Hybrid Organizations

New Institutional Economics (NIE) posits that economic system improvement can be achieved through incentives for hybrid contractual organizations. In Bulgaria's agricultural sector, the increasing use of public registries (PRs) and their digital formats reduces information asymmetry, facilitates access to property rights, and lowers social costs. Enhanced governance structures are realized through hybrid contractual forms and property rights protection, enabled by the synergy between electronic and physical transactions. These conditions lead to low asset specificity, reduced uncertainty, and high transaction repeatability, characteristic of contractual alternatives with low transaction costs (TrC). However, the redirection of incentives for property rights acquisition by certain actors, who retain ownership rights, absorb cash flows, and reduce TrC, prevents the hybrid contract from achieving its goal of low social costs. This article aims to compare alternatives and test the hypothesis that hybrid technological contracts, exemplified by PRsin agriculture, result in lower social costs. The methods employed include comparativeinstitutional analysis, discrete structural analysis, and effect analysis. The expected results and conclusions are that the studies are expected to confirm the positive impact of digitalized public registers on the agricultural sector. A concept for improving the institutional environment is proposed.

Volgens De Sitter moet iedere moderne organisatie aan ten minste drie kwaliteitseisen voldoen: 'Kwaliteit van Organisatie', 'Kwaliteit van Arbeid' en 'Kwaliteit van Arbeidsrelaties ' (1994, p. 42). Met de kwaliteit van organisatie bedoelt hij dat organisaties flexibel, beheerst en innovatief moeten zijn. Dit wil zeggen dat zij met korte doorlooptijden verschillende productvarianten in verschillende samenstellingen moeten kunnen produceren (flexibiliteit). Verder moeten doorlooptijden betrouwbaar en moet de kwaliteitsbeheersing effectief zijn (beheerstheid). En ten slotte dienen kansen voor strategische productinnovatie te zijn ingebouwd en innovatietijden kort te zijn. Kwaliteit van organisatie heeft te maken met 'slagvaardigheid', dat wil zeggen met 'productiviteit' en vermogen om 'klantwaarde' te realiseren. En dit is weer belangrijk voor kapitaalverschaffers, of dit nu aandeelhouders, subsidiegevers of belastingbetalers zijn. Kwaliteit van arbeid betekent laag verzuim en verloop, en werk dat een goede aansluiting biedt bij de ontwikkeling op de arbeidsmarkt. Het verbeteren van de kwaliteit van de arbeid houdt in dat kansen worden geschapen voor betrokkenheid, ontwikkeling en leren, en dat de kans op werkgerelateerde stress De Sitter formuleerde in Synergetisch produceren. Human resources mobilisation in de produktie: een inleiding in structuurbouw (1994) zijn drie kwaliteitseisen aan 'moderne organisaties'. Sindsdien is er veel veranderd: economische en financiële crises en (milieu)schandalen leidden tot hernieuwde aandacht voor maatschappelijke verantwoordelijkheid, energiebesparingen en duurzame productiemethoden. Gelden die kwaliteits eisen nog onverminderd, inclusief de van hen afgeleide sociotechnische organisatiestructuren? Ondersteunen ze ook het streven naar duurzaamheid en maatschappelijke waarde? Of moet er misschien een vierde kwaliteitseis bij komen?

This study extends the concept of liability of foreignness from for-profit firms to "hybrid" organizations that combine financial and social goals. By using a global dataset of 655 microfinance institutions (MFIs) observed in 77 countries between 1998 and 2015, we investigate the effect of foreignness on the financial and social performance of MFIs. The results suggest a negative effect of foreignness on the financial and social performance of hybrid organizations. Our results also suggest that the negative financial performance effect of foreignness is stronger in organizations with high social performance and in MFIs hosted in institutionally weaker countries. Furthermore, our results emphasize the moderating influence of scaling and longer tenure of MFIs in their host countries. Interestingly, our findings also shed light on the dual nature of scaling, demonstrating both its positive and negative moderating effects. By applying the concept of liability of foreignness this study enriches the understanding of performance in international hybrid organizations.

We derive and estimate a production function for microfinance institutions to provide empirical evidence of the ethical dilemma of balancing social and financial logics in hybrid organizations. A worldwide panel dataset of microfinance institutions is utilized and a production function augmented by average loan size is estimated using the control function approach. We show how this framework can be used to quantify the tradeoff between social outreach and financial sustainability in relation to the expansion of microfinance institutions' credit operations. The study reveals that expanding the extensive margin (increasing the number of loan clients) requires on average more than twice as many inputs as expanding the intensive margin (increasing the average loan size) to achieve the same growth in assets. Beyond the case of microfinance our production function illustrates that as hybrid organizations expand, they will inevitably face an ethical dilemma as the laws of economic efficiency exert pressure on their social missions.

