Historical Narratives

The dominant narrative mode in Ainu studies today stresses an activist agenda
that, although worthwhile, limits the potential for new research in the field. In this thesis, I analyze historical accounts of the development of Ainu bear carvings as a case study of the characteristics of the dominant activist mode and present an alternate narrative in order to demonstrate the need for a variety of approaches to Ainu research.

The activist narrative mode is structured to engender sympathy for Ainu people
and respect for their cultural heritage. Activist accounts of Ainu bear carvings often claim that the carvers were pressured by the Japanese tourist industry to violate religious taboos against producing realistic depictions of bears. In this way, the carvings serve as a symbol of oppression of Ainu people under Japanese imperialism. At the same time, activist scholars state that the Ainu bear carvings followed a linear progression from tourist souvenirs to respected works of “fine art.” Thus, the carvings also reinforce optimistic projections regarding the future status of Ainu culture and socioeconomic condition.

My alternate narrative focuses on the complexities and ambiguities in the field
and avoids judging events in moral or sympathetic terms. I explore a broad range of
contextual issues, tracing the regional production of wooden bears from the paleolithic
ancestors of Ainu people, examining the role of bears and woodcarving in Ainu culture,
analyzing Ainu interactions with Japan, Russia, and other neighboring empires, and
investigating the commodification of bear carvings as tourist souvenirs.

Activist narratives have contributed a wealth of valuable research to the field of
Ainu studies and remain a useful tool for promoting social and cultural equality for Ainu people. However, automatic conformity to the dominant activist mode perpetuates the obfuscation of certain details in Ainu history, including the diversity within Ainu and Japanese cultures and institutions, instances of political cooperation between Ainu and Japanese communities, and unanswered questions regarding the complex development of Ainu cultural practices and beliefs. Although any historical account (including this thesis) inherently simplifies its subjects, varying our narrative approach helps us to identify and fill some of the gaps.

According to Senator Claro M. Recto in the description of freedom finally received grievous appropriately, "a mere nomination of liberty, a liberty rendered without sanctity by mercenary motives, a release imprisoned land and sea by mighty navies in a foreign power , a territory divided into foreign hands is part of the most unfair transactions and the most embarrassing surrender. "Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history; it is in its essence to know that in the past so that we can complete openness to those who have made history and closely with their thoughts, their deeds, and their noble lives (1890-1960). The Philippines is a country that has become a global convergence. It started with the Spanish and the Americans followed, as well as Japan. Because of these countries our culture is affected again called "Colonial mentality". It is a change in the minds of a country culture. Only the strong, durable efforts of the Filipino people can erase the traces of our culture and remove the negative labels attached to it. Well, worried Filipinos, with all their strengths, 'attack the cultural injuries and pen with the tongue. They are perpetual. "(Dr. Pura Santillan-Castrence 1905-2007) The transformation of this culture is the culture of the country's management scene. The Philippines is one of the countries. Today's culture is again in many ways. These changes become good or bad for our country. Multicultural and ethnic minorities have extensive experience of oppressed, they are late. Still, psychology is active still include the various forms of internalized oppression (eg, colonial mentality [CM]) in the etiological conceptualizations of

Taking a narrative perspective, this paper analyzes a public address titled ‘‘the
Causes of the Unpopularity of the Foreigner in China’’. It was given by a Chinese
envoy named Wu Ting-fang in 1900 immediately following the Boxer Rebellion.
First, the paper represents the narrative event and context – the Boxer Rebellion,
within which Wu’s speech was given. It then analyzes how Wu challenged the
dominant Western construction of the Boxer Rebellion and constructed a
different story. Finally, it discusses how Wu’s personal background and
experiences legitimized his ability and qualification to proffer an alternative
construction.
The rhetorical artifices Wu used to construct a coherent and factually
grounded story include stating all the facts, reconstructing the ordering relations
of these facts, and reestablishing the identities and images of the people involved
in the story. Wu’s special education and career background, which made him a
welcome speaker on the topic of cultural differences in Western public forums,
legitimizes his role as a truthful storyteller. Transculturally and transtemporally
created, Wu’s personal experience narrative is not merely an instrument to
communicate personal experiences to other people. It transcends spatial and
temporal limits and is productive of human knowledge. His speech is pertinent to
the present, as all manner of civil and theological clashes of civilization both
continue and start anew.

