Innovation in Automobile technology

This study provides a comprehensive systematic review of federated learning as a framework for privacy-preserving healthcare data sharing and its potential to enable global artificial intelligence collaboration. In total, 124 peer-reviewed articles were examined following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to ensure transparency, rigor, and reproducibility. The review highlights how federated learning has evolved from conceptual discussions to practical applications across multiple healthcare domains, including medical imaging, electronic health records, biosignals, and genomic analysis. Key findings indicate that federated architectures, particularly server-client models, have become the dominant deployment strategy, while peer-to-peer approaches are gaining attention for their resilience and decentralization. Privacy-preserving mechanisms-such as differential privacy, secure aggregation, and cryptographic computationemerged as central to ensuring compliance with regulatory and ethical standards, with adaptive strategies allowing for an effective balance between confidentiality and model utility. Evidence from multi-institutional collaborations shows that federated learning not only improves predictive performance but also enhances inclusivity, enabling smaller or resource-limited institutions to contribute meaningfully without relinquishing data ownership. At the same time, empirical studies identified adversarial risks such as gradient inversion, membership inference, and poisoning attacks, underscoring the necessity for layered safeguards and strong governance structures. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that federated learning is more than a technical innovation; it represents a socio-technical paradigm that integrates privacy, equity, and collaboration into the development of global healthcare AI. This review positions federated learning as a cornerstone for building secure, ethical, and scalable artificial intelligence systems that address the dual imperatives of advancing medical innovation while safeguarding patient confidentiality.

This research paper delves into the transformative role of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in vehicle health monitoring systems, particularly within fleet management applications. The integration of IoT-enabled predictive maintenance systems offers a proactive approach to vehicle upkeep, significantly shifting the paradigm from reactive to predictive maintenance. By leveraging a network of sensors, real-time data collection, and advanced analytics, IoT systems provide fleet managers with unprecedented insights into vehicle performance, enabling timely interventions to prevent failures, reduce unexpected downtime, and extend the lifespan of critical vehicle components. The paper explores the underlying architecture of IoT-based systems, encompassing sensor networks, data transmission protocols, and cloud-based processing frameworks, all of which work in synergy to ensure continuous monitoring and rapid diagnostics. In addition to analyzing data collection methods and predictive algorithms, the study highlights the role of machine learning and big data analytics in enhancing fault detection accuracy and forecasting future maintenance needs. The research also evaluates the impact of these technologies on operational efficiency, fuel consumption, safety, regulatory compliance, and overall cost-effectiveness, offering a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis. Furthermore, the paper presents case studies that illustrate the successful deployment of IoT-based vehicle health monitoring systems across diverse industries, including logistics, public transportation, and service fleets. These examples underscore the tangible benefits of predictive maintenance, such as optimized maintenance schedules, improved fuel efficiency, enhanced fleet performance, and increased return on investment (ROI). However, the paper also addresses challenges such as data security, integration with legacy systems, and the reliability of predictions. Finally, the study explores future opportunities, including advancements in AI-driven prognostics, the integration of blockchain for secure data sharing, and the potential for IoT systems to interface with autonomous vehicle technologies. Through this examination, the paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of the current state and future potential of IoT-based vehicle health monitoring systems, demonstrating their critical role in driving innovation and efficiency in modern fleet management. IndexTerms-IoT-based predictive maintenance, Fleet management, Vehicle health monitoring, On-board diagnostics (OBD-II), Sensor networks.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and digital public infrastructure (DPI) are transforming public governance and service delivery. However, limited research has examined the integration of AI, particularly deep learning, into DPI systems. This study explores how AI-DPI convergence can improve governance efficiency, inclusivity, and scalability. The central research question guiding this paper is: How can deep learning facilitate the integration of AI into DPI to advance public value? The research applies thematic analysis to 60 peerreviewed publications from 2022-2024, selected for relevance, novelty, and credibility. Key findings identify deep learning as a fusion mechanism enhancing language localization, fraud detection, personalized services, and data fusion within DPI systems. Results show that while such integration holds transformative potential, it also raises ethical, technical, and legacy system challenges. This paper contributes an interdisciplinary analytical framework and policy recommendations, offering actionable insights for future development of intelligent, inclusive digital infrastructures.

This meta-analytical study investigates the role and impact of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in enhancing efficiency outcomes within large-scale infrastructure construction projects. With the growing complexity, scale, and performance demands in the global construction sector, IoT-enabled monitoring systems have emerged as a transformative solution for optimizing cost control, schedule adherence, resource utilization, safety, and lifecycle asset management. To provide a comprehensive understanding of this technological advancement, the study systematically reviewed and synthesized findings from 67 empirical studies published between 2010 and 2023. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework to ensure methodological rigor and transparency. Key performance indicators (KPIs) analyzed included cost variance, schedule performance index (SPI), resource usage efficiency, rework incidence, and safety outcomes. The findings consistently demonstrated that IoT technologies-such as RFID, wireless sensor networks, GPS tracking, wearables, and predictive analyticscontribute to measurable efficiency gains, including cost savings ranging from 8% to 27%, time reductions of up to 35%, and rework decreases by as much as 28%. Furthermore, IoT systems enhanced labor productivity and safety through real-time monitoring and biometric-based predictive interventions. The review also highlighted critical gaps in the literature, including methodological inconsistencies, a lack of standardized metrics, limited longitudinal data, and geographic imbalances, with underrepresentation of studies from developing countries. These insights underscore the importance of standardized frameworks, inclusive research designs, and strategic integration of IoT with BIM and digital twin technologies. Overall, this study validates IoT as a key enabler of operational efficiency and digital transformation in infrastructure construction, providing a foundation for evidence-based policy, investment decisions, and future research.