To understand how organizations combine conflicting institutional logics strategically to create and pursue new market opportunities, we conducted an in-depth longitudinal study of the multiple efforts of the Italian manufacturer of household goods Alessi to combine the logics of industrial manufacturing and cultural production. Over three decades, Alessi developed three different strategies to combine normative elements of the two logics, using each strategy to envision and pursue different market opportunities. By combining the logics of industrial manufacturing and cultural production, Alessi was able to envision new possibilities for value creation and to enact them through innovation in product design. The three strategies triggered a common set of mechanisms through which the purposeful combining of logics enabled the pursuit of opportunity, while each strategy structured the process differently. We develop a theoretical model linking the development of recombinant strategies to the dynamic restructuring of organizational agency and the related capacity to create and pursue new market opportunities. Our findings and theoretical insights advance understanding of the processes through which organizations challenge taken-forgranted beliefs and practices to create new market opportunities, use logics as resources to enable embedded agency, and design hybrid organizational arrangements.

The purpose of this publication is to explain current economic and legal problems which face existing agricultural associations in Bulgaria. The study presented relies on a mix of theories related to legal and economic aspects, thus analyzing: 1) the historical path of development of organizational forms of Bulgaria's agriculture; 2) circumstances creating the conditions for integration; 3) integration in the various organizational forms as well as upcoming controversial effects on the lateral and vertical organizations; 4) agricultural contractual agreements, as a specific form of integration of the organizations defining the role of modern agricultural associations and their influence on resource allocation; and 5) comparison of the coordination structure of the agricultural associations with other agricultural organizations, including the manner and number of their transactions. The framework of the associations as a form of organization creates additional incentives for economies of scale and opportunities for indirect transfer of transaction costs on one hand but could be a burden on other subjects. Legal solutions to improve the legal framework are presented.

The constitutive organisations of governance systems tend to multiply and diversify over time. In parallel, a tendency toward homophily favours the creation of clusters of homogeneous organisations. Yet, few systems drift to the point of disconnection or dislocation. Several remain sufficiently cohesive to allow adaptation and other complex properties to emerge. To maintain equilibrium between order and chaos, some organisations must create bridges between otherwise homogeneous groups. This paper argues that hybrid organisations are ideally suited for this role. By their nature, hybrids share characteristics with different types of organisations in global governance, allowing them to overcome strict homophily and create bridges across clusters. Hybrids benefit from acting as brokers and in doing so, they facilitate the exchange of material and ideational resources across the governance system. Even if it is not their intention, they contribute to holding governance systems together and counterbalance the effect of homophily. We illustrate this argument by examining the space governance system and the hybrid nature, bridging activities, and brokerage role of the European Space Agency.

This paper presents a panel data study of microfinance banks in Pakistan. The data includes a random sample of financial statements from 8 microfinance banks over the period from 2011-2015, totaling 40 firm year observations. The study aims to evaluate the effect of government interventions on these microfinance banks and brings up a statistically critical assessment of various government policies applied to the sector. To quantify the effects of government intervention, panel data analysis is conducted. For a better selection of model, the Hausman's specification test is employed. The random effect model was found suitable for analysis. Using statistical tools, this paper investigates the causal effect of government regulations, government grants, market size, and governmental audits on the profit ratios of microfinance institutes. This is one of the few studies that investigates the impacts of the small and medium sized government policies on microfinance bank from inception of these policies. By analyzing the period during which these policies were first implemented, the study provides a clear and direct picture of the relationship between governmental policy and SME entities. Taking a snapshot of the impacts in the beginning provides undiluted results that are not confounded by other environmental and regulatory effects. The results show that most of the variables used in the study, such as market size and number of audits are significantly related, while government grants have an insignificant relationship with the performance of microfinance banks. The study makes a significant contribution by demonstrating that government policies and grants have limited impact on SME performance and should be reevaluated, while they should rely more on audits.

