Data Communications

As the demand for higher data rate is increasing, MIMO allows for diversity and thus reliability. At receiver the process consist of two operation namely interference suppression and interference cancellation. Then equalizer is used for detection process. Here ZF, MMSE and OSIC detectors are used for 2X2 spatial multiplexing MIMO system and result is analyzed in terms of BER vs. SNR.

The field of data and computer communications networking uses an array of abstract concepts such as encapsulation, protocol data units, virtual circuits etc. to describe and explain the underlying processes. Various studies, together with our own observations, strongly indicate that students often find these concepts difficult to learn, as they cannot easily be demonstrated. A number of academics have described the animation tools they have developed to illustrate such concepts and almost invariably they comment on the favourable reactions their efforts receive from their students. However, it is difficult to find examples that anchor the design of their animation offerings in the principles of good instructional design and few conduct rigorous evaluations to see if there has been a genuine and measurable improvement in student understanding of the basic concepts being illustrated. Our work does both. We have designed an animation tool on virtual circuits which takes cognizance of contemporary work on instructional design, particularly the work of Mayer (2003). Two versions of the animation were produced, one with narration and the other with narration and additional on-screen text. We randomly assigned 110 first year undergraduate students to view a version of the animation. A pre and post test was used to determine if, in fact, improved learning actually occurred and which version of the animation produced the better outcome. Initial analysis of results indicates no statistical difference between the scores for the two versions and suggests that animations, by themselves, do not necessarily improve student understanding.

Pengaturan delay pada topologi pada mininet ditunjukkan pada gambar 6.1 pada GUI miniedit satuan dari delay jika ditentukan langsung di topologi adalah micro second, jadi pada algoritma yang telah dikembangkan, satuan dari delay adalah milli second. Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada graph dibawah. Topologi pengujian yang telah dibuat menjadi graph ditunjukan pada gambar 6.2. Pada graph diatas terdapat beberapa jalur yang tersedia dengan cost yang beragam. Jalur yang akan dicari adalah jalur dari node 1 menuju node 2 pertama akan dilakukan pencarian jalur secara manual pada topologi TOPO1. Untuk jalur pertama akan dicari menggunakan algoritme Dijkstra.

This paper looks at how a group of small, incumbent private telephone companies complied with the international convergence of market structures. The existing research has mainly focused on large national incumbents, assuming a transition to multinational enterprise. This development process is often associated with privatisation policies and various institutional factors. The article tests these assumptions using a case study of the network of Finnish local telephone companies. It looks at the development of an interfirm network, its perspectives on the different phases of the deregulation process, and how the network tried to regenerate itself but failed to form a unified corporate structure capable of mounting a common business strategy. The reason for this failure resembles the idea of governance inseparability: private telecom companies were committed to the objectives and form of a tried and trusted cooperation model, which no longer met the requirements of the competitive and increasingly liberalised business environment of the 1990s. This case demonstrates that the significance of both corporate governance and organisational development are, above all, related to the firm's ability to regenerate itself.

Multi-hop communication in vehicular ad hoc networks is a challenging task due to the dynamic and unbalanced nature of these networks. In the suburban areas or during the night when the density of vehicles is low, multi-hop communication is only possible if (i) the vehicles store-carry-forward the messages or (ii) by using roadside units. Each of the solutions has its drawback. The former introduces delivery delay and the latter is an expensive solution. In this paper, we propose the Parked Vehicle Communication Model (PVCM) to use the parked vehicles along the roads to act as relay nodes and assist the communication in low density situations. We argue that the number and the distribution of parked vehicles is suitable to serve our purpose. We also show that the automotive battery can be utilized to keep the on-board unit running without draining all its energy.

Vehicular networking has become a significant research area due to its specific features and applications such as standardization, efficient traffic management, road safety and infotainment. Vehicles are expected to carry relatively more communication systems, on board computing facilities, storage and increased sensing power. Hence, several technologies have been deployed to maintain and promote Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Recently, a number of solutions were proposed to address the challenges and issues of vehicular networks. Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) is one of the solutions. VCC is a new hybrid technology that has a remarkable impact on traffic management and road safety by instantly using vehicular resources, such as computing, storage and internet for decision making. This paper presents the state-of-the-art survey of vehicular cloud computing. Moreover, we present a taxonomy for vehicular cloud in which special attention has been devoted to the extensive applications, cloud formations, key management, inter cloud communication systems, and broad aspects of privacy and security issues. Through an extensive review of the literature, we design an architecture for VCC, itemize the properties required in vehicular cloud that support this model. We compare this mechanism with normal Cloud Computing (CC) and discuss open research issues and future directions. By reviewing and analyzing literature, we found that VCC is a technologically feasible and economically viable technological shifting paradigm for converging intelligent vehicular networks towards autonomous traffic, vehicle control and perception systems.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Autonomous vehicles represent a transformative technology with the best implications for transportation systems. The key component of their success is their capability to detect and respond to their surroundings. For the benefits to be realized, the fusion of advanced computer vision techniques, such as object detection and vehicular communication, is essential. This paper explains the techniques in object detection and vehicular communication in autonomous vehicle applications for future advancements based on related works. The research highlights the need for creative solutions in integrating communication and computer vision tasks and presents a work flow for combining object detection with vehicular communication. Additionally, we explore vehicular communication systems and their integral role in ensuring safe and efficient autonomous driving. The idea of object detection and vehicular communication is not only for autonomous vehicles but also for ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System)-equipped vehicles.