Section of Cybernetics in Mining of Mining Committee of Polish Academy of Science (PAN) has been created by PAN Mining Committee in 1969. It was a section in Mining Committee of PAN, whose operation range included widely understood issues of automation, telecommunication and informatics in mining industry. The main operation method of the Section was to organize the periodic conferences dedicated to issues of control systems in mining. The first conference took place in 1971 in Katowice. Together with new (the current one) term of office of Mining Committee of PAN this Section ceased to exist. The paper presents (pro memoria) over 40 year long conference output of this Section that functioned within the scope of operation of Mining Committee of PAN up to 12th January 2016.

As enterprises race to modernize and digitally transform their operations in 2025, one persistent challenge remains: the presence of deeply embedded legacy systems that still run mission-critical applications. Among these, the IBM iSeries AS400 platform continues to serve as a workhorse for thousands of organizations, especially in finance, manufacturing, logistics, and retail.

The reliability and performance of medical and diagnostic devices are critically dependent on robust troubleshooting methodologies that address both electrical and mechanical system failures. This systematic review investigates the evolving frameworks, diagnostic technologies, and regulatory protocols governing troubleshooting practices in medical device manufacturing, with an emphasis on safety, performance assurance, and compliance. Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a total of 82 peer-reviewed articles, regulatory documents, and technical standards published between 2000 and 2024 were selected from databases including PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, as well as official repositories of the FDA, IMDRF, WHO, and the European Commission. Thematic synthesis was conducted across seven core domains: historical foundations of troubleshooting, electrical diagnostics, mechanical failure analysis, risk management integration, diagnostic innovations, technician documentation and training, and global regulatory harmonization. Findings revealed a substantial shift from reactive, experience-based troubleshooting to data-driven, standardized protocols incorporating real-time diagnostics, firmware-based alerts, predictive maintenance models, and comprehensive root cause analysis. Electrical subsystems, particularly power supplies and circuit boards, were identified as the most failure-prone, while mechanical issues such as misalignment, fatigue, and wear remained prevalent in actuators and pump systems. Integration of ISO 14971 and ISO 13485 frameworks was observed across quality assurance systems, with risk-based thinking and Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA) processes widely embedded in technical workflows. Furthermore, significant advancements in technician training, service documentation, and embedded AI diagnostics have transformed the operational landscape of maintenance teams and OEM service models. Despite these advancements, discrepancies across international regulatory frameworks pose ongoing challenges to harmonized troubleshooting documentation and global compliance. This review underscores the multidimensional nature of fault diagnostics in medical device manufacturing and highlights the interplay between technological innovation, regulatory alignment, and organizational learning in sustaining safe, high-performance medical technologies.

This paper reviews and critically analyzes project impact assessment frameworks employed by nonprofit development organizations across South Asia. Drawing upon diverse case studies from countries such as India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, the study identifies patterns, best practices, and limitations in existing evaluation methodologies. It investigates how local contexts-social, economic, and politicalinfluence the design and effectiveness of these frameworks. These frameworks, while offering structured tools for planning and accountability, often emphasize upward reporting and quantifiable results over local ownership, contextual adaptability, and long-term social change. Drawing on 41 empirical studies published between 2000 and 2022, this review systematically examines the methodological approaches, stakeholder engagement levels, institutional capacities, and technological adaptations shaping impact assessment practices in nonprofit development across South Asia. The findings reveal several critical insights. First, the dominance of externally imposed evaluation models has reinforced hierarchical power relations, marginalizing grassroots knowledge and limiting community participation. Second, while participatory and feminist evaluation frameworks are acknowledged in theory, their actual application remains limited, often constrained by organizational capacities and donor priorities. Third, although many organizations prefer mixed-methods approaches to balance rigor and contextual sensitivity, challenges such as resource limitations, insufficient training, and reliance on external consultants hinder their consistent implementation. Additionally, the study finds that evaluations are often conducted for compliance purposes rather than to support organizational learning and adaptive programming. Institutional constraints-particularly in smaller organizations-continue to limit the sustainability and effectiveness of internal monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems.