Historical narratives have always been part of a large corpus of writings and oral traditions passed down generation after generation creating historical and cultural memory helping us reconstruct the past as it is remembered. The focus of this paper would be on the nature and role of historical narratives in creating memories and historical understandings about the nature of the state and political ideologies in medieval India. The two historical narratives referred to for understanding the scope of the paper would be Prithvīrāj Rāsó and Rāyavācakamu. A general overview of the themes used in these narratives would be studied, rather than the contents, to understand the historical context of these narratives and how they shape present understanding about the past ideologies and nature of the state. A research case study of 'Krimchi Temples' located in Jammu and Kashmir would also be considered to understand how the local narratives, and popular myths and itihasa, can help one to understand how historical processes operated.

Die Existenz schlesischer Siedlungen in Texas ist ein bisher selten behandeltes Phänomen innerhalb der Schlesienforschung. In vorliegendem Artikel werden amerikanische und europäische Geschichtsnarrative über die schlesischen Nachkommen in Texas kritisch hinterfragt. Darüber hinaus werden die aktuellen Tendenzen in Schlesien mitreflektiert, um eine Einbindung des amerikanischen Narrativs in den europäischen Rahmen der gegenwärtigen Schlesienforschung zu ermöglichen. Zudem bietet diese Arbeit eine Zusammensetzung von Quellen und Institutionen, die sich mit den „Silesian Texans“ und dem oberschlesischen Kulturkreis beschäftigen, um einen interkontinentalen Austausch zu fördern.

The present intervention makes a mental experiment of thinking about recent histo- riographic “turns” in terms of “returns.” It takes its point of departure from the recent book by John LeDonne Forging a Unitary State: Russia’s Management of the Eurasian Space, 1650–1850. This book shows how much is needed to be done in terms of return- ing to the institutional, military, and legal history of the Russian imperial state. But there is also a return to the long-term historical perspective that presents the challenge of constructing a coherent historical narrative when the process of imperial expansion produced the growing diversity of the imperial realm. This challenge can be solved and the narrative can be stabilized by projecting nation-centered categories on to the past experience (such as “majority” and “minority”). But the same long-term perspective can also empower historians to align their analytical language with the grammar of the imperial archive and lexicon of the political praxis and register shifts and ruptures in the grand trajectory spanning several centuries.

Hagen, 15.01.2020) Uta Kleine "Renaissance", "Reformation" und "Revolution" sind Begriffe die die Erfahrung von zeitlichem Wandel in eine Bewegung übersetzen. Als solche, als ‚Bewegungsbegriffe' nämlich R. Koselleck), sind sie zunächst Erfindungen der Moderne, die aus der Fortschrittsvision des 19. Jahrhunderts erwachsen sind. Sie werden zur Markierung größerer Epochenzäsuren benutzt. Nehmen wir hier nur die bekanntesten: Die italienische Renaissance des 14. und 15. Jahrhunderts und die protestantische Reformation des 16. Jahrhunderts als Umbrüche vom Mittelalter zur Frühen Neuzeit und die Französische Revolution von 1789 im Verein mit der Industriellen Revolution 1750-1830 als Übergang von der Neuzeit zur Moderne. In dieser Bedeutung haben sie sich in der historischen Wissenschaft etabliert. Von allgemeinen Bewegungsbegriffen sind sie in der Moderne zur spezifischen Epochenbezeichnungen geworden.

Comme dans d’autres régions sahéliennes, disettes et famines sont un phénomène récurrent en pays soninké. Les graves crises alimentaires sont néanmoins vécues comme des échecs et des périodes de grande perturbation, susceptibles de remettre en cause l’ordre socio-politique. Pour survivre, les membres des familles nobles peuvent en effet être amenés à avoir des comportements réservés habituellement aux gens de métiers ou aux esclaves. Avec le risque de perdre leur position sociale, ce qui explique leur réticence à évoquer par la suite ces années difficiles. Les famines sont cependant mises en avant dans certaines sources orales, telles que chants et récits historiques. Elles peuvent alors souligner les liens entre détention de nourriture et pouvoir politique ou religieux. Dans d’autres cas, la référence à une période de famine, tout en ayant une part de réalité, peut servir aussi à masquer un rapport de forces défavorable, qu’il s’agisse de la période précoloniale ou des débuts de la conquête française. A travers différentes évocations du problème des subsistances, ces traditions orales expriment des enjeux politiques et sociaux ainsi qu’un certain rapport à l’histoire.
As in other areas in the Sahel, scarcities and famines are recurrent in the land of the Soninke. Food crises are, however, experienced as failures and times of hardship, and can lead people to question the socio-political order. To survive, the members of noble families might adopt behaviours usually reserved for craftsmen or slaves and thus risk losing their social status, whence their reluctance, afterwards, to mention these trying times. Nonetheless, famines do figure in certain oral sources, such as songs and historical narratives. They might emphasize the relations between having food and holding religious or political power. In other cases, references to a famine, though partly true, might serve to cover up an unfavourable balance of power, whether during the pre-colonial period or at the start of the French conquest. By referring to problems of subsistence, these oral traditions voice social and political issues and express a relation to history.

