Humour Psychology

Comedy-Why-Wherefore-Why, Why? Comedy, logic and affect control How should we describe comic and comedy? The many examples, which we know from literature and our own experience of the world, provide a glimpse into the complexity of the phenomenon, apart from the problem of an adequate descriptive theory, especially if one does not accept the traditional description and does not presuppose an artificial distinction between humour, satire or comedy in the narrower sense as a conditio sine qua non of a theoretical study. Equally absurd is the question of "what is funny", as this already implies an essentialist view. We want to approach the question differently here. Should we separate literary comedy from everyday comedy, which comes with the aura of spontaneity, or should we recognise a common origin and a procedure of consciously created and spontaneous comedy? Most theories do not discuss these questions in depth. If we look at them, we find a certain lack of clarity. The only consistent approach here is Freud, who in his study 1905 Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewussten (Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious) saw spontaneous linguistic errors as a revelation of the unconscious, and in doing so he focussed joke as a particularly abbreviated and situationally conditioned small form. He thus implicitly assumes similar effects and references to a breach of affect control. Pirandello's case is similar, although it seems reasonable to regard the theorist Pirandello's thoughts on umorismo as a discreet commentary on his specific variant of humour in his own plays, which are of course also given a theoretically founded, general human relevance in the form of ambiguous comedy. Finally, in the 20th Russian cultural scientist Bakhtin attempted a historical-cultural approach to determine the place of comedy into the carnivalesque, as a historical documented approach to a variety of procedures in Middle Age and in Renaissance.
English translation of the German essay on academia.edu:
Franz Obermeier, Versuch über die Komik, online 2023, 374 pages.

In 1973, Stanisław Kłodziński, professor of psychiatry at the Cracow Academy of Medicine, sent a questionnaire to 561 former inmates of Auschwitz-Birkenau, asking them to report on their dreams. He received 147 responses, offering details on a total of 651 dreams. Wojciech Owczarski, professor of Polish literature at the University of Gdańsk, has written a fascinating book about these dream reports, offering-in a relatively short study-both quantitative and qualitative analyses, as well as a deep interdisciplinary engagement with research into the psychology and anthropology of dreaming. Very few scholars have looked to dreams-or more precisely, dream reports, since we cannot have access to 'real dreams'-as sources for Holocaust research. Noted Polish sociologist Barbara Engelking is perhaps the main exception, although Owczarski refers to several other lesser-known studies by historians, psychologists and literary scholars that do deal with dreams in the Holocaust context. Yet dream reports tell us a great deal about the states of mind of Holocaust victims, both inside the camp and in the years after the war. No one, after reading this book, will be in any doubt as to the value of dream reports for thinking about the Holocaust. Owczarski's sources are complex in many ways. Not least of these is the question of whether they can in fact be regarded as 'Holocaust' sources. The questionnaires do not reveal the ages of the respondents or, most significantly, whether or not they were Jews. Given when they were written, it is most likely that the majority of the respondents were non-Jewish Poles. Owczarski writes that he is 'perfectly aware that each time the term "Holocaust" appears in this book, it functions in its extended rather than precise meaning' (p. 6), but he proceeds to discuss the reports in such a way as to render this caution nugatory. No one should downplay the experiences of Poles in Auschwitz; yet there were differences in the treatment of (non-Jewish) Poles and Jews, and the reports perhaps do not allow us to extend the analysis to Jewish victims. Here, some discussion of the work of Hilel Klein, Dori Laub and others on psychotic Holocaust survivors or some comparison of the reports with dreams reported by Jewish survivors in written and oral testimonies might have revised the argument somewhat. That is a task for future research. The first section of the book primarily deals with quantitative aspects of the reports and takes as its main preoccupation the question of whether survivors' dreams had therapeutic effects. Comparing the questionnaires with a 'Polish norm' about dreams derived from William Domhoff's studies and a norm taken from Calvin Hall and Robert Van de Castle's 1966 work, The Content Analysis of Dreams (based on American undergraduate students ' dreams in 1947-1950), Owczarski makes some thought-provoking discoveries. Former Auschwitz inmates reported that their dreams were milder: camp dreams were less likely to contain aggression than dreams afterwards; dreamers generally did not feel anger in their dreams, either in the camp or after; he finds very few dreams of resistance or revenge. These findings lead Owczarski to a preliminary suggestion that the dreams 'were basically

La présente réflexion projette un regard critique sur l’usage du groupe WhatsApp dans le milieu universitaire congolais. De manière très claire, elle tente d’élucider si les étudiants congolais mettent à profit, l’utilisation de cette application dans leur cursus académique. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation, l’étude s’appuie sur un corpus d’interactions échangées par les étudiants de deuxième licence en gestion commerciale de l’Université de Kinshasa.
A l’issue de l’analyse faite sur l’ensemble de données, l’étude déduit que l’exploitation de la plus-value de WhatsApp reste encore dérisoire dans le milieu académique congolais. Pour y remédier, l’étude préconise une utilisation plus ciblée de WhatsApp comme plateforme d’échange pédagogique, avec des interactions plus structurées entre étudiants et enseignants, mieux où les activités liées à la formation universitaire des étudiants seraient au centre de son usage. Ainsi, de cette façon, WhatsApp pourrait servir à améliorer l’enseignement supérieur congolais, en facilitant notamment la continuité des cours à distance.

