Impact of Oil Spillage on the Environment Research Papers

Scenarios of Potential Environmental Impact on Iraq During a Hypothetical Israel-Iran Conflict

2025, Scenarios of Potential Environmental Impact on Iraq During a Hypothetical Israel-Iran Conflict

Environmental degradation is one of the unintended but most extensive consequences of wars and conflicts (Valizade & Reza Parvin, 2016). In the past decades, the Middle East has experienced many violent wars whose consequences have been... more

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Controversies Surrounding Data Interpretation of Oil Pollution in the Arabian/Persian Gulf

by Ali Douabul

2025, Controversies Surrounding Data Interpretation of Oil Pollution in the Arabian/Persian Gulf

Much remains to be done to fully understand the impacts of the Gulf War and assess environmental recovery. The potential for future research is vast. Priority should be given to the complete and thorough dissemination of studies. The... more

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An investigation of aquatic oil spills in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021

by Kurt Bacharo and

2025, Marine Pollution Bulletin

As an archipelago, the Philippines is heavily engaged in domestic and foreign shipping activities which makes it highly vulnerable to oil pollution. It is the purpose of this present paper to make a follow-up review of the oil spill... more

Fig. 1. Bar chart showing the frequency distribution of minor (<1000 1), medium (1000-10,000 1), major (>10,000 1), and undetermined aquatic oil spill events i: the Philippines per year from 2000 to 2021. Shown in Fig. 2 is the cumulative distribution of aquatic oil spills that had occurred in the 17 regions of the Philippines from 2000 to 2021. The highest frequency of aquatic oil spill occurred in the National Capital

Fig. 2. Bar chart showing the frequency distribution of minor (<1000 1), medium (1000-10,000 1), major (>10,000 1) and undetermined oil spill events in the Philippines per region from 2000 to 2021.

Fig. 3. Map showing the frequency distribution of aquatic oil spill events that occurred in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021

Fig. 4. Bar chart showing the total volume of reported oil spill (in litres) per year in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021.

Fig. 5. Bar chart showing the cumulative volume of reported aquatic oil spills per region from 2000 to 2021. Vessels had been the major source of oil spills in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021 which accounted to 55.46 % of the 467 oil spills. Types of vessels that were investigated in this study ranges from tankers, tug boats, ferries, yachts, motor bancas, to military and fishing vessels that were on operation at sea. Eight of the 14 major oil spills were reported to be caused by vessels, including the worst oil spill in Philippine history the happened in Guimaras on 2006 which was caused by M/T Solar 1 (Table 1). Sources classified as industrial and manufacturing activities (10.92 %) involved land-based activities whose oil spill reached the aquatic environment (Philippine Coast Guard, 2019). In this study, these involved gasoline stations, hotels, resorts, and majorly factories. No major oil spills in the Philippine setting were recorded coming from these sources. While oil spills coming from refineries, terminals, and depots (6.42 %) had been concentrated in Batangas in Region IV-A Region VI had the highest confirmed volume of aquatic oil spill fron 2000 to 2021 with 3,576,970 1 of oil spilled. The 2006 Guimaras oil spil disaster that affected the Panay Gulf in Region VI accumulates at leas 58 % of the total oil spill in the region. No other region in the Philippine from 2000 to 2021 was reported to have been contaminated with mor than a million litres of oil. Region IV-A followed which had an estimate« cumulative tally of 581,928 1 of oil which owed to the leakage of :

Fig. 6. Pie chart showing the different sources of aquatic oil spill events in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021.

