History of Neurology

José María Barceló de Villagrán (1819-1872) was the first Professor of Topographic Anatomy in Mexico. The Mexican poet Manuel Acuña (1849-1873) was among his students. After the death of his mentor, Acuña wrote a monograph entitled “Topographic Anatomy. The Cephalo-Rachidian Cavity” (1893). For the first time we discuss the content and significance of this monograph.

Most contemporary text books of neurology and of psychology pay little attention to the function of the cerebellum beyond noting it to be an organ of motor control. A historical overview of research on cerebellar function is presented, from pre-Sherrinton suggestions of sensory and motor function, through the post-Sherrinton and dominant 20 th . Century view of "motor" function, to the 21 st . century perspective of "sensorimotor" function. The intrinsic capability of the cerebellum is briefly considered in terms of: its size/complexity/capacity; its information representation/processing characteristics (with "a particular computational function"); its sensory information processing capability; and, its role in sensorimotor regulatory control. It is suggested that the cerebellum can process sensorimotor stimulus information in a statistical (connectionist type) manner and respond to in on the basis of its own learning based sensorimotor representations, albeit at a "level" that does not necessarily involve cerebral "awareness".

«εἶς ἐμοὶ μύριοι, ἐὰν ἄριστος ἦι» Ηράκλειτος (fr. B 49a).
“One is ten thousand to me, if he be the best”. Heracletus (fr. B 49a).
The Neurological sciences are deprived of the eminent professor of Neurology and honorary doctor of many universities Franz Gerstenbrand, who passed away peacefully on the 30th of June, 2017.
The late Professor was a prophetic authority in Neurosciences, who like the Pre-Socratic philosophers was characterized by a right and acute foresight in Neurology, having also the capacity to harmonize the precious deep knowledge of the Clinical Neurology with the rapid flow of the new data of the clinical and experimental investigation.

Special issue of "Culture Unbound". Through an introduction and six original articles, the issue investigates a variety of cultural and scientific discourses and practices that in different ways are related to neuroscience and the brain.

The special issue was edited by guest editors Peter Bengtsen and Kristofer Hansson.

The article describes the history of the Department of Nervous Diseases, Medical Genetics and Neurosurgery of the Daghestan State Medical University on the basis of literature data and archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The department, created in 1936, has gone through a difficult path in its formation and development. The authors reconstruct the history of the formation of this department of the university, dwelling on the problems faced by its first employees. Special attention is paid to the work of the department during the Great Patriotic War, when its staff was reduced to a minimum. The authors describe the appearance, stages of development and successful functioning of the scientific school for the study of thermo- regulation under the guidance of Associate Professor V.A. Liechtenstein. The formation of the teaching of neurosurgery, as well as the work of the department in recent years, is described.

Sigmund Freud developed a specific interest in hysteria after his stay with Professor Jean-Martin Charcot during the winter of 1885–1886, although his previous activity mainly consisted of neuropathology and general medical practice. Most of his initial studies on hysteria (hysteria in men, influence of subconscious ideas, role of traumas, and psychological and sexual factors) were indeed ‘borrowed’ from Charcot and his immediate followers, such as Pierre Janet and Paul Richer. Subsequently, Freud developed with Breuer a theory of hysteria which encompassed a mixture of Janet’s ‘fixed subconscious ideas’ with the ‘pathological secret’ concept of Moriz Benedikt. After their book Studies on Hysteria (1895), Freud interrupted his collaboration with Breuer and developed the concept of conversion of psychological problems into somatic manifestations, with a strong ‘sexualization’ of hysteria. Firstly, he believed that actual abuses had occurred in these patients (the ‘seduction’ theory), but then blamed them for having deceived him on that issue, so that he subsequently launched a ‘fantasy’ theory to explain the development of hysterical symptoms without the necessity of actual abuses. Like many of his contemporaries, and contrary to his claims, Freud did not follow a scientific process of verified experiments, but rather adapted his theories to the evolution of his own beliefs on psychological conditions, selectively emphasising the aspects of his ‘therapies’ with patients which supported his emerging ideas, with often abrupt changes in theoretical interpretations. While it remains difficult to get a clear, synthetic vision of what was Freud’s definite theory of hysteria, it is obvious that hysteria really was the origin of what would become Freud’s psychoanalytical theory. Indeed, psychoanalysis appears to have been initially developed by him largely in order to absorb and explain his many changes in the interpretation of hysterical manifestations.