Psikolojik dayanıklılığın çok güçlü olması gereken iş kollarından birisi de çağrı merkezleridir. Yoğun iş yükü ve stres altında çalışan çağrı merkezi çalışanlarının, zorluklarla mücadele edebilme güçleri psikolojik dayanıklılık seviyesine bağlı olarak değişkenlik göstermektedir. Literatürde sektörle ilgili araştırmaların sınırlı olması nedeniyle, çalışma kapsamında, çağrı merkezi çalışanlarının psikolojik dayanıklılık algılarını, bu dayanıklılığı olumlu ve olumsuz etkileyen faktörleri, psikolojik dayanıklılığı güçlendirmek adına tercih edilen strateji ve yöntemleri keşfetmeye odaklanan bir araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla araştırmada, farklı çağrı merkezlerinden seçilen dokuz (9) çalışan ile nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden odak grup görüşmesi yapılmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda, çalışanların psikolojik dayanıklılığı; zorluklarla başa çıkma, olumlu tutum, stres altında performans, empati, müşteri iletişimi ve motivasyon koruma olarak tanımladıkları görülmüştür. Ayrıca, iş ortamında destekleyici ekip ve yöneticinin varlığı, düzenli geri bildirim, eğitim ve gelişim fırsatları, açık iletişim ve takdir edici iletişimin psikolojik dayanıklılığı güçlendirici faktörler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, olumsuz müşteri etkileşimleri, yüksek tempolu iş ortamı, teknolojik sorunlar, sürekli değişen iş koşulları ve uzun çalışma saatleri gibi durumların çalışanların psikolojik dayanıklılığını zorladığı tespit edilmiştir. Çağrı merkezi çalışanları zorluklarla başa çıkmak için dinlenme, duygusal kontrol, etkili iletişim, kişisel bakım, hizmet içi eğitim ve zaman yönetimi stratejilerini kullanmaktadırlar. Araştırma sonucunda, psikolojik dayanıklılığı artırmak için stres yönetimi, takım aktiviteleri, sürekli öğrenme, kişisel beceri eğitimleri, psikolojik danışmanlık hizmetleri ve esnek çalışma saatleri gibi stratejilere odaklanmanın faydalı olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Aynı zamanda, psikolojik dayanıklılığın istikrarlı ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde nasıl güçlendirilebileceği konusunda öneriler sunulmuştur.

Is laughter a sin? Or is it man’s best medicine? Is laughter now trivialised, mechanised or even weaponised by contemporary media? This book explores the social history of laughter in the West, from classical antiquity to the present day. Engaging with a range of thought from Plato to Nietzsche, it moves from classical to modern thought, considering the changing emotional climate of societies – including the postmodern "dictatorship of happiness" – and the role played by the technological changes of the last century in shaping our interpretation of laughter. A broad, historical study of the physical and emotional aspects of laughter, as well as its social role, A Cultural History of Laughter will appeal to scholars of sociology, history and cultural studies, among other fields of knowledge.

Mathematics is often associated with stress and frustration. Many people find it challenging to learn mathematical
concepts, especially when learning on their own. This feeling of isolation can make the learning process even more
difficult. However, incorporating humour into Mathematics education can help alleviate some of these challenges.
Humour can potentially engage learners, reduce anxiety, and foster creative problem-solving skills. By exploring
the intersection of humour and Mathematics education, this paper aims to uncover ways to empower learners in
their mathematical journey and enhance their learning experiences. The objectives of the study are to examine the
efficacy of instructional humour in Mathematics education, explore effective methods for integrating humour into
Mathematics teaching practices, and analyze the influence of humour on student learning outcomes, while also investigating prevalent mathematical myths. This study suggests that educators are urged to creatively and purposefully incorporate humor into their teaching methods to boost student involvement and improve learning results.
Such an approach can transform the learning environment, making Mathematics more accessible and enjoyable for
all students. The educational implications have been made for the stakeholders in educational practices.

Os indivíduos são mais propensos a emitir ironia quando tais emissões são reforçadas pela audiência e o ambiente se assemelha àquele em que o reforço ocorreu. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a produção da ironia por humoristas profissionais que publicam constantemente produtos de seus comportamentos verbais em sites e redes sociais na rede mundial de computadores. Cinco humoristas profissionais responderam um questionário com questões descritivas dos elementos funcionais de sua produção irônica (sobre sexo, política e religião), das consequências sobre ouvintes e dos sentimentos correlatos a elas. Os resultados destacam "humor" e "conscientização do leitor" (em relação aos temas ironizados) como consequências positivas ao comportamento de emitir ironias, e "ameaça", "acusação" e "incompreensão", como consequências aversivas. Sobre algumas audiências, o efeito que o falante produz emitindo ironias é a ridicularização; sobre outras, o humor, a incompreensão, a inadequação ou a revolta. O humorista profissional modifica seu próprio comportamento verbal irônico a partir desse controle múltiplo, composto, além dessas audiências, de estímulos verbais e não verbais, e operações motivacionais. Conclui-se que os humoristas profissionais, em geral, definem sua ironia pelo sentido tradicional de "contrário dos fatos", aparente na discriminação da função de seu humor irônico "maquiar" ou "esconder" os fatos. A audiência reforçadora dessa ironia é marcada por ouvintes com comportamentos não verbais (e.g., comprar humor) e verbais (e.g., consciência) que, indiretamente, geram dinheiro como reforçador condicional ao humor irônico. Palavras-chave: Ironia, produção irônica, comportamento verbal, análise do comportamento.