This systematic literature review investigates the advancements, methodologies, challenges, and application domains of sentiment analysis with a particular focus on informal digital text such as social media content. A total of 91 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024 were carefully selected and analyzed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework to ensure methodological rigor, transparency, and reproducibility. The review spans traditional machine learning algorithms, deep learning models, and transformer-based architectures, examining their role in enhancing sentiment classification accuracy across various textual and multimodal inputs. Key themes emerging from the analysis include the evolution of multimodal sentiment analysis incorporating emojis, images, and videos; the growing focus on emotion classification beyond polarity detection; and the development of multilingual and cross-lingual sentiment systems that aim to extend sentiment mining beyond English-dominated datasets. Furthermore, a notable subset of studies addressed the complexities of detecting sarcasm, irony, and linguistic ambiguity, highlighting significant limitations in even the most advanced models. The review also discusses the growing body of research in financial, political, and health-related sentiment analysis, where domainspecific customization has proven critical for reliable prediction. Despite technical progress, challenges remain in areas such as data imbalance, inconsistent evaluation metrics, lack of cross-domain generalizability, and insufficient attention to ethical concerns, including algorithmic bias and explainability. This review contributes a synthesized and critical understanding of the current state of sentiment analysis and identifies key research gaps, offering a valuable reference point for scholars, developers, and practitioners aiming to improve the robustness, inclusivity, and ethical grounding of sentiment analysis systems.

The evolution of automotive systems has accelerated with the integration of intelligent electronics, embedded sensors, and AI-driven software, resulting in increasingly complex vehicles that demand advanced diagnostic and reliability frameworks. This systematic review explores the convergence of technologies that underpin smart diagnostics, focusing on powertrain systems, mechatronic diagnostics, artificial intelligence, digital platforms, and cybersecurity. Guided by the PRISMA 2020 methodology, a total of 112 peer-reviewed articles were rigorously analyzed to identify key advancements, application trends, and emerging challenges in automotive fault diagnostics and system reliability. The findings reveal a paradigm shift from traditional, reactive maintenance approaches to predictive and condition-based strategies enabled by real-time sensor monitoring, machine learning algorithms, and cloud-edge computing architectures. Notably, the implementation of AI techniques-such as convolutional neural networks, support vector machines, and unsupervised learning models-has enabled earlier and more accurate fault classification across critical systems, including powertrains, batteries, and thermal subsystems. The review also highlights the growing adoption of digital twin technologies, which allow virtual modeling of vehicle components for predictive maintenance, system optimization, and remote diagnostics without physical testing. Additionally, the incorporation of cybersecurity frameworks, particularly SAE J3061 and ISO/SAE 21434, is shown to be essential in protecting diagnostic systems against evolving digital threats in connected vehicle environments. Cloud-based and edge-based diagnostic platforms emerged as scalable solutions for managing real-time fault data, supporting over-the-air updates, and ensuring rapid decision-making in distributed vehicle networks. A recurring challenge identified across the literature is the widening skill gap in diagnostics engineering, particularly in the application of AI and systems integration, which hampers effective technology adoption in industry settings. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of standards compliance and system interoperability to ensure diagnostics consistency across multi-vendor environments. By synthesizing insights from 112 high-impact studies across multiple disciplines, this review offers a comprehensive assessment of current capabilities, limitations, and future directions in smart diagnostics and automotive reliability management. It serves as a critical resource for researchers, engineers, and industry leaders aiming to optimize vehicle performance, safety, and maintainability through intelligent diagnostics technologies.

The modernization of human resources is critical for any businesses to streamline their employee centric processes to improve employee engagement and experience, make data-driven decisions using various analytics tools, attract and retain top talent, and ultimately enhance overall organizational performance and people experience by utilizing modern SaaS technologies to optimize employee benefits, Payroll processing, recruitment, onboarding, performance management, and employee development. Modern HR practices can provide employees with self-service access to information, personalized career development paths, and flexible work arrangements, leading to higher satisfaction and retention. Human resources management constantly takes on new trends as innovative technology and challenges enter the business world as HR leaders face a historic amount of disruption, time efficiency and productivity of well-thought HR strategy is at its essence. Modern HR is influenced by multiple factors, including the entrance of a new workforce and the consequences of an abrupt shift to remote work. As HR technology continues to develop, modern HR also has software at its core. HR personnel are battling to adopt more HR solutions while learning how to use the technology most efficiently. In the fast-paced and highly competitive business landscape of today, organizations are constantly seeking innovative solutions to enhance their operational efficiency, employee engagement, and overall organizational efficacy. The advent of cloud computing and software-as-a-service (SaaS) applications has heralded a new era in how businesses manage their resources and workforce. This article aims to provide insights into the role of HR modernization in digital transformation and its impact on organizations. In particular, the article focuses on the Workday ERP system and its capabilities to support digital transformation initiatives. Workday, a widely used human resource management system, has served organizations for over three decades. This article covers the functionalities of a modern HR system; the benefits organizations can derive from implementing a modern HR system, and the challenges organizations face in modernizing their HR systems. This article also provides practical recommendations for overcoming these challenges and highlights the importance of considering factors such as scalability, security, and user experience while modernizing HR systems By delving into the intricacies of Streamlining HR processes, the paper equips its readers with a comprehensive understanding of the transformative potential these cutting-edge tools offer. It goes beyond mere theoretical discussions and provides actionable insights that empower leaders to make informed decisions. These informed decisions are instrumental in driving enhanced organizational outcomes, enabling businesses to thrive in the digital era. In essence, digital transformation in HR and embracing innovation for People-Centric Organizations are not merely a technological choice; it represents a strategic approach to embracing the future. It opens the doors to efficiency, innovation, and sustainability, helping organizations stay adaptable and competitive in an ever-evolving business landscape. Through this paper, we embark on a journey to unlock the boundless potential of modernizing Human resource practice leveraging modern SaaS technologies, offering a guiding light to decision-makers as they navigate the path to digital success.

