Global Business and Human Rights

This article undertakes an examination of the escalating role assumed by Private Military Companies (PMCs) within the matrix of contemporary conflicts, positing that their proliferation-most notably the ascendancy of stateproxy models exemplified by the Wagner Group-constitutes an exploitation of a critical vacuum within the corpus of international law. Effectuated through a comparative analysis of PMC operations across Iraq, Ukraine, Syria, and Africa, this paper demonstrates the mechanisms by which such entities precipitate an erosion of state sovereignty, present a formidable challenge to the tenets of international humanitarian law (IHL), and engender systemic lacunae in accountability. Our findings indicate that extant regulatory frameworks, inclusive of the Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct (ICoCA), are possessed of an inherent insufficiency for addressing the geopolitical instrumentality characteristic of modern PMCs. The article culminates in the proposal of a binding UN Convention on Private Military and Security Activities, wherein a four-pillar governance model is outlined with the objective of reestablishing state responsibility, guaranteeing accountability, and regulating the ongoing privatization of warfare.

Kegiatan industri merupakan motor penggerak utama perekonomian suatu negara. Namun, di balik perannya dalam menciptakan lapangan kerja dan memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen, kegiatan industri juga membawa dampak signifikan terhadap lingkungan alam dan sosial di sekitarnya. Isu seperti pencemaran

Businesses have increasingly recognized their responsibility to respect human rights in their operations. This has been in part guided by international initiatives, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, as well as guidance and regulations from states. Although these measures recognize risks associated with conflict-affected areas, contexts of occupation present unique concerns. These issues become even more complex when states send mixed messages to businesses. This is most evident when examining the discourse on and regulation of business operations linked to Israel’s prolonged occupation of Palestinian territory, especially those with operations and relationships related to ‘security’. This article seeks to highlight the frequent disregard of human rights responsibilities and obligations by states and businesses related to the occupied Palestinian territory and population, which has created a gap in accountability that civil society has attemp...

Most Rohingyas are not considered Myanmar's citizens. The infamous 1982 Citizenship Act does not accept the Rohingyas as a qualified ethnic group and strips them of their citizenship. It confirms the state's narrative that they are 'foreigners, 'illegal migrants', or 'Bengalis.' The precariousness of their legal identity continues to loom large even though they took refuge in Bangladesh, crossing international boundaries. The host government has not recognized them as refugees, denying access to basic human rights in the process. It comes up with a new jargon to identify the Rohingyas as 'Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals or 'FDMN.' To address the needs of this vulnerable group, Bangladesh has conducted bilateral discussions with Myanmar and formalized a repatriation agreement in November 2017. Both attempts of repatriation made in 2018 and 2019 completely failed, largely due to Rohingya survivors' unwillingness to go back to their homeland, which they believe is still not secure for them. This complication has made the Rohingya's prospect for repatriation with their original citizenship identity bleak and uncertain. This article examines the uncertainties surrounding repatriation by comparing the legal struggle of Biharis living in Bangladesh. Approximately 300,000 Urdu-speaking Biharis have resided in Bangladesh since the partition in 1947, but were not recognized as citizens of Bangladesh due to their controversial position during the 1971 war. Unlike the Rohingyas, Biharis have mostly wanted to repatriate to Pakistan, which made possible voluntary repatriation of around 178,069 Biharis officially. Additionally, 100,000 Biharis were unofficially sent to Pakistan between 1973 and 1993. However, the problem arose for those who lived in Bangladesh without a citizenship identity and access to basic human rights for years. Abid Khan case in 2003 and the Sadaqat Khan case in 2008 officially declared all the Biharis as citizens of Bangladesh, including those born and minors in independent Bangladesh. This article attempts to explore the implications of the uncertain legal status of Rohingyas in the absence of any voluntary repatriation, comparing it with the instance of the Bihari community in Bangladesh.