For many historians, sociologists, and anthropologists of medicine, “disease” and “illness” are not equivalent. Whereas “disease” denotes the physician’s ostensibly objective criteria, “illness” emphasizes the patient’s subjective experience. This dissertation examines that distinction precisely at a point where it breaks down, in the history of a diagnosis called “anosognosia,” also known as the denial of illness.
    In the 1890s, Austrian psychiatrist Gabriel Anton observed a number of patients who denied being blind, deaf, or paralyzed. “That is just how it is,” a patient demurred, “one sees better in youth.” The question to Anton was, were such patients truly unaware of their loss or did they sense it on some level, if only to deny it?
    The history of Anton’s syndrome, later named “anosognosia” by the French neurologist Joseph Babinski, spans more than a century and a half across two continents and through both world wars. I treat its history as a special type of lens to focus on some of the broader intellectual and professional differences between neurology and psychiatry. I argue that the clinical perception and portrayal of this apparent loss of the patient’s experience depended on historical patterns of thinking about the distinction between conscious and unconscious perception as well as categories of health and disease. To think about the denial of illness was to think about the very meaning of illness and awareness, and the difference, if any, between the mind and the brain.

Plains-moi ! ... Sinon, je te maudis ! (Epigraphe pour un livre condamne, Les Flam d/l Mal, ajout de la troisieme tdidon. 1868) Mon cerveau est un palimpseste et Ie vatre aussi, lecteur. (Les Paradis Artificiels. chap. VIII) Charles Baudelaire, poete maudit. Le stereotype est tenace, et renvoie a la fois aux miseres d'une existence dissolue et a l'incomprehension de ses contemporains. Son AlbatroJ incarnait la place equivoque du genie poetique condamne aux souillures terrestres : Le Poete est semblable au prince des nuees Qui hante la tempete et se rit de I'archer; Exile sur Ie sol au milieu des huees, Ses ailes de geant l'empechent de marcher. Outre ses « ailes de geant », Baudelaire fut surtout confronte a une sante deficiente, jusqu'a l'aneantissement que pem represenrer l'aphasie, pour un homme qui VeCU( par c[ pour les lenTes. n fur en. effet frappe par un accidenr vasculaire ce[ebral a I' age de 45 ans, Ie laissant hemiplegique et sans parole., auqud il survecut pendant 18 mois.

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1. Guaritori e sacerdoti. — 2. Rapporto terapeutico e solitudine del medico nel mondo greco-romano. — 3. La malattia come colpa e come premio. — 4. La medicina istituzionalizzata. — 5. Dalle epidemie alla sanità pubblica. — 6. Rapporti terapeutici in età moderna e contempo- ranea: problemi e sfide.

This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of behavioral neurology, dividing it roughly into six eras. In the ancient and classical eras, emphasis is placed on two transitions: firstly, from descriptions of head trauma and attempted neurosurgical treatments to the exploratory dissections during the Hellenistic period and the replacement of cardiocentrism; and secondly, to the more systematic investigations of Galenus and the rise of pneumatic ventricular theory. In the medieval through post-Renaissance eras, the scholastic consolidation of knowledge and the role of compendia are emphasized, along with the use of new methods from within a mechanistic framework. With the discovery of electrical conductance and the rise of experimentalism, we frame the modern era as period of intense debate over localization, decomposition, and other mechanistic principles, and marked by rapid discovery about the brain. The chapter ends with a discussion of the contemporary era, focusing on ...