The displacement response of different masses of half car model. The analysis has been done for different car models also to see the dynamic response of the driver body coupled with the seat of a vehicle. It has been assumed the driver body is rigidly coupled with seat of the vehicle. The vehicle has been modeled for two D.O.F, in two D.O.F Half car model two motion (Pitch and Bounce) have been considered. The response of the vehicle has been obtained for different velocities and different amplitudes sinusoidal bump excitation.

Weight reduction is now the main issue in automobile industries. Weight reduction can be achieved primarily by the introduction of better material, design optimization and better manufacturing processes. The introduction of FRP material has made it possible to reduce the weight of spring without any reduction on load carrying capacity. The achievement of weight reduction with adequate improvement of mechanical properties has made composite a very good replacement material for conventional steel. Selection of material is based on cost and strength of material. The composite materials have more elastic strain energy storage capacity and high strength to weight ratio as compared with those of steel, so multi-leaf steel springs are being replaced by mono-leaf composite springs. The paper gives the brief look on the suitability of composite leaf spring on vehicles and their advantages. The objective of the present work is design, analysis and fabrication of mono composite leaf spring. The design constraints are stress and deflections. The finite element analysis is done using ANSYS software. The attempt has been made to fabricate the FRP leaf spring economically than that of conventional leaf spring.

W długich przenośnika ścianowych, na skutek zmiennego obciążenia urobkiem oraz sprężystego wydłużenia łańcucha zgrzebłowego powstają stany okresowego lub stałego luzowania lub nadmiernego napięcia łańcucha. Stany takie często są przyczyną zerwania łańcucha. W celu poprawy stanu pracy opracowano algorytm sterowania wybranymi parametrami pracy przenośnika. W artykule przedstawiono modułowy model obliczeniowy ścianowego przenośnika zgrzebłowego, który posłużył do przeprowadzenia symulacji numerycznych. Przeprowadzono analizę wpływu regulacji wybranych parametrów pracy przenośnika na stan napięcia łańcucha zgrzebłowego. Wyniki symulacji potwierdzają możliwość poprawy stanu napięcia łańcucha poprzez regulację wybranych parametrów pracy przenośnika.

The increasing concern over environmental degradation has driven significant innovations in automotive technologies aimed at reducing vehicular emissions and enhancing fuel efficiency. This document explores the evolution of pollution control measures, focusing on engine modifications, catalytic converters, and emerging trends such as water injection and alternative fuels. It evaluates the effectiveness of ethanol-blended fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG), and hydrogen, comparing their efficiencies and impacts on emissions. Additionally, the role of modern electronic engine control systems in optimizing combustion and reducing pollutants is highlighted. This comprehensive review emphasizes the ongoing technological advancements shaping sustainable mobility. The efficiency and noise free operation of engines is directly linked to the efficient use of fuel and control of vehicle. The role played by Air quality act passed in 1970 in USA and Los Angeles episode of red sky in morning brought to notice the vehicular pollution and the journey began. Annexure 1 describes effect of various modifications on thermal efficiency and operations. Annexure 2 shows cross section view of A typical Catalytic Reactor and idling stage readings of exhaust gases. The article discussed future outlook and alternate fuels technology.

This project addresses the critical issue of auto-mobile safety, particularly in speed-restricted zones, where
reducing accidents is paramount to minimize loss of life and property. Recent surveys have highlighted a concerning increase in accidents near speed restricted zones, often attributed to drivers hurrying to reach their destinations promptly. Consequently, there is a pressing need to control vehicle speed effectively in such areas. To tackle this challenge, the project proposes a practical, compact, and straightforward solution.
An automatic vehicle speed control system based on time, specifically utilizing the Arduino platform. The system functions by incorporating a transmitter unit programmed with the designated speed limit and time, which wirelessly transmits signals to a receiver installed in the vehicle. This receiver, equipped with a speed encoder sensor, automatically adjusts the
vehicle's speed based on the received signals, ensuring compliance with the prescribed speed limit.
By implementing this innovative technique, it is anticipated that accident rates in speed restricted zones will be  substantially reduced, thereby enhancing overall road safety and mitigating the risk of accidents caused by speeding vehicles. Additionally, this system has the potential to address driver behavior issues and reduce nuisance caused by reckless driving. Moving forward, there is scope for further enhancements and optimizations to improve the system's effectiveness and applicability in various other speed-restricted areas, thereby contributing to a safer and more secure
transportation environment.