The Rohingya crisis exposes the ineffectiveness of the international community in preventing systematic state-sponsored persecution of vulnerable populations. Decades of exclusion and violence in Myanmar became a public crisis in 2017 when over a million people from the Rohingya minority fled to Bangladesh. This mass displacement has become one of the greatest humanitarian crises of the 21st century, placing tremendous pressure on Bangladesh's socio-economic infrastructure while exposing significant shortcomings in global systems of accountability and justice. At the heart of this crisis is Myanmar's 1982 Citizenship Law, which codified the Rohingya's statelessness, blocking access to fundamental rights and embedding patterns of violence and displacement. And little is moving forward despite global condemnation and a legal challenge involving the International Court of Justice. Myanmar's refusal to repatriate, meanwhile, has long collided with geopolitical roadblocks, including major allies' vetoes, and has effectively brought accountability and the prospect of sustainable repatriation to a standstill.

It has been challenging for businesses to identify relevant stakeholders for corporate social responsibility. This article assesses how current laws in Tanzania identify stakeholders and whether such identification aligns with international frameworks. The article adopted doctrinal research to critically examine the structure, certainty, and scope of laws in identifying relevant stakeholders. Then, the article comparatively analysed the laws of Tanzania and their alignment with international frameworks. It is found that current laws identify government actors, employees and potential victims of business activities as relevant stakeholders based on the impact and inclusive bases. However, such identification falls short of international standards because it is narrow-based, government-centric, ambiguous, and lacks a requirement for regular review and updating. Consequently, other relevant stakeholders, including consumers and local communities, are often excluded from corporate social responsibility, ultimately diminishing their role in promoting responsible business practices for sustainable development in Tanzania.

Las empresas extractivas son los principales agentes
contaminantes del ambiente, en especial en América Latina
y el Caribe. Por tal motivo, en los últimos años los órganos
del Sistema Interamericano de Protección de Derechos
Humanos han avanzado en la protección del ambiente a partir
de la interpretación y aplicación de la Convención Americana
de Derechos Humanos. Así, la Comisión Interamericana de
Derechos Humanos ha emitido informes sobre empresas y
derechos humanos, al igual que sobre industrias extractivas
y pueblos indígenas. Por su parte, la Corte Interamericana
de Derechos Humanos ha tenido oportunidad de desarrollar
los estándares de derecho humanos aplicables al ambiente
en su Opinión Consultiva OC-23/17 y en diversos casos
vinculados con pueblos indígenas. Sin embargo, aún
resta por analizar cuáles son las obligaciones ambientales
genéricas que recaen sobre las empresas. Este trabajo se
propone aportar información sobre este punto a partir de los
estándares elaborados en los sistemas universal y europeo
de derechos humanos.

The United Nations Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework and its Guiding Principles were adopted at the back of a long history of failed UN attempts to deal with corporate-related human rights abuses and ineffective corporate initiated voluntary measures. The need for the Framework and Guiding Principles was heightened by the current climate of neo-liberal globalisation which allows powerful multinational corporations to operate in countries that are sometimes unable to rein them in due to various factors, including sheer corruption; the need to attract and retain foreign direct investment; and archaic legal systems that are unable to deal with intricate corporate structures. This article critically examines the availability of remedies for victims of corporaterelated abuses who, for one or more of the above reasons, are unable to access justice in the host state and look towards the home state for a remedy. It argues that by failing to address hurdles to accessing home state remedies, such as the principle of forum non conveniens, state sovereignty, separate legal personality and limited liability, the Framework and Guiding Principles have failed to clearly define circumstances under which, and means by which, multinational corporations will be held liable under the laws of their home states for human rights violations committed beyond their home borders -by their subsidiaries or so-called 'foreign hands'. Consequently, victims are likely to be without remedies which are unavailable in the host state. Thus, for victims of corporate-related abuses, the more things change, the more they stay the same.