This paper presents a panel data study of microfinance banks in Pakistan. The data includes a random sample of financial statements from 8 microfinance banks over the period from 2011-2015, totaling 40 firm year observations. The study aims to evaluate the effect of government interventions on these microfinance banks and brings up a statistically critical assessment of various government policies applied to the sector. To quantify the effects of government intervention, panel data analysis is conducted. For a better selection of model, the Hausman's specification test is employed. The random effect model was found suitable for analysis. Using statistical tools, this paper investigates the causal effect of government regulations, government grants, market size, and governmental audits on the profit ratios of microfinance institutes. This is one of the few studies that investigates the impacts of the small and medium sized government policies on microfinance bank from inception of these policies. By analyzing the period during which these policies were first implemented, the study provides a clear and direct picture of the relationship between governmental policy and SME entities. Taking a snapshot of the impacts in the beginning provides undiluted results that are not confounded by other environmental and regulatory effects. The results show that most of the variables used in the study, such as market size and number of audits are significantly related, while government grants have an insignificant relationship with the performance of microfinance banks. The study makes a significant contribution by demonstrating that government policies and grants have limited impact on SME performance and should be reevaluated, while they should rely more on audits.

La présente recherche a pour objectif de brosser le portrait des recherches sur le marketing des PME en s’appuyant sur une analyse bibliométrique des travaux publiés entre 1990 et 2022. Les résultats obtenus à partir de l’analyse de 493 articles issus de 172 journaux anglophones et francophones prolongent et nuancent les conclusions de la revue de littérature sur ce sujet proposée par Bocconcelli et al. (2018). L’analyse univariée des indicateurs bibliométriques montre tout d’abord une forte accélération du nombre de publications à partir de 2006 et la participation croissante depuis 2016 des revues en gestion/management et entrepreneuriat/PME. L’analyse des cocitations révèle ensuite un noyau conceptuel constitué de quatre perspectives théoriques : l’orientation marché, l’orientation entrepreneuriale, le marketing entrepreneurial ainsi que les capacités marketing. Enfin, l’analyse par couplage bibliographique met en lumière l’existence de quatre grands fronts de recherche respectivement dédiés (i) à l’enrichissement des travaux sur les orientations marketing, (ii) à la poursuite des efforts de légitimation du concept de marketing entrepreneurial, (iii) à l’adoption croissante de l’approche par les capacités marketing et enfin (iv) au développement des recherches relatives à la thématique du marketing digital.

Hybrid organizations are often confronted with the risk of mission drift, when the social purpose is somehow lost by the evolution of activities and the practices become decouple from the formal purpose. But if the purpose is innovative, tensions appear between the need to develop learning processes through innovations and the risks of losing the social purpose. The article aims at characterizing what are the potential shifts in an organization with an innovative purpose, and whether they constitute a mission drift or not. It is based on a longitudinal case study with a French hybrid organization with an innovative purpose in vocational training. Based on this empirical study, we first confirm that the innovative purpose leads to shifts in activities that are not necessarily mission drifts. We then show that the shifts can be classified in two main categories: those where learning creates a dissension on the interpretation of the organization's purpose, which we call "coverage shift", and those where exploration threatens the commonly accepted interpretation of a purpose, which we call "reinvention shift". These two different situations create differentiated risks regarding mission drift, and therefore call for differentiated response at the governance level. This study thus contributes to enriching the literature on the mission drift in hybrid organizations. It also suggests some avenues how to deviation control can be complemented by a capacity to assess the innovative shifts consistent with the purpose.

Among other challenges, hybrid organizations face a legal one as the law divides organizations into nonprofit and for-profit structures. For a few years however, new legal forms of corporations have emerged, whose claim is to overcome this challenge: profit-with-purpose corporations (PPCs), such as the Benefit Corporation. In this paper, we investigate how these innovative legal provisions have been designed to help solving this legal challenge, in a two-step process. First, we reexamine the origins of the legal divide through an historical analysis of the separation of UK and US corporations into two legal categories. We show that although early corporations were, in essence, profit-with-purpose organizations, business corporations have difficulties today to defend a public interest orientation because of a major shift in corporate governance that occurred in the 19 th century: the disappearance of corporate charters demanding public interest purposes, which led to hand the control...

Hybrid organizations are often confronted with the risk of mission drift, when the social purpose is somehow lost by the evolution of activities and the practices become decouple from the formal purpose. But if the purpose is innovative, tensions appear between the need to develop learning processes through innovations and the risks of losing the social purpose. The article aims at characterizing what are the potential shifts in an organization with an innovative purpose, and whether they constitute a mission drift or not. It is based on a longitudinal case study with a French hybrid organization with an innovative purpose in vocational training. Based on this empirical study, we first confirm that the innovative purpose leads to shifts in activities that are not necessarily mission drifts. We then show that the shifts can be classified in two main categories: those where learning creates a dissension on the interpretation of the organization's purpose, which we call "cover...

