Historical architecture

According to historical tradition, Troia Cathedral (Apulia, Italy) was founded in 1093 and con-secrated in 1120. It is the masterpiece of the Romanesque architecture of the region of Capi-tanata, blending Byzantine and Muslim reminiscences with oriental elements. The plan ...

Following the conquest, when Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque, there was speculation about whether the architectural success of this iconic Byzantine masterpiece could ever be surpassed, despite the Ottomans' deep respect for Hagia Sophia. The erection of Edirne Selimiye Mosque, which is a clear competitive enterprise and masterpiece of Ottoman Architecture designed by Sinan, who would prove his architectural genius as head of the Royal Architects, has been considered a challenge to Hagia Sophia, since Sinan claimed that Hagia Sophia was surpassed by his works in his historic manuscripts. Furthermore, under the influence of Sinan's claim, the comparison of domes of Hagia Sophia and Selimiye has captured the attention of many researchers; however, most of them could not present concrete data because of the lack of detailed measurement, deep research, and advanced technical possibilities. Consequently, this debate has remained controversial, and the discussion causes more confusion about the domes even today. In this study, the results of a comparative analysis based on precise architectural survey data obtained by laser scanning are presented for the clarification of this historic controversy. The findings demonstrate that advanced documentation technologies can play a crucial role in resolving historic architectural debates.

This short paper, prepared as part of the Research Writing Methods course, explores the influence of Cubism on architectural design. The study highlights key stylistic elements and their historical impact.
(Türkçe: Araştırma Yazma Yöntemleri dersi kapsamında hazırlanmış kısa bir çalışmadır. Kübizmin mimari tasarıma etkilerini inceleyerek temel stilistik öğeler ve tarihsel yansımaları ele almaktadır.)

There are various classifications of Karbandis, with Akhtari Karbandi as one of the most widely used classes
in traditional architecture. The present research aims to establish a method to identify various types of Akhtari
Karbandi without the need for drawing based on mathematical relationships. Moreover, it seeks to answer
the question whether there is a mathematical relationship between the number of base circle divisions and the
connection distance in the Akhtari Karbandi. Using logical thinking and inductive reasoning, this research
investigates the mathematical relationship between the number of base circle divisions and the connection distance
in the 8th to 28th bases of Karbandi (including 102 Karbandis) that can be drawn in these fields. The results reveal
that the mathematical relationship between the number of base circle divisions and connection distance in Akhtari
Karbandi dictates its type: continuous if they share no common divisor, star-discrete if they share one, and discrete
regular polygon grid if the number of base circle divisions is divisible by the connection distance.