Das 1882 von Heinrich Obersteiner (1847–1922) in Wien gegründete Neurologische Institut, das noch im selben Jahrhundert zum weltweiten Vorreiter und Modell der Institutionalisierung der Neurologie als eigenständige Disziplin werden sollte, verfolgte die interdisziplinäre Bündelung medizinischer Methoden und Forscher aus Anatomie, Physiologie, Histologie, Pathologie und Psychiatrie. Schon vor der Eingliederung des Instituts in die Universität Wien im Jahr 1905 verhalf dieses Laboratorium neurologischer Grundlagenforschung international zum Durchbruch. Warum diesesVorhaben besonders in Japan großes Interesse weckte und durch zahlreiche Gastaufenthalte japanischer ForscherInnen ein weit bis ins 20. Jahrhundert andauerndes Netzwerk zwischen den Universitäten Wien und Tokyo entstehen ließ, soll in diesem Beitrag beleuchtet werden.

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The Austrian psychiatrist Theodor Meynert’s anatomical theories of the brain and nerves are laden with metaphorical imagery, ranging from the colonies of empire to the tentacles of jellyfish. This paper analyzes among Meynert’s earliest works a different set of less obvious metaphors, namely, the fibers, threads, branches and paths used to elaborate the brain’s interior. I argue that these metaphors of material, or what the philosopher Gaston Bachelard called “material images,” helped Meynert not only to imaginatively extend the tracts of fibrous tissue inside the brain but to insinuate their function as pathways co-extensive with the mind. Above all, with reference to Bachelard’s study of the material imagination, I argue that Meynert helped entrench the historical intuition that whatever the mind was it too consisted of some interiority, one which came to be increasingly articulated through the fibrous confines of the brain.

One of his early discoveries was the interrenal organ of elasmobranchs (cartilaginous fish, including sharks), shown later to be homologous to the mammalian adrenal cortex. He published two important morphological studies on the vascular and nervous systems of Myxine glutinosa (hagfish). In collaboration with professor J. S. Billing of Stockholm's Veterinary Institute, Retzius described the ciliary and sphenopalatine ganglia in the horse, and found that the rami communicantes between the cerebrospinal nerves and the sympathetic trunk are connected with the ventral roots as well as with the dorsal roots; he also discovered the peripheral canal of the cornea, later named the 'canal of Schlemm ' [4]. In addition Retzius carried out comparative anatomical studies on the avian and reptilian respiratory system, and on the Amphioxus (lancelet).

Karl Bonhoeffer (1868-1948), professor of psychiatry at
Breslau University and head of the psychiatric department of
the Charité-hospital in Berlin, represented a view of personnel
politics based solely on scientific as well as personal competence.
Anti-Semitism, often attributed to the faculty in Berlin during
the Wilhelminian period and the Republic of Weimar, B. regarded
as an utterly unsuitable criterion of personnel politics.
Consequently he had a considerable number of Jewish assistants
as staff, about 30 alltogether. ln 1933 when massive persecution
set in, quite a few of his students and assistants were
persecuted for their political views. Some emigrated right
away; others Bonhoeffer re-employed in spite of their membership
in illegal leftist parties. Even larger was the number of assistants
who were racially persecuted. Bonhoeffer took advantage
of loop holes in the anti-Semitic legalities, using complaints
at the ministry or cleverly written applications to extend con-
tracts even against high odds. ln spite of his support, however,
they eventually were fired and had to emigrate. They often
found work in other countries because of his recommendations,
though. For at least one assistant and one patient as well
as their families, Bonhoeffer's commitment saved their lives.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 2001; 69: 1 - 10
@ Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart.New York
ISSN 0720-4299
U. Gerrens
Hamburg

Key words: Bressa, Darwin.
Un profilo di Cesare Bressa, medico laureato a Pavia e attivo a lungo negli Stati Uniti. A lui era intestato il "premio Bressa" che ebbe come primo assegnatario Charles Darwin per gli studi di botanica seguito, tra gli altri, da Louis Pasteur, Ernest Rutherford, dall’esploratore Filippo De Filippi e infine, nel 2006 (ultimo anno in cui venne conferito), dal grande genetista Luigi Luca Cavalli Sforza che, come Bressa, aveva iniziato la sua vita scientifica proprio a Pavia.