The increasing digital footprint of autonomous vehicles, in conjunction with the advent of technologies connected to artificial intelligence, has increased the potential for cyber vulnerabilities. This is a result of both factors. The three levels that comprise an autonomous driving system are the Sensor Layer, the Communication Layer, and the Control Layer. When seen from an attacker's perspective, these levels include the most crucial components. Regarding the sensor layer, some sensors constantly monitor the dynamics of the environment and the vehicle around it. On the other hand, these sensors are vulnerable to eavesdropping, jamming, and spoofing attacks. The communication layer combines both near-field and far-field communications to permit communication between more edge sensors in the area and faraway edge data centres. This connectivity is necessary to facilitate communication. The 'man-in-the-middle' assault and the Sybil attack can exploit this layer. Functionalities of an autonomous driving system, such as the automation of a vehicle's speed, braking, and steering, are made possible by the control layer, which is located at the very top of the hierarchy. Implementing artificial intelligence into software-defined vehicles paves the way for a wide range of options that could transform the landscape of automotive technology and mobility. Additionally, these prospects have the potential to revolutionize the industry.

Dzieje górnictwa-element europejskiego dziedzictwa kultury, pod red. P.P. Zagożdzona i M. Madziarza, Wrocław 2008 stare wyrobiska górnicze, górnictwo kruszcowe Ziemia Wałbrzyska, geoturystyka Kolejna coroczna, czwarta już konferencja dotycząca zagadnień dziedzictwa i historii górnictwa po-czątkowo wzbudziła wątpliwość autorów czy coś nowego można wnieść do tej tematyki. Przemierza-jąc jesienią okolice Wałbrzycha na nowo wzbudził nasz podziw świat dawnej wiedzy i umiejętności gwareckiej. W dobie ultranowoczesnych technik i technologii stosowanych w górnictwie osiągnięcia średniowiecznych gwarków w sposób jednoznaczny uzasadniają pochodzenie i zasadność funkcjonu-jącego swego czasu w polskich przepisach prawnych pojęcia sztuka górnicza. Analizując zgromadzone materiały, zestawiając doświadczenia ze sposobów wykorzystania starych obiektów górniczych w świecie i w kraju ponownie uświadomiliśmy sobie jak wielkim niewykorzy-stanym skarbem dysponuje Dolny Śląsk. Kierując się swego rodzaju ...

This report illustrates the result of the calculation of the level of smoothness and stability of the bus when converting suspension from mechanical suspension to air suspension. The mechanical vibrations of the automobile in the moving process include amplitude, frequency, and acceleration. These factors may affect the safety of goods and the human state on the bus. This result also shows the great strengths of air suspension over mechanical suspension so that the requirement of a smooth level of movement is guaranteed which is a good condition to rise the safety of goods in the bus, maintain human health, and reduce physical fatigue and psychological tiredness of drivers and passengers.

In the dissertation, structural Finite Element Analysis is carried out. Both linear and non linear analysis is considered for the investigation. Geometry non linearity, material non linearity and boundary non linearity also called as contact analysis is considered. All the boundary conditions, loadings, material definitions considered are real in nature. Experimental validations are considered in order to validate results of finite element analysis. This validation to the FEA results gives great confidence to the investigation progress.

In automobiles suspension system, laminated springs are widely used for the absorption of shock and vibration. These laminated springs account for approximately 10%–20% of the unsprung weight of the vehicle. It has been found that composite material is used to reduce the weight of the vehicle in order to obtain better efficiency. Therefore, in the current research work, composite material is used for the fabrication of laminated spring. Among the various types of glass fiber available, the C-glass fiber has been widely used due to its better corrosion resistant property. Commercial software package ANSYS is used to optimize the composite-laminated spring. The optimized leaf spring is then fabricated by the hand layup method. It was found that the spring with composite graduated leaf resulted in 40% reduction in weight than the spring with steel graduated leaf. Similarly, the stress concentration and deformation values are reduced by 76.39% and 50% in comparison with those of steel g...

Language is the only sustainable weapon that can bind a multilingual nation like Nigeria together. The English language occupies a very significant role in the formation of national values and integration of the Nigerian nation. More than a decade after decolonization of Nigeria, English continues to enjoy its primacy in our educational system as a medium of instruction. Economically, English language is crucial for economic growth. The fragile unity that we still enjoy in Nigeria would have been herculean without the English language. This paper pointedly exposes us to the various ways in which the English language acts as a veritable tool for sustainable development in Nigeria.

Performed a quantitative study, using a group of Continuously Variable Transmissions and a group of Automatic Transmissions "Planetary" type, with the objective of proving which one offers the better fuel economy and the lowest level of emissions. Initially, a bibliographic search was carried out in order to identify results of studies where were evaluated: fuel consumption as a reason for choosing CVT transmission; comparisons of types of automatic transmissions regarding fuel consumption, emissions and efficiency studies of CVT transmissions. The data, consumption and emissions, was extracted from the annual publication of vehicle approval issued by INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology), and then developed a Model, per cluster analysis, in order to understand transmissions behavior.

