History of European Culture

The Church of St Stanislaus the Bishop and Martyr in Rome is the national church of Poland, where the funeral ceremonies of Polish rulers were celebrated. After the death of King John III Sobieski, ceremonial symbolic obsequies were held. Carlo Barberini, as cardinal protector of Poland, organized public and expensive ceremonies to properly honour the king's death. The course of the funeral service and the funeral decoration are known in detail through three contemporary printed reports and an engraving describing every aspect of the ceremony and the decoration of the church in honour of the Polish king. The church was decorated with six painted medallions celebrating important events in the life of King John III Sobieski. The surviving four of the six medallions are now kept at the Galleria Nazionale di Arte Antica in the Palazzo Barberini in Rome. In 2018, researcher Giovan Battista Fidanza found documents in the Barberini family archives regarding the cost of the ceremony. According to sources, the artist who made the six funerary oval paintings was Giacomo Wernele, which indicates an Italianization of the name Philip Jakob Wörndle.

À l'image des autres États africains nouvellement indépendants, le Sénégal s'emploie, après l'éclatement de la Fédération du Mali en août 1960, à consolider son indépendance et à s'affirmer sur la scène politique internationale. En raison de sa position géostratégique comme principale porte d'entrée de l'Afrique occidentale et de ses relations historiques avec la France, le Sénégal n'échappe pas à lutte d'influence entre les États-Unis et l'Union des républiques socialistes et soviétiques (URSS) dans un contexte international marqué par la Guerre froide. Il en fut un théâtre particulièrement mouvementé. À partir de l'exemple du voyage du président du Conseil du gouvernement sénégalais, Mamadou Dia, effectué au mois de juin 1962 en URSS et dans les pays de l'Est, nous tentons d'analyser les répercussions de la Guerre froide dans une ex-colonie française. Comment la polémique suscitée par ce périple contribua à la dégradation des relations entre le Président de la République, Léopold Sédar Senghor, et son chef de gouvernement, Mamadou Dia, au point de déboucher sur une crise politique intérieure mettant fin à la première République post-indépendance ? Nous ne revenons pas ici sur les péripéties de la crise politique sénégalaise mais nous essayons de restituer l'ambiance d'un voyage dans un contexte de politique intérieure tendue. Il s'agit aussi d'analyser les enjeux et les luttes d'influence autour du Sénégal, au moment où il entreprend de se donner une identité d'envergure internationale.

Nineteenth-century Italy is a vast, unexplored territory in the history of modern political thought and liberal democratic theory. Apart from Mazzini, Pareto, and Mosca, the authors of this period are little read, even though their central concerns - the riddle of human liberation, progress, and liberty - are as important today as ever. This volume presents a selection of the writings of Carlo Cattaneo (1801-1869), one of the period's most important thinkers, as selected by an equally important personage of a subsequent time, the anti-Fascist intellectual Gaetano Salvemini. Cattaneo had a profound sense of the historical contingencies underlying the quest both to understand human affairs and to realize a self-governing society. Cattaneo's ideas and framework of analysis - like those of John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville - were not shaped by a narrow intra-academic agenda but by the great social, economic, and political transformations of his time. The issues he addre...

Central to the thesis of Alberto Banti's La nazione del Risorgimento is his notion that there existed in nineteenth-century Italy a canone risorgimentale, a body of texts -novels, poetry, histories, political treatises, plays, memoirs and operas -published between 1801 and 1849 (Banti 2000a: 3-55). Banti argues persuasively that these works not only collectively shaped the way that young Italians conceptualised their nation, but also inspired many of them to risk their lives and liberty through participating in political agitation, conspiracy, insurrection and war in a prolonged struggle to attain national independence. Banti identifies the core texts constituting his canone risorgimentale through an examination of the memoirs, diaries, and other autobiographical writings of thirty-odd Risorgimento patriots. Having established the common texts, Banti carefully, and at times brilliantly, proceeds to tease out the shared patriotic message that he sees as underpinning works as diverse as Ugo Foscolo's Dei Sepolcri and Cesare Balbo's Delle Speranze d'Italia, Vincenzo Bellini's Norma and Vincenzo Cuoco's Saggio rivoluzione Storia di Napoli del 1799. Banti argues that, notwithstanding the very different agendas of key Risorgimento figures with political perspectives as opposed as those of, say, Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and Massimo d'Azeglio, or Giuseppe Mazzini and Silvio Pellico, Italian patriots entertained a single, common concept of the nation -what he calls a 'pensiero unico della nazione' -as a community of shared descent, linked by ties of blood, and believed in the necessity of defending the honour and virtue of this national 'family', if necessary to the point of martyrdom. While I do not personally agree with all of Banti's findings, it is not my principal intention here to take issue with his conclusions. Rather I intend to make some reflections on the method by which he has arrived at them, and offer some suggestions as to how they might be more effectively tested and developed in future research. My first -and perhaps most obvious -point concerns the nature of the autobiographical works Banti has used as his key source for identifying the canone: his so-called 'campione di memorie patriottiche' ('sample of patriotic memoirs'). Banti is extremely subtle in unpicking Nations and Nationalism 15 (3), 2009, 419-426.