Sensors are being extensively deployed and are expected to expand at significant rates in the coming years. They typically generate a large volume of data on the internet of things (IoT) application areas like smart cities, intelligent traffic systems, smart grid, and e-health. Cloud, edge and fog computing are potential and competitive strategies for collecting, processing, and distributing IoT data. However, cloud, edge, and fog-based solutions need to tackle the distribution of a high volume of IoT data efficiently through constrained and limited resource network infrastructures. This paper addresses the issue of conveying a massive volume of IoT data through a network with limited communications resources (bandwidth) using a cognitive communications resource allocation based on Reinforcement Learning (RL) with SARSA algorithm. The proposed network infrastructure (PSIoTRL) uses a Publish/ Subscribe architecture to access massive and highly distributed IoT data. It is demonstrated...

This thesis presents the design and implementation of a distributed debugger The debugger was designed to support the debugging of a system containing multiple processors from a single debug console. The debugger implementation consists of host software which runs on a VAX minicomputer and target software which runs on Intel SDK-86 single board computers. The host and targets communicate using an RS-232 channel. The debugger supports breakpoints, disassembly of target code, symbolic reference of program procedures and variables, and download of Intel Object Module Format binary files.

The purpose of this research is to analyze and explore quantum theorems as a wireless telecommunications security solution in the future. This study uses a quantitative approach through simulation and performance analysis of QKD systems in wireless channels, by combining literature studies and comparative analysis between QKD and PQC. Meanwhile, the wireless communication simulation model, using the QKD protocol and PQC algorithm, with Free Space Optics (FSO), WiFi, and LiFibased network scenarios. The simulation was carried out using MATLAB. This study is based on QKD, which uses BB84 and CV-QKD protocols on FSO 100m and LiFi wireless channels. And based on PQC, which uses the Kyber algorithm, with AES authentication for communication. Both models were simulated and tested based on the parameters of Quantum Bit Error Rate, Key Generation Rate, latency, and resistance to third-party attacks (wiretapping detection). Furthermore, the analysis was carried out quantitatively and comparatively to compare the performance of QKD and PQC based on the QBER, latency, KGR, and wiretapping detection of implementation. This analysis are combined with data based on the literature, to formulate optimal implementation strategies in the context of future wireless networks. The results indicate that QKD, specifically CV-QKD, has significant potential for use in attack-sensitive wireless communications, such as military, government, and industrial applications. However, this model requires more complex hardware and infrastructure investments in its implementation. Meanwhile, PQC offers a more ready-to-use and cost-effective solution for everyday communications that remains resilient to quantum attacks.

A large part of the studies that have been carried out on non-ionizing radiation (NIR) are focused on cell phone bases stations, open television or other frequency bands, which constitute a starting point for the development of the present work of titling, which focuses on the realization of the analysis of the electromagnetic fields produced by the transmitting FM broadcasting antennas in the city of Quito, which is one of the main cities in the country and the second most populated, therefore there is a greater number of people exposed to radiation and a high level of ignorance of compliance with standards. Therefore, the study is oriented to make measurements of the radiant systems of the parent stations located in Cerro Pichincha in different strategic points of the city, to verify compliance with the limits established in the NIR Emissions Protection Regulations for power density, electric field strength and magnetic field strength. Additionally, the simulation of each of the s...

Con la llegada de la modernidad han aparecido tecnologías novedosas e innovadoras que propician herramientas útiles e imprescindibles en la actualidad para la vida humana tal como la conocemos que funcionan con energía eléctrica: radios, televisores, electrodomésticos, maquinarias industriales, teléfonos celulares, antenas.
El desarrollo tecnológico ha conducido a la proliferación de tecnologías direccionadas a la automatización y a la eliminación de cables priorizando la estética y la conectividad de cada vez más dispositivos y electrodomesticos.
En este artículo veremos qué implicancias tiene el uso de dispositivos inalámbricos y conexiones sin cable y qué recomendaciones proponemos ante el uso diario de los dispositivos con los cuales nos acostumbramos vivir.