Since the emergence of the communicative and then task-based approach in foreign language teaching, humor has been left aside to the benefit of an "efficient" language perspective. This vision limits the language to a communication tool and forgets all the implicit and cultural weight any language act supposes, as has established Bougherra in 2007 by defending an "estheticalludic-referential competence". This paper proposes to introduce humor in a French class for foreigners through a didactic activity field tested, easy to build and to adapt in different teaching contexts, operable from the beginner level to the advanced one. The project uses the website birdsdessines.fr, which publishes every day new comics created by any user and at the same time offers a very userfriendly content creation tool. Guiding the learners into it step by step, starting from understanding those comics and arriving at creating some new ones, will allow them to discover and understand different humor types, but also reproduce them. We will present three different educational uses based on this website, implemented in two Italian universities in groups going from the beginners to the B1 level. We will observe how the learners familiarize themselves with humor's presence in their language path, understand its mechanism, and finally manipulate it themselves in the foreign language. Finally, we will verify that the learners have developed a true capacity for understanding and creating humor, but also that their relation to the learning process has been positively impacted, by analyzing the comics they produced. Since this project has been carried out on a small scale, we intend to inspire foreign language teachers to reproduce it and hopefully confirm our results. Thus, we aim to demonstrate how it is possible and beneficial to expand the existing pedagogical approaches by including a true "humor competence", as defined by Harakchiyska and Borisova as a transversal capacity to understand, react to and produce jokes.

Bu çalışmada, fiyolojik veya psiklojik önemli rahatsılıklara neden olabilen stresle kişisel olarak mücadele stratejileri içerisinde yeralan, kişinin kendisine çalışma dışında özgürce kullanılabileceği bir boş zaman yaratabilmesinin gerekliliği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Elde edilen bu boş zamanın ise. öncelikle hareketsizliği giderici aktif uğraşlar içeren boş zaman sporlarıyla ya da pasif katılımlarla değerlendirebilmesinin stres tepkilerinin azaltılmasındaki fonksiyonları incelenmektedir.

Sigmund Freud paid great attention to humour (1905, 1928), in particular examining the economic, topic, and dynamic components involved. He acknowledged humour as one of the highest psychic functions. This work is aimed in clarifying some points of the Freudian meta-psychology, with special focus on two main aspects: the role of the super-ego, and the function of the humorous expression, which is at the same time defensive and creative. The discovery of a super-ego that from being a strict censor may also become loving and protecting towards the ego, is discussed. On the one hand the centrality of the maternal role in the psychogenesis of humour is underlined in identifying the precursors stemming from mother-child relationship, on the other hand a conceptual frame is proposed which integrates the aggressive and sadistic aspects of the super-ego with those more benevolent and comforting. In addition, some features in common between humour and melancholy are suggested, and this leads to the definition of humour as a creative alternative in coping with one's own suffering, without threatening psychic integrity. Two main functions are to be attributed to humour, the defence of the psychic apparatus and the promotion of well-being, in the perspective of living in a creative way.

The study examines the personality correlates of gelotophobia (fear of being laughed at), gelotophilia (joy of being laughed at), and katagelasticism (joy of laughing at others) in the framework of the five-factor model. In a sample of 1,774 adults, gelotophobes were introverted neurotics with lower inclinations of openness. Furthermore, adjectives like shy, inhibited, and insecure were indicative for gelotophobia. Gelotophilia related to extraversion, low neuroticism and low conscientiousness. Gelotophiles could be well described by adjectives like cheerful, talkative, original, witty, and uninhibited. Katagelasticists were found to be younger males with low scores in agreeableness and conscientiousness. Adjectives like cynical and vengeful correlated robustly with katagelasticism. Results are discussed with respect to the current literature. Suggestions for future research are given.

The primary objective of this paper is to postulate a tripartite division of jokes according to three major incongruity-resolution mechanisms underlying their incremental development, and to review the existing models of joke interpretation in the light of the joke categories advanced here. Most of these well-entrenched frameworks, as will be shown, fail to capture all the three mechanisms of jokes. In the garden-path mechanism, the incongruous punchline evokes a concealed sense of the preceding text, bringing to light its initially covert ambiguity. The hearer cancels the first effortlessly made (default/salient) interpretation in order to prioritise another, compatible with the import of the punchline. Secondly, the red-light joke ends with a surprising punchline which neither proves the setup ambiguous nor invalidates any earlier inferences but brings unexpectedly incongruous piece of information, which is then rendered congruent with the first part of the text. Thirdly, the distinguishing feature of the crossroads category is that it is already the setup that includes the focal incongruity, entailing incomprehensible premises which surpass absurdity typical of many jokes. Consequently, the hearer cannot successfully complete the comprehension process of the setup until the punchline (frequently also incongruous) is introduced, after which any incongruity is resolved.