Fig. 7. Pie chart showing the different causes of aquatic oil spills in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021 based on 88 spilling events Owing to the patchiness of the data retrieved from the PCG database which rarely contained data for the causes of the spilling events. The information from NDRRMC and media reports were used to complement this lacking information. Retrieval of the oil spill causes was only made Based on the determined causes of the 88 aquatic oil spills, sinking had been the top cause of aquatic oil spills from 2000 to 2021 accounting to 31.82 %. Similarly, of the 14 major oil spills reported in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021, five had been caused by sinking (Table 1). Other major causes that were found to be prevalent were leakage (18.18 %) and grounding (13.64 %). Both of which had been reported to cause some of the major oil spills in the Philippines (Table 1). Leakage may come from oil terminals which caused major oil spills (Table 1) or may come from other sources such as from power plants and manufacturing industries. Causes classified as “others” include

Summary of the 14 major oil spill events in the Philippines from 2000 to 2021. Table 1

Recommendations and needs of marked locations in the Philippines where occurrences of oil spills are high. Table 2

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Remote Monitoring of the Impact of Oil Spills on Vegetation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Abdullahi A Kuta

2025, Applied Science

The widespread oil extraction in the Niger Delta and the impacts on different types of vegetation are poorly understood due to lack of ground access. This study aims to determine the impact of oil spills on vegetation in the Niger Delta... more

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EXAMINATION OF THE LEGAL APPROACH TO ILLEGAL OIL REFINING ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA

by Oluwatoyin Oyeronke Ajayi

2024

The problem of illegal oil refining in Nigeria has reached an alarming point. Jllegal oil refining emanated from the perceived injustice from the people of the oil producing areas that view oil thefts and associated illicit activities... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Prof. Edward Kweku Nunoo

2024, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Emmanuel Yeboah

2024, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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Geo-Spatial Analysis of Oil Spill Distribution and Susceptibility in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

by Prem pandey

2024, Journal of Geographic Information System

Oil spill occurrence during exploration, production and distribution can cause deleterious impact on the environment. Contamination of local streams/rivers, farmlands, forest resources and biodiversity in oil producing areas presents... more

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Impact of Aquaculture and Mariculture Information Dissemination to the Local Coastal Communities in Kenya

by gladys holeh

2024, Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development

Mariculture interventions in Kenya have been introduced with limited training provided to the farmers. For sustainable aquaculture development under KCDP, farmer’s trainings are prioritized. The study was conducted to investigate the... more

Figure 1: Map showing the feasibility study sites. Cage culture has proved to be a profitable aquaculture system in many countries. It has shown to be a relatively complex engagement

Figure 2: How the respondents learnt about fish farming (2) age respondents learnt fish farming. Main occupation and demand of fish in the area: This research established that 41.2% of the respondents were full time fisherman and 25.5% being part time fishermen in the two areas. Apart from a large number of those who could not respond on the demand question, 77.5% declared that fish demand was very high in the area. The fish that is on high demand is the Red snapper and White snapper (Chaa). This is the same fish that the respondents thought it could be cultured in cages in their area (Figure 2). In reference to Table 3 above, this research established that 93.1% of the respondents preferred cage fish farming while 7% were not so sure of the outcome of farming fish on cages. It was observed that only two cages were in existence in the coastal area supported by the National Research Fund (NRF) hence the communities

Figure 3: Duration in years in which respondents have been undertaking fishing.

Table 7: Summary of the current speed and direction. Figure 4: Graph showing ocean current speed and direction at Dabaso and Tsunza Creek

Figure 5: Graph showing tidal variation in Dabaso, North Coast and Tsunza creek South Coast

Table 2: Socio-demographic data of respondents. The study was dominated by males (78.4%) and in this it is evident that men play a big role in the development of fisheries in Kenyan Coastal counties. This is in line with [12] who found males to be majority (88.7%) in his study to investigate social-status of the fish

Table 1: Display of combinations of data.

Table 3: Community perspective on cage culture. Table 4: Level of security of location of study (Dabaso and Tsunza creek).

Table 5: Conflict experience in the areas.

Table 9: Phytoplankton species recorded from Dabaso and Tsunza creek sites. asset to the coastal communities. It was also observed that the Dabaso communities were not versant with the cage fishing thus much time was taken explaining to the interviewees on what cage fish farming is. Training on cage fishing should be undertaken in both Dabaso and Tsunza creek.

Table 8: Identification of different dominating fish species in the study sites.

Table 10: List of phytoplankton genera recorded from sampled site at Dabaso and Tsunza creek.

