Infrastructures (Architecture)

Small and medium enterprises (SME’s) represent 97% of the totality of enterprises in Mexico; nevertheless, they are the organizations with the most problems nowadays, due to the fact that they do not have the necessary support. There are several challenges faced by Mexican SME’s, mainly because they usually lack efficient planning, organization and administrative systems, and their own technologies to manage and develop productive activities. Based on the aforementioned, and with previous authorization from a sports uniforms textile manufacturing company, an intervention to their workspace was undertaken with the conviction of implementing better practices in the manufacturing process. Throughout the study, information regarding product specifications and their manufacturing processes was collected in order to create a current and future value stream mapping, where time cycles and value indicators were identified for each of the activities. Afterwards, wastes were identified in orde...

« Ceci n’est pas une conférence sur la mobilité »

As infrastructures of movement often prioritize technical efficiency, they risk neglecting the qualitative and experiential dimensions of space, an oversight that architectural thinking is distinctively positioned to address. Architecture offers a special perspective to address this gap, particularly in light of SDG 09-Industry, Innovation and Infrastructures and SDG 11-Sustainable Cities and Communities, and in reference to the principles of the EAAE Charter.
By engaging with mobility through a transversal approach, the conference explores how architectural design can contribute to reimagining spaces to overcome functionalist engineering limitations, also considering the ecological, climate and social impacts of mobility spaces as something more than mere built objects.
Through the examination of design methodologies and prototype case studies, the conference attempts to unveil the potential of architectural design and research tools to enrich unconventional discussions about mobility in urban and peri-urban contexts, its spatial configurations and experiential qualities. Although mobility is intended as a framework, the discourse will focus on the spaces above, below, in-between, and to the sides of the ordinary boundaries of architectures of flow, as well as on the spaces of new forms of movement. The conference «Passages. Architecture for Flowing and Connecting Spaces» invited contributions which critically address the role of Architecture in the Shaping the spaces of mobility, and in their interference, around the sessions of “Intersection”, “Collateral” and “Evolution”.

Cloud Computing is a flexible platform allowing you to deploy and scale your applications with more ease than you would have on your own hardware. It allows virtual hosting with no need to get heavy-duty machinery. Small applications, actions that need to be performed from time to time, such as sending out email messages or generating thumbnails can now be handed over to virtual machines on a pay-as-you-go basis, there to be activated and deactivated on demand. Compared to traditional hosting where you need to rent your own machine and set everything up yourself, the cost of using cloud hosting is usually much smaller. Normally, you would need to set your application with a sufficient level of demand for capacity that you would keep a machine running for a whole month. With cloud computing, servers can ramp up or down or be turned off entirely at low demand times.

Fear is an intrinsic human response to social insecurity and epitomises the perceived disparity in anticipation and engagement with the 'other'. Fear of other ethnic minority groups and their involvement or not in the city's social and labour markets can manifest spatial insecurity through territoriality, boundary definition, ghettoization and access to communal public space. The cost of land and property, the incoming wealth and the ability of a migrant or refugee to generate income (or not)? to buy or rent or live illegally' are major contributing factors in social inclusion. Many metropolitan cities are challenged and pressured by economic, political, religious, and racial class divisions. Here we argue that contested urban settlements of migrant and low-paid workers need to be studied through the matrix of social fear using new methodologies of communication that map fear and displacement within the city and public space.