De geschiedenis van Sint Nicolaas is gerelateerd aan de geschiedenis van Europa. De huidige sinterklaastraditie is gevormd gedurende vele eeuwen. In die eeuwen is de traditie beïnvloed door belangrijke gebeurtenissen en omstandigheden.
Belangrijk zijn onder andere de kerstening van Europa, de strijd tegen de islam, de Sint Nicolaasvloed en het Sint Nicolaasgilde.
De zwarte kleur van Zwarte Piet is terug te voeren op de tijd van de kerstening van Europa, de overgang van heidendom naar het christendom. Zwart staat voor het heidendom, de islam, de winter en de dood. Dit in tegenstelling tot het wit van het christendom, de zomer en het leven.

The article provides a picture of the 18th-century rise of the novel observing the influence of ethics and the use of realistic details in cooperation with moral aims. The educational purposes of the three novels are pointed out in their connection to a new perspective on reality (Armstrong 2001, Moretti 2013). Prévost’s Manon Lescaut, already seen as an expression of the Regency (Auerbach 1946) or of the Augustinian view of grace (Singerman 1987), is the starting point to highlight the growing realism of 18th-century narratives. Richardson’s Clarissa played a crucial role to establish a form which reached the end of the century and is exemplified by the social satire of Frances Burney’s Evelina. Italian early-19th-century novels prove some cultural backwardness in comparison with England and France (Silvestri 2019); those by Orsola Cozzi, a Tuscan nun, are among the few to experiment the sentimental novel, the subgenre which had gained popularity especially in France (Cohen 1999).

The article is dedicated to traditional festivities called Moros y Cristianos, or in a literal translation: Moors and Christians, which are widespread in a number of autonomous communities in Spain, including Valencia, Andalusia, Murcia, Castilla-La Mancha and many others. The name literally means Moors and Christians and is used with reference to festivities commemorating real or legendary battles between two civilizations during the Spanish Reconquista (or: reconquest) with Christians finally taking over the Iberian Peninsula. For a few centuries it has been serving as a modus operandi for depicting an eternal conflict between Christianity and Islam in the street culture, hence: reconstructing images of civilizational oddity of Muslims.

The Legal System by Santi Romano was published in 1918, a little less than a century ago (Romano [1918] 1951). It is impossible to overstate the importance of this masterpiece of Italian jurisprudence and legal philosophy. These powerful pages have long influenced political philosophers and legal scholars, most notably Norberto Bobbio. 1 According to Romano, law is the direct outcome of social formation. Where there is any form of society, there must be some kind of normative force in place. This axiom has interesting implications, among them the frank acknowledgment of the "normative pluralism" of institutions and of legal systems themselves. A century before multiculturalism and post-modern jurisprudence, Romano was adamant in maintaining that the norms of a criminal association are "law," though of course of a different kind from, and in obvious tension with, state law. It is not mere happenstance that an Italian author devised such a theory. Pluralism is built into Italian society. Most Italian cities were at one time or another capitals of independent flourishing states, complete with their own specific environmental, social, and cultural characteristics. 2 For instance, one can spend years studying the special social environment of Alto Adige, or Süd-Tirol, and it will not help at all in forming a basis for comparison with the different mores still flourishing in Naples. The problems of the industrial Nord-Est have little in common with everyday life in Calabria. Local politics are distinct from one region to the next. Trite as this may sound, not all Italians are proud to be Italian, but almost all Italians are proud of their hometowns. The Italian word campanilismo is the byword for this shortsighted partiality of our own people living in the reassuring sight of the Campanile, or church bell-tower. 3 Someone from Venice, Naples or Florence may occasionally speak of Rome with a contempt that would be unimaginable from a non-Parisian Frenchman speaking of the Capital, the ville lumière. This basic diversity is a resilient construct for resisting the state's bureaucracy and its futile efforts to enforce a posture of national uniformity. It is not just a matter of "character." The law of succession in Alto Adige aims to protect the specificity of the maso chiuso, favoring the elder son in ways that are completely unique to this region (Rösch 1994; Gorfer and Faganello 2003; Mori 2009). 1 Norberto Bobbio was the most influential Italian legal and political philosopher of the second half of the twentieth century. For his thoughts on Santi Romano, see Bobbio 1958 (10-23); for general reference, see also Bobbio 2009. 2 The political structure of these states could be quite different one from another, and ranged from an absolute, but elective, monarchy (the structure of the Church) to a long-term aristocracy like Venice. 3 The famous pages about the Marcellinara shepherd and the reassuring sight of the village bell tower were the starting point of some contemporary reflections by Escobar (1997). In Italy, Escobar was known for his movie reviews in the literary supplement of Il Sole 24 Ore.

La publication par John Locke de son célèbre Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) puis de Some Toughts Concerning Education (1694) a marqué un véritable tournant dans le discours européen sur l’éducation. Ces deux ouvrages consacrent la défaite définitive de l’innéisme cartésien et leibnizien au profit d’un empirisme pédagogique qui fait de l’esprit de l’enfant une tabula rasa que les pédagogues auront pour tâche d’alimenter. Plus tard, en proposant, dans Émile, ou de l’éducation (1762), une éducation plus proche de « la Nature », Jean-Jacques Rousseau a posé un autre jalon majeur au sein du discours éducatif et a fait de nombreux disciples, tant professionnels qu’amateurs. Malgré cela, on le verra, le discours utilitariste d’adaptation de l’individu à la société a néanmoins continué à avoir, tout au long du siècle, de nombreux adeptes, notamment au sein des milieux bourgeois. C’est essentiellement au sein de ce cadre théorique contrasté que se développent les essais ici réunis. Du traité général d’éducation au simple journal tenu par un père à propos de l’éducation de son rejeton et de la vie de collège au préceptorat princier, ce sont les aspects théoriques et pratiques essentiels de l’éducation au XVIIIe siècle qui sont successivement évoqués.