Yerinde yapılan çalışmalarda blokların vinçle kaldırılıp incelenmesi TÜ-BİTAK, 2232 BİDEB burs programı kapsamında ve Istanbul Beykent Üniversitesi bünyesinde desteklenmiştir. Bu süreçte Side kazı evinde sağladıkları çalışma olanakları ve destekleri için kazı başkanları Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Sabri Alanyalı'ya ve Prof. Dr. Feriştah Soykal Alanyalı'ya teşekkürlerimizi sunarız. 9 Jeodezik ölçümler, 2015 yılında, Suna-İnan Kıraç AKMED Araştırma Merkezi'nin maddi desteği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Vjachaslav Orelski and his colleagues from the Union of Architects in Moscow who assisted me greatly in that city and provided me with material on the more remote cities in the northern Euro- pean areas of the USSR which lack of time made it impossible for me to visit. Most of all I wish to express my appreciation to my husband. Professor John Yarwood, not only for accompanying me on all the travels and taking the photographs, but for developing and printing them which was much more of a chore. The author and publishers wish to thank the British Museum for permission to reproduce plates 2, 4, 5, 7 and i8, and Mr. A.F. Kersting A.I. LP., F.R.P.S., for plate 36. The remainder of the photographic plates were taken by my hus- band. Professor John Yarwood, and myself. East Grinstead 1991 Doreen Yarwood Minoan and Greek: c. 3000-146 B.C. Pre-Hellenic Greece: The Bronze Age c. 3000-1 100 B.C. Remains survive of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age building by the peoples inhabiting islands and mainland areas in the Aegean dating from about 3000 B.C., but these early constructions are not architecture and only provide architectural interest because of the influence which they exerted on later peoples. Greece is poor in material resources and timber for building has always been scarce and difficult to transport across mountain regions. The chief material, therefore, in those times was sun-dried brick, made in summer sunshine, and built upon a base of stone blocks with a floor of beaten earth. Even from early times these Mediterranean peoples used the trabeated constructional form of posts or walls and horizontal lintels to support roofs or make openings. The chief centres of civilisation in Bronze Age Greece were on the coast of Asia Minor, the islands, particularly Crete, and the later main- land developments of Mycenae. Building work of this culture is commonly divided into three parts: early, c. 3000-2000 B.C., middle, c. 2000-1600 B.C., and late, c. 1 600-1 100 B.C. The work is called by diflFerent names according to definition : Pelasgic after the race of people, Minoan after King Minos of Crete, Aegean after the area of occupation or Mycenaean after the later settle- ments. Archaeological study is still yielding new information, particularly in more accurate dating Hall of the Double Axes (so called because of the two-bladed axe carved repeatedly on the walls). This was a ground floor room with another hall above. It was colonnaded and open at both ends and could be divided into two rooms in winter by the fitting of four double doors. The two rooms, measuring 18 by 26 feet were then heated by char- coal braziers. The palace was fitted with a drainage system of terracotta pipes, bathroom and toilets, which had water closets with wooden seats. Throughout were magnificent painted ceilings and walls of which fragments remain al- though for the most part they have been taken to museums for safety (i, 2 and 3). These peoples built citadels on carefully chosen sites, protected by cyclopean walls and fortified gates. Inside the walls were constructed the palace and other important buildings. The citadel of Mycenae itself is a clear example of such patterns for living. Smaller than the palace of Knossos it illustrates nevertheless the archi- tectural layout and typical mode of life of these peoples. The Mycenaeans were seafaring peoples and took over the Minoan trade connections with Egypt. Their methods of building show a more advanced understanding of engineering principles than hitherto and illustrate something of the monumentality of Egyptian work. The Trojan civilisation on the coast of Asia Minor is a diflFerent branch of development as it owes much of its culture to the interior of Asia Minor rather than the Aegean area and its influence spread only to neighbouring islands. Like Mycenae it was. also originally excavated by Schliemann, who doggedly persisted in his search for the city of Homeric legend despite the scepticism of his day. The buildings now excavated cover the period c. 2700 B.C. to the Sack of Troy in c. 1200. There is a palace with much interesting work surviving and, in the rest of the citadel, fortifications and houses. The Minoan civilisation spread to the mainland and, with an intermingling of peoples from Asia Minor and the north, provided the nucleus for a new culture around Mycenae in the Peloponnese. * The term originated from the attitude of the Greeks, who found it difficult to believe that such vast blocks had been erected by man and attributed the construction to the mythical Cyclopes.

面对更多样的遗产类型、更复杂的城市问 题，完善登录体系、积累典型案例显得尤为重要。 文章从广州市历史建筑名单中选择了 8 处能体现 上述挑战的现代庭园建筑进行研究，全面评估其 在承载集体记忆、作为现代建筑的样本、较早探 索环境可持续性、构建中国式现代建筑和景观等 方面的遗产价值。分析现代庭园建筑核心价值要 素的现状，指出保护面临的挑战，如庭园、架空、 遮阳等设计被不当改变，经营者有提高空间利用 率和附加值的需求，以及各利益主体决策参与和 价值认知不足。并以增进价值共识、充实保护意 义为目标，讨论了保护与环境可持续性相结合的 设计，编制普及性指引文件，以及设立专门机构 运营相关建筑的保护事务等保护现代庭园建筑的 策略方向。This article seeks to enhance the heritage listing system and accumulate typical cases to ad- dress the growing variety of heritage types and intricacy of urban issues by examining the modern landscaping architecture in the List of Historic Buildings in Guangzhou. It selects eight buildings exemplifying the related challenges and evaluates their heritage values as vessels of collective memories, exemplars of modern architecture, early explorations on environmental sustainability, and pioneers of modern architecture and landscape design in the Chinese style. Subsequently, it analyses the current situation of modern landscaping architecture’s characteristic elements and points out the challenges faced by their conservation, which include disfigurements in designs of gardens, suspending structures, and sunshades, operators’ demands for enhancing spatial efficiency and improving chances of profit, and the lack of stakeholders’ cognition of values and involvement in decision-making. In order to promote common understandings of heritage values and enrich the meanings of conservation, the article further discusses the strategic approaches such as producing integrated designs of conservation and environmental sustainability, creating generalised guidelines, and establishing a specialised institution for the conservation of modern landscaping architecture.