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Marine mammals in Peru: A geo-spatial analysis on oil spill risk.

by Dr. Carlos Yaipen-Llanos

2023, World Marine Mammal Conference. Society for Marine Mammalogy.

Oil spills are a worldwide concern when it comes to the long term effects that impact the marine ecosystem. There is currently no formal oil spill response plan for Peru, yet the Peruvian coast is home to 30+ marine mammal species that... more

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Implications of Artisanal Crude Oil Refining on Sustainable Food Production in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

by Matthew Ogwu

2023, Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology

The rate of environmental degradation is an increasing trend globally and most especially in many developing nations where it has food production implications. This deterioration in environmental quality is mostly attributed to population... more

Table 1. Implications of ACOR on sustainable food production and supply in the Niger Delta.

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Assessment of the Water Quality, Some Trace Elements Content of <i>Heritierafomes</i> Fruits and <i>Pneumatophores</i> of Sundari After Oil Spill in Shela River at Sundarban, Bangladesh

by am swaraz

2023, International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis

To assessment the effects on the ecosystem of Sundarbans a Mangrove Forest (SMF) in Bangladesh after oil spillages on 9 th December 2014 into the shela river of Sundarbans, mainly focus on to determine the water quality and some trace... more

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Some reflections about the Venezuelan pisciculture sector

by Germán Robaina

2023, Journal of Aquaculture and Marine Biology

While SOFIA 2022 talks about the advance of aquaculture production on a global scale, Venezuela suffers from a dwindling fish production because of numerous factors.

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The Effect of Oil Spill on the Sundarban Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh

by Fahim Jaman

2023, CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES

The best mangrove woodlands on this planet is a region of the planet's finest delta molded by the streams Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna. One-of-a-kind marine cars use this channel as a transportation route and cause setbacks, but no... more

The best mangrove woodlands on this planet is a region of the planet's finest delta molded by the streams Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna. One-of-a-kind marine cars use this channel as a transportation route and cause setbacks, but no longer loads of examinations targeted this problem. On December 9, 2014, an oil massive hauler setback within the Sundarbans of Bangladesh provoked the appearance of approximately 358,000 liters of widespread gasoline oil into the circulation and mangrove climate. 500 thousand humans are sincerely and by idea structured upon the Sundarbans for their positions. Attributable to streaming systems, oil showed up at little creeks, channels boondocks flooring. Thick stupid radiator oil is stored money on the soil of intertidal zones, woodlands flooring, plant life leaves, stems, floating natural items, roots pneumatophores, and many others. A large part of the surfaces of the streams, springs and streams of the Southeastern piece of the Sundarbans had been included through the thick oil spills. It's miles met an affiliation of streaming channels, streams streams. It is covered an area of 6000 km2 of which 3956 km2 of mangrove woods grounds and extra than 1800 km2 of water bodies. This perceives the individual of the spilled oil, the quantity of the spillage, and the effect of the spillage on the maritime surroundings, mangroves, and individuals. In which the hazardous components within the Sela stream water checks outperformed pretty a long way set through the Prosperity affiliation (WHO) with a dropping solicitation of Co > Cd > Pb > Ni independently. Considering the water best file (WQI), metal defilement report (MPI), and steel nice rundown (MI), the Sela flow's water is not sensible for drinking anyway may be used for flooding agrarian and vegetable yields. This look discovered that the stream residue had higher polluting component (Cf) values for series, slight characteristics for Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mg, and As, and inferior qualities for Mn, Fe, Ca, Na, and k. The mark of the audit is to perceive and examine the community of the Sundarbans and its on their occupation with the hazard regarded through the Sundarbans in step with reliable and further created vessel traffic the board, making plans, discernment equipment and enjoy, that allows you to chip away at the response to regular emergencies and lessening the consequences for adjacent groups and the herbal framework.