Humour is a powerful instrument to cope with life’s challenges, especially in times of crisis, extreme challenges, and socio-economic and political processes of change and transformation. The aim of this book is to explore empirical, research-based, and theoretical approaches to humour in diverse cultural contexts and to initiate a cross-cultural discourse to develop interdisciplinary, strength-focused perspectives on humour. In their contributions, the authors who contributed to this anthology explore cultural implications of humour, the relationship between psychological and psychological indicators and well-being across the lifespan, and present research for individual domains of life and fields of action. They explore humour from cultural, empirical, and conceptual perspectives. The authors present new research findings and provide new directions for future research. The chapters of this book aim at contributing to new discourses in humour research from transdisciplinary, cultural, and transcultural perspectives. This book also includes an examination of the emerging research on humour in the field of artificial intelligence, particularly its generative aspects. It also provides an overview of the focus of each chapter.

Özet Üniversite yaşamı başlangıcından bitimine kadar pek çok stres verici olayın ortaya çıkmasına ortam hazırlayan bir süreçtir. Öğrenciler için heyecan verici olabildiği kadar başa çıkılması gereken çok sayıda koşul yaratan bu süreçte öğrencilerin yaşadıkları stres verici olaylar ve bu olaylarla başa çıkabilme becerileri bazı bilişsel değişkenlerle ilişkilidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında öğrencilerinin son bir ay içerisinde yaşadıkları stres verici yaşam olayları niteliksel olarak incelenmiş ve bu olaylarla başa çıkma sürecinde bilişsel esneklik ve tekrarlayıcı düşünme gibi bilişsel değişkenlerin ne şekilde işlev görüyor olabileceği incelenmiştir. Öğrencilerinin en çok rapor ettikleri stres verici olaylar gelecek kaygısı, okulla ilişkili akademik sorunlar ve kişilerarası ilişki sorunları olarak öne çıkmıştır. Bilişsel esneklik ve tekrarlayıcı düşünme açısından farklılaşan öğrencilerin rapor ettikleri stresli yaşam olayları açısından belirgin bir farklılığa sahip olmadıkları dikkat çekmiştir. Bu bulgu bilişsel özelliklerin üniversite öğrencilerinin stres verici yaşam olayları konusunda hem koruyucu hem de sürdürücü nitelik taşıyabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bilişsel esnekliğin artması ve tekrarlayıcı düşünmenin azalması öğrencilerinin psikolojik iyilik halleriyle ilişkili olabilmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular olası koruyucu uygulamalar ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Bireylerin, fiziksel ve sosyal çevrelerindeki uyumsuz koşullar nedeniyle, bedensel ve psikolojik sınırlarının ötesinde gayret harcamaları strese neden olur. Stres, bireyin rahatsız olduğu durumlara uyum sağlama çabası ile birlikte ortaya çıkan rahatsız edici duygusal durum olarak ifade edilebilir. Bu çalışmada, stres ile ilgili bir literatür taraması denemesi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, stres konusundaki araştırmaların tarihçesi, stresin izlediği seyir, fiziksel ve sosyal belirtileri, yüksek-orta-düşük düzeydeki nedenleri ve olumlu ya da olumsuz sonuçları ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca beden, zihin, davranış, inanç ve ruhsal yaşam yoluyla stresle başa çıkma yöntemleri üzerinde durulmuştur.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between perceived parental attitudes and psychological resilience and secondary traumatic stress levels of police officers who go on active duty with guns, work in a shift system and hierarchical structure, where the risks and responsibilities of the intervened tasks are high, and who work in difficult conditions from this point of view. For this purpose, research articles and postgraduate theses were accessed in YökTez, Dergipark, ApaPsycnet, Pubmed, ScienceDirect databases using the words "police, parental attitudes, psychological resilience, secondary traumatic stress, police officer, parental attitudes, psychological resilience, secondary traumatic stress". 35 studies were identified and their results were examined. Based on the findings of the literature review, that democratic parental attitudes increase resilience, it is seen that the psychological resilience of police officers who grew up with democratic parental attitudes tends to be high, while those who are more psychologically resilient tend to be less prone to secondary traumatic stress.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin pandemi döneminde mental iyi oluş düzeylerinin yordayıcıları olarak Covid-19 korkusu, stresle başa çıkma ve ailedeki koruyucu etkenleri incelemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden birisi olan korelasyonel model kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2020-2021 akademik yılı bahar döneminde Türkiye’deki iki farklı devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 406’sı kadın (%75,3), 133’ü erkek (%24,7) olmak üzere toplam 539 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, “Warwick-Edinburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği”, “Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği”, “Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeği”, “Ailedeki Koruyucu Etkenler Ölçeği” ve “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon analizi ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, üniversite öğrencilerinin pandemi döneminde mental iyi oluş düzeyleri ile Covid-19 korkusu düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönde anlamsız; stresle başa ç...