The world is steadily embracing the concept of sustainability, with a growing focus on incorporating sustainable design principles into building construction-particularly in hotels. This approach aims to improve energy performance and minimize construction and operational expenses by utilizing locally sourced environmental materials. Such practices are especially prominent in urban areas characterized by a unique identity and distinctive style, like the Siwa Oasis. The main objective of this article was to examine the impact of utilizing local materials in buildings within Siwa Oasis on enhancing their energy efficiency. This was achieved through an analytical exploration of structures in the region, complemented by an applied study employing DESIGN BUILDER V 7.0 for buildings in Siwa Oasis. The results indicate an improvement in energy performance in hotel buildings in Siwa Oasis by using local materials by a percentage of approximately more than 14% compared to the base case.

This paper explores the tension between historic preservation and modern urban development, advocating for adaptive reuse as a sustainable, culturally enriching, and economically viable solution. As cities rapidly expand, historic buildings are increasingly demolished in favor of new construction, resulting in the loss of architectural heritage and community identity. The paper examines the sociocultural value of historical structures, critiques the weaknesses of current preservation legislation, and highlights the long-term societal costs of demolition, including gentrification and cultural erasure. Through case studies, expert interviews—particularly with Dwayne Jones of the Galveston Historical Foundation—and policy analysis, the research demonstrates that adaptive reuse preserves the character of historical buildings while meeting contemporary needs. Environmental and financial advantages of reuse are discussed, along with barriers such as outdated zoning laws, high retrofitting costs, and public misconceptions. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations to promote adaptive reuse as a key component of sustainable urban planning. By reframing preservation as progress with memory, adaptive reuse offers a path forward that honors the past while building a more inclusive and resilient future.

Amborkhana Dargah mosque in Sylhet, Bangladesh is a historic architectural monument which reflects the glorious past of Islam through its beautiful architectural quality. This volume examines the architectural aspects of the mosque, exploring its history in a chronological framework and charting its development to the present with contemporary drawings and photographs by British troops. The architectural aspects of the mosque, its section and leveling are being investigated and also the description is made about the section of the mosque. In this, the civilization and the foliage density around the dargah were observed. Contemporary photography documents the current state of the mosque and its continued religious and cultural significance. The research combines history and context with today's heritage challenges and may serve as a paradigm to help lead the way to heritage awareness and saving the architectural character of the traditional urban village of Sylhet. This study provides an evidence-based perspective, by paying equal attention to sustainable heritage management and the importance of history and community in a city that is rapidly urbanized.

Lighthouses are a symbiosis of architecture and technology, combining a tower, an adjacent building with living quarters and stores, and technology that produces signals for sailors. They must be permanently in operation and they must be unmistakably distinguished from other nearby lighthouses. They are extremely versatile elements that satisfy several functions in addition to the light signals. The authors consider that traditional lighthouses, commissioned in the mid-19th century, are genuine signalling factories, and that they must be studied as such, based on the concepts defined by the UNESCO documents, among others, for industrial heritage. Recently, the Institute of Cultural Heritage of Spain (IPCE), dependent upon the Government of Spain, has considered lighthouses with a historical value as industrial heritage elements. The authors accept this consideration and as such, in 2017, the drafting of the Catalogue of Lighthouses with heritage value in Spain was commissioned by the IPCE. A large number of projects are being activated today to include tourist uses in the lighthouses. However, it has been detected that these projects eliminate tangible and intangible materials that irreversibly distort the lighthouse as an example of our industrial heritage. The paper aims to detect the characteristics that must be assessed to establish the heritage value of historical lighthouses and propose a procedure for their evaluation. By way of an example, the value of the lighthouse of the Island of Santa Clara in Donostia-San Sebastian (Spain) is analysed from the viewpoint of its pertinence to the industrial heritage. To characterise a lighthouse, its architecture, location, the technology implemented in the lamp that tops the tower, and its spatial distribution must be analysed.

La construcción de los Quartieri Spagnoli en la ciudad de Nápoles comenzó en 1533, durante el virreinato de Pedro de Toledo (1532-1533), con el objetivo de separar a los militares del ejército español allí asentados del resto de la población. Sin embargo, los individuos que habitaron esta parte de la ciudad fueron muy diversos, siendo el principal lugar de residencia del resto de los españoles que llegaron a Nápoles durante los siglos XVI y XVII. A partir del análisis de las fuentes de archivos napolitanos, se pondrá el foco en la variedad de esferas de influencia generadas por la presencia española. Más allá de los centros de poder formales se incidirá en las instituciones que nacieron en la nueva área urbana -iglesias, corporaciones de nación y viviendas-, y la organización social y familiar que se generó alrededor de ellas. De esta forma, se presentará un sistema urbano, nada discreto e íntimamente conectado vertical y horizontalmente a través de los contactos sociales que establecieron los individuos que lo poblaron.