The Paris Agreement on Climate Change which aimed at halting climate change and limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, remains the most important piece of international diplomacy in years, since the Kyoto Protocol of 1992 and the Copenhagen Accord (which endorsed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol) 2009. The signing of the Paris Agreement underlies the fact that climate change remains one of the greatest challenges of our time and calls for a strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. This article looks at Paris Agreement's resolve to peak global greenhouse-gas emissions as soon as possible and also undertakes a cursory examination of the global climate regime. The article also examines how the problem of climate change has altered since the 2009 Copenhagen Accord and concludes by emphasizing the need to take the Paris Agreement forward in spirit.

Towards A Humane, Practical And Functional Transnational Migration System

A Head of State document by the Executive Office of the Head of State on 26/08/2025.

This Executive Order is enacted and promulgated to build towards a humane, practical and functional transnational migration system, across the territory of the state of Earth.

This paper aims to examine the issues surrounding the Citymall Sambas investment permit, which has caused a stir among the people of Sambas Regency. If the investment is to be implemented, it is necessary to consider social justice and environmental sustainability, especially in areas targeted by investors. It must also consider geographical aspects and focus on economic growth. However, developing investment in a region requires permits in accordance with laws and regulations that are in synergy with sustainable development. This research method uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques through official government websites, document analysis, and mass media containing the opinions of community leaders, regional officials, and the public. The focus of the research refers to the Citymall Sambas investment permit, which previously caused a stir among the public and other strategic steps in providing convenience for investors to invest in Sambas Regency in accordance with legal provisions and principles. The results of this study are expected to provide insight to the public about investment in supporting sustainable development by utilizing existing potential. Whatever the form of the findings in the writing of this journal article, it can be a reference for all communities and other parties in responding to information that lacks clarity regarding the development of Citymall and has the potential for investment fraud.

Our research investigates how journalists overcome this situation through their security perceptions and practices. We found that predominant threats and risks to journalists stem from low-tech surveillance and control. The use of digital security applications, often recommended in training, presents a dilemma for journalists in Myanmar. Such tools can arouse suspicion during military inspections, and practical challenges render password managers and encryption tools less effective. Journalists might find themselves in areas without network access, lacking the time to secure their data, or else compelled to unlock encrypted files in the face of immediate threats. Moreover, the advice to migrate entirely to secure communication platforms proves impossible, as it disconnects journalists from their essential relational networks. Beyond journalists’ individual capacity, we also note how resource allocation within media organisations is notably skewed. Ethnic and independent media operate with significant financial and operational limitations. Alongside the challenges in implementing contextual, sufficient organisational security protocols across different media houses, long-standing issues such as wage disparities among journalists persist. Throughout the report, we underscore the necessity of a holistic approach to security. In addition to enhancing digital savviness, security training must consider the need to safeguard physical and psychological well-being, implement organisational security protocols, and, most importantly, actively involve journalists in the training design.

The author would like to thank the following individuals and institutions for their help and collaboration in carrying out the study. Firstly to Prof. André J. Hoekema from the UvA and Eelco de Groot from Cordaid for their supervision of the study, to my colleague Joris van de Sandt and Patrice Etoungou, who do the similar research on environmental degradation, natural resources and violent conflict in indigenous habitat in San Marcos-Guatemala and Bayaka-Central African Republic. Thank you also to my collaborators Sujono, Herbet Pane, Emerikus Icin (SPKS), Elias Ngiuk (ID) and Norman Jiwan (Sawit Watch) that helped me in doing the data collection as well as those who contribute their thought and their writing in this report. Especially to John Bamba the director of Institute Dayakology and Rudy Lumuru as well as Abetnego Tarigan from Sawit Watch which also gave comments on the earlier draft. Thanks for those who gave input during the collaborators workshop in Pontianak 2008; Nico Andasputra (ID), Abdias Yas (LBBT), Laili Khainur (Gemawan), Sekundus (GRPK), Alexander Cion (SPKS Sanggau), Ibu Rini (SPKS Sanggau), Yohanes RJ (CU Keling Kumang), Aloysius Surjani (AMA-Kalbar), Julia (ID) etc. Thanks to all the resource persons;