Carol Willis A u cours des années vingt, les Américains se rendirent compte plus que jamais que leur avenir résidait dans la ville. Les statistiques fournies par le recensement de 1920 montraient que le pays était pour la première fois à majorité urbaine, et tout laissait augurer une poursuite du processus de concentration \ Face à cette nouvelle identité urbaine, les Américains réagirent, entre autres, par un intérêt grandissant pour la ville de l'avenir, en particulier la ville de gratte-ciel. Dans les quotidiens et leurs suppléments du dimanche, dans les magazines, les livres et les films, dans les expositions présentées aux musées, aux grands magasins et aux grandes foires commerciales, les Américains contemplèrent d'extraordinaires anticipations de ces agglomérations de gratte-ciel de l'avenir. Ils furent ainsi des milliers, au mois d'octobre 1925, à visiter, chez John Wanamaker -un grand magasin de New York -une exposition intitulée la Ville des Titans -rétrospective de New York en images de 1926 à 2026. Conçue simultanément à des fins de publicité et comme un divertissement populaire, l'exposition se composait d'immenses fresques représentant une spectaculaire métropole de gratte-ciel, avec de gigantesques tours à redans régulièrement espacées et reliées par des voies de communication étagées, des trottoirs ombragés d'arcades et des passerelles pour piétons joignant les étages supérieurs. Les grandes et belles artères de cette ville futuriste étaient représentées en réduction par les couloirs du magasin, tandis que des maquettes de gratte-ciel aux formes et aux couleurs insolites recouvraient les piliers, créant l'illusion d'un véritable « Grand Canyon du futur » 2 . Cette Ville des Titansétût caractéristique d'une nouvelle image de l'avenir urbain née dans les années vingt -métropole moderne reconnaissable à sa forte densité, à son haut niveau technologique et à son urbanisme concentré. A l'opposé, la plupart des prophètes de la fin du xix e et du début du XX e siècle avaient prédit l'avènement d'une ville de tours géantes serrées les unes contre les autres -un urbanisme chaotique, agglutiné et fourmillant d'astuces technologiques. Au début des années vingt, cependant, cette image plutôt alarmiste d'une croissance incontrôlable céda le pas à des prophéties plus optimistes annonçant le règne d'un ordre urbain absolu. Quelques architectes plus clairvoyants que les autres se mirent alors à imaginer une cité idéale à la fois transformée par la technologie et rationalisée par l'urbanisme. L'image optimiste qu'ils proposaient d'une agglomération de gratte-ciel modernes fut vite adoptée par le public et par un grand nombre d'autres architectes. Dès la seconde moitié de la décennie, cette cité de tours rationalisée s'était imposée comme la nouvelle image populaire de l'avenir urbain. Bien que les utopistes américains eussent traditionnellement évité la ville, ces prophètes des années vingt exprimèrent, dans leurs projets d'architecture urbaine, un optimisme quasi unanime 3 . Tous étaient convaincus que la science et la technologie allaient résoudre la totalité des problèmes sociaux, et tous croyaient au pouvoir libérateur de la machine. Mais leur foi dans l'inexorabilité du progrès technologique s'appuyait aussi sur une nouvelle confiance dans leur capacité de modeler l'avenir de la ville. Armés du nouveau principe du zonage et inspirés par les récentes percées révolutionnaires dans le domaine du génie civil, des transports et du bâtiment, ils comptaient bien édifier des villes de gratte-ciel ordonnées, saines et fonctionnelles -en un mot, l'exact opposé des villes d'alors. Résumant cet idéal dans un essai paru en 1930, The New World Architecture, le critique Sheldon Cheney lançait cet appel : « Rêvons d'une ville belle, aux murs propres, éclatante de couleurs, majestueusement sculpturale, et tournée vers le ciel ; et rêvons-la simple, pratique et sans heurts, aérée, légère... Pensons-la, imaginons-la, et notre rêve se réalisera un jour. » Le gratte-ciel semblait tout désigné pour devenir l'instrument de ce nouvel ordre urbain, car, dans les années vingt, l'immeubletour était devenu pour les Américains une source de fierté et d'identité nationales 4 . Qu'il ait suscité l'émerveillement ou l'appréhension, l'admiration ou la critique, le gratte-ciel était unanimement reconnu comme l'expression quintessentielle de l'Amérique dans l'architecture. Il était, comme le proclamait l'architecte Claude Bragdon, « le symbole de l'esprit américain : Tour dorique d'AdolfLoos, présentée au concours du remuant, centrifuge, en équilibre instable ». Même Lewis Mumford, gratte-ciel du Chicago Tribune en 1922.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

