Academia.eduAcademia.edu

Figure 12 – uploaded by Frank Oroka

See full PDFdownloadDownload figure
Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022

Table 12 Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022

Related Figures (16)

with various soil units in the area and they constituted part of the eco-systems. The socio-economic activities of the people in Southern Ijaw may be considered under three main headings namely, primary occupation, secondary occupations and tertiary occupations. The major traditional primary occupations include fishing, commerce and water transportation. However, crude oil exportation by multinational companies and the local crude oil refining, have since become the major sources of socio-economic activities in the area. The area also has higher educational institutions like the Niger Delta University (NDU) in Amassoma and Federal Polytechnic Ekowe, amongst others. The data collected from the primary source which is the use of structure questionnaire is presented on a tabular form and analyzed using simple mean. The presentation is only concerned with the research questions and the test of hypothesis. Chi-square statistical technique was used analysed the data set.
with various soil units in the area and they constituted part of the eco-systems. The socio-economic activities of the people in Southern Ijaw may be considered under three main headings namely, primary occupation, secondary occupations and tertiary occupations. The major traditional primary occupations include fishing, commerce and water transportation. However, crude oil exportation by multinational companies and the local crude oil refining, have since become the major sources of socio-economic activities in the area. The area also has higher educational institutions like the Niger Delta University (NDU) in Amassoma and Federal Polytechnic Ekowe, amongst others. The data collected from the primary source which is the use of structure questionnaire is presented on a tabular form and analyzed using simple mean. The presentation is only concerned with the research questions and the test of hypothesis. Chi-square statistical technique was used analysed the data set.
The table 6, above showing the various means of 4.2, 4.4 and 4.5 respectively are more than the cut off mark of 3.0 which indicates that local refineries significantly affect or contaminates the water. This also means it has the ability of reducing food chain in the water thereby making survival difficult for people living in such environments. (see below showing the local crude Oil refining and its effect on the water
The table 6, above showing the various means of 4.2, 4.4 and 4.5 respectively are more than the cut off mark of 3.0 which indicates that local refineries significantly affect or contaminates the water. This also means it has the ability of reducing food chain in the water thereby making survival difficult for people living in such environments. (see below showing the local crude Oil refining and its effect on the water
Plate 1: A carrying crude oil to the local refinery. From the table 8, the data presented indicates that item 1, 2 and 3 with the mean score of 4.2, 4.4 and 4.6 respectively are significant as they are above the cut off mark of 3.0. This implies that local refining contaminate the air thereby causing air population which is not safe for breathing. The variables also indicates that crude oil refining causes a number of diseases such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, eye and throat irritations, etc. (see below showing local crude oil refining and its effect on the air).
Plate 1: A carrying crude oil to the local refinery. From the table 8, the data presented indicates that item 1, 2 and 3 with the mean score of 4.2, 4.4 and 4.6 respectively are significant as they are above the cut off mark of 3.0. This implies that local refining contaminate the air thereby causing air population which is not safe for breathing. The variables also indicates that crude oil refining causes a number of diseases such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, eye and throat irritations, etc. (see below showing local crude oil refining and its effect on the air).
Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022
Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022
Table 10: Computation of Simple mean
Table 10: Computation of Simple mean
[he data presented in table 10, indicates that item 1,2 and 3 with the mean score of 4.4, 4.6 and 4.6 espectively are significant as they are above the cut off mark of 3.0. This implies that though local ‘efining is risky and poses various danger to human life yet many communities go into it because of various factors such as government abandonment, abject poverty, for quick money, etc. lest of Hypotheses
[he data presented in table 10, indicates that item 1,2 and 3 with the mean score of 4.4, 4.6 and 4.6 espectively are significant as they are above the cut off mark of 3.0. This implies that though local ‘efining is risky and poses various danger to human life yet many communities go into it because of various factors such as government abandonment, abject poverty, for quick money, etc. lest of Hypotheses
Table 11: Data Collected in Relation to hypothesis one
Table 11: Data Collected in Relation to hypothesis one
From the analysis above in table 12 using the Chi-square tests, the calculated chi-square value 27.4851 is greater than the Chi-square tabulated 15.5 hence; the null hypothesis which state there is no significant impact of local refineries/refining on the soil is rejected while the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This therefore means, local refining has significant effect on the soil negatively. Hoz: There is no significant negative effect of local refineries on the water igha etal. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022
From the analysis above in table 12 using the Chi-square tests, the calculated chi-square value 27.4851 is greater than the Chi-square tabulated 15.5 hence; the null hypothesis which state there is no significant impact of local refineries/refining on the soil is rejected while the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This therefore means, local refining has significant effect on the soil negatively. Hoz: There is no significant negative effect of local refineries on the water igha etal. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022
From the table 14, the value of the calculated Chi-square is 27.4851 which is greater than that of the tabulated value of chi-square 15.5. Therefore, the null hypothesis which state there is no significant effect of local refining on the water is rejected while accepting the alternative hypothesis which proves there is a significant effect of local refining on the water. Ho:: There is no significant impact of local refineries on the air. Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022
