History of public relations

The place of propaganda in a democratic society has been discussed long before the age of fake news, as the heated debate on this issue that took place in the UK and other democracies from around 1914 to 1950 clearly shows. Drawing upon a variety of published and archival sources, the article examines the changing views of British political elites, intellectuals, publicity experts and the public on the proper role of government in the public sphere, while discussing their influence on government policies and exploring the light they shed on British—and, more broadly, liberal democratic—culture and identity.

The aim of this article is to revisit the robust interest in the history of public relations. More energy for that effort is being generated by recent discussions of propaganda and reputation in Assyriology. Major archeological findings of the second half of the twentieth century revealed texts explicating a system of public communication, the purpose of which was to legitimize the power of monarchs in the ancient Near East. Founded on written (royal inscriptions) and iconographic materials and influenced by the historical materialism predominant in historiography when Assyriology was at its height, Assyriologists have approached the study of Mesopotamian state ideology via an essentially communicative dimension where the search for legitimacy and hegemony is articulated through communication in the form of impression and reputation management. Thus, Gramsci’s state theory, in particular his conception of historical blocs–dominant configurations of material capabilities, ideologies and institutions as determining frames for individual and collective action–are deemed useful for a critical view of public relations historiography.

Since the start of the 21st century, significant work has been done in expanding not just the content, but the geographical, methodological, and social range of public relations scholarship. The expansion has parallels in the body of historical work in the discipline. In this article, we contend that future research on PR pasts should seek to be relevant to three clusters of contemporary themes that feature strongly in mainstream history. Cluster one is the environmental context of globalization and associated geographical and social diversifications. Cluster two concerns the scale, methods, and ecological inclusiveness to engage with these changes; and, the third covers nation-centric mindsets, archival assumptions, and the impact of changing media. We also argue for PR historians resourcing the next stages of PR history from advances in historiography and history writing practices. We suggest that this would involve questioning assumptions of authority embedded in archive-centered PR research, decentering nationbound narratives, reevaluating notions of objectivity, and extending the field's temporal and spatial boundaries.

The progressive version of public relations history present it as a by-product of pluralist political systems or a democratic dividend. It has been claimed that public relations thrives within open media systems and market economies but struggles in highly controlled governmental systems (dictatorships, juntas, and closed economies). This paper considers how political history and political systems affected the formation of public relations practices in regions of Europe that, after 1945, were under military dictatorships (Spain and Portugal), a military junta (Greece) and were contained in the Soviet bloc. Using comparative history methodology, the notion that public relations operates solely in democracies is challenged, although it is conceded that practice thrived in postwar Western Europe but struggled to develop in parts of southern and eastern Europe.

This study aims to mention the most important events, cases and names that have had an impact on the public relations profession in Turkey within historically-divided devel- opmental periods between 1920 and 2012. While forming the historical periods into sub-phases, socio-political and economical contexts are considered. Three separate periods are named: antecedents, emergence and developmental. Concerning these periods, the applicability of Grunig and Hunt’s (1984) four models of PR is discussed within a Turkish context, and it is concluded that the typology does not totally fit into Turkish PR history.

This article analyzes the influence of Archibald MacLeish's "strategy of truth" and the principles of the Government Information Manual for the Motion Picture Industry in the production of Frank Capra's documentary series Why We Fight. One of the main contributions of this research is to show how this series is the most important example of the application of the strategy of truth and, at the same time, one of the main examples of public relations audiovisual product realized to be addressed to American Army as well to the American public opinion. It is argued that Capra's Why We Fight made a substantial and long-lasting contribution to public relations, particularly in terms of its discourse and the use of analepsis has PR narrative resource. Overall, the article positions Why We Fight as one of the greatest efforts ever made in the history of military public relations.

