Hyoid bone

Objetivo: investigar a influência da postura habitual da cabeça, da posição mandibular e do osso hióide na atividade dos músculos supra e infra-hióideos durante deglutição de diferentes consistências de alimentos. Método: estudo observacional, transversal, com mulheres entre 19 e 35 anos, sem alterações miofuncionais de deglutição. A postura craniocervical, posição da mandíbula e osso hióide foram avaliados pela cefalometria. A atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos supra e infra-hióideos foi coletada durante a deglutição de água, gelatina e biscoito. Resultados: amostra com 16 mulheres, média de idade 24,19±2,66 anos. No repouso, observaram-se correlações negativas/moderadas entre a atividade elétrica dos músculos supra-hióideos com as variáveis posturais NSL/CVT (posição da cabeça em relação às vértebras cervicais) e NSL/OPT (posição da cabeça em relação à coluna cervical) e positiva/moderada com o ângulo CVA (posição de flexão/extensão da cabeça). Durante a deglutição do biscoito, a atividade dos músculos infra-hióideos apresentou correlação negativa/moderada com o ângulo NSL/OPT. Constatou-se maior atividade elétrica dos músculos supra-hióideos durante a deglutição de todos os alimentos testados e, dos músculos infra-hióideos, no repouso. Os supra-hióideos foram mais ativos que os infra-hióideos durante a deglutição, entretanto, houve aumento da atividade eletromiográfica em ambos os grupos musculares durante a deglutição do biscoito, comparado com a deglutição de água e gelatina. Conclusão: a hiperextensão da cabeça repercutiu na menor atividade dos músculos supra-hióideos no repouso e, dos músculos infra-hióideos, na deglutição. A consistência do alimento influenciou na atividade elétrica dos músculos supra e infra--hióideos, havendo maior recrutamento muscular na deglutição de alimento sólido. O processo de deglutição é um complexo mecanismo sensório-motor que envolve, sequencialmente, excitação e inibição de diferentes níveis do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) 1,2 . É caracterizado por três fases (oral, faríngea e esofágica) que requerem movimentos coordenados de boca, língua, laringe e esôfago e são independentes uma das outras . No entanto, a geração de padrões do SNC controla o tempo destes eventos e as manifestações periféricas dessas fases que dependem de estímulos sensoriais periféricos 3 .

Tooth loss is a prevalent health issue that traditional solutions address through either prosthodontic restorations or dental implants. Laboratory-produced bioengineered teeth are no longer a scientific speculation, as regenerative medicine continues to make innovative progress. The critical advancement within this research area relies on USAG-1 (Uterine Sensitization Associated Gene-1) gene suppression which blocks tooth development. Scientists have shown that USAG-1 inhibition leads to supernumerary tooth growth through recent studies thereby creating a modern dental therapeutic option. The investigative analysis reviews existing knowledge about lab-grown teeth to explore USAG-1 regulation of dental tissue regeneration together with potential treatments despite implementation barriers.

The displacement of the hyoid bone (HB) is a critical biomechanical component of the swallowing function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the swallowing-induced vertical and horizontal displacements of the HB in subjects with 2 different magnitudes of skeletal Class III malocclusion, by means of realtime, balanced turbo-field-echo (B-TFE) cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Methods: The study population comprised 19 patients with mild skeletal Class III malocclusion, 16 with severe skeletal Class III malocclusion, and 20 with a skeletal Class I relationship. Before the commencement of the study, all subjects underwent cephalometric analysis to identify the nature of skeletal malformations. B-TFE images were obtained for the 4 consecutive stages of deglutition as each patient swallowed 10 mL of water, and the vertical and horizontal displacements of the HB were measured at each stage. Results: At all stages of swallowing, the vertical position of the HB in the severe Class III malocclusion group was significantly lower than those in the mild Class III and Class I malocclusion groups. Similarly, the horizontal displacement of the HB was found to be significantly associated with the severity of malocclusion, i.e., the degree of Class III malocclusion, while the amount of anterior displacement of the HB decreased with an increase in the severity of the Class III deformity. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the existence of a relationship between the magnitude of Class III malocclusion and HB displacement during swallowing.

This paper examines the articulatory correlates of the Hero and Villain Voice Types, which were auditorily identified in a separate study on cartoon voices, using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. In general, the MRI images were in good agreement with the previous auditory analysis results; the major characteristic difference between voice quality settings of heroes and those of villains and between two villainous voice types was found in the supraglottal states and the pharyngeal cavity. Auditory analysis can be as valid as acoustic or any other analysis method depending on the level of training in a commonly accepted system such as Laver's framework for voice quality description. However, the MRI technique also allowed us to see what would not be observed otherwise, e.g., larynx height, pharyngeal cavity, vocal tract length, and the position of the hyoid bone. Auditory and physiological methods should be used in combination in order to further our understanding of the larynx and the pharynx.