This paper presents a theoretical-systemic approach to structural analysis of historical buildings regarding the analysis of the main theoretical positions of conservation and restoration and its theoretical relationship with structural engineering. From these, was obtained fundamental phases for the analysis of heritage buildings. Once these positions are analyzed, they are directly correlated in a qualitative way and basic stages are obtained in the analysis of historical buildings. On the other hand, and given that this work maintains an interdisciplinary approach, are analyzed and synthesized various procedures used in the main disciplines that interact with the structural engineering of historical buildings. Derived from the above, an own position is done with a structural perspective and an interdisciplinary structural analysis system is articulated. Likewise, a virtual case study is presented, which considers a random phenomenon of possible structural deterioration combined with architectural intervention, specifically soil subsidence with integration of contemporary architectural elements. Finally, the results, conclusions and recommendations are described. In this way future works are proposed that are considered complementary to this research.

In cities with historical heritage, wheelchair users cannot benefit from urban spaces due to the lack of design in the physical environment. In this study, Konya city centre (Turkey), which has a historical richness for the solution of this problem, is analysed according to Turkish Standard (TS9111), The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the United Nations (UN) standards for wheelchair users. Based on the data obtained, problems where accessibility cannot be provided are identified. These problems were solved by developing an "accessible route" mobile application through "Flutter software developed by Google". With the ease provided by the developed mobile application, wheelchair users can be easily integrated into the historical environment. The mobile application developed within the scope of this study can also be created by incorporating a series of alternatives, such as different language options, various locations and eating and drinking places and can be expanded in other research.

This research aims to contribute to the field of construction history in Chile, specifically in the seaport city of Valparaiso, in the period between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which was a time of great economic and urban development. The work of Esteban Orlando Harrington-a renowned Chilean engineer and architect who designed more than 20 buildings (mostly masonry structures) in the Valparaiso portwas studied. This type of construction is analyzed according to the materials, building systems, and structural criteria used. A review is carried out on historic information and documents, and an inspection of five buildings with the goal of understanding how they were constructively conceived is done. Here the most significant case is presented for its architectural, historical, and structural characteristics and values: the former Royal Hotel. The results of this research reveal aspects of Valparaiso's construction history through the work of a professional who adapted foreign techniques to local conditions, with results that are valued for their architectural quality and good seismic behavior.

El trabajo presenta las acciones de restauración realizadas en la Casa Cural del ex-convento de monjas franciscanas comúnmente conocidas como "Capuchinas", durante el periodo de 2000 a 2006.
La obra fue posible gracias a la participación de los pobladores del barrio quienes aportaron a través de limosnas y donativos los recursos necesarios.

La arquitectura popular mexicana ha evolucionado a traves del tiempo, especialmente obedece a los cambios de actividades para las que esta disenada, se adapta al contexto, a las familias, creando una mezcla de materiales y sistemas constructivos, cargados de identidad, informacion y simbologia. En la actualidad la arquitectura popular mexicana se ve influenciada por la tendencia posmoderna incluyendo ideas economicas como consumismo, comunicacion y tecnologia. La migracion en el estado de Guanajuato crea una fuerte influencia no solo ideologica, sino economica como el Kitsch. El Kitsch es una forma de expresion desarrollada en viviendas de la comunidad, que de forma inconsciente, mezcla formas, materiales, texturas, accesorios, etc. que no pertenecen a nuestra cultura y carecen de funcionalidad sin embargo la carga simbolica es importante entre los miembros de un grupo. El estudio se centra en La Luz, Salvatierra que presenta un fenomeno de migracion y recepcion de remesas de los Es...

The facades of buildings stand as one of the most influential aesthetic elements in urban and rural districts, serving as a boundary between exterior and interior while historically expressing various cultural and climatic functions. In Mazandaran Province, Iran, historical and rural areas have often been overlooked, leading to inappropriate approaches in reusing and renovating these buildings without considering their values. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the facades of various historical and rural houses to provide a solid foundation for architects dealing with their reuse and renovation or the design of extensions to the existing buildings. In addition to discussing practical applications, this paper offers a methodological approach for scholars active in the field of rural architecture. The research method includes an analysis of several historical houses, drawing from both literature and field studies. The formal approach has been chosen to align with the research goal. The sixteen selected cases are situated in the historical and rural districts of Alasht, Lafour, Qaemshahr, each built in different historical periods of Iran. Given that many historical houses in this area are not officially listed as heritage buildings and no data regarding them are available, the researchers conducted field surveys and interviews with residents to collect the necessary information. The investigation focused on facade elements, including the pattern of openings and the materials used in the selected houses. This research led to the documentation of the facade shapes in the rural areas of Mazandaran Province, highlighting the necessity of documentation to establish a knowledge base before reuse, renovation, or design within these historic regions. This approach could serve as a model for other regions and countries.

