Information Technology and Computers

Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is only as powerful as the data that fuels it, and this book is your
comprehensive guide to understanding the critical data infrastructure that makes AI work.
AI has become a transformative force across industries, from healthcare and finance to retail and
manufacturing. However, while much attention is given to AI models and algorithms, the data that
feeds these systems is often overlooked. This book shifts the focus to the foundational elements of
AI—data architecture, storage, processing, and governance—so that organizations can effectively
harness the potential of AI. Even the most advanced AI models cannot deliver reliable results
without high-quality, well-structured data.
Part I lays the groundwork for understanding how AI has developed alongside advances in data
technology.
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Data for AI: This chapter introduces the book’s central
theme: the importance of data in AI. It highlights the three major pillars driving AI
adoption—computing power, data technology, and novel applications—while
emphasizing that data remains the most overlooked yet essential component.
• Chapter 2: Data Mining for AI: Explores the origins of data mining and its foundational
role in AI, detailing key methodologies like the CRISP-DM process and how data
preprocessing, cataloging, and visualizing support AI.
• Chapter 3: Data Challenges in Machine Learning: Addresses the technical debt
associated with ML systems, outlining common data dependencies, feedback loops, and
strategies to overcome these issues in AI development.
• Chapter 4: Deep Learning and Data Infrastructure: Examines the rise of deep learning,
the impact of Apache Spark, and the shift to data lakes that enabled more advanced AI
models, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs).
• Chapter 5: ChatGPT and Large Language Models: Discusses the evolution of large
language models, the massive data requirements needed for training, and the challenges of
fine-tuning and deployment.
• Chapter 6: Data in Generative AI: Covers the specific data challenges of generative AI,
such as storage, movement, and ethical considerations related to training on vast datasets.
Part II provides practical guidance on managing and optimizing data for AI-driven organizations.
• Chapter 7: Modern Data Storage and Processing for AI: Reviews current trends in data
storage, including cloud-based solutions, edge computing, and data lake architectures
tailored for AI applications.
• Chapter 8: MDM and Data Quality for AI: Explores the importance of master data
management, the “garbage in, garbage out“ principle, and strategies for ensuring high data
quality in AI pipelines.
• Chapter 9: Ethical Data Management and Governance for AI: Discusses the critical role
of governance frameworks, compliance requirements, and the technology needed to
enforce ethical AI practices.
• Chapter 10: How Data Moves in AI-Powered Organizations: Provides insights into data
pipelines, orchestration, and real-time processing in AI-driven enterprises, ensuring data
is effectively utilized across systems.
• Chapter 11: Making AI Operational: Examines the deployment of AI systems, from
model integration to real-world application, with an emphasis on maintaining
performance over time.
• Chapter 12: Avoiding Common Pitfalls and The Future of AI: Highlights frequent
mistakes in AI projects and explores emerging trends in AI data infrastructure, preparing
organizations for the next wave of technological advancement.
This book offers a structured and practical approach to understanding data for AI by bridging
theoretical concepts with real-world applications. It equips readers with the insights and tools
necessary to build robust AI-driven systems that are efficient, ethical, and scalable.

Felieton powstał po tym, jak upadła (głównie na skutek oporu samorządu studentów kierujących się antypatią do jednej z osób prowadzących zajęcia) koncepcja otwarcia na AGH studiów w zakresie informatyki medycznej. W felietonie wskazano, że systemy informatyczne wykorzystywane w medycynie muszą być szczególnie odporne na ataki hackerów. Przytoczono przykład szpitala w Barcelonie, który został sparaliżowany przez taki atak, wskazując na potrzebę kształcenia fachowców z obszaru informatyki medycznej.

Steganography is the art of hiding the fact that communication is taking place, by hiding information in other information. Security has always been a major concern since time immemorial. In the past, people used hidden tattoos or invisible ink to convey steganographic content. Today, digital technology and Internet provide for easy to use cover media for steganography. In order to improve the security by providing the stego image with imperceptible quality, three different steganographic methods for gray level images are presented in this paper. Four neighbors, diagonal neighbors and eight neighbors methods are employed in our scheme. These methods utilize a pixel's dependency on its neighborhood and psycho visual redundancy to ascertain the smooth areas and complicated areas in the image. In smooth areas we embed three bits of secret information. In the complicated areas, variable rate bits are embedded. From the experimental results it is seen that the proposed methods achieve a much higher visual quality as indicated by the high peak signal-to-noise ratio in spite of hiding a larger number of secret bits in the image. In addition, to embed this large amount of secret information, at most only half of the total number of pixels in an image is used. Moreover, extraction of the secret information is independent of original cover image.