This paper investigates the Public Relations Institute of Australia’s introduction in 1991 of a national accreditation program for university courses. Drawing on an analysis of previously unstudied industry archives, it identifies four themes significant for industry perspectives of education: public relations knowledge; industry expectations and experience; public relations curricula; and academic legitimacy. While university education was perceived by institute members to demonstrate the professional standing of public relations, the findings reveal divergent understandings of its role and content and identify considerable resistance to the institutionalisation of public relations knowledge. At the same time, the expansion and marketisation of higher education led to the introduction of new, vocational courses such as public relations. The significance of this study is it offers new insights into the development of Australian public relations education and the role of the professional association.

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to establish the contributions and challenges associated with measurement and evaluation of public relations in selected Kenyan parastatals.
Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The target population for the study comprised of 187 parastatals with 119,689 employees. Purposive sampling was used. The sample size was forty-seven (47) employees of public relations departments and six (6) senior PR officers who are working in the three selected parastatals, totalling to fifty-three (53).The study used both questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data was interpreted using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data in this study was analyzed, recurrent themes identified, and patterns of relationship that exist among data-groups searched manually and were used to augment the quantitative data. Percentages and tabulations of variables were used to present data analysis in tables, bar graphs and pie charts. The data was analyzed by a data analysis software called Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 software.
Results: The study found out that PR practitioners are aware of the importance of evaluation research, but are not able to use the function to convince the upper management in the organization. Thus, they find it hard to get sufficient budget and support to carry out the function, which hampers their ability to examine the effectiveness of their PR programs and activities to see if their objectives and goals have been achieved and consequently are unable to assure management of the departments’ effectiveness. The study revealed insufficient time, money and lack of standards as the main reasons hindering measurement and evaluation.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommended that PR practitioners should use research in planning, implementation and evaluation. They should use verifiable data to back up their funding requirements and flavor their arguments. This will in turn offer major benefits to PR and corporate communication practitioners in their pursuit of professionalism and acceptance as part of senior management, as well as at a practical level in gaining adequate budgets and support.

ZUM BUCH: Der Sammelband mit dem Titel "Die Affäre Hunzinger - ein PR-Missverständnis" enthält 40 Beiträge von  Kommunikationsfachleuten, Journalisten und Schriftstellern. Herausgeber sind Rupert Ahrens, Präsident der Gesellschaft Public Relations Agenturen (GPRA), und Eberhard Knödler-Bunte vom PR-Kolleg Berlin. Die Affäre hatte unter anderem wenige Wochen vor der letzten Bundestagswahl zum Rücktritt des damaligen Bundesverteidigungsministers Rudolf Scharping geführt.
Die Affäre um Moritz Hunzinger hatte der gesamten PR-Branche einen schweren Imageschaden zugefügt. Der Deutsche Rat für Public Relations (DRPR) hatte Hunzinger daraufhin eine offizielle Rüge ausgesprochen. Die Affäre löste somit eine generelle Debatte über Aufgabe und Rolle von PR aus, die in den Augen der Herausgeber in weiten Teilen missverständlich war. "Durch die Affäre wurde der Öffentlichkeit ein Bild von Public Relations vermittelt, das vielen ihre Vorurteile über dieses Berufsbild zu bestätigen schien", so Rupert Ahrens. Die Beiträge in nun erschienenen Sammelband zeigen Zugänge zu Public Relations auf und erläutern die Handlungsspielräume von PR. Die Auswahl der Autoren ermöglicht dabei eine Sicht auf PR von innen und von außen. Das Buch enthält somit auch zahlreiche kritische Beiträge enthält. Die GPRA hat die Herausgeberschaft für diesen Band übernommen und kommt damit ihrer Verantwortung nach, "die Aufgaben und Funktionen einer leistungsfähigen PR in der Öffentlichkeit zu vermitteln." Somit geht es in dem Buch weniger um die Hunzinger-Affäre selbst. Ziel ist vielmehr ein kritischer Blick auf den Beruf des PR-Beraters sowie auf die Problematik einer uneinheitlichen Ausbildung. So spricht sich der im GPRA-Präsidium für Ausbildungsfragen zuständige Andreas Severin in seinem Beitrag für eine profunde PR-Ausbildung sowie ein umfassendes, über alle Berufsphasen gestaffeltes Aus- und Weiterbildungsangebot aus. Das beinhalte einheitliche Prüfungsstandards und einen verbesserten Wissenstransfer zwischen Hochschulen, Unternehmen und Agenturen, um so für eine  qualifizierte Professionalität des Personals" zu sorgen.