O presente trabalho trata da obra do grupo inglês Archigram, formado por seis arquitetos e cuja produção coletiva vai de 1961 a 1974. Aborda, de forma específica, o projeto para a Plug-in City, elaborado por Peter Cook (integrante do grupo) a partir de 1964. O objetivo é o de levantar alguns questionamentos sobre a "ideia" ou a "imagem" da variedade e da multiplicidade propostas por Archigram em Plug-in City, buscando confrontá-las com a complexidade dos processos de produção e conformação metropolitanas que, na maior parte das vezes, escapam à dimensão reguladora de desenho arquitetônico, articulando-se, ao invés disso, na busca de formas outras de comunicação, expansão e integração sistêmica. Para tanto, percorremos brevemente as discussões do grupo a partir da história da revista ("magazine") Archigram, principal veículo de divulgação de suas ideias. Em seguida, analisamos o projeto mesmo de Plug-in City, suas peças gráficas, e também elaborações correlatas -desenvolvidas pelo próprio Archigram e também por outros arquitetos e coletivos -, com o intuito de situar historicamente o objeto analisado. Por fim, recapitulamos algumas formulações historiográficas de interesse (Reyner Banham, Manfredo Tafuri e Alan Colquhoun) que, ao abordarem a obra de Archigram a partir de diferentes vieses metodológicos, fornecem-nos uma visão multifacetada do problema, apontando algumas restrições e possibilidades -não somente ideológicas, mas também históricas -que se afirmavam de forma cada vez mais enfática naquele momento, no âmbito do discurso sobre a arquitetura e sobre as cidades.

In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, organizations face the daunting challenge of managing increasingly complex enterprise systems while striving for enhanced operational efficiency and agility. This comprehensive research paper presents a unified approach to integrating various architectural types to simplify and improve enterprise systems architectural complexity. Tailored for architects and technical experts, it offers evidence-based best practices and strategies encompassing technical, security, business, data, enterprise, application, integration, infrastructure, information, and process architectures. The paper addresses critical challenges in legacy system integration, modern integration methods, and ERP implementation, demonstrating how a cohesive architectural approach optimizes performance and efficiency in complex enterprise environments. By examining the interplay between different architectural domains, this research proposes innovative strategies for reducing complexity, enhancing system interoperability, and aligning IT initiatives with business objectives. This study synthesizes insights from leading industry practices, academic literature, and real-world case studies to provide a holistic framework for architectural decision-making. It introduces novel metrics for assessing architectural complexity and efficiency, offering tangible means to measure the impact of unified architectural strategies. Furthermore, the paper explores the role of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and edge computing in shaping future enterprise architectures. This work serves as both a strategic guide and a practical toolkit for senior IT leaders navigating the complexities of modern enterprise systems. By adopting the unified architectural approach presented here, organizations can create more agile, robust, and efficient systems, ultimately driving business value and competitive advantage in an increasingly digital world.

Urban research in Germany has started to address the socio-spatial distribution and architectures of so-called collective accommodation for asylum seekers, refugee camps, and new forms of ethnic segregation triggered by refugee movements in recent years. The spatial practices of refugees themselves within these processes have not yet been a subject of substantive research. Combining research methods from social and architectural sciences, this article investigates the physical, material, social and symbolic appropriation processes and the spatial dimension of homemaking by Syrian refugees currently housed in refugee accommodation in Berlin, Germany. What spatial knowledge is mobilized at the place of asylum in order to turn the accommodation into a home? How do spatial practices and knowledge hybridize practices of the place of origin, experiences made during the flight and the arriving and uncertain period of stay at an unfamiliar place of asylum? How do spatial appropriation processes collide with humanitarian logics and technocratic emergency management approaches at the place of asylum? With these questions, the article focuses on the ways in which refugees perceive, adapt to, appropriate and alter their new urban environment physically and socially, and how they thereby draw on existing and evolving stocks of urban knowledge, urban experiences and social relationships. It argues that to develop a homelike space in temporary accommodation, arriving refugees mobilize knowledge at the place of asylum which can only be understood as a re-figuration process that is equally at work in the case of other migrants, migration and translocal processes. Studying these urban re-figurations thus helps us to reveal how the interplay of refugees' agency and their

