richness was shown by the family Erebidae and the least by the families Lasiocampidae, Uraniidae, Notodontidae, Pyralidae, Yponomeutidae, Zygaenidae and Hepialidae with one species each. The results of this preliminary study are promising; it sheds light on the unknown biodiversity of Vagamon hills which needs to be strengthened through comprehensive future surveys.

Insect identification is important in entomological research, pest control, insect-resource utilization, and biodiversity conservation. Manual identification can be tedious and time-consuming due to the number and diversity of insects to be identified, and the number of trained professionals capable of insect identification. This study focuses on the creation of an An-droid application for basic insect identification using Inception-v3, a convolutional neural network. The Android application, named Insectify, was designed to provide offline functionalities to general users. Ten insects were considered in this study namely: bee, beetle, butterfly, cicada, cockroach, dragonfly, house fly, grasshopper, mantis, and wasp. Tests were conducted to assess the effectivity of the model using images with varying orientation, color mode, and background. The model recorded a maximum accuracy of 95.33% measured based on the model's first guess of the correct insect common name. The model was able to isolate distinct features in an image captured by mobile phones. Thus, Insectify can be a useful and portable tool in providing basic insect identification beneficial to different field of studies and localities such as farmlands, forests, and common households.

Bibliographies are lists which convey idenfication information of different publications like books,
papers and articles on specific subjects in a certain order. They are prepared with the intention to provide
those who conduct studies in a certain field with the related source material in its entirety. They make it
possible to quickly review previous work on the subject being studied. They also provide an opportunity to
make more realistic, effective and less time consuming plans in reaching the target.
The first comprehensive bibliography on entomology and agricultural zoology in Turkey was
prepared by Prof. Dr. Feyzi Önder, Prof. Dr. Yusuf Karsavuran, Dr. E. Pervin Önder, Dr. Aynur Önuçar and
Dr. Ertaç Tutkun within the study framework of Turkish Entomology Association. It was printed in 1982 by the
General Directorate of Plant Protection and Quarantine under the name of “Bibliography of Entomology
and Agricultural Zoology of Turkey (Fauna, Pest Control, Pests of Plants, Methods) (1595-1978)”. The
second bibliography in this field was prepared by Prof. Dr. Feyzi Önder, Prof. Dr. Yusuf Karsavuran, Dr. E.
Pervin Önder, Dr. Ertaç Tutkun and Prof. Dr. Serdar Tezcan and was published by TURDOK, Tübitak-
Turkish Scientific and Technical Documentation Center in 1986 under the name of “Bibliography of
Entomology and Agricultural Zoology of Turkey (1979-1983)”. Bibliographical information of 4416
publications are available in the first of these bibliographies and there are 1361 of them in the second
bibliography. Bibliographical information of a total of 5777 publications are classified by topics and can be
found in these two volumes.
In the 30 years since 1983 there are numerous new research institutes and universities opened in
Turkey. As a consequence, new researchers were bred and have conducted and finished projects in the
fields of entomology and agricultural zoology. Additionally, technical developments in printing techniques
resulted with many new journals and periodicals. And, also, the number and frequency of scientific meetings
increased. All these have played a role in the considerably increased number of publications. Advancements
in the areas of communication and information technologies had marked influence on, especially, the second
half of the last 30-year period. They effected the production speed of information as well as the speed of
reaching this information. While some of the produced information was instantaneously attainable, some was
harder to be reached due to the huge amount of information output.
In the preparation phase of the book called “650 Entomologists, Acarologists and Nematologists from
Turkey with Their Brief Life Histories” written by Prof. Dr. Serdar Tezcan and Dr. Füsun Tezcan which was
published by the Entomological Society of Turkey, scientists who conducted studies in these topics were
contacted. Along with their biographical information, information concerning their publications as of
December 31, 2011 was also tried to be gathered.
Within the scope of the studies which lasted approximately seven months, authors were requested to
send in their work from their publication lists which were in line with the concept of this publication. Those
which were present in previous bibliographies were sorted out and the remaining which belonged to the 28-
year period between 1984-2011 were compiled. They were standardized to the best that it could and have
been listed alphabetically by the author last names. Those publications which belonged to a period before
1984 but not found in previous bibliographies were also included in this compilation. It should be noted that
X
this study which features 10823 publications does not contain all literature published between 1984-2011.
Some works of our colleagues could not be included in this study because they did not tend to share their
publication lists despite they were accessed. Furthermore, the publications which belonged to foreign
researchers could only be included if they were co-produced with a local colleague. Unfortunately, their other
studies could not be included. It should also be noted that, differing from previous ones, the entries in this
book are not classified according to their topics.
The contents of this study is subject to become out of date quickly due to the rapid output rate of
information today. For this reason, this book has been printed in a limited number and has been distributed
to libraries and documentation centers. In order to facilitate and spread the utilization of the book, an e-book
format of it is posted in the electronic library in the website of the Entomological Society of Turkey
(http://www.entomoloji.org.tr/). This will make it available free of charge for those local and foreign
people who wish to make use of it. The e-book can be scanned or bibliographical information can be
extracted by writing either the author of the publication, title or name of the journal after clicking on the
related file.
The pdf files of the two volumes of Bibliography of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology of
Turkey, within the scope of a graduation thesis written in 2013 in the Department of Plant Protection of Ege
University, Faculty of Agriculture, has been posted in the abovementioned website with the intention to
facilitate the scanning of publications prior to 1984. We would like to point out that this will enable the user to
make use of the old publications by using the same method.
It is technologically easy to access information today; however, it may be harder to find it in a short
period of time due to the increased speed of output of information. We are wishing that this bibliographical
reference we have prepared will further contribute to the production of new knowledge today. We are
thinking that the target audience who would make use of this reference book is comprised of researchers in
the fields of biology, agriculture, forestry, veterinary, medicine, environmental sciences and standing on the
top of the list are our young colleagues who will study in the fields of entomology, acarology and nematology.
We would like to extend our gratitutes to the President of the Entomological Society of Turkey, Prof.
Dr. Enver Durmuşoğlu and to the members of the Board of Directors for their support by assuming the
printing of this study and posting its e-book form in their website which will make it possible to reach the
target audience. We would like to thank to all our colleagues, dear families and colleagues of our deceased
colleagues who have made this book possible by sending in information. We also would like to extend our
cordial thanks to Mr. Olcay Sütüven and his valued colleagues for their dedicated and meticulous work in
materializing the printing of this book.
March 2013, Bornova
Serdar TEZCAN-Füsun TEZCAN-Nilay GÜLPERÇİN