Are all brigands young and handsome?

The discursive constellations and iconographic sources about the brigand and the phenomenon of brigandage produced a very broad and distinctive repertoire between the 18th and the 19th centuries, which combined politics, literature, visual culture and crime. This repertoire fed almost seamlessly into the imagination of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, when it produced representations suited to the new communication circuits and languages of the audiovisuals and social media.
The special issue focuses on the morphology and intermedial circulation of these narratives in the recent Italian historical context. It shows the extent to which these cultural processes belonged to a permanent global fascination for the figure of the outlaw hero. These narratives, that result from a combination of history and mythography, are indebted to the codes of the “untold story”, to the melodramatisation of the past and to the morphology of the “Robin Hood principle”.

Key words: Outlaw hero, brigandage, Robin Hood principle, mass media

The author discusses the main problems of using methods of the narrative analysis to study the history of Soviet historical scholarship. In the first part he gives an overview of basic trends in Russian history of science in last decades noting the increased attention to the history of scholars (anthropological turn) and to the relative weakness of the history of texts (narrative turn). The second part of the article is devoted to the possibilities of applying
the observations of researchers of historical narrative to the history of Soviet historiography.
In the third part of the article, the author identifies the main problems in the study of
the Soviet historical narrative, proposing to divide them into questions of the technical
formation of the text and into questions of its content.

Artikkelissa Muistomerkkejä ja kolaroivia kertomuksia. Vuoden 2007 pronssisoturikiista ja kulttuuriset työkalut Pertti Grönholm syventyy siihen, miten kollektiivinen muisti ja historialliset narratiivit liittyivät kiistaan Tallinnan vapauttajien muistomerkin siirtämisestä. Konflikti, joka ehti kyteä ennen leimahtamistaan useita vuosia, on Grönholmin mukaan tärkeä esimerkki siitä, miten nykyaikaisessakin valtiossa historia ja yhteisön jakamat käsitykset menneestä ovat tärkeitä, etenkin silloin, kun niiden identiteetit haurastuvat ja muuttuvat epävakaiksi.

Muistomerkkeihin tiivistyy usein yhteisön keskeisimpiä myyttejä; ne eivät ole pelkästään artefakteja, jotka muistuttavat menneisyyden tapahtumista ja ihmisistä, vaan ne ovat myös jälkiä niistä merkityksistä ja tulkinnoista, joita monumentin pystyttäjät ovat antaneet menneisyydelle. Ei olekaan ihme, että kiistat esimerkiksi toiseen maailmansotaan liittyvistä monumenteista paljastavat syvällisiä eroja yhteisöjen suhteessa menneisyyteen.

Artikkelissaan Grönholm kysyy, miten myytit, symbolit ja kertomukset menneisyydestä toimivat yhteisön kulttuurisina työkaluina silloin, kun se kokee itselleen tärkeiden arvojen olevan uhattuna. Hän tukeutuu James Wertschin esittelemään narratiivisen skeeman käsitteeseen ja pyrkii erittelemään monumenttiin liitettyjä merkityksiä sekä löytämään niiden taustalla vaikuttavia kertomuksia ja kerronnallisia rakenteita.

Grönholm väittää, että yhteisön myyttisten kertomusten sekä niiden takana vaikuttavien narratiivisten rakenteiden tuntemus on oleellista, mikäli haluamme ymmärtää kollektiivisen muistamisen syvempiä rakenteita ja niiden merkitystä identiteetin ylläpitämisessä. Historiaan ja kollektiiviseen muistiin liittyviä konflikteja ei hänen mielestään ole aina mahdollista ratkaista vain kysymällä, kumpi osapuoli on kertomuksissaan lähempänä “objektiivista totuutta” menneisyyden tapahtumista.