Building on recent investigation of the European culture wars in the second half of nineteenth century the article expands the constructivist thesis of secularization on genuine religious questions. Based on examples from France, Germany and Spain it is shown that anticlericalism was not necessarily anti- or areligious but frequently consisted of a search for new concepts of religion and sacralizations. Thereby anticlericalism is proved to be part of the pluralization of the religious field.

Οι τέχνες πολλές φορές, στην ιστορία του ευρωπαϊκού πολιτισμού, έχουν την τάση να ‘σμίγουν’ μεταξύ τους. Μέσα από ένα έργο ζωγραφικής θα απεικονιστούν τμήματα πόλεων ή αρχιτεκτονικά ή γλυπτικά έργα. Αφού αυτά τα έργα ενταχθούν  στο ευρύτερο ιστορικό και κοινωνικό περιβάλλον όπου ανήκουν, θα  σχολιαστούν, όπως επίσης  η σχέση μεταξύ των τεχνών. Όσον αφορά στο μουσικό σκέλος, η μουσική αναπτύσσει σχέση με την ποίηση ή τη λογοτεχνία κυρίως σε έργα προγραμματικής μουσικής (π.χ. τα έργα του Έ.Μπερλιόζ). Θα περιγραφεί ένα μουσικό έργο, το οποίο επιχειρεί να αποδώσει μια λογοτεχνική αφήγηση ή ένα ποίημα ή ακόμα να εξιστορήσει ένα γεγονός.

The article is dedicated to traditional festivities called Moros y Cristianos, or in a literal translation: Moors and Christians, which are widespread in a number of autonomous communities in Spain, including Valencia, Andalusia, Murcia, Castille la Mancha and many others. The name literally means Moors and Christians and is used with reference to festivities commemorating real or legendary battles between two civilizations during the Spanish Reconquista (or: reconquest) with Christians finally taking over the Iberian Peninsula. For a few centuries it has been serving as a modus operandi for depicting an eternal conlict between Christianity and Islam in the street culture, hence: reconstructing images of civilizational oddity of Muslims.

SUMMARY
In the course of our examination we will detect philosophical and generally educational influences and associations of Michael Psellos in the later centuries from the Renaissance to the brink of the 17th century scientific revolutions.
Our working hypothesis that the origins of ideas, theories and cultural tendencies that in a later century were considered innovative and revolutionary, can be traced in earlier, supposedly dark and conservative times through the paths, transformations, and the broken lines of historical examination while they have also been more or less constitutive factors of modern culture. These theories and ideas can be linked to the following thematic units: A) Sciences and the philosophical approach of nature: theory and technique, B) Man and world, C) Language, art and creativity.
Key words: Neoplatonism, Byzantine philosophy, Chaldean Oracles, Natural philosophy, Renaissance, Modern science, Culture

During the Congress of Vienna, which was formally opened on Nov. 1, 1814 and terminated in June 1815, the heads of states and representatives of almost all European countries assembled in Vienna to hammer out a peace treaty that would put an end to the wars that had been plaguing the continent for years. While in Vienna, these leaders and those who accompanied them could attend performances of opera, singspiel, farces, parodies, and ballets at any of the many theaters of which the city was proud. This paper surveys the theaters in operation at the time, analyzes the composers, performers, works presented on stages, and examines the audiences and their evaluations of what was offered.

Federalism and federal solutions in Italy have never enjoyed much popularity, although they have been discussed at different times as viable solutions for a country fragmented along socioeconomic and linguistic lines. This mistrust can be partially explained by the fact that federalism has been often misunderstood and construed as synonymous with division and disintegration of the territory. In this specific context, Carlo Cattaneo and Gaetano Salvemini have emerged as two brilliant intellectuals and strenuous advocates of federalism for Italy, although they did so at different times and from different perspectives. Building upon primary and secondary sources, this article distills and compares the federal ideas of both thinkers, while at the same time emphasizing the modernity of their criticism and consequent solutions for Italy.

These misconceptions make the Europeans ignore following basic historical truths:
1. Islam, Turkey, and the Ottoman Civilization are inherent part of the European Culture and History.
2. The European Identity was mainly formed on today’s Turkish territory.
3. Europe was civilized because of the expansion of the Ancient Oriental cultures.
4. Modern European preconceived theories and approaches (Greco-Romano-centrism) were composed in times of limited knowledge and scarce sources, and were politically motivated (as form of anti-clericalism).
5. The aforementioned erroneous approaches were not rejected (as they should) after the discoveries of the Orientalists, which were also based on erratic, preconceived, colonial approaches and attitudes.
6. Not only Oriental civilizations’ traits and global impact have been kept unknown to average people but the Classical Greek and Roman civilizations have been presented gravely deformed and viciously distorted.
7. Through the above mentioned historical forgery, nefarious patterns, models and prototypes are selected by the ruling classes and academia of Europe, and projected among the average Europeans with disastrous results.