The taxonomic identification of fly species through wing geometry is a helpful tool for entomologists and officials involved in forensic research, who not necessarily require expertise on insect taxonomy. Members of the Muscidae family are relevant sources of evidence in forensic entomology; however, developing countries often lack experts in the taxonomical identification of essential species for the assessment of aspects such as the minimum postmortem interval (mPMI). Our study proposes a low-cost, fast, and technologically-accessible quantitative tool for the identification of Atherigona orientalis and Ophyra aenescens, associated with human corpses at advanced states of decomposition. We propose a tool that is based on the geometric variability observed in eight homologous landmarks on wing veins and the interpretation of morphometric estimates after a generalized Procrustes analysis. The use of a geometric approach for effective discrimination between Atherigona orientalis and Ophyra aenescens was supported by statistically significant differences in wing conformation and size. The evidence presented in this study shows that the analysis of geometric variability in the wing morphology of species of forensic relevance can contribute to simple and objective species identification. Geometric morphometrics is a simple and readily available tool for forensic science.

This study presents a checklist of the vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of India. A total of 288 species belonging to 60 genera and 5 subfamilies of Vespidae are known to occur within the political boundaries of India. A complete list of species, comprising valid scientific names, synonyms, geographical distribution within and outside India, along with references, is provided. One new synonymy is proposed.

It is a matter of immense concern that about two billion people presently suffer from hunger and malnutrition worldwide. About 25,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes. In less than 40 years the human population will increase by another 2 billion people to reach 9 billion. The challenging question ishow and when we are going to achieve food and nutrition security for all these people?