Network Intrusion Detection (ID) attempts to detect diverse security attacks using a security system to monitor, analyze, detect, and respond to threats. In Software Defined Networking (SDN), ID that typically occurs at the controller is influenced by application policies and is advantageous over generic networking due to the network and flow awareness of the controller and the threat response capability of the controller itself. A blockchain system embodies a succession of attached blocks that implicitly maintain the purity, preserve the indisputability, and preserve the quasi-anonymity of its transactions/activities because of consensus protocols and cryptographic algorithms. Being the front-line reviewers for BCcentered ID in SDN, we group blockchain roles in ID in three ways and elaborately examine those pertaining to ID techniques and ID approaches, blockchain components, attack detection, network components, and so forth. We stacked a preliminary sample of 97 paper sources by sifting through the articles for selection guidelines inquired from virtual libraries, applying an elaborate and overtime procedure. Centered upon this examination, blockchain-centered ID in SDN involves collaborative ID by engaging smart contracts while storing data required for threat detection in blockchain, off-chain ID while applying blockchain for trust management, and applying blockchain for authentication and secure data storage for off-chain ID. Elaborate examination divulges that from blockchain-centered SDN ID proposals, 48.9% apply blockchaincentered secure storage for off-chain ID, 91.2% engage systematic blockchain architecture, 8.9% apply PoAuthority consensus, 100% online, 75.5% active response, 71.1% fully distributed, and 57.8% apply hybrid host and networkcentered ID, with DDoS being the most dominant (17.8%) specific attack category. Finally, we explore the potentials and hardships of the schema of blockchain-centered ID in SDN and then supply insights to overtake them.

Load Balancing (LB) in networking attempts to minimize the under-utilization and over-utilization of network resources by distributing the network flows evenly in the communication network. Blockchain includes a string of joined blocks that are built into the preservation of the non-tampering nature and safeguarding the verifiability. According to our felt experience, we are the initiators to review on blockchain-driven LB, where we organize the blockchain-driven LB concept under 7 categories and interpret thoroughly their performance in relation to LB techniques, BC-driven variables, LB approach, network variables, and similar things. We accumulated an early sample of 76 paper citations by handpicking articles for eligibility requirements scrutinized from web repositories, deploying a thorough and continuous method. Relying on this assessment, blockchain has been deployed in network LB for protecting data fidelity, trustworthiness, confidentiality of data transfers, deploying blockchain consensus for LB, deploying smart contracts for LB, deploying with secure resource trading, access control, and as a coordinator in the system of LB. Moreover, LB involves balancing loads in the blockchain transactions themselves. Thorough interpretation depicts that from blockchaindriven LB schemes, 37.5% deploy blockchain transaction LB, 90% deploy conventional blockchain architecture, 30% deploy generic consensus, 97.5% deploy decentralized LB, 97.5% deploy dynamic LB, 52.5% deploy deterministic LB, and the majority target generic networks. Finally, we go over the potential and predicaments of the notion of blockchain-driven LB and then provision ideas to defeat them.

Traditional networking is hardware-based, having the control plane coupled with the data plane. Software-Defined Networking (SDN), which has a logically centralized control plane, has been introduced to increase the programmability and flexibility of networks. Knowledge-Defined Networking (KDN) is an advanced version of SDN that takes one step forward by decoupling the management plane from control logic and introducing a new plane, called a knowledge plane, decoupled from control logic for generating knowledge based on data collected from the network. KDN is the next-generation architecture for self-learning, self-organizing, and self-evolving networks with high automation and intelligence. Even though KDN was introduced about two decades ago, it had not gained much attention among researchers until recently. The reasons for delayed recognition could be due to the technology gap and difficulty in direct transformation from traditional networks to KDN. Communication networks around the globe have already begun to transform from SDNs into KDNs. Machine learning models are typically used to generate knowledge using the data collected from network devices and sensors, where the generated knowledge may be further composed to create knowledge ontologies that can be used in generating rules, where rules and/or knowledge can be provided to the control, management, and application planes for use in decision-making processes, for network monitoring and configuration, and for dynamic adjustment of network policies, respectively. Among the numerous advantages that KDN brings compared to SDN, enhanced automation and intelligence, higher flexibility, and improved security stand tall. However, KDN also has a set of challenges, such as reliance on large quantities of high-quality data, difficulty in integration with legacy networks, the high cost of upgrading to KDN, etc. In this survey, we first present an overview of the KDN architecture and then discuss each plane of the KDN in detail, such as sub-planes and interfaces, functions of each plane, existing standards and protocols, different models of the planes, etc., with respect to examples from the existing literature. Existing works are qualitatively reviewed and assessed by grouping them into categories and assessing the individual performance of the literature where possible. We further compare and contrast traditional networks and SDN against KDN. Finally, we discuss the benefits, challenges, design guidelines, and ongoing research of KDNs. Design guidelines and recommendations are provided so that identified challenges can be mitigated. Therefore, this survey is a comprehensive review of architecture, operation, applications, and existing works of knowledge-defined networks.

Revolutionary networking concepts and unprecedented mix of technical challenges have made Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) one of the major research trends of the 21th century. However, only very recently did such systems start to appear as products on the market. In this new context, this paper aims at providing a general status on WSNs, with a special focus on the device aspects, independent of application peculiarities. We first investigate why, despite years of research and development and technical maturity, WSN products and solutions are yet neither fully adopted nor widely deployed. We then review the state-of-theart technologies that build most of today’s available products and finally briefly discuss some advanced techniques for future generations of WSN systems.