Social media platforms like Facebook have become central to modern communication, influencing how global issues and communities are understood. For the Rohingya refugees, Facebook serves as both a tool for selfrepresentation and a battleground for competing narratives. This paper analyses the framing of Rohingya refugees on Facebook, focusing on how these narratives (re)construct their identity. Using a qualitative content analysis method, it analyses the Rohingya Community's Facebook page from January 2018 to December 2022, comprising 156 posts. Three themes emerge as the prominent frame for the Rohingya crisis: humanitarian, cultural identity, and global solidarity. This research contributes to fostering framing research in social media for crisis communication.

The European Court of Human Rights has, in specific circumstances, interpreted the Convention in a manner that extends the protection provided under civil and political rights into the socioeconomic sphere. Additionally, in obiter statements, the Court has alluded to the possibility that ‘a wholly insufficient amount of pensions and other benefits’ would ‘in principle’ violate the Convention, namely Articles 2, 3 and 1 Protocol 1 ECHR. This statement also appears in recent admissibility decisions where applicants unsuccessfully challenged austerity measures adopted to give effect to conditionality agreements in states facing a debt crisis. The article examines whether with this statement the Court is suggesting that states must adhere to a minimum threshold of welfare protection, thereby protecting all individuals in their jurisdiction from the destitution that may arise from austerity policies. The article concludes that the Court’s approach in cases where welfare reductions are un...

Contact tracing can play an important role in controlling infectious disease outbreaks such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Containing the spread of COVID-19 is crucial in humanitarian settings such as in the Rohingya camps in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. This manuscript describes the COVID-19 contact tracing activities undertaken by a group of researchers and implementers in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The paper details the design and development of the Commcare ‘Contact tracing and case monitoring app’, subsequent implementation of the contact tracing activity, challenges faced during the implementation process, and the strategies adopted by the research team to overcome these challenges. The research team leveraged the suite of template applications for COVID-19 response developed by Dimagi in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research partners organized a series of brainstorming meetings and workshops with relevant stakeholders to finalize the ‘COVID- 19 contact tracing and case monitoring ...

The Niger Delta, one of Africa’s most ecologically diverse and oil-rich regions, has experienced decades of environmental degradation due to intensive oil exploration, frequent spills, and persistent gas flaring. This study provides a multidimensional assessment of the ecological, socioeconomic, and institutional impacts of petroleum-related pollution in the region. Adopting a qualitative mixed-method review design, the research integrates data from Nigeria’s National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), court rulings, legal instruments, including the Petroleum Industry Act of 2021, and peer-reviewed studies in the literature published between 2010 and 2024. Oil spill data from 2021 to 2024 were thematically and comparatively analyzed across six oil-producing states, with Rivers, Bayelsa, and Delta emerging as the most affected. Findings reveal widespread soil, water, and air contamination, biodiversity loss, and adverse health outcomes driven by regulatory lapses and poor enforcement. Traditional livelihoods have collapsed, gender-based vulnerabilities have intensified, and community displacement has become more frequent. Although mechanisms such as the Nigerian Gas Flare Commercialization Programme and Host Community Development Trusts exist, their implementation is weakened by institutional capture, bureaucratic inefficiency, and limited community involvement. Anchored in the frameworks of ecological injustice and institutional capture, the study recommends reforms including institutional restructuring, integrated environmental monitoring, inclusive remediation planning, and climate-resilient development pathways. These interventions are essential for redressing historical injustices and promoting sustainable environmental governance in the Niger Delta.