El artículo se interesa por el desarrollo de las relaciones públicas como campo intelectual, propiciando un acercamiento de índole paradigmática a las propuestas teóricas y conceptuales predominantes en los últimos 35 años. Con tal fin, se ha indagado en artículos de publicaciones científicas y en libros de editoriales reconocidas que hayan sido editados entre 1980 y 2015, de modo tal de poner en evidencia las distintas visiones teóricas construidas en torno a la disciplina y establecer si es válido referir a la existencia de un paradigma dominante y enfoques alternativos.

Resumen:
La presente investigación trata de rastrear algunos antecedentes de comunicados de prensa y otros instrumentos de comunicación empresarial en la prensa malagueña de finales del siglo XIX. Para obtener los resultados se aplica el método del análisis de contenido sobre las comunicaciones que el periódico La Unión Mercantil (1886-1936) publicó en las secciones específicas: comunicado, remitido, circulares y avisos, en el periodo comprendido entre su nacimiento en 1886 y el comienzo del conflicto bélico cubano a principios de 1895. Los ejemplares digitalizados del diario se hallan disponibles online para su consulta en la página web del Archivo Narciso Díaz de Escovar, con la excepción del año 1892, cuya colección ha desaparecido casi por completo. Se logran obtener 400 resultados válidos, que se analizan según criterios de autoría y origen, objetivos de comunicación, y fuentes mencionadas. Este trabajo inicia una línea de debate casi desconocida en España, dada la falta de investigaciones monográficas de periódicos esenciales para la historia del periodismo en nuestro país, a nivel técnico y de contenido, a la vez que incide en la búsqueda de antecedentes de relaciones públicas antes del inicio oficial de la disciplina mediados los años sesenta del siglo XX.



Abstract:
This research tries to find some background public relations in the press releases and other minor business communication tools in the Malacitan press in the late XIX century. In the fact to get the results, we use the method of content analysis on the newspaper La Union Mercantil (1886-1936), those been published in the specific sections used: comunicado, remitido, circulares and avisos, in the period between the birth of the newspaper itself in 1886 and the beginning Cuban war in early 1895. The copies of the journal are available online for public consultation on the website in the Archivo Diaz de Escovar, with the exception of 1892, whose collection has almost completely disappeared. They come to get almost 400 valid results, which are analyzed in groups according to criteria of authorship and origin, communication objectives and sources mentioned. This work initiates a line almost unknown debate in Spain, given the lack of monographic research of essential papers to the history of journalism in our country at the technical level and content, while striking the background search public relations before the official start of the discipline in the middle sixties of the twentieth century.

This paper studies the history of the adoption of Information Technology by the public relations sector, as expressed in publication of the International Public Relations Association from 1976 to 1996. The data are analysed through the frame of Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory but don't align with that long-standing theory's modelling of adoption of new technology, as leaders in the field were vary wary of the effects of "over-communication".