Objective: To describe the patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone in healthy individuals, considering their displacements during swallowing of different consistencies. Methods: Two hundred one swallowing videofluoroscopy exams of 67 adult and elderly individuals without swallowing disorders were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was performed to identify and describe the patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone. Results: Seven types of displacement of the hyoid bone were found: H1 (horizontal), H2 (short vertical and long horizontal), H3 (vertical and diagonal to upper), H4 (long vertical and short horizontal), H5 (vertical), H6 (diagonal), and H7 (brief). The standards were maintained in different consistencies. The most frequent pattern of displacement was type H2. The distribution of the types of displacement of the hyoid was different among men and women. Conclusion: Seven patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone during swallowing of normal adults and older people have been described. The most frequent pattern of displacement was horizontal, with variations in distribution between men and women. The displacement pattern was maintained during the swallowing of the three different consistencies (thin, pasty and solid liquid).

Hyoid bone fractures due to blunt trauma are exceedingly rare. Here, we present an isolated hyoid bone fracture caused by blunt trauma as well as a detailed discussion of the injury and treatment options. A 32-year-old male was admitted to emergency department with odynophagia and severe neck pain. He had been hit in the neck with a metal rod during a fight. Computed tomography scan revealed a fracture on hyoid bone and local swelling of adjacent soft tissues. The patient\'s head was elevated, and ice packs were used to reduce the swelling. Diclofenac sodium and prednisolone were administered. Patient was discharged with a recommendation of out-patient control. Odynophagia, dysphagia and dyspnoea should alert the physician to possible hyoid or laryngeal damage. Fibre optic laryngoscopy and neck CT are important diagnostic steps to reveal a possible life-threatening injury. Conservative treatment is usually adequate, and patients rarely require surgical intervention.

Objective: For thyroglossal duct (TGD) cysts which extend into the
tongue base, or have had failed prior excision, exposure through the neck
can be challenging. The aim of this study is to describe a case series of
patients who underwent combined transcervical and transoral robotic
surgery (TORS) to completely excise large or recurrent lingual TGD cysts.
Methods: Retrospective chart review of a case series of 5 adult
patients who underwent combined Sistrunk and TORS approach to
treat large or recurrent lingual TGD cysts at a tertiary care institution.
Results: 3/5 patients had undergone excision in the past, with cyst
recurrence deep to the hyoid bone and extending into the tongue base. 2/5
had not had prior surgery, but the cyst was primarily within the tongue base.
All patients underwent combined excision, with the TORS component
completed first before the transcervical exposure. All patients required
pharyngotomy by the nature and location of the TGD cyst, and all underwent
primary closure through the neck incision. All healed well, resumed
oral intake, and have demonstrated no recurrence in 2-year follow-up.
Conclusion: A combined transcervical and transoral approach is feasible
and successful in treating the adult patient with large or recurrent lingual
TGD cysts that have supra- and infrahyoid extension.

Background: When a method is unusual, the intention is very strong and then prevention becomes a big challenge; although, suicide is a preventable public health problem. The author aimed to look into unusual methods of suicidal attempts so that they can be considered in the formulation of prevention strategies. A search was done in PubMed, PubMed Central, Google, Google Scholar, and BanglaJOL with specific searching key words between 2000 and 2017. Eventually, 23 articles were selected purposively for review. Results: Nine suicide cases were reported as unusual poisoning, eight attempts were by violent methods, four by stabbing, and another four by unusual asphyxia. The mean age of the victims was 39.96 years, ranging from 17 to 80 years old, 68% being male. A total of 18 (72%) respondents died by the act, while 28% were saved from fatal attempts. Of the victims, 36% were found to have mental disorders, i.e. 28% had depression, 4% had schizophrenia, and 4% had bipolar 1 disorder. Seven cases had notable risk factors and two had a history of previous attempts. Adult males are more prone to use unusual methods. Males used violent methods more than females, whereas females used more unusual poisoning methods. Asian and south Asians used more poisoning methods than those from other parts of the world.

We describe a case of a 31-year-old woman with a chondrosarcoma of the hyoid bone. e patient presented with a mass in the left submandibular region. Fine-needle aspiration cytology suggested chondroma, but further imaging investigation with CT revealed an exophytic tumor originating from the body of the hyoid bone. Histopathology of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of a intermediate-grade chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcomas account for 11% of all bone cancers. Primary sites of the head and the neck include the nasal cavity, the skull base, the maxilla, the mandible. Chondrosarcomas of the hyoid bone are very rare, with only 23 cases previously reported in the literature.

The objective was to determine whether hyoid bone elevation induced by an anterior mandibular positioning appliance (AMP) predicts the effectiveness of the AMP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Fifteen patients (12 males and 3 females) underwent polysomnographic recordings and lateral cephalograms before and after AMP use of at least 6 months. Measurements of sleep variables and upper airway morphology were compared between pre-AMP and with-AMP states. The AMP appliance reduced apnea-hypopnea indices (AHI) ∼53% (33.77 ± 3.29 vs. 15.85 ± 3.78, P = 0.0013). Cephalograms of the oropharyngeal airway showed that the hyoid bone moved superiorly toward the inferior mandibular border ( H-MP) ∼5 mm (23.4 ± 1.44 vs. 18.27 ± 1.86, P = 0.0377), with the AMP inserted in the oral cavity; no airway measurement other than hyoid bone position changed. No significant correlations emerged between AHI improvement ( AHI) and amounts of hyoid elevation ( H-MP) when all patients were pooled. However, when the samples were subcategorized, the correlation coefficients increased significantly (P < 0.01) in both subgroups. This outcome suggests the presence of two distinct types among the "Good-Responders" to AMP appliance use. Overall use of the AMP appliance is effective; however, the effectiveness of the appliance appears to depend on the mode of hyoid elevations, likely resulting from muscle responsiveness in patients with AMP use. The results suggest that H-MP measurements may be a useful marker to segregate patients with tongue and hyoid muscles responsive to AMP from those not-so-responsive.