This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of behavioral neurology, dividing it roughly into six eras. In the ancient and classical eras, emphasis is placed on two transitions: firstly, from descriptions of head trauma and attempted neurosurgical treatments to the exploratory dissections during the Hellenistic period and the replacement of cardiocentrism; and secondly, to the more systematic investigations of Galenus and the rise of pneumatic ventricular theory. In the medieval through post-Renaissance eras, the scholastic consolidation of knowledge and the role of compendia are emphasized, along with the use of new methods from within a mechanistic framework. With the discovery of electrical conductance and the rise of experimentalism, we frame the modern era as period of intense debate over localization, decomposition, and other mechanistic principles, and marked by rapid discovery about the brain. The chapter ends with a discussion of the contemporary era, focusing on the establishment of behavioral neurology research on aphasia, apraxia, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

Sextus Empiricus is the most eminent physician and philosopher of the Skeptical School of Philosophy, which was closely connected with the Empirical Medical School in the Hellenistic Era. Sextus, as physician, was also associated with the Methodical School of Medicine, believing that Methodism is most worthy of the skeptic.The term Skepticism or Skeptics was mainly applied to members of Plato’s Academy during its late period. Skepticism, as a Post-Classical, Hellenistic philosophical movement, is based on the evaluation of phenomena, which constitute the appearance of objects, the guidance of nature and the impulse of human feelings.The skeptical way of life of a philosopher was characterized by persistent commitment to investigate the truth, based on objective arguments and real evidence, avoiding any dogmatic insistence and tendency of mind.We would say that according to Sextus the skeptic personality of a Neuroscientist would be characterized by the serenity of mind,the fever for research and non-ceased investigation, endeavoring to approach the truth without empathy, in a tranquil objectivity and peaceful criticism, avoiding personal ambition, stereotyped behavior and dogmatism.

Dans cette contribution, je propose d’explorer le rôle institutionnel, scientifique et clinique de l’électroencéphalogramme (EEG) dans l’étude et la prise en charge de l’épilepsie, entre neurologie et psychiatrie, des années 1930 aux années 1960. En Suisse, si une épileptologie se développe à partir de la fin des années 1940 par le biais de l’EEG, on doit l’introduction de ce dernier à la psychiatrie, à partir des années 1930. En tenant compte de l’apport de la psychiatrie suisse et de la lente reconnaissance de la neurologie en tant que discipline institutionnalisée, je propose quelques éléments historiques d’une clinique psychiatrique de l’épilepsie et de sa « neurologisation ». Au cœur des réflexions et des pratiques de certains psychiatres suisses spécialistes de l’EEG, s’inscrit un souci constant de prise en charge globale des patients et d’une intégration de l’EEG en tant qu’outil complémentaire de la clinique. C’est à partir du début des années 1960 que l’EEG et l’épilepsie deviennent respectivement une des méthodes d’investigation clinique et une des pathologies privilégiées de la neurologie. Si quelques cas d’épilepsie dite « essentielle » sont toujours diagnostiqués et pris en charge dans les hôpitaux psychiatriques, plusieurs facteurs tels que l’innovation technique, l’autonomisation de la neurologie comme spécialité médicale reconnue, les considérations de coûts d’hospitalisation, le raccourcissement des séjours des patients et la mise en avant d’une approche ambulatoire de l’EEG en épileptologie, vont peu à peu tarir l’expertise et l’intérêt des psychiatres hospitaliers au sujet de l’EEG et de l’épilepsie.