One of the hottest debates in the past two decades in the business history domain seems to revolve around as to whether organizational theory and history can be reconciled in such a way that one does not prevail over the other. Although recent suggestions display a potential to guide business history scholars, further elaboration on the relationship between history and organization theory is required due to the increasing expectations for theoretical contribution by toptier journals. In this study, we try to reveal the potential contributions of the hermeneutical research method to the above-mentioned debate by unfolding the ontological, epistemological, and methodological similarities between history as a distinct discipline and hermeneutical philosophy. Moreover, with the aim of contributing to the relevant literature, our study lays out the issues that need special consideration while applying the hermeneutical method in business history research.

The world practice of running business has demonstrated that the effect of an ethnic factor in modern enterprises can be traced only in small and medium businesses. In bigger organizations the influence of the ethnic factor is lower or non-existent, which is partially confirmed by our research.  In Kazakhstan Koryo saram were able to adopt the specificity of entrepreneurship in the transition period from the planned economy to the market. Korean businessmen managed to determine economic niches for themselves and to achieve stable competitiveness. As compared to Kazakhstani Koreans, Koreans in other republics of the post-Soviet Central Asia found themselves in a disadvantageous position; however, they are also achieving great success in entrepreneurship within the limits of existing possibilities and legislation. 
Ethnic entrepreneurship undergoes successively three stages in its development. The first stage – “ethnic consolidation” of diasporic co-ethnics is characterized by their readiness to create and maintain their ethnic networks. At this stage for representatives of a diaspora it is typical to preserve their culture and language, customs, traditions and other elements of their ethnicity. The second stage – “bloom of ethnic entrepreneurship” manifests itself in a rapid development of their so far undisclosed business potential. Ethnic entrepreneurs define spheres of their activities which are usually represented by weakly protected or free economic niches. The third stage –“stabilization” of the position of ethnic entrepreneurs, when entrepreneurship acquires the character of stable business.   
For nearly ten years the economy of Kazakhstan has been undergoing the period of sustained growth, in its context entrepreneurship including what we call ethnic entrepreneurship has also been rapidly developing. Koryo saram in Kazakhstan created hundreds of small private companies based on family principle. However, those companies as opposed to similar immigrant companies on the USA provided services, produced and sold goods not only to their ethnic clientele but to the peoples of Kazakhstan. That is the set of ethnic components and participation in diasporic entrepreneurship of Koryo saram is different than that of an immigrant community entrepreneurship.  During the primary period of “wild privatization”, “spontaneous capitalism”, lack of any legal basis and legal nihilism it was entrepreneurship that started to develop very quickly with all inherent risks, need to reorganize and novelties in activities. At present in Kazakhstan the entrepreneurship is gradually acquiring the features of what is called business in the West.

De literatuur die verschenen is op het gebied van internationale ondernemingen gaat voornamelijk in op verschillende typen internationale ondernemingen. Bekende terminologie is hier de multinationale onderneming, de transnationale onderneming, de mondiale onderneming, etcetera. Echter, zo'n (statisch) perspectief doet afbreuk aan de dynamiek en vraagstukken die actueel zijn in internationale ondernemingen, die onderweg zijn van de ene organisatievorm naar de andere. Dit artikel richt zich op de overgang van multinationaal naar transnationaal ondernemen. Er wordt aangetoond dat hierbij de informele organisatie van groot belang is, maar dat deze pas werkt als aan een aantal formele criteria is voldaan. In dit artikel gaat het om internationale Professionele Advies Firma's (PAFs), maar de gebruikte concepten zijn ook van toepassing op andere professionele organisaties zoals accountantskantoren, fiscalisten, advocatuur, ingenieursbureaus, etcetera. Dit geldt tevens voor andere typen (internationale) ondernemingen die in een overgang zijn van multinationaal naar transnationaal ondernemen. Door ontwikkelingen als globalisering, technologische innovaties en deregulering verdwijnen niet alleen landsgrenzen, maar ook grenzen tussen industrieën. De concurrentie neemt toe, levenscycli van producten worden korter, de variëteit in producten neemt toe, de kosten moeten omlaag en prestaties omhoog. De gevraagde reactiesnelheid van organisaties om in te kunnen spelen op veranderende eisen is enorm toegenomen de afgelopen jaren. Op macroniveau is sprake van een verschuiving van de industriële economie richting een kenniseconomie waarin mensen een steeds prominentere rol spelen. Professionele ondernemingen zijn juist organisaties die vallen of staan met de kwaliteit van hun mensen. Wat reeds voor deze organisaties gold, geldt in steeds sterkere mate voor andere orga-'The process of uniting the organization with a common understanding of, identification with and commitment to the corporation's objectives, priorities and values.'