Tulang hyoid terletak di anterior midline dari leher, berada dibawah mandibula serta terhubung dengan kranium melalui perlekatan otot. Relasi skeletal yang terdiri dari kelas I, II, dan III memiliki variasi hubungan maksila dan mandibula terhadap basis kranium, sehingga dapat memengaruhi posisi dari tulang hyoid. Hal ini dapat ditinjau dari radiograf sefalometri dengan metode segitiga hyoid. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui posisi tulang hyoid berdasarkan relasi skeletal ditinjau dari radiograf sefalometri. Metode: Jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan populasi penelitian 65 radiograf sefalometri pasien berdasarkan relasi skeletal tahun 2018-2019 di Program Pendidikan Dokter Gigi Spesialis (PPDGS) Ortodonti FKG Unpad yang memiliki keterangan Analisis Steiner dan gambaran titik C3 (Servikal ke-3), H (Hyoid), dan RGn (Retrognati) terlihat jelas, serta tidak menggunakan alat ortodonti. Hasil: Posisi Tulang Hyoid berdasarkan Metode Segitiga Hyoid terdapat segitiga positif 68% pada relasi skeletal kelas I, 53,12 % pada relasi skeletal kelas II dan 62,5% pada relasi skeletal kelas III. Posisi tulang hyoid berdasarkan jarak H-C3 pada relasi skeletal kelas II didapatkan rerata jarak terkecil yaitu 34,51 mm. Simpulan: Posisi tulang hyoid pasien berdasarkan relasi skeletal bervariasi namun lebih banyak berada di atas garis C3-RGn dan membentuk segitiga positif serta untuk rerata jarak tulang H-C3 pada relasi skeletal kelas II memiliki rerata jarak terkecil dibandingkan pada relasi skeletal kelas I dan III.

Previous reports have suggested that thyroglossal duct cysts (TDCs) appear on sonograms as well-defined cystic masses with thin walls and posterior enhancement. In our experience, however, TDCs have a variable sonographic appearance. We report our findings in 40 patients with TDCs and document the variability of sonographic patterns. All patients in whom the diagnosis of TDC was made clinically (by at least two head and neck surgeons) and sonography detected a cystic mass related to the hyoid bone were included in this study. Sonograms of 40 patients with TDCs were reviewed. The features evaluated were the location, internal echogenicity, posterior enhancement, presence of septa, solid component, and fistulous tract. The echo pattern was not compared with the biopsy results. Four patterns of TDCs were identified: anechoic (28%), homogeneously hypoechoic with internal debris (18%), pseudosolid (28%), and heterogeneous (28%). The majority showed posterior enhancement (88%), were midli...

Stiloidni je sindrom stanje kada produaeeni stiloidni nastavak ili kalcificirani stilohioidni ligament uzrokuje povremene boli i vratu, osjeÊaj stranog tijela ili neki drugi oblik retromandibularno-cervikalne boli. U odraslih stiloidni nastavak dug je oko 25 mm s vrπkom koji se nalazi izmeu vanjske i unutarnje karotidne arterije postraniËno od zida aedrijela i tonzilarne udubine. Osifikacijom stilohioidnog i stilomandibularnoga ligamenta produaeuju se stiloidni nastavak i kliniËki simptomi. U kliniËkoj slici tri su sindroma tijesno povezana sa sindromom stiloidnog nastavka: Costenov, Trotterov i miofascijalni bolni sindrom. Dijagnozu je moguÊe postaviti kliniËkim pregledom i palpacijom tonzilarne udubine, pri Ëemu se javlja bol. Rendgenski nalaz moaee pokazati nekoliko moguÊih inaËica: produaeeni, pseudoartikularni i segmentirani stiloidni nastavak, a po naËinu kalcifikacije: perifernu, djelomiËnu i potpunu kalcifikaciju, te nodularni oblik kalcifikacije. LijeËenje je primarno kirurπko. Vaaeno je lijeËnikovo znanje o moguÊim kliniËkim inaËicama i raznolikoj simptomatologiji. Autori prikazuju primjer bolesnice s kliniËkom slikom stilohidnoga sindroma lijeËene kirurπkim zahvatom skraÊivanja produaeenoga stiloidnog nastavka.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean radiographic length of styloid process in a sample of Croatian population, and based on biological basis, to suggest a classification applicable in clinical practice. Two hundred and ninety six panoramic x-rays were examined, out of which 161 from males and 135 from females. The length of the styloid process was measured and age analysis was conducted. The styloid process was observed in approximately three-quarters of the studied sample. The mean length of the styloid process was 21.6 mm for the right side and 21.2 mm for the left side. Statistical analysis of the obtained data shows the existence of three different groups of styloid processes: short (under 21 mm), normal (21-30 mm) and elongated (more than 30 mm) styloid processes. This study explains trimodal distribution as a consequence of developmental changes. This classification is both the biologically based and clinical relevant.