Huom! Viittaukset vain julkaistuun versioon.

Как отмечают западные социологи, учебник истории представляет собой «сложный продукт культурного производства, в котором [общественно] признанное знание [о прошлом] обретает строгую педагогическую форму».  Чтобы учебник по истории стал по-настоящему единым, он должен базироваться на общем для всех социальных групп видении прошлого страны. Это, в свою очередь, предполагает выработку общенационального консенсуса по наиболее спорным вопросам отечественной истории. Очевидно, что в сегодняшнем российском обществе этот консенсус отсутствует, что ярко демонстрирует уже сама дискуссия, которая развернулась после оглашения президентской инициативы единого учебника.

Итак, есть ли смысл в создании единого учебника истории в условиях расколотого общества, каковым является современное российское? Как сделать так, чтобы единый учебник не разделял страну, а консолидировал ее? Именно эти вопросы являются ключевыми при обсуждении темы. Однако чтобы попробовать на них ответить, необходимо рассмотреть проблему учебника истории под новым углом зрения.

Долгополов Василий Геннадиевич
Аспирант Института всеобщей истории РАН
nefisgon@list.ru

Переводы на русский язык позднеантичных и средневековых текстов, впервые опубликованные в 2016–2017 годах
В настоящий список включены новые переводы текстов, созданных в период со второй половины IV (эпохи Отцов Церкви) до середины XVII в. (времени окончания Тридцатилетней войны) в Западной Европе и Византии. Список составляют переводы, выполненные с языка оригинала и впервые опубликованные в 2016 и 2017 гг.

Ключевые слова: переводы позднеантичных и средневековых текстов; исторические нарративы; нормативные и частноправовые документы; эпистолярные источники; агиография; ученые труды и дидактическая литература; богословские сочинения и религиозная литература; литературные памятники.

Vasiliy Dolgopolov
Post-Graduate Student of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences
nefisgon@list.ru

Russian Translations of Late Antique and Medieval Texts, First Published in 2016–2017
This list includes new translations of texts created in the period from the second half of the fourth century (the era of the Fathers of the Church) until the middle of 17th century (the time of the Thirty Years’ War) in Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire.

Key words:  Translations of Texts from the Late Antiquity, Middle Ages, Early Modern Period; Historical Narratives; Laws and Documents; Letters and Epistles; Hagiography; Scientific Treatises and Didactic Literature; Theological Works and Religious Literature; Literary Works.

Normanska kraljevina je bila mediteranska država XII veka sa snažnim uticajima vizantijskog Rimstva u svom političkom identitetu. Ona je nastala na prostoru poslednjeg vizantijskog uporišta u Italiji i na Siciliji gde su uprkos dvovekovnoj arabljanskoj vladavini tradicije Rimstva još bile žive. Stoga se ovaj geografski prostor, u samom središtu srednjevekovnog Mediterana gde su vladali normanski plemići, može posmatrati i kao postvizantijski. Postvizantijski Mecođorno svakako nije isti kao klasični postvizantijski period nakon pada Vizantije pod osmansku vlast, najpre jer je Carstvo i dalje postojalo i Normanska kraljevina je bila deo vizantijskog Mediterana u svakom smislu. Danas se u nauci najviše ističu kulturni uticaji na normansku umetnost koji je očigledan u zadužbinama normanskih vladara, u diplomatici, dvorskoj i provincijalnoj administraciji i slično. Međutim, kada je reč o percepciji vladarske idologije, kao da se previđa uticaj Rimstva. S obzirom na činjenicu da su Normani pripadali zapadnom/latinskom hrišćanskom obredu, svrstavaju se, ili bolje rečeno razvdavaju od istočnomediteranskih obrazaca. Uz to, Normani se češće upoređuju sa svojim severnim srodnicima u Francuskoj i Engleskoj, a u spoljnopolitičkim pitanjima njihov odnos sa Rimom i Nemačkim (drugim rimskim) carstvom. Rimstvo Normanske kraljevine na Mediteranu se upravo posmatra kroz prizmu uticaja iz Rima i Nemačke, iako su kulturni uticaji kao što je opštepoznato vizantijski. Ovo razilaženje dolazi od slabog poznavanja vizantijskih izvora i njenih obrazaca u svetskoj istoriografiji, barem u pogledu preispitivanja ranijih tumačenja. Cilj ovog rada je da razmotri uticaje (vizantijskog) Rimstva na percepciju legitimiteta u Normanskoj kraljevini Sicilije, tako što će analizirati narative opata Alesandra iz Telezea (prvog biografa prvog sicilijanskog kralja) i Uga Falkanda (biografa drugog sicilijanskog kralja i njegovog maloletnog naslednika). Postaviće se pitanje legitimiteta sicilijanske kraljevine u njihovom tumačenju i upotreba termina tiranin, kao i kakve su njihove sličnosti sa vizantijskim izvorima istog perioda kao obrasca za vladarske ideologije na Mediteranu u XII veku.