From the table 14, the value of the calculated Chi-square is 27.4851 which is greater than that of the tabulated value of chi-square 15.5. Therefore, the null hypothesis which state there is no significant effect of local refining on the water is rejected while accepting the alternative hypothesis which proves there is a significant effect of local refining on the water. Ho:: There is no significant impact of local refineries on the air. Digha et al. ..... Int. J. Innovative Soc. Sc. & Hum. Res. 10(3):56-69, 2022
he analysis presented in the table 10 uSing Chi-square tests, showing the Calculated Chi-square Valu 0.8186, which is more than the Chi-square tabulated 15. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected while Iternative is accepted. This therefore implies that local refining has a significant impact on the air. ocal refining has had several negative impact on the environs of Southern Ijaw Local Government A ‘he effect ranges from soil degradation to air pollution and the contamination of rivers, lakes and stre< ‘hese effects in turn have had socio-economic effect on the people living in the area. The anal evealed in table 2, that local refining causes soil degradation and that the chemicals and oil waste or oil kills the nutrient in the soil thereby making it difficult for plants to grow. A spillage on any farm | saves the plants dead and the damage on the soil is long lasting. Oil waste contain chemicals that oxic to water inhabitants, this was shown in table 4, which revealed that spillage or waste of crud nto rivers, streams, lakes, etc. contaminates the water thereby killing its inhabitant (see plate 2). ontaminated water is not safe for human consumption as well. This therefore means local refineries reat effect on human and the environment where these activities are carried out. Plate 2: Showing water and air pollution by local refinery
he analysis presented in the table 10 uSing Chi-square tests, showing the Calculated Chi-square Valu 0.8186, which is more than the Chi-square tabulated 15. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected while Iternative is accepted. This therefore implies that local refining has a significant impact on the air. ocal refining has had several negative impact on the environs of Southern Ijaw Local Government A ‘he effect ranges from soil degradation to air pollution and the contamination of rivers, lakes and stre< ‘hese effects in turn have had socio-economic effect on the people living in the area. The anal evealed in table 2, that local refining causes soil degradation and that the chemicals and oil waste or oil kills the nutrient in the soil thereby making it difficult for plants to grow. A spillage on any farm | saves the plants dead and the damage on the soil is long lasting. Oil waste contain chemicals that oxic to water inhabitants, this was shown in table 4, which revealed that spillage or waste of crud nto rivers, streams, lakes, etc. contaminates the water thereby killing its inhabitant (see plate 2). ontaminated water is not safe for human consumption as well. This therefore means local refineries reat effect on human and the environment where these activities are carried out. Plate 2: Showing water and air pollution by local refinery
Plate 3: Showing the effect of gaseous pollution on the environment
Plate 3: Showing the effect of gaseous pollution on the environment
ground during the process of refining. The resulting oil spills from broken pipes and wastes from tens of thousands of makeshift refineries combine to produce enormous environmental pollution on land and in the creeks. Apart from the high risk of self-harm from local refining — a large number of accidents, fires and explosions occur. (See plate 4). Plate 4: Showing the impact on local refinery on the soil it has been reported that petroleum refining contributes solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes in the environment. Some of these wastes could contain toxic components such as the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have been reported to be the real contaminants of oil and most abundant of the main hydrocarbons found in the crude oil mixture. Once introduced in the environment, PAHs could be stable for as short as 48 hours (e.g. naphthalene) or as long as 400 days (e.g. fluoranthene) in soils. They thus, resist degradation and, remain persistent in sediments and when in organisms, could accumulate in adipose tissues and further transferred up the trophic chain or web. Acute exposures to aromatic hydrocarbons, which are common constituents of oil, are known to cause respiratory symptoms and high molecular weight PAHs are of significant concern because of the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and bioaccumulation in organic tissues due to their lipophilic character. Increasing evidence, mainly from the Prestige oil spill, suggests that human population exposed to risks a , OL ee 25 Le ee, i Sennen
ground during the process of refining. The resulting oil spills from broken pipes and wastes from tens of thousands of makeshift refineries combine to produce enormous environmental pollution on land and in the creeks. Apart from the high risk of self-harm from local refining — a large number of accidents, fires and explosions occur. (See plate 4). Plate 4: Showing the impact on local refinery on the soil it has been reported that petroleum refining contributes solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes in the environment. Some of these wastes could contain toxic components such as the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which have been reported to be the real contaminants of oil and most abundant of the main hydrocarbons found in the crude oil mixture. Once introduced in the environment, PAHs could be stable for as short as 48 hours (e.g. naphthalene) or as long as 400 days (e.g. fluoranthene) in soils. They thus, resist degradation and, remain persistent in sediments and when in organisms, could accumulate in adipose tissues and further transferred up the trophic chain or web. Acute exposures to aromatic hydrocarbons, which are common constituents of oil, are known to cause respiratory symptoms and high molecular weight PAHs are of significant concern because of the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and bioaccumulation in organic tissues due to their lipophilic character. Increasing evidence, mainly from the Prestige oil spill, suggests that human population exposed to risks a , OL ee 25 Le ee, i Sennen
Related topics:
Impact of Oil Spillage on the Environment
580 California St., Suite 400
San Francisco, CA, 94104
© 2025 Academia. All rights reserved