Called the father of advertising by some, David Ogilvy is credited with coining the phrase "the big idea": one that gets noticed, remembered, and inspires action. This paper explores the life and career of Charlotte Klein, a 20 th century public relations executive who started her career with UPI and the film industry in the 1940s and who went on to work on such accounts as the Ideal Toy Company, French couture and champagne, the government of Israel, and PBS to name a few. Along the way, her selfconfidence and early work in Hollywood helped her develop "the big ideas" that served her clients, society, and the profession. Using in-depth interviews and primary and secondary documents, the authors discuss Klein's big ideas that resulted in such outcomes as creating and promoting the first anthropologically correct black doll, building public support for the young state of Israel, and founding the U.S. Women's Hall of Fame. In addition, we explore her influence as an early woman leader in PR professional societies and the gender-related challenges she faced in her career. As such, the paper helps document and contribute to our knowledge of a rich but little documented era in public relations history and records successful strategies that remain relevant to practitioners today.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın başladığı ve Türkiye’ye sıçramasına yönelik endişelerin  arttığı bir dönemde gündeme gelen beşinci kol faaliyetlerine dair kamuoyuna sunulan enformasyondaki  çerçeveleri halkla ilişkiler açısından değerlendirmektir. Bu maksatla gerçekleştirilen doküman incele- mesine bağlı olarak 1940 yılında Cumhuriyet gazetesi yazarı Yunus Nadi ile Tan gazetesi yazarı M.  Zekeriya Sertel’in beşinci kol faaliyetlerini konu alan köşe yazılarının varlığı tespit edilmiş ve bu yazılar  amaçlı örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Seçilen köşe yazılarındaki enformasyon, nitel veri analiz programı  Maxqda’da tematik kodlamaya tabi tutularak işlenmiş ve analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan ana- lizler neticesinde, ilgili yazarların ‘beşinci kolu anlatma’ ve ‘beşinci kol faaliyetlerine karşı koyma’ kat- egorileri içerisinde değerlendirilebilecek içerikleri kamuoyuna sundukları gözlenmiştir. Beşinci kolu  açıklama kategorisinde referansların sunulduğu, betimlemelerin yapıldığı, örneklerin gösterildiği tespit  edilmiş; karşı koyma kategorisinde ise milli birliği muhafaza ederek müteyakkız kalınması gerektiğinin  vurgulandığı, kişilerden beşinci kola karşı tatbik etmeleri gereken tutum ve davranış kalıplarına yönelik  örneklerin sunulduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma, beşinci kol faaliyetlerinin altın çağında, konunun Türk  basınında eşik bekçilerince işlenişini ele almasıyla benzerlerinden ayrılmaktadır.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the frameworks of the information presented to the public about the fifth column activities, which came to the fore at a time when the Second World War started and the concerns about its spread to Turkey increased, in terms of public relations. Based on the document analysis carried out for this purpose, the existence of Cumhuriyet newspaper writer Yunus Nadi's and Tan newspaper writer M. Zekeriya Sertel's columns in 1940 on the fifth column activities have been determined and these articles have been selected as purposeful samples. The information of the selected columns has been processed and analyzed by thematic coding in the qualitative data analysis program Maxqda. As a result of the analyzes made, it has been observed that the relevant writers presented contents that can be evaluated in the categories of 'describing the fifth column' and 'opposing the fifth column activities', to the public. In the explanation category of the fifth column, it has been determined that references were presented, descriptions were made and examples were shown; in the category of resistance, it was seen that the necessity to be vigilant by preserving national unity was emphasized, examples of attitudes and behavior patterns that people should apply against the fifth column were presented. The study differs from its counterparts in dealing with the handling of the issue by the gatekeepers in the Turkish press in the golden age of fifth column activities.

Este trabajo analiza la imagen de los obreros gallegos que participaron en la construcción del Canal de Panamá en la prensa de Estados Unidos. El objetivo principal es averiguar cuáles son los aspectos más relevantes de su caracterización étnica y en qué medida los periódicos norteamericanos reprodujeron o se apartaron de los estereotipos que había de los gallegos, tanto en España como en Latinoamérica. Y, al mismo tiempo, indagar las causas de estas caracterizaciones étnicas y posibles intereses propagandísticos, ya que la construcción de esta vía marítima surgió, no sólo por una necesidad de comunicación entre dos océanos, sino también como un proyecto de imagen de este país como nueva potencia mundial. Por medio de técnicas cualitativas y una amplia selección de noticias y reportajes sobre el objeto de estudio, se establecen varias categorías de análisis que demuestran que el perfil de los gallegos que representaron la mayoría de los periódicos intentaba evitar el estigma negativo que, en general, se atribuía a los españoles tras el enfrentamiento militar en 1898, como gente atrasada y holgazana. Influida por una campaña dirigida por la empresa constructora del Canal y el gobierno norteamericano, algunos periódicos estadounidenses reconocieron en los inmigrantes gallegos amplias cualidades laborales, con el fin de evitar que la opinión pública los relacionase con la imagen decadente de España que la propaganda antiespañola había difundido a finales del siglo XIX.

Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to establish the practices, approaches and tools used in measurement and evaluation of public relations in selected Kenyan parastatals.
Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The target population for the study comprised of 187 parastatals with 119,689 employees. Purposive sampling was used. The sample size was forty-seven (47) employees of public relations departments and six (6) senior PR officers who are working in the three selected parastatals, totalling to fifty-three (53).The study used both questionnaires and interviews. Quantitative data was interpreted using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data in this study was analyzed, recurrent themes identified, and patterns of relationship that exist among data-groups searched manually and were used to augment the quantitative data. Percentages and tabulations of variables were used to present data analysis in tables, bar graphs and pie charts. The data was analyzed by a data analysis software called Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 software.
Results: The study findings indicated that evaluation practices are yet to be embedded as a critical component in most public relations work. With a sizable proportion of practitioners in the sample suggesting they evaluate infrequently, the need or value of evaluation has yet to be firmly established. AVEs and gut feeling are the leading tools of measurement and evaluation and a significant number of respondents did not use measurement and evaluation to demonstrate performance of the department. Most respondents also reported using media monitoring as a tool. Social media monitoring, website tools and media content analysis were least used.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends that organizations should strive to increase the education level of practitioners, particularly in relation to research and communication theories and models, as well as management, through both professional development (short courses) and postgraduate education.

The central goal of this research is to attempt to understand 1) what spin doctoring is; 2) whether this is being carried out in Portugal (namely in the Portuguese Parliament); and 3) whether this is the same, a variation, or an altogether different activity from the press consultancy office. Another of the goals that this thesis seeks to achieve includes an attempt to list an identity matrix of spin doctors to enable us to understand their main objectives, prerequisites, chief moments and techniques used in the performance of their duties.
Also highlighted is the fact that the political press consultancy office has been one of the author’s occupations, as well as a subject of study in previous research papers in the field of communication sciences.
This thesis starts off by revealing the weight of professional sources of information serving the interests of organizations, while making inroads through the history of domestic and international political press consultancy, from the dawn of civilization to practically our time. A proposal with a particular focus on media manipulation techniques by the most significant U.S. presidents, but also a description of analogous practices in our still young democracy.
At a central stage of this thesis, we will examine and compare the concepts of manipulation, persuasion and journalism with the press consultancy office. We will also compare it as a promotion mechanism serving companies and, in contrast, political and government organizations. Here, we will conduct a detailed survey of the practices of spin doctoring during Tony Blair's term as prime-minister, in the United Kingdom, as reported by British academics, journalists, politicians and opinion makers.
The last part of this dissertation pertains to the field study undertaken on the basis of 30 top-level interviews conducted with personalities “residing” in the domestic political center of activity and the core of the greatest concentration and productivity of political journalism in Portugal – the Portuguese Parliament.
Thus, we conduct interviews with stakeholders of the trio of politicians, press officers and journalists, namely 1) with press officers conducting their work for different parliamentary groups; 2) with ‘resident’ journalists in Parliament and who deal with these professionals on a daily basis; and 3) with politicians who turn to and hire their services. It is worth noting that the interviewees include two former prime-ministers of Portugal: Pedro Santana Lopes and José Sócrates.
To supplement these interviews, we examined the contents of 572 press reports (hard copy and online) resulting from a thorough and more computerized collection of all the news published in the Portuguese press, from 2003 to 2012, which directly or indirectly referred to the words “spin”, “spin doctors” and “spin doctoring.”
As a main result of this entire methodological survey, we obtained not only a thesis on the emergence of spin doctoring both nationwide and worldwide, but also an approximate definition and a description of its form of action, or, as is dubbed here: ‘the identity matrix of spin doctors.’ Another noteworthy point is the way parliamentary journalists, press officers and communications consultants as well as politicians view this activity, in combination with Portuguese journalism and political communications.