This paper presents a speech-based speaker identification system and an efficient approach for selection of acoustic parameters closely related to the vocal track shape of the speaker. Speech endpoint detection algorithm is developed in order to discard the room noise and non-speech signal to achieve high accuracy of the system. Windowing and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are used to determine the spectrum of the speech signal and peA has been used to extract feature of speech of individual speaker. Eigenface algorithm has been used here as a classification and recognation tool. Eigenspace of individual speaker is generated by the feature of the speech signal. The experimental results show the noticeable performance ofthe proposed system.

It is a universally stated design requirement that next generation mobile systems will be compatible and interoperable with IPv6 and with various access technologies such as 802.11x. The current growth of WLANs worldwide has yielded a demand to integrate with existing 3G mobile technologies. Interworking incorporates all of the best features of an individual network into a single integrated system thus providing ubiquitous data services with high data rates in WLAN hotspots. The attempt to build hybrid networks has been linked with many technical challenges such as seamless vertical handovers across WLAN/3G radio technologies, security, common authentication, unified accounting & billing, etc. This paper evaluates the performance of two 3G/WLAN integration schemes: Tight and Loose Coupling. Mobile IP is used as a mobility management scheme and EAP-AKA for common authentication.

This paper presents a speech-based speaker identification system and an efficient approach for selection of acoustic parameters closely related to the vocal track shape of the speaker. Speech endpoint detection algorithm is developed in order to discard the room noise and non-speech signal to achieve high accuracy of the system. Windowing and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are used to determine the spectrum of the speech signal and peA has been used to extract feature of speech of individual speaker. Eigenface algorithm has been used here as a classification and recognation tool. Eigenspace of individual speaker is generated by the feature of the speech signal. The experimental results show the noticeable performance ofthe proposed system.

A Symmetric Tori connected Torus Network (STTN) is a 2D-torus network of multiple basic modules, in which the basic modules are 2D-torus networks that are hierarchically interconnected for higher-level networks. In this paper, we present the architecture of the STTN, addressing of node, routing of message, and evaluate the static network performance of STTN, TTN, TESH, mesh, and torus networks. It is shown that the STTN possesses several attractive features, including constant degree, small diameter, low cost, small average distance, moderate bisection width, and high fault tolerant performance than that of other conventional and hierarchical interconnection networks.

It is a universally stated design requirement that next generation mobile systems will be compatible and interoperable with IPv6 and with various access technologies such as 802.11x. The current growth of WLANs worldwide has yielded a demand to integrate with existing 3G mobile technologies. Interworking incorporates all of the best features of an individual network into a single integrated system thus providing ubiquitous data services with high data rates in WLAN hotspots. The attempt to build hybrid networks has been linked with many technical challenges such as seamless vertical handovers across WLAN/3G radio technologies, security, common authentication, unified accounting & billing, etc. This paper evaluates the performance of two 3G/WLAN integration schemes: Tight and Loose Coupling. Mobile IP is used as a mobility management scheme and EAP-AKA for common authentication.

Assembly/Dismsembly (MD) operation simulation during the product design is an important aspect to improve the performance and qualify of products. Current MD path planning approaches are based on models representing rigid parts. So. an important mpect is an adequate simulation of flexible parts for path planning. The approach proposed will be used as a basis to simulate flexible parts into a Virtual Reality (VRJ environment for the A/D evaluation. First of all, the study of current assembly path planning method is performed Secondly, as an issue of the problems discussed, a new system integrating real-time and interactive mechanical simulation approaches is proposed Finally, an example of the interactive mechanical model applicoble toflexible r o d used into an A/D path planning context for the VR simulation is presented The present approach is considered as apropasal for a methodologv used with VR environments during the product design process.