Esperienze di luce è un racconto che utilizza l’elemento compositivo spaziale della luce come chiave di lettura per l’analisi del Teatro Olimpico di Vicenza: luce artificiale, luce naturale, luce atmosferica. L'analisi si realizza attraverso l’interazione dell’elemento stesso con altre due componenti fondamentali in architettura: il muro e lo spazio.
Esperienze di luce è un racconto fatto di immagini e di parole: le fotografie inedite di Marco Zanta, i testi di approfondimento di Maria Elisa Avagnina, di Francesco Marcorin, di Marzia Maino e l’intervista a Marco Angelini
rappresentano degli originali e interessanti contributi al volume per descrivere con occhi nuovi l’opera disegnata da Andrea Palladio. Di fatto il Teatro Olimpico è un capolavoro architettonico anche e soprattutto nei confronti della luce, avendo accolto nel tempo l’intera storia dei dispositivi illuminotecnici artificiali dalle origini ad oggi, dalla candela al
led.

When the Aragonese Grand Master Ramon y Perellos ordered the set of tapestries for the Knights Conventual Church, he intended to convey the supremacy of the Catholic faith in whose name the knights had battled for centuries and the exuberance of his reign for which he would be remembered.

St Andrews Cathedral is located on the East Coast of Scotland, construction started in 1160 and spanned Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles. It was consecrated in 1318, four years after the battle of Bannockburn in the presence of King Robert the Bruce. For several hundred years, the Cathedral was one of the most important religious buildings in Europe and the centre of religious life in Scotland. During the Scottish Reformation, John Knox lead reformers in divesting the Cathedral of much of its finery. Thereafter it fell into disuse and decline. Today the impressive remains only hint at the former glory of this important building. Cultural Heritage encompasses physical aspects such as architecture and artifacts along with less tangible culture such as music, songs and stories. Open virtual worlds offer an extensible collaborative environment for developing historic scenes against the background of which material and ephemeral aspects of cultural heritage associated with a site may be explored through engagement with historic narratives. They offer the potential to reconstruct within a 3D computer environment both the physical structures of the past and important aspects of the light, music and life that once filled those structures. Virtual reconstructions enable scenarios to be created where individual pieces of art can be located and appreciated within the audio, visual and spacial contexts for which they were originally created. Bringing together architecture, sculpture, illumination, stained-glass, music, procession and lighting into a scene which can be explored from multiple spatial perspectives enables holistic experience and appreciation. Historic reconstructions may be created upon virtual stages allowing new and engaging Cultural Heritage perspectives to be accessible to diverse audiences. Through the example of St Andrews Cathedral reconstruction this paper presents an example of Open Virtual Worlds as a technology for supporting the creation and use of virtual reconstructions as a platform that promotes understanding of and engagement with Cultural Heritage. The use contexts discussed range from research based exploration of 3D spaces, to primary schools students using the reconstructions as a backdrop for tag. The digital literacies of the audience and goals of the use case impact on the appropriateness of the user interface. A range of interfaces are explored including games controllers, touch screens, tablets that provide location aware views into the model and hands free gesture control systems.

AI goes back in time and decodes the meaning of historical architecture• Emerging advances in artificial intelligence (AI) are revolutionizing our ability to learn from the material record and write more accurate and enriched past histories. The article 'Alhambra Code: Decoding historical architecture Through AI' explores how merging biologically inspired machine learning technologies with the detailed study of historical architecture can help us learn new things about the deep patrimonial past at Alhambra, a UNESCO world heritage site renowned for its exquisite Islamic architecture and Andalusian culture. Alhambra is a paragon of monumental symbolism, a mind-boggling enigma to modern-day humans. Through a novel methodology that leverages a combination of high-resolution imaging, 3D scanning, and cognitive computing-algorithms that simulate natural intelligence with pattern recognition and task AI-we have decoded repetitive architectural patterns and inscriptions hidden between the walls, revealing the cultural and historical narratives of this celebrated site. The work has matched many of these results to Alhambra's known historical timeline elements. Still, it has also identified disparities, indicating richer interchanges of cultural influences and architectural styles among the idealized phases recognized from the historical record. These interpretations suggest a more complex layering of influences, along with subtle shifts in material sourcing and building techniques over time, which would otherwise have been missed, such as an extension of painted and inlaid tiles from a later, known phase into an earlier period that was not previously known to have employed them. This new knowledge emerges from an organized bioinformatics technique, which shows us how a style previously understood as synchronous, static, and uniform from year to year demonstrates relatively modest variation throughout the Nasrid dynasty. These stresses and variations can be inferred through AIderived transformations of Alhambra's ornamental repertoire. Looking beyond the visible, the AI could reveal degradation patterns and help rebuild former architectural intentions. The research builds the case that AI can transform the preservation of historical sites and our future. The article anticipates where the future of heritage management might be going, a future that is sustainable, efficient, and beautiful. It brilliantly re-establishes Alhambra's architectural and aesthetic authority, proving that the conservation at the site connects past architectural grandeur with future conservation strategies. The piece goes on to project a new landscape in the stewardship of heritage that is visionary, informed, adaptive, and technologically integrated. It is exciting to witness the cadence and rhythm of a new era beginning in our stewardship of global cultural heritage.