In the present article, we will complete our brief analysis of the catastrophic patterns, models and prototypes chosen from the ill-perceived, and largely imaginative Classical World of the modern, racist, European Greco-Romano-centric academia and politicians.
First published in the American Chronicle, Buzzle, AfroArticles on 14th January 2008

If finally the Turks decide to adhere to the European Union, Turkey will become a member state of the real and existent European Union. The 27-member super-state consists in a real challenge of our times, and represents the latest phase of a real historical Europe. This true Europe is contradicted by the German Minister Markus Söder’s fictitious Europe.

This historically inexistent and irrelevant ‘Europe’ of Mr. Söder is the result of the widely diffused in Europe false History – an academic fabrication compiled originally by the colonial Anglo-French academia. Their interests in this regard involved the promotion of a great number of misconceptions and aberrations that would be necessary to keep average Europeans unaware of Europe’s true History and Identity; this nefarious situation is a prerequisite for the most efficient implementation of the targets of the Apostate Free Masonic Lodge that controls almost totally the Classicist and Orientalist academia of France and England, and the ruling Anglo-French elite.
First published in the American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle on 15th January 2008
Republished on 29th January 2010 in:
http://illyria.proboards.com/thread/29049/turkey-fictitious-europe

Pragmatism and progress. The Political discourse in Europe between Juste milieu and Realpolitik (1830-1860). The emerging political culture of Juste Milieu and the career of the «moderate» project of politics were two main agents of change in nineteenth-century Eu-rope. The article analyses the plurality of argumentative patterns and semantic transformations around the concept of «middle way» from the French Revolution up to the Ital-ian and German nation building after 1860. The controversial juxtaposition between the conservative-based symbolic language of politics and the growing expectation of liberal reforms led to a widespread debate across Europe. Especially after the July Revolution in 1830, country specific terms and political discourses on the paradigm of moderatism emerged not only in France but also in Germany, Italy and in the Iberian Peninsula. Liberal and conservative moderates were successful in initiating and implementing constitutional reforms and nation building. They convincingly proclaimed to prevent future instability and to refuse to comply with the two opposite extremisms of revolution and reactionary conservatism. This paper proposes to reassess the Age of Revolution paradigm and to examine the first half of the nineteenth century as a period of moderatism-led crucial transformations of modern political discourse.

Mitte zerbarst nach dem US-Tagesluftangriff auf die deutsche Hauptstadt kurz vor Kriegsende am 3. Februar 1945, dem schwersten Bombardement auf Berlin im Zweiten Weltkrieg mit 2 893 Opfern. Wie durch ein Wunder blieb das Kreuz auf dem Schloss erhalten. Die Ruine ist 1952 von der DDR gesprengt worden. An ihrer Stelle entstand der Palast der Republik, der nach der Einheit von 1990 ebenfalls aus politischen Gründen abgerissen wurde. Jetzt sieht dort das schlossähnliche Humboldt-Forum nach Plänen eines italienischen Architekten seiner Vollendung entgegen. Mit Kreuz, was manchen verwundert, weil dazu kein direkter Bezug gegeben ist, wie er als Residenz der preußischer Kurfürsten, Könige und Kaiser durch deren Glauben und durch die 1465 errichtete Erasmuskapelle existierte.

Ricerche slavistiche 13 2015: 491-506 RECENSIONI Sante Graciotti, La Dalmazia e l'Adriatico dei pellegrini "veneziani" in Terrasanta (secoli XIV-XVI). Studio e testi. Con un'appendice di Lorenzo Lozzi Gallo. (Società Dalmata di Storia Patria -Roma). La Musa Talìa Editrice, Lido di Venezia 2014, 679 pp.

The outcome of the Brexit referendum is the apex of a long history of Euro-British relationships characterised by two opposing but coexisting stereotypes. On the one hand, England appears as the freedom-seeking nation resisting restrictive collective policies imposed by a totalitarian EU regime of faceless Brussels bureaucrats. On the other hand, England seems to resurrect its imperialistic superiority against the purported democracy and horizontality of European institutions. Adopting the notion of “cultural intimacy”—with which Michael Herzfeld analyzes the mutual engagement of contrasting positions in political and administrative practices—this paper addresses the equally stereotypical images of an indifferent, inhuman European bureaucracy and of an insular, cynical Great Britain in the works of Malcolm Bradbury and Tim Parks. Be it the allegedly liberal yet nationalistic stance of Thatcherist anti-Europeanism in Bradbury, or the British disaffection with the purported identitarian and cultural levelling within the common borders of the Schengen area and of the single currency, both authors’ symbolic constructions of European institutions and of British Euroscepticism are built as cultural entanglements of these two realities, and show the need to overcome the reductive conception of Europe as a failed super-state.