Esta obra tiene por objeto introducir el surgimiento, evolución y aplicación práctica del ámbito de empresas y derechos humanos, con especial atención a los estándares internacionales y regionales más relevantes, así como a los desafíos estructurales y oportunidades de implementación que plantea este campo. En este sentido, la obra ofrece una aproximación integral al contenido y alcance de los Principios Rectores de las Naciones Unidas sobre Empresas y Derechos Humanos, examinando cada uno de sus pilares a la luz de la práctica estatal, empresarial y judicial. Asimismo, se aborda el concepto de debida diligencia en derechos humanos, entendido como un proceso continuo de identificación, prevención, mitigación y rendición de cuentas respecto de los impactos negativos que puedan derivarse de la actividad empresarial. La debida diligencia se ha convertido en el eje normativo central de las reformas legislativas impulsadas en diversas jurisdicciones ?tanto a nivel nacional como regional? que buscan transitar desde modelos voluntaristas hacia marcos normativos vinculantes. En particular, se exploran los desarrollos legislativos en Europa, como la Directiva sobre diligencia debida de las empresas en materia de sostenibilidad, así como los avances hacia un tratado sobre empresas y derechos humanos en el marco de las Naciones Unidas.

This study examines Facebook's role in the Rohingya genocide in Myanmar, highlighting regulatory gaps that enable social media misuse. Using a qualitative case study approach, it explores how Facebook's algorithm, prioritizing user engagement, amplifies misinformation and hate speech, fueling ethnic violence. Key regulatory gaps include Facebook's inadequate local content moderation, Myanmar's weak legal oversight, and the absence of robust international regulations. Despite civil society's watchdog role, limited resources hinder effectiveness. The study underscores the urgent need for digital governance reforms to address these gaps, curb hate speech, and protect vulnerable communities from social media's harmful impacts.

Outcomes C. Laws can Crowd Out Voluntary Incentives and Much More 4.4 Conclusion: Plenty of Problems with the Company Law Approach Chapter 5 Contract/Consumer Law Perspective 5.1 Ethical Consumerism and CSR 5.1.1 What is Ethical Consumerism A. Consumerism and Capitalism in the Age of Proliferation B. Reassessing Consumerism and Capitalism 5.1.2 Contract Law as the Enforcer of Justice? A. Origins of Contracts and Notions of Justice B. Proximus Egomet Mihi and the Corruption of Contracts C.

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Before: OAKES, LEVAL and POOLER, Circuit Judges. Appeal from the judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Wood, J.) dismissing on forum non conveniens grounds suit under the Alien Tort Claims Act against foreign corporations alleged to have participated with the Nigerian government in human rights violations committed in Nigeria. The Court of Appeals (Leval, J.) holds (1) the district court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over the defendants was appropriate, but (2) the district court erred in dismissing on forum non conveniens grounds, in failing to give proper consideration to the choice of a U.S. forum by U.S. resident plaintiffs and to the interests of the United States in providing a forum for the adjudication of claims alleging international human rights abuses.

Global governance has become a prevalent way to signify complex modes of socio-economic and political orderings that have dynamically taken shape beyond the state. What is the place and role of human rights law within these orderings? The present volume moves beyond merely apologetic and sceptical views of human rights in global governance, by showing that the answer to this question is inevitably varied and nuanced. It does so through a set of in-depth studies of several global governance regimes based on diverse theoretical and methodological approaches, including historiography, institutionalism, actor–network theory, political economy, and doctrinal analysis. The volume thus serves as a contemporary reflection and set of arguments on how to study and productively think about human rights in complex governance settings that conveys a refreshing contribution to human rights theory, the law of global governance, and transnational legal studies.

Western interventions in Myanmar, though often framed as democratizing missions, routinely misapprehend the country’s political and cultural realities, exacerbating anti-Western sentiment among its elites. This paper traces how colonial legacies and contemporary policy blunders—from economic sanctions to diaspora favoritism—have entrenched a cycle of resistance, revealing the West’s rhetoric as a catalyst for the very authoritarianism it claims to oppose. By dissecting cases of backfiring aid, diplomatic snubs, and ideological imposition, the study argues that lasting peace requires abandoning paternalism in favor of dialogue grounded in Myanmar’s indigenous frameworks.