As a U.S. Fulbright Fellow based at the University of the West Indies in St. Augustine, Trinidad, I have been conducting dissertation research on the upbringing and education of Kynaston McShine (1935–2018). My Fulbright project is framed around two core questions: first, how might have McShine’s secondary education and upbringing informed his curatorial practices; and second, how might postcolonial perspectives on inclusion and exclusion, resistance and tolerance, dominance and subversion inform educational and cultural institutions in Trinidad? Through library, archival, and experiential research, this project investigates Trinidad’s sociocultural and political history, and the institutional history of McShine's secondary school, Queen’s Royal College in Port of Spain.

Given at the halfway point of my year-long residency, this paper critically assesses my project's methods and theoretical frameworks. I begin by addressing the problematic nature of my conceptualization of postcolonial thought and dualistic ontology of identity and being. Bridging the disciplines of art history, secondary education, and Caribbean studies, this paper envisages a Third Space (Bhabha, 1994; George & Lewis, 2011) to consider the limitations and blindspots of the frameworks that have informed my research and teaching. It adopts a dialogic method (Shor and Freire, 1987) in an effort for conference attendees and the author to reflect on McShine's legacy in Trinidad.

The national states of the Balkans have emerged very recently and both historians and politicians have tried to strengthen their legitimacy by associating them with other older medieval or antiquity states in order to secure them against other nation-states competitors. Many historic moments of the past, many historical figures and historical processes have been evaluated according to their contribution to fulfilling the national ideal. Nevertheless, there were also many distorted, dominant historical narratives that had been used to build national cohesion or to strengthen the effort to modernize society. Public history as a “nonacademic narrative” had played an important role  throughout this process for the modern construction of national or historic mentality.  In this research we study on “The Illustrated History” as the first Greek historic illustrated magazine which published from the July 1968 to nowadays from the company Papyrus Press. In particular we focus on magazine’s covers as well as on the titles referring to Balkan area. There are only 5 issues as “519, 537, 590, 593, 596” which are analysed as a “public historic discourse”.The historical thematic analysis is applied in order to start a post-modern debate on Greek public narratives about Balkans.

Popular memory - one of the types of collective memory – consists of representations of the past, presented in coherent narratives, adopted by society members. The study described in this chapter used a public survey to examine the popular memory of Israeli-Jews about the Israeli-Arab/Palestinian conflict ("conflict"). Specifically, it aimed to descriptively map for the first time the content of this memory and its index as well as to validate a process model that depicts the functioning of popular memory within a series of factors as antecedents, mediating factors and as outcomes. A representative sample of Israeli-Jews responded to a wide scope survey questionnaire that included quantitative evaluation of 23 major events/topics (“topics”) about the conflict ranging from the late nineteenth century to present times. For example, these topics address the quality of relations between the Zionist pioneers and the local Palestinians in the Land of Israel (Palestine), the causes for the eruption of various wars, the causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus and of the establishment of the settlements in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the sincerity of parties in peace negotiations and Israel’s “purity of arms” in the battlefield. In addition, the survey questionnaire included four general views of life (e.g., values such as universalism) and four views of the ingroup (e.g., extent of identification with it) as antecedents. The independent factors also include various socio-demographic details (e.g., age and religiosity). Then the model moves to a narrower perspective of mediating factors which are directly related to the conflict, but only in a general manner. These are the general views of the conflict, which are termed the socio-psychological repertoire of the conflict (i.e., its ethos, emotions and memory – the focus of the model). Since the model focuses on the memory, another mediating factor is addressed: people’s openness to alternative/new information about the conflict. Lastly, the model includes two dependent variables that are specific views about the conflict. One is in the direction of resolving the conflict (i.e., support of compromises) and the second is in the opposite direction, of escalating the conflict (support for using military measures against the rival).
The descriptive results show that the majority of the Israeli-Jews (about 60%) hold a Zionist narrative in their popular memory, one that is selective and biased, favoring their own group and delegitimizing the rival. However, it must be noted that this majority comprises those who hold the extreme Zionist narrative (1/4 of this majority) and those who support the moderate-Zionist narrative (3/4 of this majority). From another perspective – the index of the Israeli-Jewish popular memory of the conflict was found to be situated at point 2.4 on a 5-point scale, where 1 represents the extreme-Zionist narrative, 2= moderate-Zionist, 3 = critical/post-Zionist, while 4 and 5, respectively = the moderate and extreme-Palestinian narratives. The present study also confirmed the key role that popular memory plays in the repertoire of societies involved in intractable conflict. Popular memory serves as an important mediating factor that influences and is influenced by various psychological determinants. The model-related findings found interesting correlations between various factors as well as validating the aforementioned suggested model.