Pozitif psikoloji akımı doğrultusunda ortaya çıkan pozitif psikolojik sermaye kavramı, bireylerin olumsuz özellikleri yerine olumlu yönlerini ve özelliklerini vurgulamayı amaçlayan bir bakış açısını ifade eder. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Denizli Kınıklı bölgesindeki devlet okullarında görevli 175 lise öğretmeni üzerinde pozitif psikolojik sermaye ile stresle başa çıkma yolları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 22 istatistik paket programı kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılara ilişkin verilerin analizinde frekans dağılımlarından yararlanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte demografik değişkenler ile pozitif psikolojik sermaye ve stresle başa çıkma yolları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis testleri ve korelasyon analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Değerlendirmeler ışığında elde edilen verilere göre; pozitif psikolojik sermaye ile stresle başa çıkma yolları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. The concept of positive psychological capital, which emerged in line with the positive psychology trend, expresses a point of view aiming to highlight the positive aspects and characteristics of individuals instead of their negative characteristics. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between positive psychological capital and ways of coping with stress among 175 high school teachers working in public schools in Denizli Kınıklı region. SPSS 22 statistical package program was used for data analysis. Frequency distribution was used in the analysis of the data of the participants. However, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests was used to investigate the relationship between demographic variables and positive psychological capital and ways of coping with stress. In addition, correlation analysis was used to determine the relationships between psychological capital and dimensions and ways of coping with stress. According to the data obtained in the light of research results; there was a positive relationship between positive psychological capital and ways of coping with stress.

Nous voudrions, à travers cet article, examiner, dans une perspective d'hétérogénéité et de transgressivité appliquée au plurilinguisme, le livre de Rémy Tissier, Le Dédale des disciples (2004). Mais auparavant, afin d'apporter une réponse assez fourbie à cette question, il nous paraît méthodologiquement approprié de procéder succinctement à quelques remarques préliminaires. En guise de décryptage du mot-valise « hétérarchie », il convient d'ores et déjà de relever que celui-ci est formé des substantifs « hétérogénéité » et « hiérarchie ». Ce concept inédit, presque un hapax dans le champ de la critique, nous est inspiré de Douglas Hofstadter (1985) qui l'a forgé pour désigner une « hiérarchie désacralisée d'où toute idée de priorité s'est évanouie » (Westphal, 2007 : 14), d'où toute notion d'infrangibilité est ruinée et abolie pour l'émergence d'une égalité des hiérarchies, pour leur nivellement intégral.

According to the cognitive approach to humour, the understanding of jokes implies the recognition of an incongruity followed by its resolution. Through our work, we aim to contribute to this strand of research by investigating the link between cognitive processes and the understanding of humour. In particular, we will explore the distinction between the three different types of contrariety (global, intermediate and additive) that has emerged from the research on the psychology of perception and is characterised by different perceptual evidence, and how it applies to the concept of incongruity. We will also discuss what a reading of humorous incongruity in terms of perceptual patterns may add to previous definitions of incongruity and how it helps to contribute to the further operationalisation thereof.

The first aim of this research is to examine the relationship between personality types, problem-focused stress coping style, and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. The second aim is to determine whether cognitive flexibility plays a mediating role in relationship between personality types and problem-oriented coping styles. For this purpose, data were collected from 465 adolescents (293 (63%) women and 172 (37%) men). Five Factor Personality Scale, Coping Style Scale and Cognitive Flexibility Scale were used as data collection tools. Correlation coefficient and path analysis were used in the analysis of the data. According to the findings obtained from the research, positive personality types such as extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness of the adolescents have significant positive relationships between problemfocused coping style and cognitive flexibility. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between neuroticism personality type and problemfocused coping style and cognitive flexibility. When the findings of mediation analysis are examined, it has been found that cognitive flexibility has partially mediation role in relationships between personality types and problem-focused coping style. In other words, both direct relationships between personality types and problem-focused coping are meaningful, as well as indirect implications through cognitive flexibility. The findings were discussed and interpreted in light of the literature.

Com base nas considerações do livro Verbal Behavior (Skinner, 1957), este trabalho faz uma análise fun-
cional do humor verbal em quatro paródias decorrentes do poema “Canção do Exílio” de Gonçalves Dias

(1846). A análise funcional se deu pela identificação dos prováveis estímulos antecedentes aos operantes
utilizados nos textos e das consequências que podem ter controlado o comportamento dos autores das
paródias. Também foram identificadas as fontes formais e temáticas de cada obra e apontadas as causas
do efeito humorístico pretendido pelos autores das paródias. Verificou-se que o contexto e o timing são
de suma importância para gerar humor e as variáveis controladoras (fontes) suplementam o contexto de forma específica, gerando o efeito humorístico. Concluiu-se que a análise é passível de extensão para o campo não verbal, que o riso é uma consequência mantenedora da resposta “humorística” e não o com-
portamento.

Lau hter is a si nifi cant part in the lives of children and youth. Statistically speakin , children lau h much more than adults. Our paper deals with preschool children's lau hter, the ways children lau h and make each other lau h in everyday communication, and the ways in which children of this a e make adults lau h. We will look into children's lau hter, ran in from spontaneous expression and verbalization of ood mood (a phenomenon that Korney Chukovsky refers to as "ekikiki") throu h children's nonsensical puns, various types of phonetic and semantic scramblin and distortion of words and phrases, euphonic ames and puns to children's jokes. We will try to show how children's lau hter-makin oral literary complex (constituted of specifi c enres and stylistic forms) is expressed, and how this expression, mutatis mutandis, facilitates the formation of a social community of lau hter of preschool children. On the other hand, preschool children, with their naïve thinkin , establishment of unusual and unexpected symbolic relationships and misunderstandin of social relations between adults, often make adults lau h. This phenomenon of "children's mouths" has its refl exes in oral enres (jokes) as well as in narrative subjects and focalizers in written literature (poetry, short story, novel).