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Environmental effects of crude oil spill on the physicochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of the Nun River, Niger Delta

by Stephen Theophilus

2023, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

This document is the author's post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Emmanuel Yeboah

2023, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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Implications of Artisanal Crude Oil Refining on Sustainable Food Production in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

by Matthew OGWU

2023, Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology

The rate of environmental degradation is an increasing trend globally and most especially in many developing nations where it has food production implications. This deterioration in environmental quality is mostly attributed to population... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by EMMANUEL YEBOAH

2023, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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Implications of Artisanal Crude Oil Refining on Sustainable Food Production in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

by Glory Richard

2023, Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology

The rate of environmental degradation is an increasing trend globally and most especially in many developing nations where it has food production implications. This deterioration in environmental quality is mostly attributed to population... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Emmanuel Yeboah

2023, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Emmanuel Yeboah

2023, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Collins K W A M E Oduro

2023, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

Fig. 1. Map of the study area: Southwestern Niger Delta, Nigeria

In 2000s, built-up areas occupied an area of 5,430.71 km? (11.67%); dense vegetation occupied an area of 21,486.72 km? (46.16%); less dense vegetation occupied an area of 15,119.19 km? (32.48%); bare land occupied an area of 3,010.71 km? (6.47%); and water bodies occupying an area of 1,505.24 km? (3.23%). The 2010 classification statistics shows built-up areas occupied an area of 6,207.48 km? (11.20%); dense vegetation occupied an area of 20,067.35 km? (44.92%); less dense vegetation occupied an area of 16,998.43km? (36.31%); bare land occupied an area of 2,010.71 km? (4.29%), Water bodies occupied an area of 1,536.60 km? (3.28%). As at 2020 January, dense vegetation had immensely decreased with current coverage occupying an area of 9,005.20 km? (14.77%) in the Southwestern Niger Delta region. This could be attributed to the expansion in oil exploration fields along with high oil spillage incidences, affecting the forest belt. Built-up areas occupied an area of 7,138.89 km? (12.26%); less dense vegetation on the other hand, occupied an area 32,900.15 km? (64.59%); bare land occupied n area of 3,068.85 km? (4.81%); water bodies ccupied an area of 1,631.45 km? (4.16%). aving analyzed the classifications of LULC from 1970s to 2020, further details of the statistics have been presented in Table 3 and Table 4. The confusion matrix developed for the accuracy assessment resulted in a 90.6% accuracy for the study over the given period [31]. Todo Fig. 3. LULCC classification statistics for Southwestern Niger Delta for the given period (1970- 2020) In the 1980s, built-up areas occupied an area of 3,333.17 km? (7.02%); dense vegetation occupied an area of 32,633.79 km? (76.75%); less dense vegetation occupied an area of 9,409.63 km? (11.83%); bare land occupied an area of 728.82 km? (1.54%); while water bodies occupied an area of 1,358.70 km? (2.86%). However, in 1990’s, built-up areas occupied an area of 4,240.87 km? (9.46%); dense vegetation occupied an area of 23,889.24 Km? (53.29%); less dense vegetation occupied an area of 14,409.63 km? (82.14%); bare land occupied an area of 858.82 km? (1.92%); while water bodies occupied an area of 1,428.65 km? (3.19%).

Fig. 4. Changes in NDVI over the study period in Southwestern Niger Delta Fig. 5. Points location of oil-spillage in the study area

Fig.5 depicts the oil spill point locations in the study area based on available data on AGIP’s website. From the illustration, it could be observed that Bayelsa state explicitly has more oil spillage points, followed by River state and lastly, Delta state with very few oil-spillage points. The diagram below shows that in 2015, the oil spill hotspot (high oil spillage magnitude) was between the South-Eastern part of Bayelsa state and the South-Western part of the River state. However, 2016 witnessed hotspot in some areas within all the three states, same applied for 2018 and 2019. In 2020 high oil spillage magnitude (hotspot) was witnessed in the Bayelsa state, with River state having few hotspots and Delta state having cold hotspot across its areas.