This issue of the Resettlement News (RN) is entirely devoted to the Rohingya refugee situations in Bangladesh and the long running issue of their repatriation to Burma/ Myanmar. Since 2017, over one million refugees are living in Bangladesh, who were victims of genocide by the Myanmar army and were literally forced out of their own country.

Los efectos sin precedentes de la pandemia de la COVID- 19 han generado una crisis global multinivel y multisectorial que ha afectado a toda la sociedad internacional. En este contexto, los Estados han adoptado una serie de medidas de emergencia para evitar la propagación del virus que al mismo tiempo han tenido efectos secundarios en la economía global. Ante tal situación, los Estados y las empresas han intentado mantener la viabilidad de sus economías y de sus actividades empresariales. No obstante, algunas de sus respuestas han tenido impactos negativos en el disfrute de los derechos humanos y laborales. En este sentido, el presente artículo analiza en qué medida la agenda internacional de empresas y derechos humanos proporciona a los Estados y a las empresas las directrices necesarias para que las acciones y decisiones adoptadas durante la crisis sanitaria garanticen el respeto de los derechos humanos en el marco de las actividades empresariales. Asimismo, reflexiona sobre las oportunidades que ha creado esta pandemia para seguir avanzando e implementado la agenda internacional de empresas y derechos humanos en la nueva normalidad.

El objetivo de la presente contribución es reflexionar y examinar el potencial alcance y los efectos jurídicos, a nivel internacional y nacional, de los posibles pronunciamientos del Comité de expertos en materia de empresas y derechos humanos, con el fin de asegurar que los Estados cumplan sus obligaciones internacionales para la protección de los derechos humanos frente a las actividades empresariales, así como para la reparación de abusos corporativos cometidos, tanto dentro, como fuera del territorio de un Estado Parte del futuro tratado y su Protocolo facultativo.

El presente artículo analiza como las obligaciones de los Estados de prevenir y remediar abusos de derechos humanos cometidos por las empresas se extienden también a los casos de degradación ambiental causada en el marco de sus operaciones. A raíz de este análisis se determinan algunas de las medidas mínimas que se podrían articular en los PAN para alcanzar una implementación efectiva e integral de los Principios Rectores con una dimensión ambiental.

Las iniciativas de promoción del respeto de los derechos humanos en el contexto de la actividad empresarial abarcan desde la adopción de normas hasta la creación de directrices, estándares, estrategias, códigos de conducta y principios, entre otros. El universo de este tipo de iniciativas se ha expandido gradualmente más allá de aquellas aceptadas y reconocidas a nivel global, como el Pacto Mundial de las Naciones Unidas, las Líneas Directrices de la OCDE para Empresas Multinacionales o la Declaración tripartita de la OIT de principios sobre las empresas multinacionales y la política social. Así, este universo está compuesto por iniciativas individuales o en colaboración, de carácter político o legislativo –de soft law o hard law– con diversos objetivos, alcances y estándares, que han dado lugar a un régimen complejo de instituciones y regulaciones heterogéneas que, en ocasiones, coexisten e interactúan sin coordinación, principios universales o mecanismos de implementación adecuados.

A pesar del potencial impacto positivo a nivel económico y social, las actividades de las empresas transnacionales que operan en América Latina suponen en muchas ocasiones un reto para el pleno disfrute de los derechos humanos laborales. Los países de la región presentan preocupantes datos en relación con aspectos como el trabajo forzoso, el trabajo infantil, la seguridad laboral o la discriminación en el entorno de trabajo. En este contexto, este artículo trata de analizar en qué medida la implementación de la diligencia debida empresarial obligatoria puede convertirse en un mecanismo eficiente para fomentar el respeto de los derechos humanos laborales en el contexto de las actividades empresariales desarrolladas en América Latina. Para dar respuesta a esta pregunta, se estudia de qué manera el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos promueve la aplicación por parte de los Estados de mecanismos de diligencia debida, así como distintas iniciativas legislativas a nivel nacional.