M. OTHCR mtPOHi Nom filar •*•' Ma «a»aff> lt. OltTMOUTIOM STATSMRMT Approved for public releas"; distribution unlimited. V psr IX. OOMlOniN« MILITANT ACTIVITY The United States Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps have Jointly sponsored and participated In the development of a Shock Index (SI) for highway transportation. A numerical SI associated with a particular vehicle-load combination can now be determined at a ow cost by application of simple static field measurements. The SI provides classification for vehicle-load combinations as regards probability of shocks transmitted to the cargo during highway shipments. This work represents the first known attempt to develop a procedure for classifying highway cargo vshlcles on the basis of their rough riding characteristics. The procedure cannot be used for predicting the expected highway shock environ ment but can be used for classification as regards relative magnitude of shock 1 DD ÄJ473-Al«»: nt^kAcs* M rom* u»». • JAM M, WHICM K

El sistema de asistencia a la conducción es la investigación y ejecución de una solución más segura, eficiente y ergonómica para la conducción de un vehículo de trasmisión manual y que asista a un conductor con discapacidad física en ambas piernas, pensando siempre que ni la solución más costosa ni la económica, sería la mejor opción. De esta manera se puede llegar a mediar los objetivos con el costo y así poder ofrecer una solución asequible al mercado ecuatoriano. El diseño y P á g i n a | 2 Artículo Científico

Performed a quantitative study, using a group of Continuously Variable Transmissions and a group of Automatic Transmissions "Planetary" type, with the objective of proving which one offers the better fuel economy and the lowest level of emissions. Initially, a bibliographic search was carried out in order to identify results of studies where were evaluated: fuel consumption as a reason for choosing CVT transmission; comparisons of types of automatic transmissions regarding fuel consumption, emissions and efficiency studies of CVT transmissions. The data, consumption and emissions, was extracted from the annual publication of vehicle approval issued by INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology), and then developed a Model, per cluster analysis, in order to understand transmissions behavior.

Abstract--Weight reduction has been the main focus of automobile manufacturers. Weight reduction can be achieved primarily by the introduction of better material, design optimization and better manufacturing processes. The suspension leaf spring is one of the potential items for weight reduction in automobiles as it accounts for 10 %- 20 % of the unsprung weight. This achieves the vehicle with more fuel efficiency and improved riding qualities. The introduction of composite materials was made it possible to reduce the weight of leaf spring without any reduction on load carrying capacity and stiffness. Since, the composite materials have more elastic strain energy storage capacity and high strength to weight ratio as compared with those of steel, multi-leaf steel springs are being replaced by mono-leaf composite springs. The composite material offer opportunities for substantial weight saving but not always are cost-effective over their steel counter parts. The leaf spring should abs...

In today's scenario, the main weightage of investigation is to reduce the weight of product while upholding its strength. To solve that problem, this work is carried out for the design and analysis of mono composite materials leaf spring and entire new design criteria of mounting. The automobile vehicles have number of parts which can be able to replace by composite material. The foremost component of the suspension system of vehicle is leaf spring. It has substantial amount of weight, and it would have ample strength because it needs to resist vibrations and jolts during its working. The design considerations for this study are stress and deflection. Materials used for comparison are conventional, composite E-Glass/Epoxy, and E-glass fiber. In the present work deflection and bending stresses induced in the two leaf springs are compared The solid modelling of leaf spring is done in CATIA V5 and analysed using ANSYS 14.5. From the static analysis results, Grpahite Epoxy is better...

Present day buses in India utilize fossil fuels which cause a concern for environmental pollution and energy security. This research paper looks into the possibility of development of bus transit using solar electric infrastructure in Gujarat. The paper presents the case of replacing diesel buses with a solar electric buses and a financial analysis thereof in light of present policies and subsidies offered by the government. The results indicate close to desirable internal rate of return over 25 years' time frame, considering an optimistic scenario of governmental support. The research brings into discussion the need for developing indigenous infrastructure elements and for exploring alternative financial models for enabling sustainable bus transport.

Compilation of articles on motor-fan.jp in 2023
36 pages

1. Its name is "8C type"! Mazda Rotary is back! MX-30 PHEV model "e-SKYACTIV R-EV"      Published on 2023/01/13      2 pages
  Page 2
2. Mazda's new rotary "Model 8C" / How is 13A related to 16X?
      Published Date 2023/04/15      Kota Sera      4 pages
  Page 4
3. The Mazda 8C Rotary is a "new rotary engine that pursues the ideal" newly developed using the  technology cultivated at SKYACTIV [Internal Combustion Engine Super Basic Course]      Published 2023/09/14
      Kota Sera      11 pages
  Page 8
4. A special engine that only Mazda can build, the 8C rotary, is thus built
      Published 2023/10/08      Kota Sera      7 pages
  Page 19
5. New Generation Rotary: Mazda 8C, Complete Explanation (excerpt only)
      Motor Fan Illustrated Vol.204      Release Date: 15. September 2023
      Kota Sera      11 pages
  Page 26

Numeric values are not necessarily correct - translations by browser have included a lot of confusions, e.g. like "2023-rotor ... MX-1 ...
in 30". And price tags have been irritating using e.g. "<>" ...