This article presents a profound exploration of humanity's pivotal moment, as articulated by Dr. Ervin Laszlo and Ken D Foster, emphasizing the urgent need for a collective shift in consciousness. Faced with escalating global crises—technological advancements, social fragmentation, and environmental challenges—the authors propose a transformative paradigm rooted in unity, compassion, and interconnectedness. Highlighting the role of practices such as meditation, yoga, and spiritual exploration, they underscore the power of aligning individual and collective energies to achieve a harmonious and thriving global community.

Dr. Laszlo's concept of "quantum consciousness" emerges as a central theme, advocating for a dynamic understanding of our shared existence and the rippling impact of individual actions on the collective whole. The article challenges traditional divisions and labels, calling for a move beyond ego-driven perspectives toward a unified global family. By fostering relationships based on authenticity, forgiveness, and love, humanity can transition from mere survival to thriving coherence, embodying a higher age defined by enlightenment and boundless potential.

Concluding with a call to action, the authors inspire readers to embrace their inner power, awaken to universal wisdom, and co-create a legacy of unity and purpose. This is a rallying cry for humanity to rise, transform, and change the course of history through courage, integrity, and shared mission.

Achieving the worldwide greenhouse gases (GHGs) reduction targets set in the 2015 Paris Agreement and other international treaties requires reaching a fast tipping point towards sustainably decreasing emissions. Compared to sectoral energy transitions, where different parameters can be easily measured, transitions in Coal and Carbon Intensive Regions (CCIRs) are more complex and thus more challenging to plan, implement, and study. Despite CCIRs' heterogeneity in the population, level of development, economic structure, surface, and transition timing, achieving Social-Ecological Tipping Points (SETPs) poses some common dilemmas to the local, regional, and national authorities. Simultaneously, the transition process poses significant challenges to the economies and local populations. To understand how policy choices can accelerate reaching positive SETPs, we systematically analyze policy responses since the start of the transition to a low-carbon economy for thirteen CCIRs. We evaluate whether, despite the heterogeneity, we can identify policy response patterns and whether these patterns correlate with other features of these regions. We extrapolate the characteristics of policy changes and local developments needed to generate SETPs and discuss the effects of different events on the regional transition's overall "justness" of this process. Finally, we advance some recommendations on designing policies to achieve positive SETPs.

This study investigates the integration of fintech in microfinance as a tool for expanding financial
inclusion among marginalized communities. Using a qualitative approach, data from literature on microfinance
and fintech from 2000 to 2016 were analyzed, focusing on accessibility, service efficiency, and associated risks
like over-indebtedness and cybersecurity. Key findings indicate a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05)
between fintech adoption and increased outreach to marginalized demographics, notably women, youth, and
rural populations, enhancing accessibility. However, risks such as digital fraud (30% impact) and privacy
breaches (20% impact) suggest a need for improved digital literacy and cybersecurity measures. The study
concludes that fintech offers a promising avenue for inclusive microfinance, provided that regulations and client
education mitigate potential risks. Recommendations include digital literacy programs, enhanced cybersecurity,
responsible lending practices, expanded rural outreach, and rigorous regulatory oversight to ensure sustainable
and secure fintech-driven financial inclusion.
Key Words: Fintech, Microfinance, Financial Inclusion, Cyber Security, Digital Literacy

This paper emphasizes the central role of arrangements called “hybrids” in the organization of production and distribution in market economies. Several forms are taken into account, such as subcontracting, supply-chain systems, distribution networks, franchising, partnerships, alliances, or cooperatives. It is argued that under the apparent heterogeneity of these forms are shared characteristics qualifying them as specific “institutional structures of production”. The paper stresses that beyond their relevance for economists wishing to understand the coexistence of alternative modes of governance in market economies, hybrid arrangements provide unique opportunities for theoretical investigation on the nature of inter-firm coordination

Among other challenges, hybrid organizations face a legal one as the law divides organizations into nonprofit and for-profit structures. For a few years however, new legal forms of corporations have emerged, whose claim is to overcome this challenge: profit-with-purpose corporations (PPCs), such as the Benefit Corporation. In this paper, we investigate how these innovative legal provisions have been designed to help solving this legal challenge, in a two-step process. First, we reexamine the origins of the legal divide through an historical analysis of the separation of UK and US corporations into two legal categories. We show that although early corporations were, in essence, profit-with-purpose organizations, business corporations have difficulties today to defend a public interest orientation because of a major shift in corporate governance that occurred in the 19 th century: the disappearance of corporate charters demanding public interest purposes, which led to hand the control of corporations over to shareholders through the generalization of fiduciary duties imported from unincorporated businesses' governance. Second, we exhibit the design process of PPCs to help solving this divide. We show that PPCs propose a way to "shift back", yet not by restoring control by the State, but by reintroducing the corporate purpose into legal documents, and designing accountability mechanisms to control multiple purposes. We argue that studying the emergence of legal structures for profit-with-purpose organizations may open new avenues for research on hybrid organizations.