Risk management is a fundamental approach to improving critical infrastructure systems’ safety against disruptive events. This approach focuses on designing robust critical infrastructure systems (CISs) that could resist disruptive events by minimizing the possible events’ probability and consequences using preventive and protective programs. However, recent disasters like COVID-19 have shown that most CISs cannot stand against all potential disruptions. Recently there is a transition from robust design to resilience design of CISs, increasing the focus on preparedness, response, and recovery. Resilient CISs withstand most of the internal and external shocks, and if they fail, they can bounce back to the operational phase as soon as possible using minimum resources. Moreover, in resilient CISs, early warning enables managers to get timely information about the proximity and development of distributions. An understanding of the concept of resilience, its influential factors, and avai...

The focus of the research carried out by Zones Portuaires and Corpi Idirici for the digital map of Genoa in the Atlas of Mediterranean Liquidity-is water. The map is broken down into the theme of the "immersed" with a dual meaning of "invisible-underground or underwater'' due to it being submerged or forced, and of "invisible-unknown or hidden" as a result of it being abandoned or unused. The map tells the stories of a select number of noteworthy places along fresh and saltwater routes, land and maritime passages, stories made invisible by anthropogenic hyper-infrastructure and immersed in physical conditions that lack knowledge and accessibility. The phenomenon has been studied from a point of view that moves from the sea to the hinterland and vice versa using a transdisciplinary approach method of investigation and restitution that makes use of the hybridization between artistic practice and scientific research.

Children make up about half of the refugee population worldwide and 40% of the 80 million displaced people globally, the large majority of which live in the global South. Moreover, displacement is increasingly a protracted phenomenon. Less than one in 40 refugee crises are resolved within three years ( ) – with most crises lasting for decades. Over 60% of refugees were in protracted situations lasting more than 5 years at the end of 2018 ( ). Two-thirds of the displaced people are living in urban areas ( ), mostly in the poorest neighbourhoods side-by-side with the most socially- and economically-marginalised host population. These are often poor-quality areas such as peripheral slums, which affect children’s development and learning. 

About half of displaced children do not attend school,( ) have little agency and freedom in their urban context, and often live in overcrowded spaces, deprived of opportunities for social learning. However, a safe and high quality built environment to live, play and learn can protect displaced children and help them overcome highly distressing experiences. In this chapter, we argue for the role of participatory design with children affected by displacement as a way to provide conducive infrastructure for education and learning as well as a very important learning process with multiple positive impacts for children affected by displacement and their communities.

The chapter explores the potential of participatory design with children of learning spaces and how both the process and output make an important contribution to children’s agency, education and wellbeing. This chapter builds on a collective learning process to develop a handbook for codesigned( ) built interventions with children affected by displacement ( ). It emerges from the more than 1,500 children as well as many caregivers, educators, humanitarian NGOs, social workers, engineers, designers, volunteers, municipal board members and international experts across different fields that have participated in CatalyticAction co-design processes since 2015.

By stimulating imagination, dreaming and visioning of the future, participatory design processes can foster children’s capacity to aspire so that they co-create their world, regaining some control. Designing and building their own space also has a transformatory impact on their sense of belonging and self-worth which translate in better school attendance and a feeling of safety which unleashes agency. Taking part in the construction of such spaces can shape children’s understanding of their own identity: from considering themselves as guests to acquire a sense of belonging.