In this article, I briefly explore the institutional, scientific and clinical contribution of the electroencephalogram (EEG) to the understanding and care of the epileptic patients between neurology and psychiatry, from the 1930s to the 1960s. In Switzerland, though epileptology has developed since the end of the 1940s thanks to the EEG, the latter has been introduced in the country since the 1930s. Taking into consideration the part that Swiss psychiatry has played and the rather slow development of neurology as an autonomous discipline, I propose some historical insights about a psychiatric approach to the epilepsy clinic, and about its process of « neurologisation ». At the heart of some psychiatrists’ reflections and practices, a constant attention has been paid to global understanding and care of patients as well as an integration of the EEG as an additional clinical tool. Since the beginning of the 1960s, EEG and epilepsy have been respectively considered as an important investigation tool and one of the central pathologies belonging to neurology. Even though some « idiopathic » epilepsies have been until recently diagnosed and managed in psychiatric hospitals, several factors has played a key role in running out hospital-based psychiatrists’ interests and expertise about EEG and epilepsy: technical innovation, development of neurology as an autonomous and recognised discipline, efficiency in healthcare, shortening of hospital stays, or the development of outpatient care EEG investigations in epileptology.

In 1965, the American neurologist Norman Geschwind published his landmark two-part study in Brain, "The Disconnexion Syndromes in Animals and Man," arguing that nearly all disorders of higher mental function arise from the breakdown of white matter pathways connecting different parts of the cortex and subcortical structures in the brain.  Often referred to as "connectionism," the basic message of Geschwind's theory remains intact to this day, in no small part thanks to President Obama's recent enthusiastic reception of the BRAIN initiative and its bold proposal to map all of the neural pathways in the brain known as the Human Connectome Project.  Since this year marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Geschwind's influential monograph, I propose to discuss some of the history that led to its appearance, shaped its reception, and ultimately ignited interest among American neurologists in re-examining (even re-writing) their own professional history in the ensuing decades until Geschwind's death in 1982.

The electroencephalogram (EEG), invented by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger in 1924, reached the neurophysiological laboratories and several clinical contexts in the mid-30s. In Switzerland, some skeptical physiologists and enthusiastic psychiatrists paved the way for its integration, but it was only after the Second World War that an emerging field of epileptology became part of a process of technological and epistemological innovation which raised great expectations and produced a large body of research at the crossroads of physiology, neurology and psychiatry. An informal network was created, characterized by clinical, scientific and local institutional cultures. The EEG also made it possible to detect some clinical entities, not however without transforming them, as in the case of epilepsy. Some attempts to probe psychiatric diseases and subjects with the EEG are described as negotiated relationships between clinical observations, subjective manifestations or symptoms and inscriptions of a spontaneous or elicited electrical brain activity. These attempts shape a clinical and experimental cerebral subject, which is analyzed in this article from the point of view of its technical aspects and the concrete procedures on which it depends.

Introducción. El doctor inverosímil es una novela de Ramón Gómez de la Serna (1888-1963) donde seguimos, a través de diversos casos clínicos, las andanzas del doctor Vivar. Objetivo. Presentar y discutir, por primera vez, el influjo que tuvo la neuropsiquiatría española en esta novela, tomando como modelos de estudio los siguientes relatos: 'Casos cerebrales' y 'La risita'. Desarrollo. En este par de relatos, el doctor inverosímil encarna los tres elementos definitorios de la neuropsiquiatría española. En sus repeticiones de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (o en la forma en que se refiere a la parálisis general progresiva) insinúa su orientación germánica. El componente mixto neuropsiquiátrico está ejemplificado en su destreza tanto neurológica ('La risita') como psiquiátrica ('Casos cerebrales'). La afinidad histopatológica del doctor Vivar es evidente en su amplio y oportuno uso de la terminología neurohistológica, principalmente de la cajaliana. Conclusiones. Es válido deducir que hay una influencia notoria de la escuela neuropsiquiátrica española en El doctor inverosímil de Gómez de la Serna.

[Abstract available in Spanish from the publisher.] INTRODUCTION: El doctor inverosimil (The Improbable Doctor) is a novel by Ramón Gómez de la Serna (1888-1963) in which the reader follows, by means of a series of different clinical cases, the adventures of Doctor Vivar. AIMS: To present and discuss, for the first time, the influence that Spanish neuropsychiatry had on this novel, taking the following short stories as study models: 'Casos cerebrales' ('Brain Cases') and 'La risita' ('The Giggles'). DEVELOPMENT: In these two short stories, the improbable doctor embodies the three defining elements of Spanish neuropsychiatry. The repetitions of Alzheimer's disease (or in the way in which progressive general paralysis is referred to) hints at its German orientation. The mixed neuropsychiatric component is exemplified in both his neurological ('La risita') and psychiatric skills ('Casos cerebrales'). The histopathological affinity of Dr. Vivar is evident in his ample and timely use of neurohistological terminology, mainly from Cajal neurohistology. CONCLUSIONS: It can be deduced that the Spanish neuropsychiatric school had a strong influence on Gómez de la Serna's El doctor inverosimil.