do.co.mo.mo. Italia giornale Immagini sul Moderno: cantieri, realizzazioni, legacy a cura di Alessandra Marin e Teresita Scalco gennaio 2025 giornale 38/2025 do.co.mo.mo. Italia Associazione italiana per la documentazione e la conservazione degli edifici e dei complessi urbani moderni do.co.mo.mo Italia giornale anno IV, n. 38-gennaio 2025 Immagini sul Moderno: cantieri, realizzazioni, legacy a cura di

Large cities have always required access to water-a requirement that has been met in different ways over time and place. During the early Islamic period, a variety of sources of evidence survive attesting to the construction of substantial pieces of infrastructure that carried water into cities. These were often expensive undertakings requiring significant investment of financial and labour resources, while their intended use often seems to have prioritised the needs of elites rather than of the general populace. Through textual and material sources of evidence, this article examines three main case studies in the cities of Baghdad, Samarra and al-Qat. āʾiʿ (pre-modern Cairo) to explore how, why and for whom these water conduits were built, as well as questions relating to their maintenance and longerterm use.

Il presente volume raccoglie i saggi di diversi autori sul manoscritto che Giovanni Antonio Nigrone, «fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua» attivo a Napoli tra la fine del XVI e l’inizio del XVII secolo, compose durante tutto l’arco della sua vita professionale. Esso costituisce un pendant dell’edizione critica del testo, da poco uscita per i tipi di Viella. Oltre alla trascrizione e all’interpretazione dello scritto, infatti, è stato necessario interrogare studiosi esperti di diversi argomenti – dalla storia dell’arte a quella del giardino, dell’astrologia e dei terremoti – per poter arrivare a una maggiore comprensione del significato di questo manoscritto e del valore che esso riveste come documento per la storia dell’acqua, della cultura tardo rinascimentale e della società napoletana dell’epoca.

David Gentilcore, Between practical knowledge and self-promotion: situating Giovanni Antonio Nigrone and his manuscript
I. La lingua
Francesco Montuori, «Della mia professione nessiuno di quessti tempi sanno una particella de quessti trattati». La lingua nel manoscritto di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone
II. La Napoli di Nigrone e i discorsi
Giovanni Muto, Le acque urbane ai tempi di Nigrone
Diego Carnevale, Tecnici e imprenditori dell’acqua nella Napoli moderna: fontanari, ingegneri, pozzari
Domenico Cecere, I «segni» del terremoto. Storia naturale, esperienze e discorsi predittivi nelle osservazioni geofisiche di Nigrone
Maria Conforti, Florike Egmond, Vivere sott’acqua nella prima età moderna: da Napoli ai Paesi Bassi
Marine Goburdhun, Les bains de Pouzzoles et d’Ischia dans le manuscrit de Nigrone
H Darrel Rutkin, Astrology and cosmology in Nigrone’s manuscript
III. Le fontane
Anna Giannetti, Un fontanaro cortese
Maria Gabriella Mansi, Le fontane di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone fra mito e leggenda
Bruce Edelstein, Cultural exchange between Medici Florence and vicereal Naples as reflected in Giovanni Antonio Nigrone’s Varii disegni
Fernando Loffredo, La questione dell’attendibilità del manoscritto di Nigrone e la fontana del Sansone per don Luigi de Toledo
Anatole Tchikine, Giovanni Antonio Nigrone, his fountains, and his clients: facts and fabrications
Gaia Bruno, Spunti per le ricerche future a mo’ di conclusione