On conçoit aujourd'hui de nombreux réseaux de transport sur des infrastructures de type aériennes. Rapides à mettre en œuvre, moins couteuses que la percée de tunnels, elles permettent de développer des réseaux de transport rapidement et à moindre frais. Cependant, ces infrastructures engendrent des impacts importants sur l'espace urbain. Sources de nuisances (bruit, vibrations et les ombres portées), elles contribuent à la dégradation de l'environnement proche et créent de véritables coupures dans les territoires. Notre recherche envisage l'utilisation des espaces résiduels de l'infrastructure comme un potentiel à investir pour permettre une meilleure intégration de ces ouvrages dans le système urbain. Dans cette publication seront étudiés deux exemples de réalisation en France et en Norvège qui développent une intégration basée sur la mixité fonctionnelle.

Risk management is a fundamental approach to improving critical infrastructure systems’ safety against disruptive events. This approach focuses on designing robust critical infrastructure systems (CISs) that could resist disruptive events by minimizing the possible events’ probability and consequences using preventive and protective programs. However, recent disasters like COVID-19 have shown that most CISs cannot stand against all potential disruptions. Recently there is a transition from robust design to resilience design of CISs, increasing the focus on preparedness, response, and recovery. Resilient CISs withstand most of the internal and external shocks, and if they fail, they can bounce back to the operational phase as soon as possible using minimum resources. Moreover, in resilient CISs, early warning enables managers to get timely information about the proximity and development of distributions. An understanding of the concept of resilience, its influential factors, and avai...

Background: Hurricanes are the immediate ways that people experience climate impacts in the Caribbean. These events affect socio-ecological systems and lead to major disruptions in the healthcare system, having effects on health outcomes. In September 2017, Puerto Rico (PR) and the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) experienced one of the most catastrophic hurricane seasons in recent history (Hurricane Irma was a Category 5 and Hurricane María was a Category 4 when they hit PR). Objective: This study examines environmental stressors experienced by women with gynecologic (GYN) cancers from PR and USVI who received oncologic cancer care in PR, in the aftermath of the hurricanes. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study design was used to obtain rich information for understanding the context, barriers, knowledge, perspectives, risks, vulnerabilities, and attitudes associated to these hurricanes. We performed focus groups among GYN cancer patients (n = 24) and key-informant interviews ...

The effects of disruption upon one or more components in interdependent infrastructure systems and the ability of the system to return to normal operations, is investigated in this paper. This addresses the concept of resilience, and examines the trade-off between redundancy and efficiency, as well as the adaptive ability of a system to respond to disruptions and continue to operate, albeit not necessarily as it did initially.

The smart city concept, in which data from different systems are available, contains a multitude of critical infrastructures. This data availability opens new research opportunities in the study of the interdependency between those critical infrastructures and cascading effects solutions and focuses on the smart city as a network of critical infrastructures. This paper proposes an integrated resilience system linking interconnected critical infrastructures in a smart city to improve disaster resilience. A data-driven approach is considered, using artificial intelligence and methods to minimize cascading effects and the destruction of failing critical infrastructures and their components (at a city level). The proposed approach allows rapid recovery of infrastructures’ service performance levels after disasters while keeping the coverage of the assessment of risks, prevention, detection, response, and mitigation of consequences. The proposed approach has the originality and the pract...

The hinterlands of contemporary global capital are as contested as those of the heydays of colonialism, but instead of as yet-to-be-developed, they manifest as overdeveloped, laid waste to. I explore what it means to live in a hinterland of abandonment by turning to Ben Smith’s Doggerland (2019), set on a windfarm in the North Sea in a dystopian future. This novel, I argue, not only literally places the hinterland at sea, but conceptualizes it as a realm of the at sea, of people, materials, and elements as constantly shifting and sifting in a struggle for survival unfolding at the scale of the protagonists’ lives and at that of the deep time narrative of water, which includes the prehistory of the North Sea as a landmass.