Aim To study the anthropometric measurements of UA in patients of OSA and assess the relation between UA anatomy and severity of OSA. Introduction Anatomical and nonanatomical factors are implicated in OSA in which repetitive collapse of UA occurs. Scarcity of data regarding UA anhropometry in OSA exist especially in Indian population. Materials and Methods A prospective observational case control study was carried in which 60 OSA (mild:n=20, moderate:n=20, severe:n=20) and control group (n=20) underwent MRI and lateral cephalometry of UA. Linear Regression analysis (univariate and multivariate linear regression) of various parameters was done to find out the factors correlated with OSA. Results In MRI, distance between hyoid bone and posterior nasal spine (H-PNS) and hyoid and posterior pharynx wall near vertebral column (H-COL) was found to be statistically significant (mild=60.23 mm, moderate=68.72 mm, severe=77.26 mm: control=60.23 mm:p=0.001) and (mild=14.8 mm, mod=15.2 mm, sev...

This work is part of a project in a quest of the origin of speech. From classical bony landmarks of the head and jaw used in anthropology, and using a generic model of the vocal tract we attempted to apply the prediction of geometric limits of the vocal tract for modern man to fossils covering a period from 10 ka until 2 Ma (Paleolithic period). We can infer that all the reconstituted vocal tracts could produce the same variety of speech sounds as we can today. But we do not know to what extent they mastered the control skills needed to produce speech.

The objective of this work is twofold. First, a model of the vocal tract is positioned into the bony architecture of the male and female skulls from birth to adulthood. Second, vowel spaces are determined and vowel prototypes, for the cardinal vowels, are synthesized using a simulation of the laryngeal source. Results of this modeling study during ontogeny allow for a better understanding of speech acquisition processes in infants and vocal tract reconstruction of fossils' Hominids.

If newly-born infants had the same sensorimotor control capabilities as adults, would their vocal tracts enable them to produce the same range of [i a u] vowel contrasts? Has increasing the volume of the pharynx by lowering the larynx been a necessary evolutionary phase for humans to produce speech? Using a new articulatory model for simulation of vocal tract growth, we calculated the shift and size of the vowel space with age. Our results show that: The maximal vowel space of newborn infants is potentially (at least) the same as adults; There is no reason to think that larynx lowering and increase in pharynx size have been guided by evolution towards speech. Our simulations allow the main flaws of Lieberman's computations to be pinpointed and invalidate his well known thesis presented in 1971 and defended even now: a low larynx and a large pharynx considered as the anatomical basis for speech.

Objective: To carry out a 3D vector reconstruction of the muscles of the ventral region of the neck from anatomical sections of the "Korean Visible Human" for educational purposes. Materials and Methods: The anatomical subject was a 33-year-old Korean man who died of leukemia. He was 164 cm tall and weighed 55 kgs. The anatomical sections were made in 2010 after an MRI and a CT scan. A special saw (cryomacrotome) made it possible to make

The hyoid bone is the only &quot;suspended bone&quot; in our body, and its suspension system has an important role in posture maintenance. We studied postural modification in a group of patients affected by Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndromewho had undergone surgical treatment including hyoid suspension. The surgical procedure performed was section of supraand infrahyoid muscle and mobilization of the hyoid bone through its suspension to the thyroid cartilage. We studied the postural changes with stabilometric tests. In the early post-operative (one week) follow-up, we performed a posturography test with closed eyes and occlusal disjunction, and saw a worsening of the average parameter of the centre of pressure with antero-posterior oscillations. However, we would like to highlight that by the time of the one year follow up, a compensatory mechanism had been established which allowed for a return to normal hyoid bone kinematics. © EuroMediterranean Biomedical Journal 2017

The pharyngeal airway, tongue, and hyoid bone are correlated. The hyoid bone is connected to the pharynx, mandible, and cranium through muscles and ligaments and its position with respect to them determines the tongue posture and function. It also plays an important role in maintaining the airway and upright natural head position. Different skeletal patterns have different morphologies and shapes of the mandible, which might be affected by the position of the hyoid bone and the pharyngeal airway depth. This cephalometric study was conducted to relate the pharyngeal airway depth and the hyoid bone position of different skeletal patterns in sagittal dimension, and it determines and compares the linear parameters of the pharyngeal airway depth in Class I, II, and III malocclusion groups and anteroposterior, vertical, and angular positions of the hyoid bone positions in Class I, II, and III malocclusion groups. Materials and methods: Lateral cephalometric radiographs selected for study were divided into three groups of 30 samples each based on ANB angle and β angle into skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III, respectively. Five linear measurements for the pharyngeal airway depth, four linear measurements for anteroposterior position, two linear measurements for vertical position, and one angular measurement for angular hyoid bone position were made. Results: The pharyngeal airway depth was found to show no statistically significant difference between Class I and Class III malocclusions. The pharyngeal airway depth in Class II malocclusion was found to be statistically smaller at D1 as compared to that in Class I and Class III malocclusions, whereas it remained the same at the rest of the locations measured, i.e., D2, D3, D4, and D5. The Class III malocclusion group showed a significant statistical difference in the anteroposterior hyoid bone position at all levels (i.e., H1, H2, H3, and H4) as compared to the Class II malocclusion group, whereas it showed a statistically significant difference as compared to the Class I malocclusion group at H1 and H3. The angular inclination of the hyoid bone in the Class II malocclusion group showed a statistically significant difference with the Class I and Class III malocclusion group but the Class III malocclusion group showed no significant difference statistically when compared to the Class I malocclusion group. The pharyngeal airway depth in the Class II malocclusion group was also found to be narrower at the superiormost level measured at the posterior nasal spine from the posterior pharyngeal wall. The hyoid bone position was variable in angular and anteroposterior dimensions among different malocclusion groups.