This module aims to explore the individual- and community-level factors identified in our research in more depth through comparative analysis across case studies. We explore three factors – 1) Perceptions of Data Collection & Management; 2) Sense of Community; and 3) Communications & Misinformation – identified as potential influencers of app-uptake at the individual (micro) and community (meso) levels as well as at the intersection of the community-system (meso-macro) levels. Discussion will begin with a brief summary of user-uptake across case studies to provide context. We then briefly describe how each factor fits within each level of analysis before exploring the research findings across the five case studies. We then situate these findings within the global scope (i.e. what these factors look like beyond the case studies) alongside broader discussion and emerging research on D-CT uptake in relation to risk and benefit perception.

Since Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (VSLAM) inherently requires intensive computational operations and consumes many hardware resources, these limitations pose challenges to implementing the entire VSLAM architecture within limited processing power and battery capacity. This paper proposes a novel solution to improve the efficiency and performance of exchanging data between the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and the cloud server. First, an adaptive ORB (oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF) method is proposed for precise tracking, mapping, and re-localization. Second, efficient visual data encoding and decoding methods are proposed for exchanging the data between the edge device and the UAV. The results show an improvement in the trajectory RMSE and accurate tracking using the adaptive ORB-SLAM. Furthermore, the proposed visual data encoding and decoding showed an outstanding performance compared with the most used standard JPEG-based system over high quantization ratios.

The developments in the means of transportation along with the communication advancements has made the automotives to step into its next level of innovation by providing a safe, convenient and well-timed transportation. This is made possible by the introduction of the frame work that is particularly designed to establish connectivity between vehicles on road without any previous structure to support with. This paradigm formed particularly in organizing communication between vehicles is the vehicular Adhoc network (VANET) that causes a vehicles to vehicle connection for proper managing of the traffic flow to make the travel more safe and comfortable. The paper proposes a dynamic mapping of real time traffic with the acquisition of digital map by crowd mapping with clustering to offer path optimization to minimize the delay in the responses, for having an efficient traffic managing. The evaluation of the proposed methodology ensures the minimization of the delay in the communication and the improved delivery ratio incurred, when compared with the carry-forward based routings methods that cause more delay resulting in imperfect traffic management.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have employed in recent years for many different applications and functions. But, it has the critical task to detect the malicious node because node malicious attacks are dangerous attacks, and the concept of a malicious attack is opponents enter the network, search accidentally, and capture one or more normal nodes. A lot of research developed to overcome this problem, but no precise results are found. In this paper, design a Hybrid Vulture and African Buffalo with Node Identity Verification (HVAB-NIV) model to predict the malicious nodes in the WSN. The fitness functions of the HVAB-NIV have operated to recognize the energy level of each node and improve the performance of node detection. The developed replica includes three stages that monitor each node, calculate the energy level and detect the malicious node. More than 100 node inputs were initialized in the proposed technique and implemented in the MAT-LAB tool. The suggested mechanism enhances the performance of malicious node detection and gains good accuracy for detecting nodes also, it saves running time and power consumption. The experimental results of the developed model has validated with other existing replicas to running time, False Prediction Rate (FPR), detection accuracy, True Prediction Rate (TPR), and power consumption. The developed methods achieve better results by gaining a high rate of accuracy detection, less running time, and false rate detection.

Di dalam sistim digital, register digunakan sebagai tempat menyimpan sementara sebuah grup bit data. Bit-bit data ("1" atau "0") yang sedang berjalan di dalam sebuah sistim digital, kadang-kadang perlu dihentikan, di-copy, dipindahkan atau hanya digeser ke kiri atau ke kanan satu atau lebih posisi. Shift Register mampu menjalankan fungsi-fungsi di atas serta menyimpan bit-bit data. Sebagian besar shift Register dapat meng-handle perpindahan secara paralel maupun serial, serta dapat mengubah dari sistim serial ke paralel atau sebaliknya. Rangkaian dasar Shift Register dapat dibuat dari beberapa Flip-flop sejenis, yang dihubungkan seperti pada gambar 1. Gambar tersebut menunjukkan Shift Register 4-bit yang menerima 4 bit data paralel dan menggesernya 4 posisi ke kanan menuju peralatan digital yang lain. Pewaktuan dari proses penggeseran ini dilakukan oleh input clock Pergeseran satu posisi ke kanan dilakukan setiap satu input clock.

This tutorial deals with key aspects of the MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) modulation, aiming at unveiling some of its hidden concepts. Signal generation and demodulation are analyzed in detail. Common questions concerning the study of the MSK modulation are addressed and answered, e.g. the similarities and differences among MSK, Sunde’s FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) and SQPSK (Staggered Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying) or OQPSK (Offset QPSK); the relation among the modulating data stream, its differentially-decoded version, the frequency shifts and the phase shifts of the modulated signal, and the MSK signal-space representation.