Among other challenges, hybrid organizations face a legal one as the law divides organizations into nonprofit and for-profit structures. For a few years however, new legal forms of enterprises have emerged, whose claim is to overcome this challenge: multi-purpose enterprises, such as the Benefit Corporation. Their very existence directly questions the necessity of such legal categorization, and we argue that behind the legal way to solve the challenge, it proposes a managerial model through the specification of the corporate purpose. From this model, we derive innovative guidelines to create and manage hybrid organizations. Conversely, we argue that management research on hybrid organizations may open new avenues to contribute to the development of appropriate legal structures for hybrid organizations.

Entrepreneurial alertness (EA) research has made substantial progress in identifying the psychological and organizational antecedents and consequences of EA. However, the interactions between environmental factors and EA are understudied and it is unclear how alertness influences and is shaped by entrepreneurs' local ecosystems. In this "perspectives" essay, we contend that EA and entrepreneurial ecosystems research could be enriched by greater cross-fertilization. We respond to calls for more focus on the microfoundations of entrepreneurship by exploring the opportunities in research at the interface of EA and entrepreneurial ecosystems. We develop a multi-level framework to explain how EA is not only influenced by entrepreneurial ecosystems but can collectively influence the system-level functioning and leadership of ecosystems. Our framework clarifies how EA is shaped by the social, cultural, and material attributes of ecosystems and, in turn, how EA influences ecosystem attributes (diversity and coherence) and outcomes (resilience and coordination). We explain why it is critical to treat the environment as more than simply a moderating influence on the effects of EA and why it is fruitful for entrepreneurship research to develop a fuller picture of EA's contextual determinants and outcomes. We conclude by proposing a research agenda that explores the interplay between EA and entrepreneurial ecosystems.

The Europe 2020 strategy emphasizes that social enterprises are very useful to the society as an important element of the social economy. As “hybrid” organizations, social enterprises seek to manage the potential tension between social and business aims. The purpose of this article is to disclose how social enterprises may harmonize social and for-profit purposes. The present research promotes sharing of best practices in the field of social business. The methods of the research are analysis of scientific literature and expert interview. The research revealed that investment into human resources of the company, strong focus on the mission hybridity and organization strategy, sufficient communication with the stakeholders, and relevant monitoring of the organization’s financial and statistical indicators can help social entrepreneurs to find a balance between social and profit ambitions. The research confirmed that the phenomenon of mission drift does not depend on how much the count...

A new generation of transformational entrepreneurial leaders is needed to rebalance society so that it is sustainable. The challenge to this generation of young people is to evolve a balanced, collaborative way of life resilient enough to weather the coming events of the 21st century. These include pandemics, climate change events, and global economic and political instability. This paper deals with evolutionary social entrepreneurship as a problem-solving approach to these enormous social problems which also include creative aging and medical care, mental health and correctional system reform, economic and class equity, sustainable economic growth, and need for educational reforms. Implications for practice include an emphasis on developing social enterprises that promote understanding of differing worldviews, while utilizing regenerative technologies to reduce waste, energy use and the percentage of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Implications for pedagogy include the development of a new class of effective young leaders through short term interdisciplinary training emphasizing the tools of the transcendental leader (see below).

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For the Fijian economy, entrepreneurships tend to be the key drivers of innovation, creators of employment and contribute significantly towards economic growth. The actions of the entrepreneurs are uplifting the standards of living for the people, create markets, generate money, enhancing healthy competition and productivity and making their entrepreneurial ventures more important part of the country. For a small island like Fiji, business ventures are challenging but bears the positive prospect of success not only to the business but to all Fijians. The relevance of this study was to validate the correlation between the entrepreneurships and economic development. It can be said that entrepreneurship are the key drivers of the economic growth of Fiji. The research primarily focuses on the Fijian economy and is limited to the same. The findings of this paper were, that entrepreneurship creates job opportunities, it boosts innovation and creativity, alleviates social problems, foster rural and regional development, enhances developments within country, increases government revenues and promotes youths to explore entrepreneurial ventures. The study concludes and concede to that entrepreneurship does boost economic growth of the Fijian economy through innovation and creativity.