Fig. 6. Hotspot and cold spot analysis of oil-spillage

Table 2. Description of land use cover classes for Southwestern Niger Delta Table 1. Description of satellite imageries used for the study

Table 4. Change Detection Statistics for the study area over the given period (1970-2020)

3.2 Change Detection Statistics 3.3 NDVI Variations over the Study Period

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Excerpt From Learn Spilling

by Jo Letke

2023

"Stacks fall. Not only this, but they love to fall (or fail, when we’re talking about server stacks). To understand the spill, is to be prepared for when stacks inevitably exert power plays on our infrastructures, on the weather, on the... more

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Ecological Risk Assessment of Oil Spill Events Using a Coupled Geospatial and Weight of Evidence Data-Process Model

by Ridwan Shittu

2023, International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

This research work applied geospatial and weight of evidence approach to ecological risk assessment for quantifying environmental exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta. Spatial data for Pipelines, Oil spills and Land Cover were... more

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Ecological Risk Assessment of Oil Spill Events Using a Coupled Geospatial and Weight of Evidence Data-Process Model

by RIDWAN SHITTU

2023, International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

This research work applied geospatial and weight of evidence approach to ecological risk assessment for quantifying environmental exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta. Spatial data for Pipelines, Oil spills and Land Cover were... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Emmanuel Yeboah

2022, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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Aquaculture Response and Recovery from the Effects of M/T Solar 1 Oil Spill

by Ruby Napata

2022, Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology

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Oil Spill Modeling: A Critical Review on Current Trends, Perspectives, and Challenges

by Panagiota Keramea

2022, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Several oil spill simulation models exist in the literature, which are used worldwide to simulate the evolution of an oil slick created from marine traffic, petroleum production, or other sources. These models may range from simple... more

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Assessment of Oil Spillage Impact on Vegetation in South-Western Niger Delta, Nigeria

by Emmanuel Yeboah

2022, Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

The present study assesses the impact of oil spillage in the Southwestern Niger Delta of Nigeria over the past fifty (50) years. It further sought to find out the driving forces and implications of oil spillage on vegetation, livelihoods... more

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COVID-19 Contact Tracing: Ghana’s Efforts in the Application of Geospatial Technology in Minimizing the Impact of the Pandemic

by Emmanuel Yeboah

2022, European Journal of Development Studies

COVID-19 has presented unusual challenges for individuals, governments and societies across the globe. Several non-medical and non-pharmaceutical interventions have demonstrated to be critical in addressing the resultant impacts. One... more

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Ecological Risk Assessment of Oil Spill Events Using a Coupled Geospatial and Weight of Evidence Data-Process Model

by oliver mbaoma

2022, International Journal of Environment and Climate Change

This research work applied geospatial and weight of evidence approach to ecological risk assessment for quantifying environmental exposure to oil pollution in the Niger Delta. Spatial data for Pipelines, Oil spills and Land Cover were... more

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Environmental effects of crude oil spill on the physicochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of the Nun River, Niger Delta

by Ernest Nnadi

2022, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

This document is the author's post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published... more

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Effect of Local Crude Oil Refineries On The Environment Of Southern Ijaw Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria

by Frank Oroka

2022, SEAHI PUBLICATIONS

Local refineries activities also called artisanal refining is the use of local facilities to refine stolen rude. These activities are dangerous and therefore have several socioeconomic implications and have done a great damage to the... more

The table 6, above showing the various means of 4.2, 4.4 and 4.5 respectively are more than the cut off mark of 3.0 which indicates that local refineries significantly affect or contaminates the water. This also means it has the ability of reducing food chain in the water thereby making survival difficult for people living in such environments. (see below showing the local crude Oil refining and its effect on the water

with various soil units in the area and they constituted part of the eco-systems. The socio-economic activities of the people in Southern Ijaw may be considered under three main headings namely, primary occupation, secondary occupations and tertiary occupations. The major traditional primary occupations include fishing, commerce and water transportation. However, crude oil exportation by multinational companies and the local crude oil refining, have since become the major sources of socio-economic activities in the area. The area also has higher educational institutions like the Niger Delta University (NDU) in Amassoma and Federal Polytechnic Ekowe, amongst others. The data collected from the primary source which is the use of structure questionnaire is presented on a tabular form and analyzed using simple mean. The presentation is only concerned with the research questions and the test of hypothesis. Chi-square statistical technique was used analysed the data set.