In this piece, the authors detect and delineate an often neglected core concern within the sociology of Zygmunt Bauman-social suffering. They trace this concern with suffering from the early year writing within a Marxist framework focusing on the working class through middle periods concerned with the Holocaust, Jews, strangers and the Other to the later years and the preoccupation with the victims of consumerism. The authors document how social suffering has remained a significant leitmotif in Zygmunt Bauman's sociology but suggest how his writings on misery and suffering paradoxically point to a world of human possibility and responsibility.

Language and the Arts (Israel) he Holocaust is an unhealed trauma that constitutes a pivotal experience in Israel. For many years, Israeli culture recoiled from dealing with the Holocaust from a humorous or satirical perspective. The perception was that a humorous approach to the Holocaust might threaten the sanctity of its memory or evoke feelings of disrespect towards the subject and hurt the survivors' feelings. Official agents of Holocaust memory continue to make use of this approach, but since the 1990s, a new unofficial path of memory has begun taking shape in tandem. It is an alternative and subversive path that seeks to remember-albeit differently. Texts that combine the Holocaust with humor are a major aspect of this new memory (Steir-Livny 2014). This paper analyzes the changes in the attitude towards Holocaust satire and humor in Israel. The case study includes three skits by The Chamber Quintet (Hahamishia Hakamerit, "Matar"

The first aim of this research is to examine the relationship between personality types, problem-focused stress coping style, and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. The second aim is to determine whether cognitive flexibility plays a mediating role in relationship between personality types and problem-oriented coping styles. For this purpose, data were collected from 465 adolescents (293 (63%) women and 172 (37%) men). Five Factor Personality Scale, Coping Style Scale and Cognitive Flexibility Scale were used as data collection tools. Correlation coefficient and path analysis were used in the analysis of the data. According to the findings obtained from the research, positive personality types such as extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness of the adolescents have significant positive relationships between problemfocused coping style and cognitive flexibility. On the other hand, there was a significant negative correlation between neuroticism personality type and problemfocused coping style and cognitive flexibility. When the findings of mediation analysis are examined, it has been found that cognitive flexibility has partially mediation role in relationships between personality types and problem-focused coping style. In other words, both direct relationships between personality types and problem-focused coping are meaningful, as well as indirect implications through cognitive flexibility. The findings were discussed and interpreted in light of the literature.

Evlat edinme talebi olan 47 birey ile çocuk sahibi olmayı düşünmediğini ifade eden 46 birey bağlanma şekli, mizaç, dürtüsellik ve ruhsal dayanıklılık özellikleri yönünden karşılaştırılmıştır. Katılımcılara sosyodemografik veri formu, TEMPS-A, Barratt Dürtüsellik Ölçeği Kısa Formu (BIS-11-KF), Yetişkinler İçin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği (YPDÖ) ve Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II (YIYE-II) uygulanmıştır. Evlat edinme talebi olanlarda hipertimik; çocuk sahibi olmayı düşünmeyenlerdeyse depresif, irritabl ve anksiyöz mizaç özellikleri; evlat edinmek isteyen grupta güvenli bağlanma oranı ve ruhsal dayanıklılık puanları, çocuk sahibi olmak istemeyen grupta ise kaçınma ve kaygı oranları daha yüksektir.

Vorliegende innovative Studie zur Komik zeichnet sich durch eine neue Betrachtungsweise des Phänomens aus. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten traditionellen Theorien wird nicht nur ein deskriptiv-essentialistischer Katalog dessen was komisch wirkt, angestrebt. Die Studie setzt sich mit einigen klassischen Ansätzen und Überlegungen zu Ursachen komischer Wirkung auseinander (Freud: Affektbezogenheit und Verkürzung im Witz, Bergson: mécanique plaqué sur du vivant, Pirandello als Doppelbödigkeit des Komischen, Bachtin; Karnevalisierung als Ursprünge komischer Verfahren), legt den Schwerpunkt allerdings auf die Komikproduktion und das Komikverständnis als Verfahren. Die Komik wird im Wesentlichen als kognitiver Prozess analysiert. In einem von einem Sprechakt gesetzten Aussageakt wird bewusst ein Defizitäres als auslösender Effekt eingesetzt. Dies erzeugt im Empfänger zuerst einmal eine leere Überraschung. Zugrunde liegt ein menschliches Universal, dass er in jeglichem kommunikativen Akt von der Wirklichkeitssupposition ausgeht, also ein mentales Verständnis des Gesagten im Sinne einer Wahrnehmung als verständlich automatisch aktiviert ist. Der Komiktrigger setzt hier ein Fragezeichen. Es erfolgt aber bald das Verständnis einer Sekun-därebene: der Komiktrigger wird als bewusst gesetzt erkannt und damit beginnt ein Verständ¬nis einer Metaebene. Es ist dann nicht mehr primär der denotative Gehalt der Erstaussage, der zur Weltorientierung erkannt werden muss, sondern durch den Bezug zu kulturell geprägten semantischen Hallräumen im Rezipienten eine neue zweite Aussage induziert, ein Verstehen als komisch. Diese neue Aussage hat dann wieder eine Aussagekomponente, die als Ausge-schlossenes Drittes bezeichnet wird, also eine wieder verständliche Aussage, die die Erstaus-sage zwar als thematische Bestimmung verwendet, durch sie indirekt bestimmt ist, sie aber aufhebt, perspektiviert, oder einfach inhaltlich oder als Sprechweise veralbert. Dieses Ausgeschlossene Dritte kann auch auf der Ebene einer reinen Vorstellung möglich sein, die einen Wirklichkeitsbezug ausschließt. Auf jeden Fall ist selbst in Fällen wie der Unsinnspoesie oder dem Absurden Theater eine kognitive Komponente der Weltorientierung enthalten.