To truly realize potential ofMANET, multimedia services must be provisioned with a minimum level ofQoS. To meet the QoS requirement of such services, many attributes need to be considered. To keep the routing process lightweight, standard QoS aware routing protocol in MANET works with one or two such parameters. In this paper, we have proposed an on-demand source routing protocol for MANET that works with six important QoS attributes by varying priority for different category oftraffic flow. We have reflected this variation by incorporating Analytic Hierarchy Process in the proposal.

To truly realize potential ofMANET, multimedia services must be provisioned with a minimum level ofQoS. To meet the QoS requirement of such services, many attributes need to be considered. To keep the routing process lightweight, standard QoS aware routing protocol in MANET works with one or two such parameters. In this paper, we have proposed an on-demand source routing protocol for MANET that works with six important QoS attributes by varying priority for different category oftraffic flow. We have reflected this variation by incorporating Analytic Hierarchy Process in the proposal.

This paper presents a speech-based speaker identification system and an efficient approach for selection of acoustic parameters closely related to the vocal track shape of the speaker. Speech endpoint detection algorithm is developed in order to discard the room noise and non-speech signal to achieve high accuracy of the system. Windowing and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are used to determine the spectrum of the speech signal and peA has been used to extract feature of speech of individual speaker. Eigenface algorithm has been used here as a classification and recognation tool. Eigenspace of individual speaker is generated by the feature of the speech signal. The experimental results show the noticeable performance ofthe proposed system.

The aspects of adequate simulation of the flexible parts for path planning during the Assembly/Disassembly (A/D) operation simulation are discussed in this paper. An interactive system forming two complementary levels and incorporating mechanical models of flexible part is described. The approach proposed will be used as a basis to the simulation of flexible parts into a Virtual Reality (VR) environment for the A/D evaluation. First of all, the study of current assembly path planning systems is performed. Secondly, as an issue of the problems discussed, a new system integrating real-time and interactive mechanical simulation approaches is proposed. Finally, an example of the interactive mechanical behavior model applicable to flexible rods used into an A/D path planning context is presented. Numerical modeling focuses on typical boundary conditions. The present approach is considered as a proposal for a methodology used with VR environments during the product design process.

Virtual reality simulations of maintenance operations are a key simulation to improve the performance and quality of products. Real-time requirements of virtual reality systems face difficulties when coping with flexible components exhibiting strong non-linear behaviour. To this end, an interactive system incorporating mechanical models of flexible parts behaviour is described in the present paper. The approach proposed will be used as a basis to the simulation of flexible parts in a virtual reality environment for the evaluation of assembly operations. First of all, the study of current assembly planning systems based on the real-time approaches is performed. Secondly, a new system integrating real-time and interactive mechanical simulation approaches is proposed. An adequate simulation of the flexible components to estimate the assemblability in a virtual reality is discussed. This is especially true when flexible parts are subjected to large displacements. Finally, the example of the interactive mechanical behaviour model used into an assembly context for the virtual reality simulation environments is represented.

To truly realize potential ofMANET, multimedia services must be provisioned with a minimum level ofQoS. To meet the QoS requirement of such services, many attributes need to be considered. To keep the routing process lightweight, standard QoS aware routing protocol in MANET works with one or two such parameters. In this paper, we have proposed an on-demand source routing protocol for MANET that works with six important QoS attributes by varying priority for different category oftraffic flow. We have reflected this variation by incorporating Analytic Hierarchy Process in the proposal.

This paper presents a speech recognition front-end system for segmenting continuously spoken Bangla speech and extracting features from the segmented words/sub-words including windows. The system commenced with recording the original speech sentences and segmenting the continuous speech into uniquely identifiable and meaningful units. After segmentation, a parametric representation has been employed for the collection of meaningful features with MFCC. Various windowing methods, such as Hamming, Hanning, Rectangular, Bohman, Trangle, Welch, Kaiser and Blackman windows were included in this feature extraction process. The test database contained 758 words/sub-words segmented from 120 sentences. Each sentence was recorded from six different speakers. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed system achieved the segmentation accuracy rate at about 95%.