The purpose of the research is less about producing little historians and more about taking into account students' cultures or identities in the teaching and learning of historical narratives. In my work, I have examined the national historical narratives that children and adolescents in the United States have constructed in order to assess the effects of young people's racial/ethnic identities on their understandings of the past. I have found that young people's racial identities had a significant impact on their interpretations of the U. S. history and that their teachers' instruction had some but not much impact on their views. Researchers within and beyond the U. S. have found similar results, attesting to the significance of "identity" (a person's sense of self and the communities s/he affiliates with, including nationality, gender, ethnicity, religious orientation, etc.) in the construction and/or critique of historical narratives. In the followin...

This commentary explores how Obradović (2017) links historical myths as mediators of stability between the past and the future, when confronting the challenges of legitimising present political actions in Serbia, to build a more secure national identity in the modern world. Using a dialogical approach that encompasses the interdependency of the foundational myth of the Battles of Kosovo in the 14th C with social representations of present day political understanding, the challenges of creating such a national identity are unearthed and discussed. The thema of victimhood-resilience, highlighted by Obradović as a symbol for a lingering attachment to the past into an unknown future, is unpacked to reveal how the desired social change and its accompanying sense of nationhood is susceptible to present day forces not only within Serbia, but also beyond its national borders.

Сажетак: Немачка нација је после Првог светског рата била тешко оптерећена питањем кривице. Наиме по члану 231. Версајског мировног уговора проглашена је за јединог кривца за узроковање Вели-ког рата и страшних страдања која су проистекла из њега. Мали број Немаца је прихватао овакво виђење Великог рата и кроз читав међуратни период у Немачкој се може приметити отпор према тези о Немачкој као агресору. Као последица одбацивање кривице за узрок рата настаје преовладавајући историјски наратив који је присутан у тадашњој немачкој штампи, кинематографији, политичком дис-курсу, јавним изјавама државника, а поготово у немачкој историогра-фији. Циљ овог рада је да представи тај наратив и његове најважније карактеристике.

В городе Боровске Калужской области в течение последних лет в институциональном измерении наблюдается интенсификация процесса героизации содержания местной публичной истории — исторического нарратива. Героизация осуществляется посредством памятников, произведений литературы, благодаря деятельности музеев, туристических и культурно-исторических организаций, образовательных учреждений при участии органов местного самоуправления и религиозных институтов и направлена, в частности, на повышение туристической привлекательности города, а также на просвещение и патриотическое воспитание населения. В качестве основных персонажей в местном историческом нарративе выступают выдающиеся деятели — герои истории Боровска, чья роль важна как в локальном, так и в общероссийском контексте. В ходе исследования было установлено, что сегодня важнейшим инструментом развития Боровска предстает история, которая становится преимущественным языком настоящего города в институциональном измерении. История — основной символический и экономический ресурс города, почти не имеющего на своей территории промышленных предприятий.

Este  texto tem  como objetivo estimular mediações educativas que abordem a contribuição sócio-histórica dos africanos e seus descentes na Capitania  das  Minas  Gerais, entre os séculos XVIII e XIX, a partir de alguns objetos expostos no Museu  do Ouro/IBRAM. A análise leva em consideração as identidades coletivas e individuais, a diversidade cultural e a agência africana.