Alberico Gentili (San Ginesio 1552 - Londra 1608)  studia presso l’Università di Perugia dove si laurea in diritto civile il 23 settembre 1572. Nel 1580 è costretto a fuggire dall’Italia, per motivi religiosi, per giungere a Londra in agosto, dopo aver attraversato l’Europa. Nel 1587 viene nominato da Elisabetta I regius professor di civil law presso l’Università di Oxford. Malgrado la solida preparazione giuridica ed i legami costruiti nei primi anni di permanenza sul suolo inglese con gli ambienti politici e accademici, la nomina a regius professor era stata profondamente avversata, da più parti: molto probabilmente dagli ambienti umanistici, ed in particolare da Jean Hotman il quale, pur avendo manifestato inizialmente sentimenti di affettuosa amicizia e solidarietà col giurista italiano, si distaccherà da lui dopo la pubblicazione, da parte di Gentili, della sua prima opera e, poco dopo, da parte degli ambienti religiosi puritani.
Mentre i dissensi con Hotman e gli umanisti erano destinati ad affievolirsi, anche in ragione della metodologia seguita dal Gentili nella pubblicazione delle opere successive, ben diverse saranno, a partire dal 1585, le relazioni del giurista italiano con alcuni esponenti della teologia puritana ed in particolare con John Rainolds, teologo autorevolissimo, col quale avrà, fra il 1593 e il 1594, un denso e polemico scambio epistolare. Alcune delle idee espresse nei volumi pubblicati fra il 1585 e il 1593 non solo non saranno condivise dagli ambienti puritani, ma risulteranno da essi fortemente avversate. Alcuni passaggi di queste opere, e gli inediti conservati nella Bodleian Library e nel Corpus Christi College di Oxford, che attestano, fra l’altro, le avversità di cui Alberico fu oggetto, anche in ragione della sua “italianità”, costituiscono la fonte da cui muovere per una migliore comprensione della sua vicenda umana e del suo pensiero.
Un percorso, quello del giurista di San Ginesio, che proseguirà nel 1598, allorquando darà alle stampe la sua opera più nota, i De iure belli libri tres, e che si completerà nel 1601, con la pubblicazione dei Disputationum de nuptiis libri VII: nel I Libro, riprendendo le ragioni della polemica con il Rainolds, esprimerà compiutamente il suo pensiero circa il rapporto fra diritto, teologia e religione e l’individuazione degli ambiti di competenza del giurista e del teologo. Convincimenti che la letteratura contemporanea tende talvolta a racchiudere nel Silete theologi in munere alieno: espressione notissima vergata a conclusione del capitolo XII del I Libro del De iure belli, che necessita, per essere pienamente compresa, di essere inserita nel lungo percorso compiuto dal giurista di San Ginesio nell’arco di circa un ventennio.
Giuristi e teologi si confrontarono, dunque, su questioni che, fra XVI e XVII secolo, furono cruciali nel dibattito scientifico del Vecchio Continente, e che, in modi e forme sostanzialmente diverse da quel lontano passato, stanno tornando prepotentemente di grande attualità. Su di esse, pertanto, appare necessario tornare criticamente a riflettere, anche alla luce delle idee espresse da uno dei maggiori pensatori della prima Età moderna.

From the Irish monks who spread brewing techniques, and Christianity, across Europe, to how beer prompted Martin Luther's Theses, to its role as a sports drink in the Tour de France, Down Beer Street is the history of the world as seen through a pint glass.

Discover the decisive role beer has had in the course of history, how it is central to many European cultures and customs, how it has inspired art, and even brought armies together in a cease fire in the midst of a world war. The history of beer stretches back as far as humans have engaged in agriculture, and it has been a basic food as long as bread. From ancient Mesopotamia to the spread of Christianity and abbey beers throughout Europe, up to Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution and the financial crisis of 2008, this history of the world has a frothy head.

E' da poco stato pubblicato il volume di Pietro Greco La Scienza e l'Europa. Dalle origini al XIII secolo (L'Asino d'Oro, Roma, 2014), una lettura coinvolgente che traccia un'ampia sintesi della storia antica e medievale dell'Europa (e anzi dell'intero "vecchio mondo" includente il bacino del Mediterraneo e il Vicino Oriente) dal punto di vista dei suoi rapporti col pensiero scientifico.

Créée en 1951 sous les auspices du Centre européen de la culture (CEC) fondé en 1950 à Genève par l’écrivain suisse Denis de Rougemont, l’Association des instituts d’études européennes (AIEE) s’est donnée pour mission « de contribuer à la formation européenne des élites, notamment de professeurs des divers ordres d’enseignement, de contribuer à la formation des agents supérieurs des organismes européens et de favoriser la recherche scientifique sur les problèmes européens ». Regroupant six membres à ses débuts, elle s’élargit rapidement à d’autres instituts et développa ses travaux dans plusieurs directions : élaboration d’une bibliographie européenne et d’un organe de liaison à travers la publication régulière d’un annuaire des instituts européens ; organisation de colloques sur des thèmes variés ; lobbying exercé auprès des institutions communautaires. Nous proposons dans cet article de retracer les conditions de création de cette association, les réseaux qu’elle a mobilisés, les difficultés auxquelles elle fut confrontée, ainsi que les débats qui s’engagèrent en son sein jusqu’à la fin des années cinquante, quand ses statuts furent réformés et qu’une réflexion s’engagea face au défi de la création d’une Université européenne, mise à l’ordre du jour par les Communautés européennes en mai 1958.

Denis de Rougemont, penseur original de la Fédération européenne → François Saint-Ouen La Fédération européenne est notre affaire → Dusan Sidjanski Pourquoi des Régions ? (1975) → Denis de Rougemont De la décolonisation à la coopération : genèse et enjeux du « dialogue des cultures » → Nicolas Stenger

The paper illustrates the European project CEC (Cradles of European Culture (2010-2015) and the Institute for Cultural Heritage (IBC) of Emilia-Romagna Region activities.  IBC focused its research on a well-established theme in the history of European culture: the survival of classical culture and, in particular, the phenomenon of the "renovatio imperii" during high Middle-Ages centuries in Ravenna. A political and
cultural phenomenon that Charlemagne’s successors,
the emperors of the Ottonian dynasty, would pursue
tenaciously, aided by some female figures of primary
importance for the political and cultural history of
that era, Theophano and Adelaide of Burgundy.