This study aims to compare polygraphic data in patients with OSA treated with Barbed Reposition Pharyngoplasty (BRP) performed with a simplified technique compared to the standard method. Variations of technique were performed and tested with the purpose of promoting tolerability and diffusion of this simplified technique. To evaluate the efficacy of the simplified BRP method, a sample of 99 patients was divided into two groups: Group A was treated with BRP (BRP group) and Group B was treated with simplified BRP (sBRP group). The results obtained on the two groups were compared with the two sample Bootstrap t-tests method, showing a substantial overlap in polygraphic results recorded 6 months after surgery.

Oral appliances are increasingly recommended for selected patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and those who do not tolerate nor prefer continuous positive airway pressure. The most commonly used oral appliance advances the lower jaw during sleep, the so-called mandibular advancement device (MAD). Patients seek treatment because of disturbing snoring, daytime symptoms, apnoeas that disturb sleep and the longer term consequences with regard to cardiovascular risks. MADs reduce the apnoea-hypopnoea index, although to various degrees among patients. Effects on daytime sleepiness have been observed mainly among the more severe OSA patients. Blood pressure may be reduced in MADtreated OSA patients. There is, however, uncertainty about which patients will respond to this therapy in terms of apnoea reductions, decreased sleepiness and other symptoms, and reduced risk for future impaired health. The occurrence of side-effects also remains difficult to predict at present. The majority of sleep apnoea patients suffer from various comorbidities in terms of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and depression. The most recent findings indicate that phenotyping of patients, considering various aspects of this multifaceted disease, will shed more light on the indications for MADs in patients with nightly sleep breathing disturbances. This review summarises the most recent knowledge about MAD treatment. Patients with a moderate pharyngeal collapsibility and low loop gain are likely to respond to MAD therapy, i.e. characteristics that have been identified as beneficial with respect to the mechanism of action

Objective: To examine changes in hyoid to mandibular plane distance (H-MP) and tongue length (TL) between children who had orthodontic treatment with and without rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Materials and Methods: Lateral and frontal cephalograms of 138 patients treated with RME and 148 controls treated without RME were used to measure pretreatment (T 1 ) and posttreatment (T 2 ) intermolar (IM) distance, lateronasal width (LNW), H-MP, and TL. Medical histories were used to collect demographic information, history of mouth breathing, difficulty breathing through the nose, and previous adenotonsillectomy. Groups were group-matched for age and gender. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Group means were compared using t-tests and chi-square statistics. Reliability was estimated using intraclass correlations and kappa statistics. Statistical significance was set at P , .05.

Objective: To describe the patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone in healthy individuals, considering their displacements during swallowing of different consistencies. Methods: Two hundred one swallowing videofluoroscopy exams of 67 adult and elderly individuals without swallowing disorders were analyzed. Descriptive analysis was performed to identify and describe the patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone. Results: Seven types of displacement of the hyoid bone were found: H1 (horizontal), H2 (short vertical and long horizontal), H3 (vertical and diagonal to upper), H4 (long vertical and short horizontal), H5 (vertical), H6 (diagonal), and H7 (brief). The standards were maintained in different consistencies. The most frequent pattern of displacement was type H2. The distribution of the types of displacement of the hyoid was different among men and women. Conclusion: Seven patterns of displacement of the hyoid bone during swallowing of normal adults and older people have been described. The most frequent pattern of displacement was horizontal, with variations in distribution between men and women. The displacement pattern was maintained during the swallowing of the three different consistencies (thin, pasty and solid liquid).

Introduction: Thyroglossal tract cysts (TTCs) are the most common congenital cysts of the neck. Around 50% of cases are detected in the first 2 decades of life, but can also appear later in adulthood. Clinical cases: A 62-year-old patient with no specific pathological history had a cervical mass that had been evolving for more than 30 years. Clinical examination revealed a mass in the left submandibular region, measuring 3.5cm in long axis, firm in consistency, regular in contour, painless, immobile on swallowing, with healthy surrounding skin and no signs of compression. On CT scan, the appearance was suggestive of a left submandibular tumefaction, and a 72-year-old patient with no particular pathological history presented with a cervical mass that had been evolving for over 5 years, with no signs of compression of adjacent organs. Clinical examination revealed a mass in the anterior cervical region, at the level of the hyoid bone, measuring 2.2cm long, firm in consistency, regular in contour, painless, immobile on swallowing, with healthy skin and no signs of compression. On CT scan, the appearance was suggestive of a left median and paramedian cystic formation, embedded in the homolateral infra-hyoid muscle, abutting the thyroid cartilage without lysis opposite, and fusing at the level of the HTE lodge corresponding to a cyst of the sub-hyoid thyreoglossal tract. Exploratory cervicotomy in both patients revealed a superficial cystic mass, adherent to the body of the hyoid bone, raising strong suspicion of a thyroglossal tract cyst. Surgical excision was performed using the Sistrunk technique, removing the cyst en bloc with the body of the hyoid bone. The surgical specimen was sent for histological examination, which confirmed the diagnosis of KTT. Thyroglossal tract cysts are common in children, but rare in adults. The key to its management is to know how to recognize it when faced with a cervical mass.