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

Injuries associated with road traffic accidents is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our environment. Despite the enactment of laws mandating the use of car seatbelts by motorists, expected behavioral change has not been achieved to effectively influence occurrences of these accidents. This study aims to determine the perception, attitude and compliance to the use of car seatbelts amongst workers in a teaching hospital in south western Nigeria. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 386 workers of LAUTECH Teaching Hospital Osogbo using stratified sampling technique. Research instruments employed were semi structured; self administered pre tested questionnaires and data analyzed using the SPSS software version 13.0. Mean age of respondents was 34 (+ 1.4) years. One hundred and ninety five (50.5%) of the respondents were females, 226 (58.5%) were married, 360(93.3%) had tertiary education, 329(85.2%) drives at least a vehicle while 218(56.5%) of them often travel outside their locality. Three hundred and one (78.0%) strongly agreed that use of seatbelt provides safety in road traffic crashes, 291(75.4%) agreed that seatbelt should be used regularly, 257(66.6%) strongly agreed that seatbelt enforcement will improve usage while 224 (58.0%) strongly agreed that people should be fined for non-usage of seatbelt. Compliance with the use of seatbelt showed 360 respondents (93.3%) using seatbelt for safety reasons. Other reasons for compliance include to avoid sanctions by police 199(52.4%) and FRSC officials 222(57.5%). Common reasons for non compliance include feeling of discomfort 45(11.7%), difficulty with fastening or unlocking the seatbelt 9(2.3%) and sense of insecurity with seatbelt use among 12(3.1%) of respondents. Health care workers with a tertiary education and age above 30 years are twice fold more likely to use seat belts for

It is very important for any driver to always be update on safe driving and be well known on the National Highway Codes, Some drivers are seeing special training, workshop for safe driving and be educative about National laws on driving, understanding the three factors that are causing road crash are all west of time. Since they knew how to move a car that's all they can do what ever to safe their life but they don't know all movements that can lead safe defence can easily affects others. In that process to safe their lives they can kill others. Meaning of Driving According to Wikipedia Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a vehicle, including cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses, and bicycles. Permission to drive on public highways is granted based on a set of conditions being met and drivers are required to follow the established road and traffic laws in the location they are driving. Who is a Driver ? According to Merriam Webster Dictionary defined driver as a capable individual that direct and control or operate a vehicle. Accident Avoidance According to the World Health Organization (2010), nearly 1.3 million people die each year as a result of a road traffic collision; which translates to more than 3,000 deaths per day. Additionally, twenty to fifty million more people sustain non-fatal injuries from collisions, and these injuries are important causes of disabilities worldwide. The WHO Report went further to state that eighty percent of road traffic deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries, even though these countries have only about one-third of the world's registered vehicle fleet. Road traffic injuries are among the three leading causes of death for people between 5 and 44 years of age. This is, in part, a result of rapid increases in motorization without sufficient improvement in road safety strategies and land use planning. It has been estimated that Road Traffic Accidents or Crashes will be the 3rd leading cause of death worldwide by the year 2020 if preventive actions are not taken to curb it (World Health Organization, 2010). While SouthEast Asia has the highest proportion of global road fatalities, the road traffic injury mortality rate is highest in Africa (28.3 per 100,000 population when corrected for under-reporting), compared with 11.0 in Europe (Peden, Scurfield & Sleet 2004). In low income countries and regions in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Latin America the majority of road deaths are among pedestrians, passengers, cyclists, users of motorized two wheeler, and occupants of buses and minibuses (Nantulya & Reich, 2002). The leading casualties in most high-income countries, on the other hand, are among the occupants of cars. However, when it comes to comparative fatality rates (deaths for any measure of exposure) for all users in the traffic system, these regional differences disappear.

The main advantage of Ansys is that it helps to reduce the cost of production and the time it will take to complete it. At the same time they help to ensure that the products come out with higher quality and better durability. Designs with Ansys will also help design and engineering teams manage performance implications and risks of their design. Also, designers can make use of computer based simulations to refine and evaluate their designs instead of relying on money and time consuming physical prototype testing. With the use of Ansys products data and processes can be stored in a server to be accessible by designers and engineers in different areas so they can all work together in creating a masterpiece without necessarily coming into physical contacts with one another. Design changes are one of the major factors that make product design and manufacturing cash intensive. Ansys allow engineers and designers to make changes to their design especially at the early stages. When proper...

Złożoność konstrukcji przekładni cykloidalnych wymaga stosowania podczas ich eksploatacji nie tylko odpowiedniej ilości środka smarnego lecz również o odpowiednich właściwościach. W artykule przedstawiono analizę wpływu ilości zastosowanych środków smarujących na bazie mineralnej oraz syntetycznej na ich temperaturę oraz na sprawność dla prototypowej przekładni cykloidalnej.