Studio dedicato al periodo polacco del poeta e mecenate Angelo Maria Durini (1725-1796), nunzio a Varsavia dal 1767 al 1772, negli anni della guerra civile sfociati nella prima spartizione della Polonia. Il contributo è ospitato negli "Studi in onore" di Juliusz A. Chroscicki, professore di Storia dell'arte moderna all'Università di Varsavia, che scrive all'autrice: "Chère Amie, je suis honoré par votre article, très important et plein de finesse!..." (lettera dell'11 novembre 2009).

AVVERTENZA: Sulla base della normativa in materia di diritti d’autore, oltre che di una norma etica fondamentale, non è concesso utilizzare questo testo illustrato in qualsiasi forma – copia, citazione, riassunto etc. – senza menzionare la fonte.

WARNING: Under copyright law, as well as a fundamental norm of ethics, any use of this published paper – copy, citation, abridged version etc. – is not authorised without mentioning the source.

« L’anthologie comme réinterprétation : la traduction française du Spectator », dans C. Bohnert et F. Gevrey (dir.), L’Anthologie. Histoire et enjeux d’une forme éditoriale du Moyen Âge au XXIe siècle, sous la direction de Céline Bohnert et de Françoise Gevrey, Reims, Épure, 2014, p. 339-359.

Copia di Altiero Spinelli e la genesi dello IAI: il federalismo, il gruppo de "il Mulino" e la dimensione internazionale del lavoro culturale. In: D. Preda;M.G. Melchionni;C. Rognoni Vercelli;S. Pistone;J.P. Gouzy;W. Loth;D. Preda;C. Previti Allaire;L.V. Majocchi;C. Russo;G. Guderzo;F. Praussello;R. Cagiano De Azevedo;M. Vaccaro;D. Velo;C. Malandrino;P. Tilly;F. Zucca;G. Devani;P. Graglia;A. Becherucci;J.M. Palayret;D. Pasquinucci;P.V. Dastoli;C. Merlini;M. Bonanni. Altiero Spinelli e i movimenti per l'unità europea, PADOVA:CEDAM, 2010, pp. 245-277

Formation of an economic union whose foundation was laid from the beginning, chosen to reflect the way in the coming years. The political and security cooperation pointed out today in a very different powers from the EU structural terms. Terms of "Europe" and "European", which has been used to express the concept of a common heritage for centuries obtained.

Il diplomatico milanese Angelo Maria Durini (1725-1796), cardinale dal 1776, attraversa l’Europa e il secolo dei Lumi con l’imponenza della sua corporatura e un passo da minuetto, senza lasciarsi imbrigliare nelle facili categorie di “conservatore” o “progressista”. Poeta, erudito e bibliofilo, collezionista di busti e ritratti, creatore di ville e giardini, il Durini è mecenate per vocazione, e mecenate militante, pronto a patrocinare visceralmente la causa e gli uomini in cui crede. Offrirà il suo generoso sostegno ai patrioti cattolici polacchi schiacciati dalla Russia di Caterina II, ai letterati in cerca di un riconoscimento istituzionale nella Lombardia di Giuseppe II, ai classicisti della soppressa Compagnia di Gesù, agli uomini e alle donne di merito. Non a caso sarà Parini, nell’ode “La gratitudine”, a celebrarlo come l’incarnazione del più puro ideale di mecenatismo che l’età nuova potesse immaginare.
Raffinato e sanguigno, difensore del latino e cultore del dialetto, è il più ardente sostenitore di Giuseppe Parini, Domenico Balestrieri e Guido Ferrari, le tre punte di diamante di un mecenatismo creativo e interattivo, di orientamento classicista, dispiegato nei suoi ultimi vent’anni lombardi a sostegno della cultura milanese uscita dalle esperienze dei Trasformati e dei Pugni. L’ultimo atto del suo mecenatismo illuminato sarà la donazione della più preziosa fra le sue raccolte, la biblioteca formata amorevolmente nel corso di una vita, alla neonata Regia Biblioteca di Brera, “per vero sentimento del più puro patriotismo”.

La Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense, gelosa custode del fondo Durini,  il 26 gennaio 2012, in occasione della presentazione della monografia dedicata al cardinale da CRISTINA GEDDO (Silvana Editoriale, 2010), ha ospitato l’incontro di studio da cui ha origine questa pubblicazione. Corollario della monografia e paradigma per le ricerche future, l’“Omaggio al cardinale Angelo Maria Durini”, corredato da un’introduzione del direttore della Braidense Andrea De Pasquale e da un’appendice della curatrice sulla donazione duriniana, raccoglie i saggi di cinque eminenti studiosi di discipline diverse, che analizzano secondo le rispettive competenze il poliedrico operato e la discussa figura del protagonista: CARLO CAPRA, già ordinario di Storia moderna e di Storia dell’età dell’Illuminismo all’Università degli Studi di Milano, socio dell’Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere; SANTE GRACIOTTI, emerito di Filologia slava all’Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, socio dell’Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei; FELICE MILANI, già direttore della Biblioteca Civica “Carlo Bonetta” di Pavia e socio dell’Accademia Ambrosiana, classe di Italianistica; MAURO NATALE, emerito di Storia dell’arte moderna all’Università di Ginevra; WILLIAM SPAGGIARI, ordinario di Letteratura italiana all’Università degli Studi di Milano e socio dell’Accademia Ambrosiana, classe di Italianistica.