Plate 1: A carrying crude oil to the local refinery. From the table 8, the data presented indicates that item 1, 2 and 3 with the mean score of 4.2, 4.4 and 4.6 respectively are significant as they are above the cut off mark of 3.0. This implies that local refining contaminate the air thereby causing air population which is not safe for breathing. The variables also indicates that crude oil refining causes a number of diseases such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, eye and throat irritations, etc. (see below showing local crude oil refining and its effect on the air).

he analysis presented in the table 10 uSing Chi-square tests, showing the Calculated Chi-square Valu 0.8186, which is more than the Chi-square tabulated 15. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected while Iternative is accepted. This therefore implies that local refining has a significant impact on the air. ocal refining has had several negative impact on the environs of Southern Ijaw Local Government A ‘he effect ranges from soil degradation to air pollution and the contamination of rivers, lakes and stre< ‘hese effects in turn have had socio-economic effect on the people living in the area. The anal evealed in table 2, that local refining causes soil degradation and that the chemicals and oil waste or oil kills the nutrient in the soil thereby making it difficult for plants to grow. A spillage on any farm | saves the plants dead and the damage on the soil is long lasting. Oil waste contain chemicals that oxic to water inhabitants, this was shown in table 4, which revealed that spillage or waste of crud nto rivers, streams, lakes, etc. contaminates the water thereby killing its inhabitant (see plate 2). ontaminated water is not safe for human consumption as well. This therefore means local refineries reat effect on human and the environment where these activities are carried out. Plate 2: Showing water and air pollution by local refinery

Plate 3: Showing the effect of gaseous pollution on the environment

ground during the process of refining. The resulting oil spills from broken pipes and wastes from tens of thousands of makeshift refineries combine to produce enormous environmental pollution on land and in the creeks. Apart from the high risk of self-harm from local refining — a large number of accidents, fires and explosions occur. (See plate 4). Plate 4: Showing the impact on local refinery on the soil it has been reported that petroleum refining contributes solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes in the environment. Some of these wastes could contain toxic components such as the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have been reported to be the real contaminants of oil and most abundant of the main hydrocarbons found in the crude oil mixture. Once introduced in the environment, PAHs could be stable for as short as 48 hours (e.g. naphthalene) or as long as 400 days (e.g. fluoranthene) in soils. They thus, resist degradation and, remain persistent in sediments and when in organisms, could accumulate in adipose tissues and further transferred up the trophic chain or web. Acute exposures to aromatic hydrocarbons, which are common constituents of oil, are known to cause respiratory symptoms and high molecular weight PAHs are of significant concern because of the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and bioaccumulation in organic tissues due to their lipophilic character. Increasing evidence, mainly from the Prestige oil spill, suggests that human population exposed to risks a , OL ee 25 Le ee, i Sennen

Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022

[he data presented in table 10, indicates that item 1,2 and 3 with the mean score of 4.4, 4.6 and 4.6 espectively are significant as they are above the cut off mark of 3.0. This implies that though local ‘efining is risky and poses various danger to human life yet many communities go into it because of various factors such as government abandonment, abject poverty, for quick money, etc. lest of Hypotheses

Table 11: Data Collected in Relation to hypothesis one

From the analysis above in table 12 using the Chi-square tests, the calculated chi-square value 27.4851 is greater than the Chi-square tabulated 15.5 hence; the null hypothesis which state there is no significant impact of local refineries/refining on the soil is rejected while the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This therefore means, local refining has significant effect on the soil negatively. Hoz: There is no significant negative effect of local refineries on the water igha etal. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022

From the table 14, the value of the calculated Chi-square is 27.4851 which is greater than that of the tabulated value of chi-square 15.5. Therefore, the null hypothesis which state there is no significant effect of local refining on the water is rejected while accepting the alternative hypothesis which proves there is a significant effect of local refining on the water. Ho:: There is no significant impact of local refineries on the air. Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022