Zijn onderzoek richt zich op het organiseren van en met de private energie, in de vorm van mensen, munten en middelen (filantropie), voor het aanpakken van publieke problemen. Het functioneren van fondsen en uitvoerende non-profitorganisaties staat daarbij centraal. Hij is tevens raadslid van de Raad voor Maatschappelijke Ontwikkeling (RMO). 2 Ik wil Lonneke Roza, junior researcher bij de Rotterdam School of Management, bedanken voor haar ondersteuning bij het schrijven van dit artikel. Hoe te verwijzen naar deze publicatie?:

This article discusses the problems of current measures of business and economic success and suggests an alternative approach. The mythological memes of Midas, Cassandra, and the Buddha are offered as a means to frame mind-sets and to articulate a necessary shift in focus and reprioritization of key performance indicators. Indicators of wellbeing and technologies for eliminating negative environmental impacts exist. The key problem is that humanity-at every level-has its attention focused on delusional measures of success. A refocus onto measures of ecological and human thriving is a sine qua non for adjusting civilization, including business activity, such that it can survive into the 22nd century and beyond. A key challenge is that financial growth metrics are deeply embedded in current systems and in the mind-sets of people at all levels of current hierarchies. The goal of shifting mind-sets and measures of success requires the engagement of many sectors of society, beginning with educational institutions and including managers in the private and public sectors. At the individual, firm, and societal levels, indicators of ecological health and human thriving must be elevated and treated as key measures of success. The stakes of current ecological and societal problems involve the lives and wellbeing of billions of people. The memes and metaphors discussed here provide a novel way to frame and discuss issues and solutions whose implementation are overdue and desperately needed at the individual, organizational, and collective levels.

Purpose-This study contributes to a better understanding of the important actor-specific, micro-level legitimacy dimensions in dynamic entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs). Design/methodology/approach-Using an embedded case study approach and rich longitudinal data collected over 16 years within a French EE, the study analyzes the legitimacy gaining process of two actors coming from opposite founding conditions. Findings-Three dimensions of legitimacy (3L) are necessary to be accepted as functional actors within EEs: institutional legitimacy (IL) refers to the EE's acceptance of an actor as an institution active in the field of entrepreneurship; cultural legitimacy (CL) means that the actor is recognized as possessing and promoting values considered appropriate by the entrepreneurial community; relational legitimacy (RL) relates to the willingness of the entrepreneurial community to interact with the actor. These are complementary dimensions that members of EEs need to possess to acquire full legitimacy. Different paths are possible to achieve this full legitimacy. Research limitations/implications-Replicating the study with a comparative approach including more actors could represent an interesting avenue for research. Practical implications-This research provides insights into the underlying dimensions of legitimacy in EEs, how various actors gain legitimacy in such contexts and how this influences the dynamics of EEs. Originality/value-The results provide novel insights into the issue of legitimacy in EEs and legitimacy theory in general.

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Entre marzo y noviembre de 2020, en varias regiones de la Argentina se implementó un confinamiento estricto que permitió aligerar y postergar los efectos más nocivos de la pandemia de la COVID-19. Aun en condiciones de recesión económica y con una tradición de turbulencia política en el país, llamativamente, estas medidas fueron aceptadas por la mayor parte de la ciudadanía, dando muestras de una solidaridad extendida en varios niveles; pero con la prolongación de las medidas se comenzó a demostrar hastío e incluso hasta expresiones de abierta resistencia.

The complexity of life in 21st century society requires new models for leading and managing change. With that in mind, this paper revisits the model for Advanced Change Theory (ACT) as presented by Quinn, Spreitzer, and Brown in their article, "Changing Others Through Changing Ourselves: The Transformation of Human Systems" (2000). The authors present ACT as a potential model for facilitating change in complex organizations. This paper presents a critique of the article and summarizes opportunities for further exploring the model in the light of current trends in developmental and integral theory.

Paradox theory is attracting increasing interest from entrepreneurship scholars seeking to understand how entrepreneurs who operate hybrid organizations such as prosocial ventures can effectively address grand challenges. The organizational paradox literature suggests that differences in actors’ approach to paradoxes can occur through the acquisition of different reasoning styles through exposure to different national cultures and cultural resources. We complement the paradox research stream on culture as a resource with the alternative perspective of culture as an experience, which we argue offers additional insight into hybridity within a global context because intercultural experiences are intrinsically paradoxical. Our 18 case studies of immigrant entrepreneurs from the African diaspora operating their prosocial ventures in Western contexts finds that the ways that immigrant entrepreneurs approach tensions in their prosocial ventures mirrors the nature of their intercultural experience. We also find that approaches to paradox vary based on structural barriers such as social exclusion that entrepreneurs faced in their formative years. Overall, our study contributes to research on culture in paradox theory and the prosocial venturing literature by elucidating how entrepreneurs’ intercultural experience and the global macro-level systems in which it is embedded inform the degree and configurations of hybridity in prosocial ventures.