Bütün dünyayı etkisi altına Covid 19 pandemisinin etkileri farklı alanlarda farklı boyutlarda hissedilmektedir. Sürecin yol açtığı temel duygulardan birinin kaygı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ele alınan sağlık anksiyetesi, kaygının bir türü olarak kabul edilmektedir. Araştırmada sağlık anksiyetesinin yordayıcıları olarak mizahla başa çıkma ve iyimserlik belirlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, mizahla başa çıkma, sağlık anksiyetesi ve iyimserlik arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemek ve mizahla başa çıkma ile sağlık anksiyetesi arasındaki ilişkide iyimserliğin aracı rolünü keşfetmektir. İlişkisel modele dayalı olarak yapılan çalışmaya 222'si kadın (% 65.68), 116'sı erkek (% 34.32) toplam 338 birey katılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği, İyimserlik Ölçeği, Mizah Yoluyla Başa Çıkma Ölçeği ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada aracılık analizleri yapılmış ve edilen sonuçlara göre mizahla başa çıkma ile sağlık anksiyetesi arasındaki ilişkide iyimserliğin kısmi aracı rolü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak mizahla başa çıkmanın sağlık anksiyetesi üzerindeki dolaylı etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur.

Bu araştırmada, genç yetişkinlerin algılanan sosyal destek ve stresle başa çıkma tarzları arasındaki ilişkide, algılanan öz yeterliliğin rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma grubunu, 2017-2018 Eğitim öğretim dönemi bahar yarıyılında Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi'nde öğrenimlerine devam etmekte olan öğrenciler arasından kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile ulaşılan toplam 429 öğrenci (158'i kadın, 271'i erkek ve ortalama yaş 21,8) oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, demografik bilgi formunun yanı sıra Zimet ve arkadaşları (1990) tarafından geliştirilen Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği, Lazarus ve Folkman (1984) tarafından geliştirilen Stresle Başa Çıkma Tarzları Ölçeği ile Schwarzer ve Jerusalem (1995) tarafından geliştirilen Öz Yeterlilik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, algılanan sosyal desteğin her üç alt boyutu ile stresle başa çıkmada etkili yöntemler arasında orta düzeylerde anlamlı pozitif ilişkiler olduğu görülmektedir (raile=,390, rözel=,286, rarkadaş=,331; p<,01). Hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre ise, algılanan sosyal destek ile genel öz yeterlilik etkileşiminin, etkili yöntemler üzerinde anlamlı katkısı tespit edilmiştir (β=-,091, p<,05). Bu anlamda, sosyal destek algılarının stresle başa çıkmada kullanılan etkili yöntemler üzerindeki etkisinde, algılanan öz yeterliliğin düzenleyici rolü olduğu söylenebilir. Nitekim öz yeterlilik algılarının en yüksek olduğu nokta, algılanan sosyal destek ile etkili yöntemler ilişkisinin de en yüksek olduğu noktadır. Sonuç olarak, ailesinden, sevdiklerinden ve arkadaşlarından sosyal destek gören gençler, stresle başa çıkmada etkili yöntemleri daha fazla kullanmaktadır. Öz yeterlilik algılarının yüksek olması ise bu ilişkinin gücünü arttırıcı rol oynamaktadır.

Le présent document retrace le résumé de toutes mes recherches universitaires. Ces recherches portent sur les manifestations des TIC et la Cybercriminalité. Toutefois, quelques écrits se distinguent tout en mettant l'accent par exemple sur des caractéristiques Criminologiques et victimologiques de certains phénomènes. Nous espérons que ces études participeront à éclairer la communauté scientifique. Nous restons réceptif aux critiques et sollicitations.

Cette étude vise à analyser les incidences criminologiques du phénomène des
buzz sur les réseaux sociaux numérique en Côte d’Ivoire. Pour la collecte des
données, le recours à l’analyse de documents visuels et textuels ainsi que la veille
informationnelle ont été nécessaires. Après une analyse qualitative des données
recueillies, les résultats montrent que des individus, cherchant à faire du buzz sur
les réseaux sociaux numériques, posent des actes qui tombent sur le coup de la
loi pénale qui suscitent en conséquence la réaction des institutions de régulation
sociale. Ces conduites transgressives portent, par ailleurs, atteinte à des per
sonnes dont les auteurs de ces actes, et en font des victimes.
Mots-clés :Buzz, Côte d’Ivoire, Incidences criminologique