Omohyoid muscle consists of superior and inferior bellies connected by an intermediate tendon. Various anomalies of superior belly of omohyoid are described in literature. However, absence of superior belly of omohyoid is rarely reported. During regular head and neck dissection conducted for dental students at M S Ramaiah Medical College, variant omohyoid muscle were found in two male cadavers of south Indian origin. The variation noticed was unilateral in both the cases with normal inferior belly of omohyoid. In these cases the absent superior belly of omohyoid, is replaced by a fibrous tendon. Surgeons should be aware of this variation as it forms an important landmark for head and neck surgeries. It is also used as myocutaneous flaps for various reconstruction procedures.

In 1923, Pierre Robin identified in a group of infants a classical triad of clinical signs: micrognathia, glossoptosis, and obstruction of the upper airways, frequently associated with cleft palate . Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) can be found as an isolated condition or in association with other malformations or neurodevelopmental anomalies, with more pronounced symptoms and systemic involvement. PRS is a very heterogeneous entity, not only phenotypically but regarding its ontogeny . In some cases, PRS ontogeny implies a developmental anomaly of the mandible, which originates in the first brachial arch. In others, its ontogeny implies abnormal mandibular foetal movements generated by the hindbrain activity, which originates in the 2nd and 3th branchial arches . Pierre Robin sequence is associated with respiratory problems and difficult swallowing. These functional alterations may involve bone and muscular structures in close relationship with the jaw as the hyoid bone develops. Swallowing, chewing, breathing, and head position are influenced by the position of the hyoid bone .

There are two very common sayings about corpse (dead body). The first common saying is that "the corpse is a silent witness who never lies" and the other common saying is that "the dead body is extremely eloquent and honestly informative, if one exercises patience in listening to it." Both these sayings were proved in one of our cases. In the present case, decomposed body of an unidentified female individual aged about 25 -26 years was recovered from the bank of western Yamuna canal in Haryana. The police made the efforts for establishing the identity of the deceased but could not succeed. The body was forwarded to the district hospital for autopsy along with the inquest report. However, the body being in advanced stage of decomposition so it was referred from the district hospital to the department of Forensic Medicine, PGIMS, Rohtak (Haryana) for the examination and the expert opinion regarding the cause of death. The findings observed on examination of the body helped to deduce the cause, time and manner of death whereas certain important objective features of identification were also observed and ultimately proper identity of the deceased could be established beyond the reasonable doubt by DNA profile of the samples preserved at autopsy. The autopsy findings, DNA profile and the results of examination of other materials (exhibits) taken from the body not only revealed the truth from the silent witness-the corpse, but also provided objective and scientific evidence to establish the corpus delicti in this case.

Swallow therapy, also known as dysphagia treatment, is a therapeutic intervention for individuals with difficulty swallowing due to conditions such as head and neck cancer, stroke, and ageing. The aim is to enhance swallowing safety and efficiency while minimising the risk of choking and aspiration. This study evaluated the efficacy of swallow therapy in 60 patients who had suffered a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Initial assessments of swallowing function and aspiration risk were conducted, followed by a therapy regimen that included various exercises. Results showed that after therapy, 57% of patients achieved normal swallowing function, while 30% had mild aspirations, and 13% had moderate aspirations, with no severe cases reported. The swallowing ability of CVA patients significantly improved within seven days. In conclusion, swallow therapy significantly enhances recovery and quality of life for CVA patients while reducing healthcare costs and preventing complications.

PurposeTo determine the sonographic appearances of the endochondral ossification process of the thyroid cartilage in children.MethodsThyroid cartilage sonography (US) of 420 children was performed with a high‐resolution linear‐array transducer. Right and left laminae of the thyroid cartilage, including the inferior horns, were examined. Ossification foci were evaluated for their presence, location, shape, size, echo pattern, and number.ResultsFour hundred nineteen children, 239 girls and 180 boys, were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 109.8 ± 60.7 months. Ossification foci were found in 167 children (39.9%). First ossification focus detection age was 72 months in girls and 79 months in boys. On both laminae, the most frequent appearance of the ossification focus was hypoechoic (right: 94.8%, left: 93.5%). Prevalence and number of ossification foci increased with age in each sex. The shape of the ossification foci in both laminae was generally nonexpansile (right: 92.9%, left...