How did epidemics, zoos, German exiles, methamphetamine, disgruntled technicians, modern bureaucracy, museums, and whipping cream shape the emergence of modern neuroscience?

This history explores the exceptionally complex scientific and medical techniques and practices that have allowed practitioners to claim expertise in the brain and mind sciences over the past two centuries. Based on meticulous historical studies, essays in the volume move from the postrevolutionary Parisian Menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes to the political contexts of neuroscience within the National Institute of Mental Health in the United States in the late twentieth century. Touching on such disparate topics as the luggage of German exiles, the role of whipping cream in industrial food production, the emergence of neurosurgery, and the private musings of a disgruntled medical technician, the contributors to this volume make a powerful case for concentrating scholarly attention on seemingly marginal chapters of the history of the mind and brain sciences. By so doing, the authors contend that it is in the obscure, peripheral, and marginal stories of the past that we can best see the emerging futures of the medicine and science of the brain and the mind. Collectively these essays thus reveal that the richness of the history of the brain and mind sciences cannot and should not be reduced to a unitary, uncomplicated narrative of progressive discovery.

The fictional Italian author Morelli is throughout the novel "Hopscotch" (1963) Julio Cortázar's alter ego. This character proposes an unoriginal literary hypothesis in chapter 62. There is an allusion to a particular Swedish that 'is working on a chemical theory of thought.' The Swedish neuroscientist under analysis is Holger Hydén (1917-2000), by then professor and chairman of the Department of Histology at the University of Göteborg. Hydén, who was the first to work in neurobiological micromethods, is mentioned by Morelli due to his participation in a symposium held at the end of January 1961, in San Francisco. His pioneering work will never be completely forgotten, because Hydén's neuroscientific legacy lives and will live in Cortázar's "Hopscotch".

It is commonly considered that the first neurological articles published in Mexican medical journals appeared in 1837. However, a year earlier, Manuel Carpio had published a couple of case reports, translated from French, which addressed the issue of stroke treatment.

In: There’s More to Fear than Fear Itself. Fears and Anxieties in the 21st Century, edited by Izabela Dixon, Selina E. M. Doran, and Bethan Michael, 111-122. First edition: Oxford: IDPress 2016; second edition: Leiden: Brill 2019, Inter-Disciplinary Press Sociology, Politics and Education Special E-book Collection, 2009-2016. ISBN: 978-1-84888-404-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9781848884045.

The Hippocratic manuscripts, which composed the extensive canon 5 in association with the detailed multi-dimensional Galen's dissertations 6 have been accepted as the principal Hand books in Medical Schools in Constantinople and the main "vade mecum" in practicing medicine for the physicians of the metropolitan Hospitals. The theories of Herophilus on the blood supply of the brain, the description of the stroke due to cardiac arrhythmias and the association of the high blood pressure with brain hemorrhages were highly respected by byzantine neurologists who focus their diagnostic capacity on the meticulous physical examination of the patients. The knowledge of the Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology was bases on the extensive research on that field by Erasistratus and Galen, who described the anatomy of the brain cortex, the cerebellum, the spinal cord as well as the interior structure of the brain such as the hippocampus, the thalamus and the basal ganglia. 3 The contributions of Soranus, who described paraplegia, vertigo and tetanus, and Areteus who described the decussation of the corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts, in parallel way with the theories of Erasistratus on psychosomatic medicine and emotional disorders, helped in designing the scientific profile of the Neurosciences in Constantinople. 7