MAURO NATALE riesamina il percorso di Angelo Maria Durini nel contesto della storia culturale europea del secondo Settecento, alla luce della rete di relazioni umane, politiche e letterarie di cui si fa portavoce il suo mecenatismo artistico.

SANTE GRACIOTTI reinterpreta l’attività politica e culturale del nunzio Durini a Varsavia negli anni cruciali che preparano la prima spartizione della Polonia, sulla base dei suoi imprescindibili studi sul Durini polacco e sulla Polonia di Stanislao Augusto.

WILLIAM SPAGGIARI esplora temi, modi e interlocutori della prolifica produzione latina di Durini, fedele alla poetica dell’Arcadia, e si sofferma sul suo rapporto privilegiato con Parini aggiungendo nuove postille all’ode “La gratitudine”.

FELICE MILANI, riflettendo sul rapporto Durini-Balestrieri attraverso la lettura incrociata dei testi dei due poeti, individua un nuovo punto di convergenza tra il mecenate e il suo protetto nell’interesse per la tecnica versificatoria che li induce a un confronto stimolante sulla metrica del verso latino e milanese.

CARLO CAPRA ripercorre incisivamente le tappe della carriera di Durini nella cornice del secolo dei Lumi fra Lombardia ed Europa, indugiando sugli snodi più significativi e sul rapporto singolare con Pietro Verri.

CRISTINA GEDDO pubblica l’inventario originale della biblioteca di Angelo Maria Durini donata alla Braidense (luglio 1795), ricco di opere letterarie greche, latine, italiane e francesi, in pregiate edizioni delle più celebri tipografie europee dal Cinquecento all’età contemporanea.

AVVERTENZA: Sulla base della normativa in materia di diritti d’autore, oltre che di una norma etica fondamentale, non è concesso utilizzare questi testi in qualsiasi forma – copia, citazione, riassunto etc. – senza menzionare la fonte.

WARNING: Under copyright law, as well as a fundamental norm of ethics, any use of this published texts – copy, citation, abridged version etc. – is not authorised without mentioning the source.

(ITALIANO)
La monografia del mecenate milanese Angelo Maria Durini (1725-1796), pubblicata a distanza di un secolo dal saggio di Marchesi (1904), si apre con la genealogia dei conti di Monza e con un ampio capitolo introduttivo dedicato alla famiglia del protagonista.
Di origine comasca, i Durini sono l’emblema della nuova nobiltà che garantì il ricambio del patriziato milanese compiendo la scalata sociale nella Milano spagnola e asburgica grazie alla fortuna accumulata con il commercio di tessuti e il banco. Lo studio ricostruisce l’attività di collezionisti e mecenati dei membri della famiglia nell’arco di quattro generazioni, attribuendole un ruolo fondamentale nella promozione del Barocco e del Barocchetto lombardi. L’iniziativa artistica dei Durini, distribuita tra i poli di Milano e di Monza, feudo Durini dal 1648, si esplica con particolare magnificenza nel palazzo milanese di via Durini – con l’annessa collezione ricca di opere del Seicento lombardo, in parte confluita nelle Civiche Raccolte del Castello Sforzesco di Milano –, nella cappella gentilizia della chiesa francescana di Sant’Angelo e nella villa monzese del Mirabello. Tre snodi imprescindibili, qui analizzati compiutamente per la prima volta e collegati ai documenti esumati da un’esplorazione sistematica dell’archivio privato della famiglia.
Eroe carismatico di un’ode di Parini, “La gratitudine”, e dedicatario di innumerevoli rime di Balestrieri, il cardinale Angelo Maria Durini è riscoperto in questa monografia come un protagonista irresistibile della vita politica e culturale di un’Europa in trasformazione. Da Parigi a Malta, da Varsavia ad Avignone, lo studio ripercorre la carriera diplomatica del prelato coronata dal cardinalato (1776) e sancisce il ruolo di primo piano giocato dal suo mecenatismo nella cultura lombarda della matura stagione dei Lumi, alla luce di una messe di fonti documentarie, letterarie e visive.
Durini è l’uomo dei paradossi: in lui convivono l’avversario accanito di Voltaire e Stanislao Augusto, il nunzio ribelle paladino dei patrioti polacchi, il latinista irriducibile e il cultore del dialetto, il mecenate illuminato dei Lumi lombardi e il primo a celebrarli con un moderno pantheon degli "Uomini illustri" contemporanei.
Nelle sue ville di Monza e del lago di Como (Mirabello e Mirabellino, Balbiano e Balbianello), che accolgono le istanze razionaliste e preromantiche del più aggiornato gusto internazionale, il cardinale raduna l’intelligenza e la cultura lombarda, rianimando l’estinta Accademia dei Trasformati e offrendo il suo generoso patrocinio ai poeti Parini e Balestrieri, rappresentanti del nuovo Parnaso milanese in lingua e in dialetto, al latinista Guido Ferrari, esponente di un neoumanesimo gesuita, e perfino al “philosophe” Pietro Verri, caposcuola della fronda laica e radicale dell’“École de Milan”. Il mecenate delle arti appare così complementare al mecenate delle lettere, entrambe espressioni di una personalità impetuosa e ammaliante, capace di comporre vecchio e nuovo senza riuscire incoerente.
Il volume, presentato da Mauro Natale e Juliusz A. Chroscicki, è corredato da quattro Appendici, che radunano un’ampia selezione di testi e documenti inediti, di interesse sia artistico, che storico e letterario. I testi poetici in latino e in milanese sono tradotti in italiano da Felice Milani.
L’Indice dei nomi costituisce uno strumento basilare per la consultazione analitica del testo.