Bellstat Junction and Sekko’s Place are two markets in Cape Town established by migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. They are perhaps better understood as black markets existing within a lineage of global black urbanisms, past and future. Adopt- ing the term black markets for these sites calls attention to the racialization of these spaces, and their emergence as sites of possibility, precarity, and care in the face of protracted crises. These sites occupy a slippery legality, sited in the peripheral mar- gins and shadows of the central city of Cape Town. They are sites of and for trade, located in particular discrete buildings, and yet are characterized by their interior- ity. They operate across grammars of transaction and care, refusing any insistence on categorization as discrete spatial typology. They hold together opaque infra- structures of services and stories, act as architectures of refuge, and are formed in the wake of violence and displacement experienced generationally and in the imme- diate urban context. An architectural reading of black markets enables a drawing out and stitching together of the constituents of these sites: of site and story, of domesticity and infrastructure, of publicness and transnational networks. Reading these sites as black markets is a means to recognize the deep and long histories and futures of Black urban life, holding space for stories of possibilities and limitations, of other similar sites elsewhere.

This article investigates the impact of the Syrian displacement on the economic and urban transformation in Ouzaii, a major informal settlement in the southern suburbs of Beirut that is characterised by a complex socio-political structure. It explores the potential of "entrepreneurial systems" that emerge when Syrian refugees become part of the host community and its economy. These systems include Syrian refugees as either part of the lower labour force, business owners, or entrepreneurs. The article locates these entrepreneurial systems within the spatial networks and investigates how Syrian refugees create opportunities for themselves and the host community given the specificity of the market that is subject to legal setups and mediated by the political party of Hezbollah. It uses the construct of "mixed embeddedness" by Kloosterman et al. and the notion of "quiet encroachment" by Asef Bayat to understand how the Syrian refugees were able to infiltrate into Ouzaii's economy and become part of the "entrepreneurial systems" that stimulate the economic cycle and revitalise the urban space.

This open access book considers the concept of the hinterland as a crucial tool for understanding the global and planetary present as a time defined by the lasting legacies of colonialism, increasing labor precarity under late capitalist regimes, and looming climate disasters. Traditionally seen to serve a (colonial) port or market town, the hinterland here becomes a lens to attend to the times and spaces shaped and experienced across the received categories of the urban, rural, wilderness or nature. In straddling these categories, the concept of the hinterland foregrounds the human and more-than-human lively processes and forms of care that go on even in sites defined by capitalist extraction and political abandonment. Bringing together scholars from the humanities and social sciences, the book rethinks hinterland materialities, affectivities, and ecologies across places and cultural imaginations, Global North and South, urban and rural, and land and water.

use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

In this paper, basic concepts of resilience, ecology and sustainability are introduced first. Then, associated performance metrics and interdependency of critical infrastructure systems are presented and discussed. Moreover, the importance of big data (BD) and data mining (DM), as emerging themes in this field, is discussed. Other relevant issues such as how to foster decision making and accountability to plan for any expansion in resilience services, resources, and the associated performance metrics and interdependency of critical infrastructure systems are presented. It is the recommendation of this study that due to the difficulty and complexity of resilience, and its definitional ambiguity, the ability to assess such a concept helps to bridge the gap between

Dans quelle mesure l’attention aujourd’hui accordée aux infrastructures du numérique, en raison de leur extension effrénée et de leur consommation énergétique, croise-t-elle le regard porté plus largement sur la matérialité et l’imaginaire des réseaux qui ont façonné le monde contemporain ? La confrontation de trois publications récentes invite à y réfléchir.
Ouvrages commentés
- Carlotta Darò, Paysage de lignes. Esthétique et télécommunications, Genève, MétisPresses, 2022.
- Fanny Lopez, Cécile Diguet, Sous le feu numérique. Spatialités et énergie des data centers, Genève, MétisPresses, 2023.
- Éric Monin (dir.), Sur la bouche, hors-série n° 2 de la revue Profane, mars 2023.

L'émergence des start-up dans le contexte africain s'est fait sans un réel encadrement. Par cette étude, nous montrons que la revalorisation des espaces de travail mis à la disposition des start-up peut avoir une incidence réelle sur le bien-être et la performance des jeunes entrepreneurs. Ce travail essaye de  mettre à profit les avantages du design biophilique pour stimuler la productivité des employés de bureau.

Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-less, dynamic network of collections of wireless mobile nodes communicating with each other without any centralized authority. A MANET is a mobile device of interconnections through wireless links, forming a dynamic topology. Routing protocols have a big role in data transmission across a network. Routing protocols, two major classifications are unipath and multipath. This study evaluates performance of an on-demand multipath routing protocol named Adhoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector routing (AOMDV). This study proposes Energy Aware AOMDV (EAAOMDV) an extension of AOMDV which decreases energy consumed on a route.

Si tant est qu'il y ait eu un âge mythique où le dessin de la ville et l'architecture allaient du même pas, ou à tout le moins une époque où l'on s'efforçait d'établir une cohérence entre l'un et l'autre, le premier a peu à peu évolué vers l'urbanisme, cependant que la seconde affirmait de plus en plus sa singularité, chacun suivant sa propre voie, au point que leur dissociation est entrée dans une phase qu'on pourrait qualifier de critique. Parmi les principaux facteurs responsables de cette évolution, il en est deux qui semblent avoir modifié en profondeur le rapport entre forme architecturale et forme urbaine. Une première influence, d'ordre artistique, ce qui peut sembler assez insolite, fut celle des avant-gardes du XX e siècle ; la seconde concerne les effets des théories fonctionnalistes sur l'urbanisme. À cela est venu s'ajouter ce que l'on pourrait appeler une "crise de la convention", à savoir une moindre attention portée aux éléments structurants du langage architectural. Au cours des dernières décennies on s'est cependant efforcé de rétablir une certaine unité organique entre forme urbaine et forme architecturale.

Le projet de dénivellation / couverture de la RN 13 dans la traversée de Neuilly-sur-Seine coûtera près d'un milliard d'Euros. En regard, les avantages apparaissent bien faibles-3,8 fois moindres-et sont en outre, pour la plupart, surestimés, car la s ituation de référence est souvent non étudiée ou mal appréciée. Les gains de temps représentent l'essentiel des avantages, mais le tunnel permettra au mieux de gagner 50 secondes entre deux zones congestionnées. Par rapport à la situation de référence, loin de réduire les accidents, l'ouvrage devrait au contraire contribuer à les accroître. De même, la pollution ne diminuera pas et 1500 résidents sur l'avenue seulement profiteront d'un bruit réduit. L'effet de coupure, bien réel, est cependant exagéré et le projet ne le supprimera pas totalement. Certes, 5 hectares pourront être aménagés mais les constructions sur l'emprise gagnée seront limitées à un étage, axe historique oblige. Bref, ce projet dispendieux n'a qu'un intérêt local limité.

Resumo Este artigo analisa o processo de difusão da tecnologia do concreto armado, desde a instalação das primeiras fábricas de cimento, em meados dos anos 1920, até sua normalização pela NB nº1 da ABNT, em 1940. A partir de uma perspectiva socio-histórica, buscamos desvendar a rede de relações que confluiu na posição hegemônica do sistema construtivo do concreto, questionando a crença de que o intenso uso do concreto se deve às suas qualidades intrínsecas.

In recent years, debates and contributions on urban commons have mushroomed. At the same time, the recent and unprecedented health and social crisis has revived the relevance of the collective (often in the form of public) response to cover basic needs. The research objective in this paper is twofold: firstly, we explore the potential and limits of the current scenario in the Barcelona region regarding political experimentation at the municipal level, analyzing different examples of commoning experiences in basic services. Secondly, we question and recast the classical commons theories applied to the urban infrastructures sector through three specific cases (water, energy, and housing). We build on a qualitative approach, using a comparative perspective, to study three experiences of commoning practices on basic urban infrastructures in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. The core of our contribution navigates between the discussion on the urban commons and their particularities compared to classical commons theories, and the role of infrastructures as commons in this new urban field. Our research also highlights how the commons offer useful guidelines to reformulate and reconfigure the relationship between subjects, needs, and power.