This study examines the requirements and relative costs of implementing mission critical wireless broadband networks to serve three sectors – public protection and disaster relief (PPDR), utilities (gas, water and electricity) and transport by road or rail. Until recently, these sectors relied primarily on analog voice communication, provided by dedicated networks operating in exclusive frequency allocations. But new digital applications (real-time video, remote access to databases and sensors, etc.) require more bandwidth than the sectors' existing networks can provide. At the same time, mobile network operators (MNOs) are implementing wide area services for public subscribers which support both voice and data communication. So the question arises: can the sectors needing mission critical broadband use commercial public networks or do they still need dedicated, sector-specific infrastructures? The European Commission requested an independent study to assess the viability of future commercial mobile broadband networks for mission critical broadband communication in priority sectors. We found that commercial mobile broadband networks could support mission critical services, but only if certain conditions are met. These conditions would fundamentally change the operating environment for the commercial networks.

The developments in the means of transportation along with the communication advancements has made the automotives to step into its next level of innovation by providing a safe, convenient and well-timed transportation. This is made possible by the introduction of the frame work that is particularly designed to establish connectivity between vehicles on road without any previous structure to support with. This paradigm formed particularly in organizing communication between vehicles is the vehicular Adhoc network (VANET) that causes a vehicles to vehicle connection for proper managing of the traffic flow to make the travel more safe and comfortable. The paper proposes a dynamic mapping of real time traffic with the acquisition of digital map by crowd mapping with clustering to offer path optimization to minimize the delay in the responses, for having an efficient traffic managing. The evaluation of the proposed methodology ensures the minimization of the delay in the communication and the improved delivery ratio incurred, when compared with the carry-forward based routings methods that cause more delay resulting in imperfect traffic management.

This paper contains the results of a literature search and market survey to determine what work has been done on digitally modulated, ground based, free space optical communication systems, and to determine what systems are available commercially. Emphasis has been placed on low cost LED or laser diode systems, with the idea of possibly funding some future research and development in this area. v CHAPTER 1

Changes in the wholesale electricity market alongside the difficulties in upgrading the transmission system have increased the complexity of power networks operations. This fact has placed heavier demands on developing new technologies to manage power systems reliably. Driven by the growing smart grid applications, ICT infrastructures are becoming more important for the communication of monitoring, control and protection information at both the local and wide area levels. IEC 61850 is a standard released by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for power utilities that can provide integrated and interoperable data communications. It defines communication between Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) in substations and related system requirements. Although it was originally introduced for the automation of substations, the application of IEC61850 is expanding rapidly. In this paper, we present simulation and modelling of a typical power system substation communication infrastructure. Furthermore, the deployment of IEC 61850 for Wide Area Network (WAN) applications, such as Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), will be investigated.

I certify that an Examination Committee met on 19th Jun 2003 to conduct the final exami nation of Ahmed Mustafa H. Melad on his Master of Science thesis entitled "A New Scheme For Reduction of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The Committee recommendations that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree.

This thesis presents the design and implementation of a distributed debugger The debugger was designed to support the debugging of a system containing multiple processors from a single debug console. The debugger implementation consists of host software which runs on a VAX minicomputer and target software which runs on Intel SDK-86 single board computers. The host and targets communicate using an RS-232 channel. The debugger supports breakpoints, disassembly of target code, symbolic reference of program procedures and variables, and download of Intel Object Module Format binary files. n 1.2 Previous Work This section surveys seven methods described in the literature or encountered in experience used to debug software for embedded computer systems. 1.2.1 PROM Monitor Some systems include a PROM resident debugger on the microprocessor system which allows a user to enter programs and debug commands through a keypad/LED display or terminal I/O. This method is practical for small programs which can be hand assembled or assembled on another machine and typed in each time they are to be debugged. These debuggers generally have cryptic command sequences and no online help, due to the limited amount of program and data space available for the debugger. 1.2.2 PROM Monitor/Communications Channel An enhancement to the PROM resident debugger is to include a communications channel on the target system used to download object code from a host computer. Programs can then be edited and cross assembled or compiled on the host computer and downloaded to the target system. An example of this idea is implemented on the Intel SDK-86 single board computer [3]. The disadvantages of this solution are the inability of the PROM debugger to use symbol table information generated by compilers or assemblers (either because the debuggers are not sophisticated enough or because there is insufficient memory in the target system to hold the symbol table) and lengthy download times resulting from the limited bandwidth of the communications channel. For example, it takes over two minutes to download a 64 KByte program encoded in Intel Hex Format using a 9600 bps asynchronous serial channel. 1.2.3 Expandable Target Systems Another method is to design the target system to be expandable so extra hardware can be added to the target to support a full software development environment. For example, the Intel 86/30 CPU board includes a Multibus interface allowing the CPU board, a disk controller, and a memory board to be plugged into a card cage and run the full Intel iRMX-86 operating system/development environment. Once the software is debugged, it is committed to PROM and the extra hardware is removed. This method works only if the target system is designed to be expandable up front. It also

Due to the demand at the present era of wireless communication technology, it is highly required a dependable communication system that can transmit more data with the lower probability of bit error. The digital modulation technique plays a vital role in modern wireless communication technology. Digital modulation technique provides the ability of more data transmission rates with better communication quality and higher data security using optimum bandwidth. By estimating the Probability of Bit Error, it will be possible to evaluate the quality of the performance of different modulation techniques. The aim of this paper is to discuss about the appropriate information of different digital modulation techniques which are extensively used in digital wireless communication systems. Finally by analyzing the Probability of Bit Error (BER) performance of various digital modulation techniques, it could be concluded that which modulation technique is suitable for different Signal-to-Noise Ra...