The city of Amol, one of the ancient cities in Iran's Mazandaran province, is known for its rich historical background. The city also boasts diverse historical and natural attractions, such as [insert examples], that draw numerous tourists annually. Amol's old city fabric comprises 13 neighborhoods, each historically associated with a specific tribe. Among the notable features of these neighborhoods, particularly in Amol's historic fabric, are the beautiful Qajar-era houses, which represent the city's urban identity and its residents' cultural traditions. As part of the nation's socio-cultural heritage, these houses require significant attention. Currently, due to urban expansion and neglect, Qajar-era houses in Amol face numerous environmental and structural threats, leading to their deterioration and eventual replacement by modern, incongruous buildings that undermine the city's historical and urban identity. This paper aims to identify the existing damages to these historical houses and propose solutions for restoration and preservation to ensure their optimal and contextually respectful use in contemporary life. Findings indicate that the most severe damages are caused by moisture-related erosion and human interference, particularly amateur modifications. Employing effective restoration strategies can mitigate existing damages and facilitate proper restoration practices. This descriptive-analytical study relies on library and field resources.

This paper aims to address the discovery of an architectural application using metric/pixel technique for re-establishing a profound restoration language within pre-contemporary constructed environment. We also aim to uncover the forgotten bridge of any visual gap in Mediterranean built environment by introducing a comprehensive and innovative approach of re-understanding such Mediterranean's historic structures. The methodology involves analysing the statical arrangement of building blocks within the Mediterranean building. This work reflects out major reoccurrences of old Ottoman architectural code and the commonness that modular dimension as a means of gaining confidence in any future architectural applicability. The objective of this paper lies in the precise distinguish between the human and non-human factors of the core relationships between any of two elements of a preserved structure and derive the most truthful code of remedy that values the profound historical establishment reflected by the pixel nature of dimensional patterns. To substantiate the difference between human and non-human entities, it is clear that the persistent uncertainty surrounding the actual builder of Mediterranean destroyed historical buildings, coupled with the authors’ effort to develop the appropriate restoration pixel terminology while presenting below methodical assumptions, will be robustly supported by clear definition for each found factor.

Chittorgarh Fort, one of India's largest and most recognisable forts, is a prime illustration of how architecture and visual culture can be used to portray power and authority. Built over several centuries, the fort became a symbol of Rajput valour, resilience, and cultural sophistication. Its strategic architecture and massive definitions were more than just architectural marvels; they were purposeful declarations of the monarchs' political aims and intent to legitimise their authority. Chittorgarh Fort, which combines religious motifs, defensive construction, and artistic features, exemplifies the kings' continuing legacy of using visual culture to convey their control and influence over the region.

هدیکچ ریثأت تارییغت بآ ییاوهو یژرنا یاضاقت رب شیامرگ زاین یارب نامتخاس اه یرما غ ی لباقر بانتجا دهاوخ دوب ؛ تسا هتسیاب اذل هب پ ی ش ب ی ن ی بآ اوهو ی و قابطنا ،هعسوت هنیمز ات دوش هتخادرپ هدنیآ ژتارتسا ی اه ی شهوژپ نیا رد .ددرگ مهارف یژرنا بسانم هب روظنم یشیامرگ زاین یامنرود رب یفارگوپوت شقن یبایزرا زا ناریا هداد اه ی هنازور یامد لدم EH5OM هرود یط کنلاپ سکام هسسوم رامآ ی ( 2050 2015 ،)یدلایم تحت ویرانس A1B اب کیکفت 75 / 1 هجرد ناریا هرتسگ یارب ،یسوق دیدرگ یریگراب . ماگ رد یدعب هداد اه ی یناکم کیکفت اب هدربمان 27 / 0 × 27 / 0 لدم طسوت یسوق ( RegCM4 ) .دندش سایقمزیر شور زا هدافتسا اب سپس مز نی گنیجیرک رامآ هداد اه ی رد ییامد هنازور هنهپ ا داعبا هب ی 15 × 15 رتمولیک داعبا هب یسیرتام نآ هجیتن هک دش هدینارتسگ ناریا رب 7200 × 13140 هب تسد هدمآ روشک یشیامرگ زاین و لدم زا هدافتسا اب سیرتام نیا یور رب یتآ هرود یارب UKMO هک تسا هداد ناشن جیاتن .دیدرگ هبساحم یاراد ناریا رد یشیامرگ زاین یوگلا هشوخ ا ی لااب م ی دشاب یجنساو . لدم اه ی کیسلاک ینویسرگر ( OLS ) و نزو راد ییایفارغج ( GWR ) د هک داد نا...