Midimew connected Mesh Network (MMN) is a Minimal DIstance MEsh with Wrap-around links (midimew) network. In this paper, we present the architecture of MMN and evaluate the total wire length of MMN, TESH, mesh, and torus networks. It is shown that the proposed MMN possesses simple structure and moderate wire length. The total wire length of MMN is slightly higher than that of mesh network and lower than that of 2-D torus network. Overall performance suggests that, MMN is an optimal network among these networks.

This paper presents a speech-based speaker identification system and an efficient approach for selection of acoustic parameters closely related to the vocal track shape of the speaker. Speech endpoint detection algorithm is developed in order to discard the room noise and non-speech signal to achieve high accuracy of the system. Windowing and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) are used to determine the spectrum of the speech signal and peA has been used to extract feature of speech of individual speaker. Eigenface algorithm has been used here as a classification and recognation tool. Eigenspace of individual speaker is generated by the feature of the speech signal. The experimental results show the noticeable performance ofthe proposed system.

Speech is a natural form of communication for human beings, and computers with the ability to understand speech and speak with a human voice are expected to contribute to the development of more natural man-machine interfaces. Computers with this kind of ability are gradually becoming a reality, through the evolution of speech recognition technologies. Speech being an important mode of interaction with computers. In this paper Feature extraction is implemented using well-known Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC).Pattern matching is done using Dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm.

The accuracy and user acceptance of speech recognition systems is increasing in the last few years especially for automated identification and biomedical applications. In implementation, it works based on the feature of utterance that will be recognized through a feature extraction process. One process in feature extraction is windowing that is done for minimizing the disruptions at the first and last of the frame. Basically, many window functions exist such as rectangular window, flat top window, hamming window, etc, but in the real application only hamming or Hanning function that are usually used as a function in the windowing. This article will analyzed the performance of all of window functions to prove the performance of those function. The method that was used are mel-frequencies cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) as feature extractor technique and back propagation neural networks (BPNNs) as classifier. The result shows that it can produce an accuracy at least 99%. The optimal accuracy up to 99.86% is achieved using rectangle window with the duration of process is 15.47 msec. This results show the superior performance of rectangle window as reference to recognize an isolated word based on speech.

It is a universally stated design requirement that next generation mobile systems will be compatible and interoperable with IPv6 and with various access technologies such as 802.11x. The current growth of WLANs worldwide has yielded a demand to integrate with existing 3G mobile technologies. Interworking incorporates all of the best features of an individual network into a single integrated system thus providing ubiquitous data services with high data rates in WLAN hotspots. The attempt to build hybrid networks has been linked with many technical challenges such as seamless vertical handovers across WLAN/3G radio technologies, security, common authentication, unified accounting & billing, etc. This paper evaluates the performance of two 3G/WLAN integration schemes: Tight and Loose Coupling. Mobile IP is used as a mobility management scheme and EAP-AKA for common authentication.

Assembly/Dismsembly (MD) operation simulation during the product design is an important aspect to improve the performance and qualify of products. Current MD path planning approaches are based on models representing rigid parts. So. an important mpect is an adequate simulation of flexible parts for path planning. The approach proposed will be used as a basis to simulate flexible parts into a Virtual Reality (VRJ environment for the A/D evaluation. First of all, the study of current assembly path planning method is performed Secondly, as an issue of the problems discussed, a new system integrating real-time and interactive mechanical simulation approaches is proposed Finally, an example of the interactive mechanical model applicoble toflexible r o d used into an A/D path planning context for the VR simulation is presented The present approach is considered as apropasal for a methodologv used with VR environments during the product design process.

The aspects of adequate simulation of the flexible parts for path planning during the Assembly/Disassembly (A/D) operation simulation are discussed in this paper. An interactive system forming two complementary levels and incorporating mechanical models of flexible part is described. The approach proposed will be used as a basis to the simulation of flexible parts into a Virtual Reality (VR) environment for the A/D evaluation. First of all, the study of current assembly path planning systems is performed. Secondly, as an issue of the problems discussed, a new system integrating real-time and interactive mechanical simulation approaches is proposed. Finally, an example of the interactive mechanical behavior model applicable to flexible rods used into an A/D path planning context is presented. Numerical modeling focuses on typical boundary conditions. The present approach is considered as a proposal for a methodology used with VR environments during the product design process.