Hooks are employed in heavy industries to carry tonnes of loads safely. These hooks have a big role to play as far as the safety of the crane loaded is concerned. With more and more industrialization the rate at which these hooks are forged are increasing. This work has been carried out on one of the major crane hook carrying a larger load comparatively. The cad model of the crane hook is initially prepared with the help of existing drawings. It is then followed by implementation of modified cross section of hook in the static structural analysis workbench of catia v5. These results lead us to the determination of stress and deflections in the existing model. In order to reach the most optimum dimensions several models in the form of different dimensions of hook were tested and the most optimum dimension was selected. The selection was based on the satisfaction of several factors in the form of load carrying capacity, stress induced and deflection.

The progress of automobiles for
transportation has been intimately associated with the
progress of civilization. The automobile of today is the
result of the accumulation of many years of pioneering
research and development. An attempt has been made in
this project; the Automobile four wheels to act as a
steering so that the u turn occurs very easily when
compared to ordinary vehicles. Our foremost aim in
selecting this project is to use a four-wheel two mode
steering system by using bevel and spur gear mechanism.
It is also good with regard to economic considerations and
automobile applications. The most conventional and
general steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels
using a hand operated steering wheel which is positioned
in front of the driver. The four-wheel two mode steering
system is a modification for the present steering which is
used for the improvement of easiness for vehicle handling.
The four-wheel two mode steering system assists the
driver by controlling the steering angle of vehicle’s four
wheels as the requirement of the driver, for making the
parking and handling at congested areas easier. For
meeting the application, the rear wheels steer in the same
direction of the front wheels, allowing reduced turning
radius or sliding of vehicle to sideways if we are able to
transmit the motion that is given on steering wheel to the
rear wheels and able to control like front wheels as our
requirements, which is the basic idea of our project four-
wheel three mode. In convertible four-wheel steering with
two mode operation two steering modes can be changed
as needed which assists in parking at heavy traffic
conditions, when negotiating areas where short turning
radius is needed and in off road driving.

Most real-world phenomena exhibit nonlinear behavior. The behavior of steel leaf spring is nonlinear. It is having relatively high weight, and change in solid axle angle due to weight transfer specially during cornering of vehicle. That will lead to oversteer and directional instability under such situation it is very difficult for driver to control vehicle. These are some defect of metallic leaf spring so considering automobile development and importance of relative aspect such as fuel consumption, weight, ride quality, and handling development of new material is necessary in the automobile industry. In practice, engineering structures display a certain degree of nonlinearity, often due to a combination of nonlinear material properties, geometric effects, structural joints and nonlinear boundary conditions. Normally these effects are neglected by linearization in the intended working range. However, it becomes increasingly more important to take the nonlinear effects into account. ...

The paper presents the assumptions of the macroscopic mathematical model of honing, taking into account both the kinematics of the tool and the characteristic for this process the distribution of unit pressures occurring in the interaction of sharpening stones on the surface of the honing stones on the surface of the workpiece are characteristic for this process. On the basis of these assemblies an active and tested computer program has been developed, which numerically model this technological process. In the computer memory are created digital quality maps of the surface of the machined cylinder. On the basis of the described assemblies, a working and tested computer program has been developed that numerically models this technological process. Digital quality maps are created in the computer&#39;s memory regarding the surface of both the cylinder and the smoothing stones. These maps can be assessed analytically as well as subjected to visualization. The article presents the resul...

The paper examine effect of road traffic crashes on families, economy in for of the human and material losses and then explained how proper use  and obedience to The Highway Code by drivers and other road users can help mitigate crash occurrence and severity reduction in the country

Performed a quantitative study, using a group of Continuously Variable Transmissions and a group of Automatic Transmissions "Planetary" type, with the objective of proving which one offers the better fuel economy and the lowest level of emissions. Initially, a bibliographic search was carried out in order to identify results of studies where were evaluated: fuel consumption as a reason for choosing CVT transmission; comparisons of types of automatic transmissions regarding fuel consumption, emissions and efficiency studies of CVT transmissions. The data, consumption and emissions, was extracted from the annual publication of vehicle approval issued by INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology), and then developed a Model, per cluster analysis, in order to understand transmissions behavior.

Performed a quantitative study, using a group of Continuously Variable Transmissions and a group of Automatic Transmissions "Planetary" type, with the objective of proving which one offers the better fuel economy and the lowest level of emissions. Initially, a bibliographic search was carried out in order to identify results of studies where were evaluated: fuel consumption as a reason for choosing CVT transmission; comparisons of types of automatic transmissions regarding fuel consumption, emissions and efficiency studies of CVT transmissions. The data, consumption and emissions, was extracted from the annual publication of vehicle approval issued by INMETRO (National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology), and then developed a Model, per cluster analysis, in order to understand transmissions behavior.

Obserwowany wzrost liczby samochodów wyposażonych w przekładnie o przełożeniu zmiennym w sposób ciągły [2], [3], skłania do szczegółowej analizy własności ruchowych jakie wykazuje samochód przy takiej koncepcji układu przeniesienia napędu. W opracowaniu uwagę skupiono na procesie rozpędzania samochodu, porównując jego przebieg przy ciągłej i stopniowej zmianie przełożenia w układzie przeniesienia napędu.