The present work introduces a case study on the climate resilience of interconnected critical infrastructures to forest fires, that was performed within the framework on H2020 EU-CIRCLE project (GA 653824). It was conducted in South France, one of the most touristic European regions, and also one of the regions at the highest forest fire risk that is projected to be amplified under future climate conditions. The case study has been implemented through a co-creation framework with local stakeholders, which is critical in moving beyond physical damages to the infrastructures, introducing the elements of infrastructure business continuity and societal resilience. Future forest fires extremes are anticipated to impact the interconnections of electricity and transportation networks that could further cascade to communities throughout South France. The work highlighted the benefits of enhancing co-operation between academia, emergency responders, and infrastructure operators as a critical...

This study has twin objectives: first, to investigate the interrelationship between export and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Second, we test the causal linkage with import and FDI. For this purpose, we select four major South Asian countries, namely India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. The study is based on Granger non-causality test of Toda and Yamamoto (1995) for the period 1990Q1-2007Q4. The evidence shows that there is a bi-directional causality between FDI and Trade. Specifically, our analysis indicates for interrelations between export and FDI as well as between import and FDI in the region. This may reflect the fact that import has played a crucial role in export growth in South Asia. Overall, the results indicate a complementary relationship between FDI and Trade.

Apres avoir termine la redaction du diagnostic, l’ensemble des etudiants de master 1 de l’Institut d’Urbanisme de Grenoble s’est attache a la formulation de preconisations. De maniere concrete la reflexion s’est traduite par la proposition de micro-projets integres dans une demarche de « co-construction ». Pour cela la philosophie de ces micros-projets s’inscrit dans une logique de forte adaptabilite et de dialogue. Pour amorcer ce travail, des elements du diagnostic on ete repris. Ainsi l’environnement en termes de nature et d’architecture ; la presence d’une mixite sociale et culturelle ; et la position privilegiee de Rive-de-Gier entre deux metropoles et dans la vallee du Gier sont autant d’atouts a valoriser aux yeux des Ripageriens et des personnes exterieures. Deux manieres de mettre en place ces micro-projets sont proposees . Une premiere maniere a caractere ponctuel. Des installations modulables culturelles ou recreatives seront presentes dans les lieux strategiques de la co...

The quality of the environment as well as public health is convincingly coupled with the functioning of a power subsector. The power subsector plays a pivotal role in the sense that it emerges as the key cross-sectional element for the society’s functioning (production, services, healthcare, education and others). A modern society consists of infrastructure systems that are primarily dependent on continuous electricity supplies. Each and every element of the electric power infrastructure is unique, and thus, its malfunction can disrupt the functioning of an important part of the electric power infrastructure. In conjunction with ensuring the functioning of electric power infrastructure, our attention must be drawn to the resilience issue. As far as the resilience of electric power infrastructure is concerned, it can resist weather-related events ensuring there are no disruptions in continuous electricity supplies. First, in the introductory part, the article presents the legal frame...

Si tant est qu'il y ait eu un âge mythique où le dessin de la ville et l'architecture allaient du même pas, ou à tout le moins une époque où l'on s'efforçait d'établir une cohérence entre l'un et l'autre, le premier a peu à peu évolué vers l'urbanisme, cependant que la seconde affirmait de plus en plus sa singularité, chacun suivant sa propre voie, au point que leur dissociation est entrée dans une phase qu'on pourrait qualifier de critique. Parmi les principaux facteurs responsables de cette évolution, il en est deux qui semblent avoir modifié en profondeur le rapport entre forme architecturale et forme urbaine. Une première influence, d'ordre artistique, ce qui peut sembler assez insolite, fut celle des avant-gardes du XX e siècle ; la seconde concerne les effets des théories fonctionnalistes sur l'urbanisme. À cela est venu s'ajouter ce que l'on pourrait appeler une "crise de la convention", à savoir une moindre attention portée aux éléments structurants du langage architectural. Au cours des dernières décennies on s'est cependant efforcé de rétablir une certaine unité organique entre forme urbaine et forme architecturale.