O objectivo central desta investigação é tentar compreender 1) o que é o spin doctoring; 2) se é praticado em Portugal (designadamente na Assembleia da República); e 3) se é igual, uma variação, ou uma atividade completamente diferente da assessoria de imprensa. Outro dos objectivos que este trabalho pretende alcançar passa por tentar elencar uma matriz identitária dos spin doctors que permita compreender quais são os seus grandes objectivos, pré-requisitos, principais momentos e técnicas usadas no desenrolar das suas funções.
Destaque-se, também, que a assessoria de imprensa política tem sido uma das atividades profissionais do autor, assim como um objecto de estudo de anteriores trabalhos de investigação na área das ciências da comunicação.
O presente trabalho revela, numa primeira fase, o peso das fontes profissionais de informação ao serviço de interesses das organizações e faz uma incursão pela história da assessoria de imprensa política mundial e nacional, desde os primeiros alvores da civilização até, praticamente, aos nossos dias. Uma investida com particular enfoque nas técnicas de manipulação dos media por parte dos mais marcantes presidentes norte-americanos, mas também uma descrição das homólogas práticas na nossa ainda jovem Democracia.
Numa fase central desta tese, vamos analisar e comparar os conceitos de manipulação, persuasão e jornalismo com a assessoria de imprensa. Vamos também compará-la enquanto mecanismo de promoção ao serviço das empresas e, em contraponto, das organizações políticas e governamentais. Aqui faremos um levantamento pormenorizado das práticas de spin doctoring durante o governo de Tony Blair, no Reino Unido, relatadas por académicos, jornalistas, políticos e líderes de opinião britânicos.
A última parte deste trabalho refere-se ao estudo de campo que desenvolvemos com base em 30 entrevistas de elite realizadas a elementos que “habitam” o centro da atividade política nacional e o núcleo da maior concentração e produtividade de jornalismo político em Portugal - a Assembleia da República.
Realizamos, assim, entrevistas aos ‘públicos’ do trinómio políticos, assessores de imprensa e jornalistas, nomeadamente 1) aos assessores de imprensa que desenvolvem a sua atividade para os diferentes grupos parlamentares; 2) aos jornalistas ‘residentes’ no Parlamento e que lidam diariamente com estes profissionais; e 3) aos políticos que recorrem e contratam os seus serviços. Ressalve-se entre os entrevistados encontram-se dois ex-primeiros-ministros de Portugal: Pedro Santana Lopes e José Sócrates.
Para complementar estas entrevistas, analisámos o conteúdo de 572 peças jornalísticas de imprensa (papel e on-line) resultante de uma exaustiva, mas informatizada, recolha de todas as notícias publicadas na imprensa portuguesa, entre 2003 e 2012, que referiam, direta ou indiretamente, as palavras “spin”, “spin doctors” e “spin doctoring”.
Como resultado principal de todo este levantamento metodológico, obtivemos não só uma tese sobre o aparecimento do spin doctoring a nível nacional e internacional, mas também uma aproximada definição e uma descrição da sua forma de atuação, ou, como aqui vem batizada: ‘a matriz identitária dos spin doctors’. Outro apontamento digno de destaque é a forma como os jornalistas parlamentares, os assessores e consultores de comunicação e os políticos veem esta atividade, em articulação com o jornalismo e a comunicação política portuguesa.

The commonality of political, social and economic systems in the nations of Eastern Europe until 1989 implies that there were shared or very similar experiences in the national development of public relations (PR). The breakdown of the Soviet bloc was followed in many nations by introduction of Western-style or modern PR practices. However, this book demonstrates different phenomena and interpretations as to when PR commenced or became identified as a defined practice. Some nations identify the arrival of PR as 1989 to 1991, whereas others tell of PR and PR-like practices for centuries and decades before, including the post-World War II era of communist or socialist management.

The aim of this article is to analyze Louis de Rochemont's The Ramparts We Watch as a public relations war effort from the past century. Arising from the informative and propagandistic strategy of late 1930s newsreels, the aforementioned documentary was made using very appropriate narrative techniques to award it the dimension of objectivity and truthfulness characteristic of public relations messages, without losing sight of its educational and persuasive function. From this standpoint, The Ramparts We Watch founded a genre and constituted one of the clearest precedents of public relations war films in America.