L'exercice des rivalités politiques liées à la compétition électorale entre partis et prétendants au pouvoir en lice ne s'épuise pas dans une confrontation de programmes parfaitement bien ficelés à partir d'une approche rationnelle de l'offre et de la demande. La campagne électorale est en effet un moment à forte tonalité humoristique qui contraste avec la gravité, la respectabilité, la sacralité et la solennité de l'enjeu et du moment. Le discours, comme procédé de construction de l'argumentaire politique, se nourrit aussi de l'humour pour mieux communiquer, séduire ou détruire. L'humour de campagne électorale ne raconte pas seulement le désordre social, les dysfonctionnements politiques, les manquements administratifs, les incohérences économiques, la mal-gouvernance, la corruption, les maux de la société, l'impunité, les fraudes et bien d'autres questions graves. Il raconte aussi tout le contraire. En fonction de son appartenance au pouvoir ou à l'opposition, l'humour s'adapte et se réinvente suivant les lignes de rivalités et les affinités. Les risques et effets pervers de l'humour fixent les limites de la primauté donnée à l'émotion plus qu'à la raison dans ce type d'exercice. La ligne de démarcation entre l'admis et l'interdit peut se révéler floue et fatale à ceux qui s'y aventurent sans en maîtriser l'art subtil.

Stres bazen organizmanın tepkisi gibi tanımlanırken, bazen dıştaki uyarıcı anlamında tanımlanmaktadır (1). Stres alanında yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde neredeyse bütün hastalıkların psiko-somatik olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle gelişmiş ülkelerde stres ve stres eğitimi önem kazanmıştır. Ülkemizde üniversite eğitiminde ve iş yaşamında stres eğitimi yoktur. Oysa sağlıklı ve huzurlu bireylere sahip olabilmek için stresle başa çıkmayı bilmek gerekmektedir. "Bu çalışmada, iş yaşamında yoğun çalışan hekimlerde stres nedir, belirtileri nelerdir ve stresin azaltılmasında veya onunla başa çıkmada kullanılan teknikler nelerdir," tartışılmaya çalışılmıştır.

L’étude a pour objectif de décrire les conditions de travail des
adolescents dans les lavages auto à Yopougon. A travers les
techniques de recueil de données telles que l’observation, l’étude
documentaire et l’entretien, nousavons dégagé au travers de la
méthode qualitative le profil des adolescents laveurs, leurs conditions
de travail et l’impact de ce travailsur la santé de ces derniers. Les
résultats de cette recherche révèlent que l’activité de laveur
d’automobile a un impact considérable sur lasanté de ces adolescents.
Ce travail pénible porte gravement atteinte à leur santé physique sans
oublier lesrisques d’accidentsauxquels ils s’exposent et les déviances
dont ils se rendent coupables.

Cet article présente l&#39;état des connaissances sur l&#39;organisation du travail infirmier et ses effets sur la santé physique et mentale des infirmières. Ensuite, il traite d&#39;un modèle conceptuel que nous proposons pour approcher une telle problématique. Ce dernier suppose des relations entre la charge de travail, source potentielle de problèmes de santé, l&#39;autonomie et le soutien social comme modérateur de la charge ou de ses effets.

This paper reports on an exploratory study examining joke identification, appreciation and comprehension by Spanish intermediate ESL learners. The study is based on a relevance-theoretic classification of jokes, which assumes that humorousness results from manipulation of three parametres: make-sense frames, cultural information and utterance interpretation. It firstly ascertains whether Spanish ESL learners recognise orally-delivered samples of seven types of purportedly jocular texts. Secondly, it examines whether these learners actually regard such texts as comical and why. Finally, it looks into the learners’ interpretative problems in order to single out which joke type(s) is/are more challenging. The study relies on quantitative and qualitative data elicited through an online questionnaire comprising four tasks. The results indicate no correlation between joke identification and appreciation, and independence of successful joke recognition from sophisticated interpretative ski...

Resilience refers to the ability of successful adaptation and overcoming negative conditions successfully in spite of the challenges of a difficult situation; in terms of diseases, economic difficulties, violence and stress caused by modern life, it is an important issue. It is a necessity to raise resilient children who are prepared against difficulties and risks because it is not possible to eliminate all difficult and risky situations. Children live in a socio-ecological environment, so resilience develops in interaction with other elements in the environment. In this study, it is aimed to emphasize the dynamic structure and importance of resilience concept, to discuss resilience development within the context of family, school, society, culture and to focus on what can be done in order to raise resilient children. Under the scope of the research, articles and books that can be accessed as full text was examined by searching for keywords such as "resilience", "risk factors", "protective factors".

It is stated that laughter has its positive health effects in physiological, psychological and social terms. It is stated that it has effects like physiologically enhancing oxygen saturation in blood and beta-endorphin levels while psychologically mitigating anxiety, stress and depression, and socially facilitating communication. Laughter yoga is a non-invasive and non-pharmacological method of therapy that combines unconditioned laughter and breathing techniques. It is a programme with four parts taking about 40 minutes accompanied by a leader. These parts are hand clapping and warming up exercises; deep breathing exercises; childish games; and laughter exercises. In the field of health in general, laughter yoga is used in many disciplines including dentistry, oncology, cardiology, immunology, psychiatry and nursing. In nursing, laughter yoga is used in improving overall health status, reducing blood pressure, strengthening communication with the patient, mitigating psychological symptoms, and improving life quality. The objective of this compilation is to examine the philosophy, history, and implementation of laughter yoga, its health effects, areas of use in general and use in nursing in particular.