Pada ekosistem perkebunan kelapa sawit sering ditemui berbagai jenis serangga, Tidak semua jenis serangga tersebut berstatus hama. Beberapa jenis di antaranya justru merupakan serangga berguna, misalnya serangga penyerbuk seperti kumbang moncong (Elaeidobius kamerunicus) dan musuh alami (parasitoid dan predator) seperti tawon parasit (Braconidae) dan semut (Formicidae). Ada juga jenis serangga berstatus tidak jelas karena hanya berasosiasi saja di pertanaman. Di antara serangga-serangga hama, ada juga yang dikelompokkan sebagai hama utama karena memiliki potensi biotik (daya reproduksi, daya makan atau daya rusak, dan daya adaptasi) yang tinggi, seperti Serangga hama ulat api (setora nitens), tungau merah (olygonychus), kumbang tanduk (orycte rhinoceros), pengerek tandan buah (Tirathaba mundella), dan Nematoda (Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus). Kelapa sawit adalah tanaman yang dibudidayakan secara monokultur, dan kelapa sawit tergolong tanaman tahunan. Praktik pertanian, baik tanaman tahunan maupun tanaman semusim tidak terlepas dari pengaruh keanekaragaman serangga. Keanekaragaman serangga di suatu habitat dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan di sekitar dan vegetasi yang tumbuh di dalamnya. Menurut Rohrig et al. (2008), tumbuhan dapat menyediakan nektar bunga yang dapat meningkatkan daya tahan hidup dan keperidian serangga. Pada suatu habitat, keberadaan tumbuhan sangat beragam

The present work was carried out to create taxonomic study to the members of order Coleoptera with forensic importance. Twenty nine species under twenty one genera and nine families were collected from decaying carcasses (Rabbits & Guinea pigs). Keys, diagnosis, synonyms, photographs and the forensic importance were given to clarify the status of each species. [Rabab F. Sawaby, Hayam EL Hamouly and Reham H. Abo-El Ela. Taxonomic study of the main families of Egyptian Coleoptera with forensic Importance. Life Sci J 2016;13(4):39-53].

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Different types of ecosystem in India attracts 357 species of Syrphidae or hover flies or flower flies
belonging to 14 tribes under three subfamilies of the family Syrphidae (Order: Diptera). Among the 14
tribes, Syrphini shares maximum species (31%). West Bengal represents maximum number of species
(33.33%), followed by Uttarakhand (26.33%), Himachal Pradesh (22.41%) and so on. Tripura represents
least number of species (0.28%).
Keywords: Hover flies, Syrphidae, Diptera, India

A. Serangga Predator Predator adalah jenis serangga yang memangsa serangga hama atau serangga lain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya. Predator sering kali mempunyai mangsa yang sama ketika fase pradewasa dan dewasa. Namun terdapat jenis predator yang fase pradewasa dan dewasanya membutuhkan mangsa yang berlainan. Beberapa predator bersifat kanibal, terutama bila terjadi kekurangan makanan. Pada keadaan makanan yang terbatas, individu yang lemah akan dimangsa oleh individu yang kuat. Seperti imago Family Coccinellidae akan memakan telurnya sendiri yang baru diletakkan bila mangsanya yang berupa kutu-kutu tanaman tidak ditemukan (Borror et al., 1996). Maisyaroh (2005) mengemukakan bahwa predator memiliki ciri-ciri antara lain ukuran tubuhnya lebih besar dari mangsa, memakan, atau menghisap mangsanya dengan cepat, dan biasanya predator memerlukan dan memakan banyak mangsa selama hidupnya. Adapun karakteristik umum serangga predator yaitu mengkonsumsi banyak individu mangsa selama hidupnya, umumnya berukuran besar atau relatif lebih besar dari pada mangsanya, menjadi pemangsa ketika sebagai larva/nimfa, dewasa (jantan dan betina), atau keduanya, pemangsa menyerang mangsa dari semua tahap perkembangan, biasanya hidup bebas dan selalu bergerak, mangsa biasanya dimakan langsung, Biasanya bersifat generalis, seringkali memiliki cara khusus untuk menangkap dan menaklukkan mangsanya (Efendi, Yaherwandi, & Nelly, 2017) Beberapa strategi predator saat menangkap mangsa adalah diam menunggu, menyergap, insinuasi (menenangkan mangsanya yang aktif), teknik umpan dan menangkap (kepik pembunuh), terbang (Ordo Odonata dan Ordo Diptera), dan kleptoparasitisme (mendapatkan mangsa dengan mencuri dari serangga lain). Predator dalam menemukan mangsanya sama dengan hama dan parasitoid, yaitu memiliki beberapa tahapan di antaranya tahapan penemuan habitat mangsa, penemuan mangsa, penerimaan mangsa dan kesesuaian mangsa (New, 1991). Predator memiliki peranan penting dalam penekanan populasi serangga hama, karena dapat meningkatkan mortalitas hama. Menurut Untung,