AGGIORNAMENTO
Si rimanda alla voce "Durini, famiglia" del Dizionario del Duomo di Monza (2020), per aggiornamenti, integrazioni e nuovi ritrovamenti sulla storia, il collezionismo e il mecenatismo della famiglia dei feudatari di Monza, con particolare riferimento al Duomo di Monza (inclusa la scoperta dello stemma marmoreo del chiostrino proveniente dall'interrato sepolcro Durini), alla grande arazzeria barocca dei palazzi di Milano e di Monza, e al lotto della collezione dell'abate Gian Matteo Pertusati acquistato all'asta dal cardinal Durini.
Per la trascrizione annotata degli inventari del 1708 e 1734, e per il fregio del palazzo di Milano attribuibile a Stefano Montalto con la partecipazione del fratello Giuseppe, si veda lo studio "Collezionisti e mecenati a Milano tra Sei e Settecento: i Durini conti di Monza" (Artes, 2001).

(FRANÇAIS)
Le mécène milanais Angelo Maria Durini, héros irrésistible et charismatique d’une ode célèbre de Parini, est redécouvert dans cette monographie comme un protagoniste de la vie politique et culturelle d’une Europe en pleine transformation. De Paris à Varsovie, le travail reconstitue la carrière diplomatique du prélat couronnée par le cardinalat (1776), et rétablit le rôle de premier plan joué par ce mécène dans la culture lombarde de l’époque des Lumières, à l’aide des sources documentaires, littéraires et visuelles.
Dans ses villas de rêve de Monza et du lac de Côme le cardinal abrite le nouveau parnasse milanais, dominé par Parini et Balestrieri, ainsi que par le latiniste Guido Ferrari et le « philosophe » Pietro Verri. Il est le premier qui les honore avec un moderne panthéon des hommes illustres contemporaines. Le mécène des arts apparaît donc complémentaire au mécène des lettres, mettant en lumière un personnage passionné, à la fois hors de la norme et représentatif de son temps.
Durini est un homme de paradoxes: d’un côté, le conservateur à outrance, le cardinal fastueux et aristocrate, l’adversaire acharné de Voltaire et de Stanislas-Auguste, l’humaniste, l’arcadien latin; de l’autre, le nonce rebelle défenseur des patriotes polonais, l’amateur du dialecte, et finalement le mécène éclairé des Lumières lombardes. Il ne suffit pas d’interpréter ces ambivalences comme le reflet d’une époque de changements : le cardinal Durini nous oblige à remettre en question la vision manichéenne du siècle des Lumières.
Le volume est enrichi de 4 annexes de documents inédits, d’intérêt artistique, historique-diplomatique et littéraire (y figurent des textes de Durini, Balestrieri, Giovio, Verri et Voltaire).

AVVERTENZA: Sulla base della normativa in materia di diritti d’autore, oltre che di una norma etica fondamentale, non è concesso utilizzare questo testo illustrato in qualsiasi forma – copia, citazione, riassunto etc. – senza menzionare la fonte.

WARNING: Under copyright law, as well as a fundamental norm of ethics, any use of this published paper – copy, citation, abridged version etc. – is not authorised without mentioning the source.

This paper looks at the role of FL Cavazza as one of the key figures in the development of
cultural relations between the US and Italy in the early phase of the cold war. It will do so
by tapping an unexplored archival treasure, namely the papers of Cavazza himself, which I
have been the first to explore in depth for my doctoral dissertation.

In: Renaissance and Humanism from the Central-East European Point of View: Methodological Approaches. Ed. Grażyna Urban-Godziek. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press, 2014, pp.59-74. - English translation of Chapter 5 of Iter Romano-Italicum Polonorum . . ., Kraków: Universitas, 1999, pp.100-117.

This review article explores a new indispensable reference work on the reception of
Augustine. It offers an overview of its content, structure, and methodology, as well as
a critical assessment of its overall contribution to the study of Augustine. Goethe once
remarked that, in the world, there are just a few voices, yet so many echoes. Augustine
is definitely among the ‘few voices’, which have provoked all manner of friendly and
unfriendly echoes. It is particularly important to realize that, apart from explicit
citations and references in western literature, Augustine has also profoundly shaped
medieval and modern culture through the subtle dissemination of his ideas into various
spheres of life. This reference work not only provides a description of the current state
of the reception of Augustine, but also adds the new results of the diligent work of the
contributing researchers and identifies several topics that still need to be investigated.

U n fantasma tenace s'aggira per l'Università, l'idea che chi sia professore a Pavia -professore ordinario, qualcuno tiene a precisare -acquisti la dignità di «conte palatino», ossia comes palatinus (in tedesco, Hofpfalzgraf ). Per dissipare l'equivoco, conviene innanzitutto riepilogare le caratteristiche generali di questa dignità.