A Symmetric Tori connected Torus Network (STTN) is a 2D-torus network of multiple basic modules, in which the basic modules are 2D-torus networks that are hierarchically interconnected for higher-level networks. In this paper, we present the architecture of the STTN, addressing of node, routing of message, and evaluate the static network performance of STTN, TTN, TESH, mesh, and torus networks. It is shown that the STTN possesses several attractive features, including constant degree, small diameter, low cost, small average distance, moderate bisection width, and high fault tolerant performance than that of other conventional and hierarchical interconnection networks.

Meeting the food demand of a global population expected to reach 9.1 billion in 2050 and over 10 billion by the end of the century will require major changes in agricultural production systems. Due to this issue, the marketing matter is under the consideration. Having a good production and effectiveness marketing could assist to organize the production system and marketing factors. Improving cropland management is key to increasing crop productivity without further degrading soil and water resources. At the same time, sustainable agriculture has the potential role to improve the marketing and human life. This paper synthesizes the results of a literature review reporting the evidence base of different sustainable land management practices aimed at increasing and stabilizing crop productivity in developing countries. It is shown that transition of agrarian products from production stage to exchange stage and the size of production was the major factors of the good results in this study. In addition, the levels of implementation of activities and the control of plans and programs for systematic results were under determined. Moreover, these characteristics of growing crops are key to interpreting the impact on crop yields and mitigation of different agricultural practices and that technology options most promising for enhancing food security at smallholder level are also effective for increasing system resilience in dry areas and mitigating climate change in humid areas. This manual and case study carried out to consideration of agrarian production potential of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Azerbaijan Republic) from theoretical and practical points of view the main economical indicators of the agrarian sector among 2008 until 2012. The data analysis was under the Excel and SPSS software and manual calculation.

Background: Social networking sites (SNS) was impressed by the community and
widened its fame, and for many users it became their top concern, as they
communicating through these sites to get to know, and find out news of each other.
However, since these SNS are open, there are no controls commensurate with religion,
values and habits of Arab communities’ principles. Objective: This paper aims to
explore the social and political implications of social networking in Arab countries.
Results: Statistical results showed that there are many changes in Arab community due
to use different social networking sites. However, there are no gender effect.
Conclusion: SNS have a sever impact on cohesion in Arab family, many of its
members used to access SNS alone for a long time. Their virtual life becomes more
important than the objectives of their families.

There is an increasing interest in the development of robust quantitative speech quality measures that correlate well with subjective measures. This paper presents two objective criteria-the Perceptual Signal to Audible Noise Ratio (PSANR) and the Perceptual Signal to Audible Distortion Ratio (PSADR), to characterize the two kinds of degradation (i.e., residual background noise, speech distortion or both) in speech enhancement applications. For performance evaluation of speech enhancement algorithms it is necessary to determine with accuracy the kind of degradation present in the enhanced signal. Experimental results for speech enhancement using different well-known approaches depict the usefulness ofthe proposed objective criteria. speech quality measures can be classified according to the perceptual domain transformation module being used, and these are: Time domain measures Spectral domain measures and Perceptual domain measures Perceptual domain measures are shown to have the best chance of predicting subjective quality of speech and other audio signals since they are based on the human auditory perception models. Speech Quality Measures 978-1-4244-6284-1/09/$26.00 ©2009 IEEE

This paper presents a speech-based speaker identification system and an efficient approach for selection of acoustic parameters closely related to the vocal track shape of the speaker. Speech endpoint detection algorithm is developed in order to discard the room noise and non-speech signal to achieve high accuracy of the system. Windowing and fast Fourier transform (FFT) are used to determine the spectrum of the speech signal and PCA has been used to extract feature of speech of individual speaker. Eigenface algorithm has been used here as a classification and recognition tool. Eigenspace of individual speaker is generated by the feature of the speech signal. The experimental results show the noticeable performance of the proposed system.

Packet loss, delay and jitter degrade the quality of services like VoIP (Voice over IP) or Video Streaming over IP networks. In real networks, an experimental measure of these parameters is fundamental in the planning process of new services over novel network infrastructures.