Cloud computing refers to a sophisticated technology that deals with the manipulation of data in internetbased servers dynamically and efficiently. The utilization of the cloud computing has been rapidly increased because of its scalability, accessibility, and incredible flexibility. Dynamic usage and process sharing facilities require task scheduling which is a prominent issue and plays a significant role in developing an optimal cloud computing environment. Round robin is generally an efficient task scheduling algorithm that has a powerful impact on the performance of the cloud computing environment. This paper introduces a new approach for round robin based task scheduling algorithm which is suitable for cloud computing environment. The proposed algorithm determines time quantum dynamically based on the differences among three maximum burst time of tasks in the ready queue for each round. The concerning part of the proposed method is utilizing additive manner among the differences, and the burst times of the processes during determining the time quantum. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach has enhanced the performance of the round robin task scheduling algorithm in reducing average turnaround time, diminishing average waiting time, and minimizing number of contexts switching. Moreover, a comparative study has been conducted which showed that the proposed approach outperforms some of the similar existing round robin approaches. Finally, it can be concluded based on the experiment and comparative study that the proposed dynamic round robin scheduling algorithm is comparatively better, acceptable and optimal for cloud environment.

In recent years the onboard storage on wireless sensor motes has grown very dramatically, going from Kilobytes (KB) of available space to Gigabytes (GB). This massive increase has primarily come from the addition of support for micro or mini Secure Digital (SD) flash cards on the nodes. This extra storage capacity has led to new use cases for sensor motes which result in fewer data transmissions as a result of more in network aggregation and processing of the sensor data. The primary motivation for using this approach is that writing data to, and then reading data from the SD card, aggregating and processing this data before transmitting smaller packets, should be much more power efficient than transmitting the raw data using the onboard radio. We investigate the power profiles of applications that use SD cards for this purpose versus those that do not in order to determine if there is in fact any power savings, and if so, exactly how much energy can be saved.

Visual Simultaneous Localization And Mapping
(VSLAM) is a technique that enables robots to localize and
estimate their pose by reconstructing a map structure of the
surrounding environment. However, VSLAM encounters significant
computational loads, resource consumption, and bandwidth
constraints. Due to these issues, offloading the entire VSLAM
architecture onto a mobile device could be impractical. To reduce
weight, lower energy consumption, and keep the size of mobile
devices small, VSLAM can be efficiently deployed by offloading
computationally intensive tasks to cloud platforms. This requires
efficient visual data compression methods to reduce the data load,
bandwidth, and latency. This paper proposes two implementation
approaches for integrating visual data compression and decompression
with ORB-VSLAM systems. The proposed systems are
compared to counterpart JPEG-based systems, and the results
show significant improvement for both approaches.

Systems and methods may provide proactive news analytics based on integrated prediction statements. Users may extract and collect conditional statements from research reports. A compiled list based on the processing/linking of statements for signal generation may then be created. Similarly, a list of counter statements that are assigned a conflict rating that specifies how much agreement/disagreement on a specific topic exists for the counter statement and the statement itself may be created. The custom library may have semantic capabilities to justify conditional statements in order to capture meaning and identify supporting news related to the statement. When a relevant event is detected that relates to a conditional statement, expected conclusions are linked, and customized indexes are calculated to allow for analysis of the relevant event.

Fundamental aspects for the verifying of intensity levels of EMF in cellular telephony RESUMEN Mediante este trabajo se presentan los fundamentos de la metodología que debe ser implementada para montar un laboratorio de metrología de CEMs (campos electromagnéticos) de alta frecuencia, que pueda verificar y certificar niveles de exposición de CEM, particularmente en el rango de la telefonía móvil. Este es uno de los productos del proyecto de investigación titulado "TELEFONÍA CELULAR, MEDIO

An effective means for building Internet-scale distributed applications, and in particular those involving group-based information sharing, is to deploy peer-to-peer overlay networks. The key prerequisite for supporting these types of applications on top of the overlays is efficient distribution of messages to multiple subscribers dispersed across numerous multicast groups. In this paper, we introduce Magnet: a peer-to-peer publish/subscribe system which achieves efficient message distribution by dynamically organizing peers with similar subscriptions into dissemination structures which preserve locality in the subscription space. Magnet is able to significantly reduce the message propagation costs by taking advantage of subscription correlations present in many large-scale groupbased applications. We evaluate Magnet by comparing its performance against a strawman pub/sub system which does not cluster similar subscriptions by simulation. We find that Magnet outperforms the strawman by a substantial margin on clustered subscription workloads produced using both generative models and real application traces.