T hyroglossal duct cysts (TDCs) are the most common congenital neck cysts. 1 They often contain ectopic thyroid tissue (71%), with up to 3% of TDC excisions demonstrating papillary thyroid carcinoma. 2 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) typically arises from salivary glands and has rarely been associated with thyroid tissue or TDC. This rare case of concurrent MEC and TDC highlights the differential diagnosis for a midline neck mass. Informed consent was obtained, as was ethics approval from the University of Manitoba Research Ethics Board.

T hyroglossal duct cysts (TDCs) are the most common congenital neck cysts. 1 They often contain ectopic thyroid tissue (71%), with up to 3% of TDC excisions demonstrating papillary thyroid carcinoma. 2 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) typically arises from salivary glands and has rarely been associated with thyroid tissue or TDC. This rare case of concurrent MEC and TDC highlights the differential diagnosis for a midline neck mass. Informed consent was obtained, as was ethics approval from the University of Manitoba Research Ethics Board.

Introduction: Aesthetic improvement happens to be one of the main reasons for seeking orthodontic treatment in patients with Angle’s Class II malocclusion. Prognathic maxilla, retrognathic mandible or a combination of both are the main aetiological factors for this malocclusion. Growth modification treatment with different methods can be performed in order to correct skeletal class II malocclusion. Appliance therapy to correct similar malocclusions should immaculately be directed towards addressing the dentoskeletal discord, in order to gain a favourable facial aesthetic result. Aim: To assess the effects of twin block on mandibular length, soft tissue profile and Oropharyngeal Airway (OAW) dimensions in skeletal class II malocclusion patients. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was carried out in the Department of Paedodontics at Sardar Patel Postgraduate Institute of Dental and Medical Sciences, Lucknow from June 2018 to March 2021. Study was done on lateral cephalograms of ...

Male and female North Indian subjects were selected from a large pool of patients attending the Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow for dental treatment. Patients were interviewed and examined for the purpose of selection. The selection criteria included North

Male and female North Indian subjects were selected from a large pool of patients attending the Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow for dental treatment. Patients were interviewed and examined for the purpose of selection. The selection criteria included North

Background: This retrospective study investigated the effect of breathing pattern, skeletal class (Class I, Class II), and age on the hyoid bone position (HBP) in normodivergent subjects. Methods: A total of 126 subjects (61 males, 65 females) aged 7-9 years and 10-12 years were scanned using conebeam computed tomography (CBCT). All participants were classified according to the anteroposterior skeletal pattern into (Class I, Class II). Each skeletal group was further divided according to the breathing mode into mouth breathers (MB) and nasal breathers (NB). The HBP was measured accordingly. Independent sample t-test and Mann Whitney U test were used to detect significant differences between the groups, and binary logistic regression was used to identify MB predictive indicators. The breathing mode and skeletal class affected the vertical HBP in subjects with 7-9 years, while they affected the anteroposterior HBP in subjects with 10-12 years. Regarding the age effect, hyoid bone was located more anteriorly in the older NB subjects, and hyoid bone was more inferiorly in the older age group. A regression equation of the significant variables was formulated, C3-Me (P: 001, OR: 2.27), and H-EB (P: 0.046, OR: 1.16) were positively correlated with occurrence of MB. There were significantly different HBPs among subjects with different anteroposterior skeletal classes, breathing modes, and age cohorts. Moreover, C3-Me, and H-EB were significant predictors and correlated with increased likelihood of being MB subject.

Objectives: To investigate hyoid bone position and airway volume in subjects with adenoid hypertrophy, tonsillar hypertrophy, and adenotonsillar hypertrophy compared to subjects with nonobstructive adenoids or tonsils and to assess the correlation between hyoid bone and airway parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 121 subjects were grouped based on adenoid or tonsillar hypertrophy into four groups, as follows: (1) control group (C-group), (2) adenoid hypertrophy group (AH-group), (3) adenotonsillar hypertrophy group (ATH-group), and (4) tonsillar hypertrophy group (TH-group). Hyoid bone position and airway volumes were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for intergroup comparison, followed by pairwise comparison using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Bivariate correlation was conducted using Spearman correlation coefficients. Multiple linear regression was performed to create a model for airway volume based on hyoid bone predictive variables. Results: No significant difference was found between subjects with isolated adenoid or tonsillar hypertrophy compared to the C-group. However, the ATH-group exhibited a significantly decreased hyoid bone vertical distance (HV), total airway volume (TA volume), and retroglossal airway volume (RG volume) compared to the C-group. HV and age had a high potential in terms of explaining the RG volume, whereas the TA volume and retropalatal airway volume (RP volume) models were not as successful as the RG volume counterpart. Conclusions: Subjects in ATH-group were characterized by an elevated hyoid bone position and constricted TA volume and RG volume compared to those in the C-group. HV and age were predictor variables that best explained retroglossal airway volume. (Angle Orthod.