The first annotated checklist of crickets and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) of Croatia is presented. With 184 orthopteran species, 103 Ensifera and 81 Caelifera, known to inhabit the country, Croatia is among the richest European countries in terms of Orthoptera diversity. Altogether 25 species erroneously reported from the country are omitted from the checklist, 16 Ensifera (Isophya speciosa, Poecilimon brunneri, P. jonicus, P. thoracicus, Modestana ebneri, Pachytrachis bosniacus, Rhacocleis neglecta, Tessellana carinata, T. nigrosignata, Zeuneriana marmorata, Pteronemobius lineolatus, Myrmecophilus acervorum, M. ochraceus, Dolichopoda palpata, Diestrammena asynamora, Troglophilus brevicauda) and 9 Caelifera (Tetrix kraussi, Paracaloptenus caloptenoides, Chorthippus albomarginatus, Omocestus viridulus, Pseudochorthippus montanus, Miramella alpina, Celes variabilis, Oedipoda germanica, O. miniata). First faunistic records of 10 taxa are reported for Croatia, in total four Ensifera (Leptophyes punctatissima, Metrioptera hoermanni, Zeuneriana amplipennis, Gryllotalpa sp.) and six Caelifera (Xya variegata, Chorthippus dichrous, C. loratus, C. mollis ignifer, Odontopodisma sp., Acrotylus l. longipes). For each listed species, its distribution in Croatia and in Europe is given, and IUCN European Red List status is shown for species within threatened categories. Numerous distributional, taxonomic and nomenclatural problems are discussed. Several taxa with poorly defined diagnostic traits are synonymized, namely Gampsocleis abbreviata renei syn.nov. (with G. a. abbreviata), Pholidoptera maritima syn.nov. (with P. dalmatica), P. brachynota syn.nov. (with P. dalmatica), Acrida m. mediterranea syn.nov. (with A. u. ungarica), Chrysochraon dispar intermedius syn.nov. (with C. d. giganteus) and Odontopodisma rammei syn.nov. (with O. fallax).

Comperiella calauanica sp. n., an encyrtid endoparasitoid of coconut scale insect, Aspidiotus rigidus Reyne discovered in Calauan, Laguna, Philippines is described and illustrated. This highly invasive armoured scale insect is a devastating pest of coconut trees including seedlings in three provinces on Luzon Island, namely: Batangas, Laguna and Quezon. A key to the species of Comperiella reported in the Philippines is also provided. The endoparasitoid is a promising biological control agent in the regulation of the coconut scale insect populations in the field. Survey results showed that parasitism by C. calauanica sp. n. on A. rigidus colonies in the affected areas ranged from 65-92% in the third quarter of 2014.

—A taxonomic revision of the tenebrionid-beetle genus Hedyphanes Fischer von Waldheim, 1820 from Kazakhstan, Middle Asia, Iran and Afghanistan is presented. The history of the classification of this genus is described ; the descriptions, synonymy, bibliography, data on the distribution and ecology, and a key to 19 species are given. Four new species are described: H. kadleci sp. n. (Iran: Ardabil Province), H. igori sp. n. (Iran: Semnan Province), H. aalbui sp. n. (Iran: Qum Province), and H. afghanicus sp. n. (Afghanistan: Herat Province). Hedy-phanes tuxeni Kaszab, 1959 is recorded for Iran and H. kiritshenkoi is recorded for Uzbekistan for the first time The following new synonymies are established: Hedyphanes besseri Faldermann, 1837 = H. parvicollis Seidlitz, 1896, syn. n.; Hedyphanes seidlitzi Reitter, 1914 = H. albertus Reitter, 1922, syn. n., and Hedyphanes bodemeyeri Reitter, 1914 = H. gebieni Reitter, 1914, syn. n. Hedyphanes kuschkensis Kaszab, 1960 is interpreted as a subspe-cies: H. seidlitzi kuschkensis stat. n.