In this paper the receiver for the demodulation of M-FSK signals in the presence of Gaussian noise, intersymbol interference and Rayleigh fading is considered. The influence of the Gaussian noise, intersymbol iterference and Rayleigh fading to the communication systems can seriously degrade their performance.

Cuban Institute of Meteorology operates a network of eight meteorological radars for weather surveillance in Cuban territory and adjacent seas. Those radars operate in the microwave region, so, together with a number of devices used in everyday life, industry and communication, they contribute to generate an additional radiation level over the natural one. This is a relatively new subject of study in the interaction between radiation and the matter, the environment and more specifically the human being. Five of those radars are placed in remote locations, but three of them operate in urban conditions, especially those in Camaguey and Casablanca, which are placed in crowded locations. In the current paper we show an analysis of bibliography regarding microwave effects on environment and more specifically on human health. It is apparent through epidemiological studies, that exposure to different levels of radiation generates harmful effects like: genotoxic, carcinogenic, reproductive,...

Wireless sensor network (WSN) has become one of the most promising networking solutions with exciting new applications for the near future. Notwithstanding the resource constrain of WSNs, it has continued to enjoy widespread deployment. Security in WSN, however, remains an ongoing research trend as the deployed sensor nodes (SNs) are susceptible to various security challenges due to its architecture, hostile deployment environment and insecure routing protocols. In this work, we propose a feature selection method by combining three filter methods; Gain ratio, Chi-squared and ReliefF (triple-filter) in a cluster-based heterogeneous WSN prior to classification. This will increase the classification accuracy and reduce system complexity by extracting 14 important features from the 41 original features in the dataset. An intrusion detection benchmark dataset, NSL-KDD, is used for performance evaluation by considering detection rate, accuracy and the false alarm rate. Results obtained sh...

Simple Management (Plement) is a web-based application that supports Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System with minified, tiny, and small scale. Plement is a simple management application which run in website platform. Modules implemented inside Plement are two of primary modules implemented in Enterprise Resourse Planning sytem. There are two modules implemented which are Sales and Distribution and Purchase and Master Data. Plement provides many features such as creating and manipulating transaction document or master data. Plement also provides Report Features which is usable and useful for future planning. The application itself is developed using Laravel framework which is PHP supported.

Suguru YOSHIMIZU †a) , Student Member, Hiroyuki KOGA †b) , Member, Katsushi KOUYAMA † †c) , Nonmember, Masayoshi SHIMAMURA † † †d) , Kazumi KUMAZOE † † †e) , and Masato TSURU † † †f) , Members SUMMARY With the emergence of bandwidth-greedy application services, high-speed transport protocols are expected to effectively and aggressively use large amounts of bandwidth in current broadband and multimedia networks. However, when high-speed transport protocols compete with other standard TCP flows, they can occupy most of the available bandwidth leading to disruption of service. To deploy high-speed transport protocols on the Internet, such unfair situations must be improved. In this paper, therefore, we propose a method to improve fairness, called Kyushu-TCP (KTCP), which introduces a non-aggressive period in the congestion avoidance phase to give other standard TCP flows more chances of increasing their transmission rates. This method improves fairness in terms of the throughput by estimating the stably available bandwidth-delay product and adjusting its transmission rate based on this estimation. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method through simulations.

In cloud environment, virtualization is used to achieve service rendering using large scalable resources where users pay for share of services. In the cloud, software, platform and infrastructure are provided to the customer as a service, as the number of these customers grows, the task of allocating resources to each user becomes difficult, hence the concept of task scheduling. Tasks Scheduling is crucial and one of the hottest research areas in cloud computing known to be NP-Complete problem, majorly solved by heuristic approaches. Several workflow-scheduling techniques exist for efficient scheduling. Max-min approach is prominent among them, its features includes efficiency and the ability to guarantee optimal solution. Several enhancements to its functionalities have been proposed in the literature and works are still ongoing for improving it. The main objective of this research work is to propose a workflow-scheduling scheme with minimized makespan. This research work introduces an Iterative Mean-Sort with Fair Selection Technique, which always takes care of the task distribution for efficient scheduling. The simulation results demonstrate a performance improvement of the proposed heuristic over the benchmark scheme in terms of minimizing makespan in all the test scenarios. The performance of Max-min+ is compared with the proposed heuristic using different scenarios of scheduling problems. In the end, the proposed heuristic has outperformed the benchmark algorithm. Hence, the proposed algorithm is considered more efficient than the benchmark scheme.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing significantly reduces inter-symbol interference (I.S.I.) caused by the delayed propagation of wireless channels (OFDM). As a result, numerous standards have embraced it, and it is now utilized in various wireless systems. This paper will overview OFDM and how it can be used in wireless communications. The basics of OFDM and related modulations are covered, along with methods for enhancing OFDM's performance in wireless communications. Examples include channel estimation and signal detection, time and frequency offset estimation and correction, peak-to-average power ratio reduction PAPR, and inter-carrier interference. In wireless transmission, the fundamental concept of OFDM is gaining acceptance. OFDM is also one of the most often recommended techniques for usage in 4th Generation Wireless Systems. The cyclic extension of OFDM signals is a general principle rather than employing empty guard spaces in the frequency domain. OFDM is a modulation and multiplexing technology used in WiFi, Wi-MAX, and 3G/4G/5G mobile communication systems. A low bit rate at the subcarrier is desired to extend symbol duration and prevent multipath distortion in OFDM. This will also improve the (C.P.) interval, which is a good thing (multiple distortions and error reduction). Due to the larger C.P. interval, however, it will result in a better energy loss value. The duration of the OFDM symbol, the C.P. interval, and the permissible delay (environment) spread must all be balanced.