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The Effects Of Oil Spillage in Opuama Kingdom in Southern Ijaw Local Government Area, Bayelsa State

by Frank Oroka

2022, SEAHI PUBLICATIONS

This research work focused on the effect of oil-spillage in Opuama Kingdom Southern-Ijaw Local Government area, Bayelsa State. It aims at finding out whether oil-spillage as the major environmental pollution in Bayelsa State, Specifically... more

Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Environ. Studies Res. 10(3):1-16, 2022

Plate 1: Impact of oil spillage From table 9, it can be seen 70 persons out of 130 respondents strongly agree that the negligence of the oil companies is the major Cause of oil spillage, 23.1% said agree while 18.5% said strongly disagree and 6 respondents or 4.6% disagree. (See Plate 1).

From the table above it can be deduced that 80 respondents or 61.5% strongly agree that oil spillage can affect plant nutrient, 43 respondents or 33.1%, agree with this, 2 respondents or 1.5% strongly disagree, 5 respondents or 3.9% also disagree. (See Plate 2). Plate 2: Effect of Oil Spillage on Plants

From the table above, it shows that out 130 respondents 65 respondents representing 50% were male while 65% respondents representing 50% were female. (4 oo ob ee. nn ee a a es eee cet

From the table 4.2 represents the age of the respondents it was observed that out of 130 questionnaire collected 14.6% which comprise 19 respondents fall under the age bracket 19-30 and 24.6% or 32 respondents were between the age of 31-40 while 14.6% or 19 respondents were between the age 41 and 50 years, then- 46.2% or 60 respondents were from 51 years and above. Table 4: Marital status of respondents.

From the table 4, it was observed that out of 130 collected 65 respondents are married while making up to 50% are single.

Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Environ. Studies Res. 10(3):1-16, 2022 The table 4.4 shows the distribution of education qualification base on 130 respondents. The table above has it that 40% obtained SSCE, 5% obtained F.S.L.C 20% obtained NCE/OND, 25% obtained HND/B.SC and other obtained 10%. Table 6 Occunation of the respondents

From the table 6 it can be decided that out of 130 questionnaire collected 23.1% or 30 respondents are fisherman 7.7% or 10 respondents are traders 15.4% or 20 respondents are civil servant 15.4% respondents are students 19.2% respondents the farmers while 30.8% respondents represent the Colum for other 2.0%

Table 7 it can be seen that 65 percentages out of 130 respondents they strongly agree that poverty is the main cause of oiispil lage in Opuama Kingdom 40 respondents or 30.8% Agree while 20 respondents or 15.4% disagree, that poverty is not the main cause of oil spillage 5 respondents or 3.8% strongly disagree,

The table 16, shows that 50 respondents or 40% strongly agree. 44 respondents or 33.8% agree to this where s 24 respondents or 18.5% strongly disagree and 10 respondents or 7.7% cannot encourage precipitation on atmosphere.

From the table 19, it shows that 63 respondents or 48.5% strongly agree that oil spillage can affect the existence of animal’s, 51 respondents or 39.2% agree to this whereas 12 respondents or 9.2% strongly disagree and 4 respondents or 3.1% disagree to this also.

From the table 20, it can be seen that 8 respondents or 6.1% strongly agree that oil spillage on water can lead to multiplication of fishes, 17 respondents or 13.1% also or 55.4% strongly disagree, 55 or 25.4% also disagree on this.

From table 22, it clearly shows that out of 130 respondents 100 respondent or 76.9% said yes, while 23.1% said no to it. Racaarch OQnactinn &

DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS The discussions on the findings are presented in relation to the outcome of the study and the corresponding research questions. However, a total of 140 questionnaires where formed and 130 where finally received. Retrieve and analyzed. From the study it was agreed that environmental pollution is a great problem in Bayelsa state. From the research question 1 what are the causes of crude oil the Spillage in the study area. The aim of this research question was to know the causes of oil Spillage at Opuama Kingdom in Southern Tjaw local government area, Bayelsa state. The data contained on table 7,8,9,10 answered this research Table 26: Oil spillage its remediation and management require money

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