Purpose-The Gurgaon district in Haryana represents a region that has little-known remains from the past and craft traditions that are under threat because of the rapid pace of urban development and changing demography. The heritage resources of the towns in the district, such as Farrukhnagar and Sohna, are neither integrated in the development agenda nor acknowledged appropriately in formal hospitality and tourism planning. Local knowledge in the form of traditional crafts, food and building techniques has dwindled over the recent decades. Stories about the heritage resources are embedded in public memory and personal histories, though not necessarily explicit. The purpose of this study is to reveal the possible connections between sustenance of the cultural resources and skill development in the context of these small and medium towns. Design/methodology/approach-The skills, stories, knowledge and historic built form are examined as a part of this research to establish existing and potential community connections. The research entails identification of areas where capacity building is required, to enhance visitor experience and to develop heritage tourism, drawing from existing skill sets and traditional knowledge systems rather than looking outwards. Findings-One of the challenges is the discontinuation of use of traditional building techniques for the physical conservation of historic structures/buildings into heritage hotels/bed-and-breakfast locations and tourism visitation spots. Tackling this gap can help development of homestays or heritage hotels, offering a unique experience for visitors who appreciate historic built form. Poor appreciation and interpretation of the heritage resources by the local community is another significant issue, as is the lack of skills that can help increase the appeal of these towns for the visitor interested in heritage tourism. The question is whether these skills are accessible for the residents of these towns and how this gap is being addressed. Research limitations/implications-These explorations can result in informed approaches to capacity building and community engagement that are the key to establishing heritage-oriented hospitality and tourism in historic small and medium towns. Originality/value-The paper brings the heritage of small and medium towns into focus and suggests an integrated approach for hospitality and tourism development through skill development, an area that has been neglected and disconnected till now.

The aim of this article is to reconstruct Paul Roth’s concept of narrative explanation and to compare it with the approaches to historical narration developed by the authors of the Poznań School of Methodology. The comparison of the concepts of narration which arose within the framework of diverse theoretical perspectives will allow me to reveal the hidden assumptions and theses of both approaches and to propose certain solutions to the problems of historical narration noticed by Paul Roth. Those are:  the presence of scientific laws in narration, the lack of the differentiation, in narration, between sentences which contain explanans and explanandum, and the understanding of truth in narration. The second section contains a discussion of Paul A. Roth’s vision of historical sciences and the third section  – his concept of narrative explanation. In section four I discuss the main assumptions of the idealizational theory of science. The focus of section five are two concepts of historical narration: Jerzy Topolski’s and Izabela Nowakowa’s; in that section I also present my own attempt at adding the so-called variant of ramified narration to the idealizational theory of historical narration. Section six contains final conclusions.

Speakers were invited to consider issues of identity and heritage, arising from artistic reinterpretations of the past. In the call for papers, the organiser drew upon the work of Jerome de Groot. Writing in Remaking History: The Past in Contemporary Historical Fictions, de Groot argues that: It is necessary to look on novels, or films, or plays, or games, or TV series, not as poor versions of history, nor within a binary wherein they are at the margins of centrifugal historical culture, nor as parasites on "proper" historical knowledge and practice, but as establishing modes of historical awareness, engagement, narrativization, and comprehension. (6) This statement by de Groot was used to provoke an interdisciplinary dialogue on history as product for consumption in contemporary culture. The stated focus was on how popular visual and oral media can be used to present contentious historical narratives. The organisers welcomed contributions from a range of media, including film, television, radio, pageantry and re-enactment, tourism, storytelling, propaganda, photography, painting, sculpture and poetry. The organiser completed his call with an ostensibly simple question, designed to encapsulate the aim of the day: "how do these cultural experiences inform notions of heritage, and (re-)construct identities of both the past and their respective present?" As I would later discover, a seemingly straightforward question can inspire a cornucopia of creative responses and intellectually provocative discussion. Paul Cooke and Alan O'Leary, both from the University of Leeds, opened proceedings. Cooke presented a video outlining his AHRC-funded project entitled: "Using Digital Tools to Challenge Xenophobia and Support International Development in South Africa". The video comprised of a series of interviews with the citizens of South African communities, exploring their experiences of xenophobia. The footage was accompanied by commentary and critical analysis from Cooke and his colleagues. By confronting social issues through community filmmaking, Cooke and his team adhered to the central aims of their project: "to consider film as a tool for generating Soft Power in developing nations with emergent economies" (Cooke, 2017). The focus on xenophobia is highly salient in an emergent economy such as South Africa. Industrial growth begets increased migration and community restructuring and, thus, awareness of the outsider, the cultural and ethnic Other,