[German Text, English Abstract]
In 1882 Heinrich Obersteiner founded the Neurological Institute of Vienna in order to advance the institutionalisation of neurology as a specialised medical discipline. The institute soon rose to international fame and became a model for similar research facilities over the globe. It combined methods and scientists from anatomy, physiology, histology, pathology and psychiatry to form an interdisciplinary laboratory dedicated to internationally establish neurological fundamental research. Even before the institute was incorporated into the University of Vienna in 1905, its endeavours sparked interest in Japan. The following Japanese visiting scholars at the Viennese institute gave rise to a long lasting network between the universities of Vienna and Tokyo. In this paper I am going to retrace this transnational network and its implications for the development of academic medicine in Japan.

Riassunto. Questo articolo ritrae la figura di Paolo Pinelli, una delle figure più rilevanti della neurologia clinica italiana nella seconda metà del Novecento. Docente a Pavia, università in cui si laureò come allievo del Collegio Universitario Ghislieri, a Roma e a Milano, allievo a Copenaghen del neurofisiologo Fritz Buchthal, Pinelli è considerato uno dei fondatori della Elettromiografia clinica, disciplina a cui diede importanti con-tributi metodologici mostrandone la grande importanza nell’esplorazione delle funzioni muscolari alterate in molte malattie. L’articolo si sofferma anche sui molti ruoli organizzativi e scientifici ricoperti da Paolo Pinelli nell’arco della sua lunga e produttiva esistenza.
Parole chiave: Paolo Pinelli, elettromiografia, neurofisiologia, Università di Pavia, Istituto Neurologico Mondino, Fritz Buchthal, Collegio GhislieriPortrait of Paolo Pinelli (1921-2015)
Abstract. This article portrays the life of Paolo Pinelli, one of the most relevant figures of Italian Clinical Neurology in the second half of the twentieth century. Professor in Pavia (in whose university he graduated as a student of the Ghislieri University College), in Rome and Milan, a pupil in Copenhagen of the great neurophysiologist Fritz Buchthal, Pinelli is considered one of the founders of Clinical Electromyography, a discipline to which he gave important methodological contributions showing its importance in the exploration of altered muscular functions in many diseases. The article also focuses on the many organizational and scientific roles held by Paolo Pinelli during his long and productive life. Key words: Paolo Pinelli, electromyography, neurophysiology, University of Pavia, Istituto Neurologico Mondino, Fritz Buchthal, Ghislieri College Memoria de Paolo Pinelli (1921-2015)
Resumen. Este artículo retrata la figura de Paolo Pinelli, una de las figuras más relevantes de la neurología clínica italiana en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Profesor en Pavía, universidad en la que se graduó como estudiante del Ghislieri University College, en Roma y Milán, estudiante en Copenaghen del neurofisiólogo Fritz Buchthal, Pinelli es considerado uno de los fundadores de la Electromiografía Clínica, una disciplina a la que le dio importantes contribuciones metodológicas mostrando su gran importancia en la exploración de funciones musculares alteradas en muchas enfermedades. El artículo también se centra en los muchos roles organizativos y científicos que tuvo Paolo Pinelli durante su larga y productiva existencia.Palabras clave: Paolo Pinelli, electromiografía, neurofisiología, Universidad de Pavia, Instituto Neurológico Mondino, Fritz Buchthal, Colegio Ghislieri

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com by the Hippocratic medical philosophy, insight, ethics and aphorisms, which harmoniously amalgamated with the current scientific doctrines, proclaiming them all over the medical world with inexhaustible enthusiasm.

Stephen T. Casper and Delia Gavrus have two ambitions for their volume, The History of the Brain and Mind Sciences: Technique, Technology, Therapy. The first is to offer a critical reflection on how the mind and brain sciences have been shaped over the past two centuries by various medical concepts, practices and objects. What is most curious about the volume, however, is its second aim, for Casper and Gavrus hope that The History of the Brain and Mind Sciences becomes a ‘sophisticated and versatile teaching tool for graduate and senior undergraduate seminars’ (p. 1). Yet such an ambition feels too modest – unusual, even – for a collection that contains such high-quality, original contributions.