Eagle's syndrome represents symptoms brought on by compression of regional structures by elongation or ossification of the stylohyoid or stylomandibular ligaments present article discuss case of 39 year old male patient reported with a unilateral cervical pain on right side since 3 months along with dysphagia which was not relieved by medical line of treatment. On radiographic examination elongation of styloid process was observed. Diagnosis of Eagles syndrome was made. Unilateral Tonsilo-styloidectomy was performed under general anaesthesia and patient was kept on follow up.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the craniofacial and airway morphology of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) individuals using computed tomography (CT) examination. This sample included individuals in the age range from 5 to 14 years, consisted of a group of 18 OAVS individuals (12 females and 6 males), Pruzansky-Kaban 1 IIB and III and by a paired control group matched by age and sex for comparison of morphometric and airway variables. Through the CT examination, airway analysis was performed using Dolphin Imaging® Software, and seven morphometric measurements were performed to evaluate craniofacial morphology by Materialize Mimics® Software. To compare airway and morphometric variables, the control group was used. Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed to compare differences between the groups. Results: Statistically significant differences were showed between the control and OAVS groups for the variables: total airway (TA) area, volume and MAA, RP area, RP volume, RP MAA, RG volume, RG MAA, total posterior height diff, Md incl and y-axis asymmetry. Pearson and Spearman's correlation showed mostly moderate correlations between Mand Occlusal canting AS with TA area and RP volume, Ax-Gn with TA area and Hy-C3 with TA volume. The OAVS's airway was altered and worse than the control group. Our results suggest that the contralateral side of OAVS individuals is unaffected; however, longitudinal assessments are needed to confirm it. Hyoid bone and postural measures play an important role in interpreting airway features of individuals with and without OAVS.

The aims of this study were to assess changes in the upper airway morphology associated with an oral appliance in situ in patients suffering from the obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome and to relate these changes to treatment response. Changes in upper airway morphology as a result of an oral appliance were assessed in 52 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome by means of cephalometric analysis. Lateral cephalograms were taken at baseline and after 2-3 months of treatment. Baseline and followup cephalograms were traced twice and cephalometric variables were compared. The predictive value of changes in upper airway morphology for the treatment response was evaluated in univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Oral appliance therapy resulted in an increased posterior airway space at the level of the second vertebra, the uvular tip and the base of the tongue. The increase of the posterior airway space at the level of the second vertebra and the uvular tip were the best predictors for relative improvement of the apnoea-hypopnoea index. However, the predictive value for treatment response of these cephalometric upper airway changes should be interpreted with caution.

Most South American suckermouth catfishes (Loricariidae) scrape food off substrates, using intensely modified jaws to scrape algae, detritus, and other small food items. The jaws can&#x27;t bite or even close the mouth. Teeth demonstrate rake-like forms, and in some species apparently avoid breaking by bending. After gathering anatomical and biomechanical data of loricariids and related taxa demonstrating more plesiomorphic traits, we aim to explain how a relatively simple evolutionary transformation of jaw shape and position initiated a ...

Cancerous involvement of the pre-epiglottic space has been known for many years to be an important prognostic factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of pre-epiglottic space invasion, according to the degree of invasion (i.e. absence, minimal or gross), and to assess the oncological suitability for supracricoid partial laryngectomy in patients with supraglottic laryngeal carcinomas. This study included 52 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic and glotto-supraglottic larynx, treated with supracricoid partial laryngectomy–cricohyoidopexy, between 1992 and 2001. Clinical and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Pre-epiglottic space invasion was seen in 35 patients (67.3 per cent); there was gross invasion in seven patients and minimal invasion in 28. Neoplastic invasion of the anterior commissure was seen in 18 patients (34.6 per cent) and thyroid cartilage involvement in eight (15.4 per cent). Neoplastic spread through the ext...

This paper presents the case of an adult male skull with bilateral ossification of the stylohyoid complex. The total length of the stylohyoid complex amounts to 62 mm on the left side and 65 mm on the right side. Visual inspection of the stylohyoid revealed the presence of callosities that are located on both stylohyoid complexes at nearly the same level. These sites are regarded as the ossified attachments of the stylohyoid ligaments to the corresponding styloid processes. The skull studied is an example of extreme development of the stylohyoid complex, which could cause severe pain and a restriction of head and neck movement.

Purpose: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that is estimated to affect 2% of middle-aged women and 4% of middle-aged men. Reported risk factors include obesity, increased neck circumference, male sex and anatomical abnormalities of the face. Although edentulism is reported to change the anatomy and also impair the function of the upper airway, it has not been typically recognized as a risk factor for sleep-related breathing disorders. The subject of this report is a 55 years old man with a body mass index (BMI) of 33 kg/m 2 . Cephalometric assessments of head radiographs taken in the lateral plane with and without dentures were performed; mandible planehyoid (MP-H) distance and the posterior airway space (PAS) were measured. Oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) and apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) were evaluated. Results: A comparison of the polysomnographies taken with and without wearing the dentures during the night showed that AHI was reduced (from 20.0/h to 5.7/h) and mean SaO 2 increased (from 94.0% to 96.0%). Cephalometric analysis showed that the removal of dentures led to a striking increase in the anteroposterior oropharyngeal wall distance from 5 mm to 10 mm, while the mandible plane-hyoid distance does not change. Conclusions: These findings were consistent with the hypothesis that edentulism not always worse OSA by an oropharyngeal collapse. Given the common occurrence of both conditions among the elderly, such as the reduction of obstructive sleep apneas with or without dentures, the observed relationship requires further investigations on the mechanisms through which the loss of teeth could help upper airway collapse during the night. In the present paper a case of reduction of OSA without dentures during sleep is shown.