RESUMEN. Se presenta información sobre el género Plebeia Schwarz, 1938 con el propósito de facilitar el reconocimiento de las 12 especies conocidas para México. Las Plebeia de México están separadas en grupos de especies, como el formado por P. frontalis, P. llorentei y P. jatiformis presente en los bosques tropicales. Otro grupo es P. fulvopilosa, P. manantlensis de los bosques templados del centro y sur de México. También P. cora, P. parkeri y P. mexica son cercanas morfológicamente. La forma oscura de P. fulvopilosa con frecuencia se confunde con P. melanica, pero la primera solo está presente en las montañas de Michoacán y la Sierra Madre del Sur y la segunda en tierras bajas con bosque tropical perennifolio. Plebeia pulchra y P. jatiformis presentan el integumento más de entre las presentes en México. Plebeia mourena es la más pequeña con sólo 3 mm. Se presentan comentarios sobre las especies y una nueva clave ilustrada para su reconocimiento. ABSTRACT. Information is presented on genus Plebeia Schwarz, 1938 in order to facilitate the identification of the 12 known species of Mexico. The Plebeia of Mexico, have groups of species, such as formed by P. frontalis, P. llorentei and P. jatiformis, present in tropical forests. Another group is formed by P. fulvopilosa, P. manantlanensis, of temperate forests of central and southern Mexico and P. melanica of tropical low lands. Also P. cora, P. parkeri and P. mexica are close morphologically. The dark form of P. fulvopilosa frequently gets confused with P. melanica, but the first is only present in the mountains of Michoacan and the Sierra Madre del Sur and the second in areas with tropical rain forests. The species P. pulchra y P. jatiformis have the clearer integument, among the Plebias of Mexico. P. mourena is the smallest with only 3 mm. comments on species are present and a new illustrated key for identification.

Turkey constitutes an biogeographical bridge that connects Europe, Asia and Africa. Publications on its insect fauna began almost 180 years ago. To date, no studies have summarized the data in the massive body of publications compiled on its insect diversity. The current research addressed that situation by throroughly analyzing published notes, catalogues, databases and systematic revisions and other work on the insect fauna of Turkey. This study reports that the insect fauna of Turkey as of end-2019 is composed of 33820 known species and subspecies in 562 families and 25 orders. The number of species and subspecies of the dominant orders and their percentages are given in descending order, as follows: Coleoptera (11910 / 35.22%), Hymenoptera (6641 / 19.64%), Lepidoptera (5580 / 16.50%), Diptera (3742 / 11.06%), Hemiptera (3424 / 10.13%) and Orthoptera (734 / 2.17%). For these six orders, the total number of species and subspecies is 32031, which is 94.71% of the total. The extraordinary biogeographic diversity of Turkey, which includes Mediterranean, Irano-Anatolian and Caucasian biodiversity hotspots, is reflected in the chorotype analyses which showed that Mediterranean, European and Asiatic chorotypes are prominent. Moreover, there is a high proportion of endemic species and subspecies (3785 / 11.20% of total), with the numbers and percentages varying widely across the taxa. Furthermore, the number of reported endemics has increased by 49% since 2008. The data compiled in this study highlights the urgent need for protection of the extraordinarily diverse insect fauna of Turkey and their habitats.

Oestroidea is a diverse superfamily of flies with a variety of feeding habits, mostly saprophages (e.g., majority of species of the genus Sarcophaga, Sarcophagidae), internal parasites of mammals (e.g., Oestridae), parasitoids (e.g., the genus Blaesoxipha, Sarcophagidae; the genus Pollenia, Calliphoridae), and predators (e.g., the genus Stomorhina, Rhiniidae). In the present study, an updated catalog of the superfamily Oestroidea recorded from Egypt is presented. The catalog covers the following families: Calliphoridae, Rhiniidae, and Sarcophagidae. A total of 126 oestroid species belonging to 31 genera, 7 subfamilies, and 3 families are treated. The treated families are Calliphoridae (8 species representing 5 genera), Rhiniidae (10 species representing 3 genera), and Sarcophagidae (108 species representing 23 genera). Synonymies, type localities, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities, and dates of collection for all treated species are provided.