Digital heritage has matured over the past twenty years and now calls are being made for interactive experiences that augment digital representation with digital performance. The paper considers sources for such a performance: be it documented sources, contemporary cultures, or gameplay from other entertainment game genres. It considers the needs of various stakeholders: the archaeologist, the historian, the game designer and the target audience and suggests thematically consistent multiple gameplay options that serve the different needs while reusing game assets and characters. This aims to contribute to the collaboration with the DiGRA community on serious cultural heritage game development, focusing on the player as performer, rather than just as an observer.

Nessuna parte di questo libro può essere riprodotta o trasmessa in qualsiasi forma o con qualsiasi mezzo elettronico, meccanico o altro senza l'autorizzazione scritta dei proprietari dei diritti e dell'editore. L'editore è a disposizione degli aventi diritto per quanto riguarda le fonti iconografiche e letterarie non individuate.

In this paper we will approach the use of new technologies to bring to life unbuilt architecture, the Utzon house in Bayview. BIM tools have enabled us to get another vision of the dwelling, generating 3D models that allow for a closer look at Utzon's unrealized dream. In this way, the unbuilt projects help understand the career of the architect, since they keep unknown information on his interests and inquisitiveness both personal and architectural. Over four years, 1962-1965, the architect planned as many as six versions of the house, which proves his critical spirit and his need to adapt to the place and his personal situation. In this paper we have recreated in 3D all these proposals to better understand his process of work, as well as the hardships he was faced with in each of them. Despite his efforts, this dwelling never came out, which the architect found profoundly frustrating on account of the lack of understanding by the authorities.

The paper explores how ordinary green maintenance in an archaeological site can contribute to an overall reinterpretation of the architectural artifact itself using as a case-study the management experience of the Sanctuary of Hercules Victor, Tivoli. The complex, located in a scenically significant position, boasts a two-thousand-year reuse that has allowed it to be preserved up to the present day.
Starting from the “Progetto Strategico – Grandi Progetti Beni Culturali”, the preliminary cleaning operations of the greenery of the northern front have provided a renewed vision, particularly from the other ridge of the Aniene river, enabling us to draw a parallel with the contemporary structures of the Canevari Canal. Ancient and contemporary features are confronted again as part of an overall reinterpretation
of the landscape.

Il confronto tra le pratiche architettoniche messe in atto nei cantieri italiani fra la seonda metà del Cinquecento e l'inizio del Seicento costituisce una esplicativa chiave di lettura del processo costruttivo post-michelangiolesco. Il volume, in cui confluiscono le ricerche presentate al convegno internazionale di Mendrisio, organizzato dall'Archivio del Moderno-USI il 30 e 31 maggio 2016, illustra casi studio esemplari con l'obiettivo di rilevare specificità, analogie, permanenze e novità nelle modalità operative e di gestione del cantiere, attuate a Roma, Loreto, Venezia, Genova e nel Regno di Napoli. Una particolare attenzione è riservata, inoltre, alle imprese edili di origine ticinese, rilevandone la significativa presenza nei cantieri presi in esame. Analizzato secondo diversi aspetti, dai meccanismi finanziari che ne regolano la gestione alle soluzioni tecnico-operative adottate, fino alle gerarchie di programmazione del lavoro delle maestranze, il cantiere emer...

Many eighteenth-and early nineteenth-century New Jersey farmsteads were equipped with an out kitchen or summer kitchen. Once ubiquitous, these important buildings are typically only briefly described in probate inventories. Set apart from the main house, such buildings were necessary to keep homes cool while cooking during hot, humid summer months. Their distance and spatial relationship from the dwelling also ensured that uncontrolled kitchen fires did not destroy a family's dwelling. Rural out kitchens were places where women cooked; clothing was cleaned, tended and mended; and quarter was given to enslaved individuals, apprentices, and free laborers. Archaeology at the Manalapan Village House Site in Manalapan Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey permitted an opportunity to examine the contents and construction of an out kitchen built in the mid-eighteenth century and destroyed by fire in 1800. Examination of crawlspace contents provided insight into structure size, spatial layout, kitchen activities and consumer behavior at the moment the blaze grew out of control. This snap shot in time reveals unrecorded aspects of life for the Forman family at the turn of the nineteenth century.

Touristic Industry was implanted in Cervia in the late Nineteenth century after the construction of the first seaside resort in 1882 and the opening of the railway Ravenna-Rimini in 1884, so the pioneering development could start. After several years the first villino on the shore was built, but the cervese administration implemented Urban Planning regulations to urbanize the shore only after 1905. This important document condensed the experience made during the previous decades and it was fundamental to make Cervia attractive to the rich milanese bourgeoisie which would build Milano Marittima. Tourism would have a major impact on the traditional subsistence economy so an analysis of the link between those two industries was strictly necessary.