Why do social entrepreneurs retain their faith in social entrepreneurship despite the organizational tensions and anxieties inherent to this field of practice? In this article, we employ the psychoanalytic concept of fantasy to advance knowledge on social enterprise creation. The research analyses qualitative data relating to the adoption of the Community Interest Company, a bespoke organizational form for social enterprise. We argue that social entrepreneurs adopt a specific organizational form because it represents a fantasmatic object that supports their desire for pro-social work. This fantasmatic form appears to temporarily neutralize tensions and anxieties while preserving attachments to pro-social ideals. Our first contribution is to extant research on the role of fantasy in social enterprise. Specifically, we elucidate how social enterprise creation is riven with fantasy-laden attachments to ideals of pro-social work that promise to counteract concerns about future viability...

Slik brøt hun oss ut av vante tankeganger, noen ganger over i noe nytt, andre ganger ut i en ny, grundigere runde om det vi trodde var ferdig tenkt. Sissel tenkte skarpt, fritt og strengt, og krevde det samme av oss som var studenter, veilander og deltakere i formelle og uformelle samtaler. Slik åpnet hun veiene videre. Det var dette vi trengte, skjønte vi. Det er slik man bør tenke. I forrige uke fikk vi den triste beskjeden om at Sissel var død. Så ufattelig for oss som er vant til å tenke på vitaliteten hennes som helt ustoppelig, og som diskuterte en ny artikkel med henne for bare få uker siden i forskergruppen POET på Psykologisk institutt. Hun var godt i gang med å skrive sin del, og hadde flere andre artikler på gang. Vi er mange som har hatt glede og dyp tilfredsstillelse av å skrive sammen med Sissel. De senere årene har hun hatt et saerlig naert og produktivt samarbeid med Jan Skjerve. Sammen utviklet de blant annet en egen metode for kvalitative analyser av terapiprosesser. Vi som har en del av det faglige rotsystemet vårt knyttet til systemisk familiepsykologi, er for alltid takknemlige overfor Sissel. Det var ikke bare velvilje som møtte henne da hun etter et studieopphold i USA ville innføre disse tankene og modellene i psykologistudiet. Og selv var hun nettopp en slik hard negl som skal til for å hamre inn noe nytt og radikalt. Den kliniske undervisningen ved Psykologisk Institutt i Oslo ble delt i to, i en «klinisk» og en «sosialklinisk» fløy, med Sissel som baerebjelke i den sistnevnte. Sissel tok rom til det som ikke ble gitt rom. På samme måte var hun sammen med gode venner og kolleger med på å starte Institutt for Aktiv Psykoterapi, en kraftfull institusjon som gjennom snart førti år har preget hele fagfeltet med sine videreutdanninger. Sissel kunne vaere kompromissløs, men det er likevel åpenheten og viljen til å følge med på det nye som ga henne den enorme betydningen hun fikk for alle oss som opplevde henne som laerer, veileder og fagforfatter. Hun viste en usedvanlig evne til å fange opp akkurat de strømningene som senere viste seg å bli sentrale drivkrefter for store deler av fagfeltet. Hun syntes å kunne alt og få med seg alt, lenge før det ble nytt for andre. Hun var tidlig opptatt av atferdsanalyse, systemisk familieterapi, narrativ terapi, integrasjon, veiledning og kvalitativ forskning. Selv om hun hadde en egen kjaerlighet for det språkorienterte og

Improvement of public services and raising the citizens' quality of life is one of the biggest concerns of public sector. Changing the way public organizations operate could support such an improvement. In this regard, business model framework is an emerging field of research that could shed some new light. Yet, in case of public organizations, business model innovation remains heavily underexplored. The purpose of this chapter is threefold, to indicate and discuss the opportunities of adapting the business model innovation theory to public organizations, to conceptualize its theoretical framework, and to explore the role of public service design in the process of innovating public sector business models.

This introduction to the special issue on hybrid organizations defines hybrids, places them in their historical context, and introduces the articles that examine the strategies hybrids undertake to scale and grow, the impacts for which they strive, and the reception to them by mainstream firms. It aggregates insights from the articles in this special issue in order to examine what hybrid organizations mean for firms and practicing managers as they continue to grow in number and assume a variety of missions in developing and developed countries.