In recent years, both the general public and commercial enterprises have grown more and more interested in using cloud services. The majority of businesses use cloud computing technologies for production operations, which draws hackers. Nowadays, one of the most popular methods used to obstruct the availability of essential internet services is Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) floods. These attacks either totally destroy the victim or overload it with a massive amount of traffic that prevents it from carrying out normal communication. The cloud's services are fully suspended if there are any delays in identifying flooding attacks. A preprocessing stage in cloud DDoS attack defence known as feature engineering has been recognized as having the potential to improve classification accuracy and lower computing complexity. In this article, we suggest a DDoS intrusion detection system for use in cloud environments. The application of filter and wrapper-based feature selection techniques along with machine learning is proposed as a hybrid ensemble-based feature engineering strategy. The benchmark dataset, which fills in the gaps in the current datasets and comprises a wide range of direct DDoS flooding attacks, is used to assess the model. To prevent data overfitting issues, area-user-curve analysis is also assessed. When compared to previous benchmarking techniques, the evaluation and findings revealed a considerable improvement in attack detection. This framework offers a high detection rate and classification accuracy when contrasted with the existing framework. Hence, it is more suitable for protecting the cloud.

Dijital ekonomi ve sosyal medya çalışmalarıyla tanınan MIT profesörü Sinan Aral'ın Furya Makinesi isimli kitabında da aktardığı gibi işin sırrı, sosyal medyanın sahip olduğu ekonomi ve iş modelinde yatıyor.
Sosyal medya, düşük maliyetle çok fazla sayıda insanda davranış değişikliği yaratabilen "küresel bir ikna makinesi". Görünüşte kullanıcılarına sosyalleşmeyi, bilgi paylaşmayı, haberleşmeyi ve iletişimde bulunmayı sağlıyor. Oysa bu, madalyonun sadece bir yüzü...
Madalyonun diğer yüzünde, öyle ya da böyle, bir şekilde verilerini diğer şirketlere hatta devlet kurumlarına kullandıran sosyal medya şirketleri yer alıyor. Facebook ya da X, eldeki verileri üçüncü taraflara açıyor. Böylelikle tüketicilerin ya da vatandaşların kitlesel olarak analiz edilmelerine ve kişiselleştirilmiş reklamlarla ikna edilmelerine olanak sağlıyorlar. Tabii ki bedavaya değil, ücreti mukabilinde.

In this paper, we propose an optimized VLSI implementation of encryption and decryption system using hamming code algorithm. In the present field of communication has got many applications, and in every field the data is encoded at the transmitter and transfer on a communication channel and receive at the receiver after data is decoded. During the broadcast of data it might get degraded because of some noise on the channel. So it is crucial for the receiver to have some function which can recognize and correct the error in the received data. Hamming code is one of such forward error correcting code which has got many applications. In this paper the algorithm for hamming code is discussed and then implementation of it in verilog is done to get the results. Hamming code is an upgrading over parity check method. Here a code is implemented in verilog in which 4-bit of information data is transmitted with 3-redundancy bits. In order to do that the proposed method uses a Field Programmabl...

Nos dias de hoje, o uso de satelites e essencial na vida quotidiana e afeta quase todos os campos de atividade da sociedade. Na Defesa, as comunicacoes por satelite tem um papel preponderante: a possibilidade de obter informacao sobre as atividades do inimigo e sobre o teatro de operacoes em tempo real, e vital para o sucesso de qualquer missao. A maioria das ligacoes intersatelites, e entre os satelites e a estacao de base, usa a banda de radiofrequencia (RF). As comunicacoes oticas sao uma tecnologia emergente que oferece, entre outras vantagens, maior largura de banda, que e necessaria para poder  transmitir um volume crescente de dados. Este facto representa uma mais-valia significativa para as operacoes militares. O futuro das comunicacoes por satelite esta pois, dependente dos desenvolvimentos nos sistemas de comunicacao oticos. Neste artigo, o diagrama de blocos e as principais caracteristicas destes sistemas serao apresentadas e analisadas.