After the 1917 revolution, the Soviets experimented creatively to mobilize citizens for a new era. GERMAN: Nach der Revolution 1917 wagten die Sowjets kreative Experimente, um die Bürger für den Aufbruch zu mobilisieren.
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KEYWORDS SCHLAGWÖRTER Agitprop, Agitprop-Zug, Agitzug, Agit-Zug, agit pojesd, agit poezd, agit train, Agitation, Agitki, Analphabetismus, Ästhetik, Avantgarde, Inszenierung, Kampagne, Propaganda, Eisenbahn, Film, Grammophon, Kino, Kommunismus, Kommunistische Partei, Konstruktivismus, Futurismus, Kubismus, KPdSU, Musik, Partei, Petition, Politainment, Politikberatung, Presse. Proletkult, Russischer Bürgerkrieg, Russische Revolution, Russland, Sowjet, Sowjetunion, Schallplatte, Stummfilm, Theater, Wochenschau, Zeitung
• Organisationen: Allrussisches Zentrales Exekutivkomitee (WZIK), Literarischer Frontzug Nr. 1 W. I. Lenin, Oktoberrevolution (Zug), Roter Kosake (Zug), Roter Osten (Zug), Roter Stern (Schiff), Telegrafenagentur Rosta, Tscheka (Geheimpolizei)
• Personen: Robert Argenbright, Jakow Burow, James von Geldern, Michail Kalinin, Karl Marx, Arthur Ransome, Wladimir Iljitsch Uljanow Lenin
• Publikationen:  Iswestija, Manchester Guardian, Prawda

Hardcover ▶ 99,99 € | £90.00 | $129.00 ▶ *106,99 € (D) | 109,99 € (A) | CHF 133.50 eBook Available from your library or ▶ springer.com/shop ▶ Insight into the collaboration of legal and communication experts ▶ Introduction of an adaptive business and legal culture, contending litigant parties, high-profile clients ▶ Explores key historical processes, important legal reforms, significant legal cases and personalities The book is a brief journey through centuries and jurisdictions and expands on examples of enactment practices of states that support, challenge or even reject communication during pending litigations. England, as the main representative of a jurisdiction, suggests communication solutions potentially different than the practice in the United States where litigation communication first time occurred. Accordingly, the author offers a comprehensive analysis and detailed historical narrative of the positions of various jurisdictions in relation to communication in the legal process.

" The building of the Suez Canal in Egypt offers many lessons about business-government relations, international lobbying, public relations and business communications, scandals and public diplomacy.

GERMAN/DEUTSCH - Die Geschichte des Suezkanals ist ein Lehrstück über das Verhältnis von Unternehmen und Staaten, internationale Lobbyarbeit, PR-Kampagnen, Skandale und Public Diplomacy.
Schlagwörter: Ägypten, Börse, Corvée, Diplomatie, Dreyfus-Affäre, Eisenbahn, Finanzmärkte, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Imperialismus, Interessenvertretung, Lobby, Osmanisches Reich, Panamakanal, Skandal, Sklaverei, Staatsschulden, Suezkanal, Zwangsarbeit
Organisationen: Anonyme Studiengesellschaft für den Orient
Unternehmen: Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez, GDF Suez
Personen: Kaiserin Eugenie, Frédéric Bartholdi, Ferdinand de Lesseps, Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon III., Abdel Nasser, Lord Palmerston (Henry John Temple), Muhammad Said, Giuseppe Verdi, Königin Victoria
Publikationen: Der Isthmus von Suez, La Lune, Standard (London)"

"The new medium of film was quickly ceized by the propagandists of the German Empire's Navy League (Deutscher Flottenverein). This influential interest group promoted navalism in early 1900s Germany, intervening in election campaigns, pressuring parliaments and governments, and running continuous campaigns in public with carefully staged events. It collaborated with the navy and the government while being dependent on industry support.