Marek Cetwiński, Drogi i bezdroża dziejopisarstwa, Studio AB, Olsztyn 2017, ss. 456 Drogi i bezdroża dziejopisarstwa to kolejny autorski wybór opublikowanych wcześniej artykułów Marka Cetwińskiego 1 . Autora interesuje -jak można wywnioskować z lektury Przedmowy (s. 7-12) -chęć znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytania o powody, dla których postanawiamy zająć się przeszłością, oraz, jakie metody stosujemy, aby ją poznać i co sprowadza nas na błędne drogi podczas ich poszukiwań. Na czytelnika czeka też wyjaśnienie kwestii: 'jakiej historiografi i potrzeba dziś Polsce?'.

O artigo pretende explorar as possibilidades do uso da história alternativa como fonte histórica por meio da compreensão dos distanciamentos e aproximações desta com a historiografia. Pouco trabalhada na disciplina histórica, a história alternativa caracteriza-se pelas obras de ficção (geralmente ficção científica) que narram eventos hipotéticos na história, construindo um presente ou um passado diferente daquele aceito enquanto fato histórico. Tal construção é elaborada a partir do pressuposto de que, em algum ponto de um passado, algum acontecimento histórico não ocorreu nessa linha temporal alternativa de forma idêntica ao que se sabe ter acontecido. Logo, ao compartilhar estruturas e ferramentas com a historiografia, demonstram não apenas como atua o fenômeno do pensamento contrafactual na ficção, bem como são capazes de representar percepções históricas de passado, presente e futuro.

The article intends to explore the possibilities of the use of alternative history as a historical source through the understanding of the distances and approaches between this and the historiography. Not much researched in historiography, alternative history is characterized by works of fiction (usually science fiction) that narrate hypothetical events in history, constructing a present or a past different from that accepted as historical fact. Such construction assumes that at some point in the past, a historical event did not occur in that alternative timeline in a similar way to what is known to have happened. Thus, by sharing structures and tools with historiography, they demonstrate not only how the phenomenon of counterfactual thinking works in fiction, but also how they represent historical perceptions of past, present, and future.

In this article, in addition to highlighting the metaphorical character of some language constructions that contain the word history  – like the title phrase ‘playing at history’ –I claim that once different ideological, cultural, and political actors are shown to be an inherent part of the visions of the past we create, it becomes clear that these visions are something more than just simply a reflection of the view to be regarded as quite different from what we are traditionally inclined to think of the social role of the historians and the discipline they practice. I try to show that the democratization of history does not exhaust itself in the equal acceptability of different narratives about the past but that it concerns the creation of the visions of the past that become deeply embedded in our culture, supplementing, or even replacing, those created within the professional historiography.

The aim of this paper is to present the role that onions and spa tourism play in local identity in the Hungarian town of Makó, as well as the possible explanations that cause the two phenomena to manifest differently in the local (urban and community) self-image. What the two phenomena have in common is the economic aspect, which in the past and in the present constitutes the main sector of the town, but we can see that this orientation is also perceived differently at many points. The question is relevant from an anthropological point of view because we can witness stacked layers of meaning that in some cases support or conflict with each other, and these affect both the self-image of the locals and the image of the town. The interpretive framework of the article is the theory of competing histories, incorporating concepts of tourism, festivals, identity, collective memory, and narrative research. The field of research is Makó, a small town in southeastern Hungary which is primarily known for its onion production but which a few years ago was also placed on the tourist map, on a national and international scale, in connection with the Hagymatikum Spa. This study seeks to answer the following questions: (1) what is the role of onions (agriculture) and spas (tourism) in the local identity of Makó; (2) how are the narratives of the two phenomena structured socially and historically; and (3) how are they intertwined in the endeavours of contemporary identity-construction? These questions are further interpreted through the theoretical framework of competing local histories and narratives that affect the construction of the local identity.