GERMAN/DEUTSCH Als um 1900 die Bilder laufen lernten, erkannte der Deutsche Flottenverein als erster das Potenzial des Mediums Film.
Schlagwörter: Film, Fundraising, Geopolitik, Haushalt, Industrie, Interessenvertretung, Kinematograph, Lobby, Marine, Marineschauspiel, Mutoskop, Nationalismus, Navalismus, Paulskirche, Pressearbeit, Reden, Rednerdienst, Revolution, Rüstung, Schifffahrt, Spenden, Tirpitz-Plan, Verbände, Wahlkampf
Organisationen: Deutscher Flottenverein (DFV), Nachrichtenbureau, Reichsmarineamt, Reichstag, SPD, Vaterlandspartei, Zentrum
Unternehmen: Messter, Pathé
Personen: August Bebel, Geoff Eley, August Keim, Martin Loiperdinger, Alfred Thayer Mayhan, Alfred Tirpitz, Wilhelm II.
Publikationen: Flotten-Freund, Der Komet, Überall"

" During World War I, the German Empire very successfully financed the war effort through nine war bond drives. These campaigns quickly modernized and professionalized government public relations, combining civilian, commercial / banking, and military communication. Among the techniques were poster art, print advertising, documentary film, entertainment film and animated cartoons, as well as public events and demonstrations.

Also available at http://www.politik-kommunikation.de/ressorts/artikel/ohne-helden-kein-sieg-ohne-geld-kein-krieg

In den neun Kampagnen für Kriegsanleihen (1914–18) durchlief die deutsche Staats-PR eine schnelle Modernisierung.
Schlagwörter: Film, Fundraising, Haushalt, Kriegsanleihen, Plakat, Plebiszit, Reichstagswahl, Schulen, Spenden, Staatsschulden, Weltkrieg, Werbung, Zeichentrick
Organisationen: Bild- und Film-Amt (Bufa), Nachrichtenbüro für die Kriegsanleihe, Reichsbank, Reichstag
Unternehmen: Universum Film-AG (Ufa)
Personen: Lucian Bernhard, Hartwig Gebhardt, Karl Helfferich, Paul von Hindenburg, Jette Kilian, Erich von Ludendorff, Ulrike Oppelt, Henny Porten, Julius Pinschewer, Anne Schmidt"

"Beginning in 1919, the Berlin Press Conference brought together, several days a week, government spokesmen and journalists, on invitation and directed by the newspaper correspondents themselves. Germany's unique construction of ensuring journalists' independence was discontinued during the Nazi years and in the German Democratic Republic, but revived in West Germany. It continues today in Berlin and in the 16 Länder. The original setup developed out of a peculiar system of media censorship during World War I, the developed rules all of its own, including rules for "on background" and "off the record" use of informal political information.

Also available at http://www.politik-kommunikation.de/ressorts/artikel/unter-eins-unter-zwei-unter-drei

Der Vorläufer der Bundespressekonferenz wurde in den 1920er Jahren munter und galt sogar als "Nebenparlament".
Schlagwörter: Berliner Pressekonferenz, Journalismus, Palais Leopold / Ordenspalais, Pressearbeit, Pressekonferenz, Pressesprecher, Regierungs-PR, Reichspressechef, Weimarer Republik
Organisationen: Berliner Pressekonferenz, DDP, Vereinigte Pressestelle der Reichsregierung, Völkerbund, Wolff's Telegraphisches Bureau (WTB)
Personen: Peter Bauer, Georg Bernhard, Felix von Eckardt, Fritz Heilbron, Otto Geßler, Joseph Goebbels, Wilhelm Marx, Richard May, Ulrich Rauscher, Philipp Scheidemann, Gregor Schweitzer, Walter Simons, Walter Thum, Jürgen Wilke, Walter Zechlin
Publikationen: Dresdner Anzeiger, Frankfurter Zeitung, Süddeutscher Zeitungsdienst, Vossische Zeitung, Wolff's Telegraphisches Bureau (WTB)"