Nos encontramos ante un panorama de litigación en materia de empresas y derechos humanos complejo, cambiante y que evoluciona conforme se avanza en el entendimiento de la obligación de los Estados de proteger los derechos humanos frente a las actividades empresariales y de la responsabilidad de las empresas de respetar los derechos humanos. Por ello, aunque no es posible generar un arquetipo de los litigios en materia de empresas y derechos humanos, es posible identificar un origen común en este tipo casos (las lagunas de la gobernanza en la conducta empresarial responsable), así como algunos elementos –y obstáculos- similares que coinciden en varios litigios.

el presente capítulo examina, desde la perspectiva de empresas y derechos humanos, el caso Milieudefensie et al. v. Royal Dutch Shell plc. Este caso se ha convertido en un referente no solo porque es el primero en el que se ordena a una empresa privada que cumpla un objetivo específico de reducción de emisiones de GEI, sino porque la sentencia de este caso proporciona un primer intento autorizado de aclarar la responsabilidad climática de las empresas a través de una interpretación holística de los Principios Rectores sobre empresas y derechos humanos, el Acuerdo de
París y la ciencia del clima.

This piece aims to assess the potential contribution and the scope and structure of a Catalan Centre for Business and Human Rights to supervise the fulfilment of the corporate responsibility to respect human rights and to hold businesses operating in Catalonia accountable for human rights abuses within the autonomous community and abroad. It also examines how this proposal fits into the regional and national regulatory landscape for mandatory human rights due diligence.

En México, la importante presencia de empresas nacionales y extranjeras ha generado un contexto en el que las actividades económicas y relaciones comerciales con regularidad tienen repercusiones adversas sobre los derechos humanos, especialmente en los sectores más vulnerables de la sociedad. Este fenómeno ha sido objeto de un intenso debate en el ámbito gubernamental, que ha buscado avanzar en el desarrollo de instrumentos normativos y políticos orientados a prevenir y reparar los abusos de derechos humanos cometidos por las empresas, alineándose con los estándares internacionales en la materia. A pesar de los esfuerzos por instaurar un marco jurídico y de políticas públicas que garantice la protección efectiva de los derechos humanos frente a las actividades empresariales, particularmente a través de la implementación de los Principios Rectores de las Naciones Unidas sobre las empresas y los derechos humanos en el ámbito nacional, persisten desafíos significativos en su aplicación efectiva. La creación de jurisprudencia relevante también ha sido un paso positivo, pero aún queda trabajo por hacer para consolidar prácticas empresariales respetuosas con los derechos humanos y el medio ambiente en el contexto nacional. En este sentido, la presente obra tiene como objetivo proporcionar un análisis crítico y riguroso sobre los avances y retos en México en cuanto a la regulación de la responsabilidad empresarial en materia de derechos humanos, ofreciendo elementos clave para el desarrollo de una agenda pública que fomente una conducta empresarial responsable y respetuosa de los derechos humanos.

Industries serve as driver of growth in the economy because of their contributions to job creation, skills development and empowerment other than provision of goods and services. Under a market economy, business have to cut costs to survive competition but created a profound impact to workers and their workers' representatives. Wages are cut along with poor working conditions, technology driven production discriminate those with less skills especially women, migrants and elderlies. It is on these premises that the United Nation Guiding Principles (UNGP), the ILO Tripartite Declaration on MultiNational Enterprises (ILO-MNEs) and OECD MultiNational Enterprises (OECD-MNEs) raise the duties of the States to tackle human rights violations which includes workers' rights in their business operations including the global value chains which they are affiliated. The UN guiding principles requires states to ensure businesses comply with its responsibility to respect human rights. Under the Environment, Social and Governance due diligence (ESG DD), the states can collaborate with various stakeholders and take accountability of carrying out the due diligence effectively, although it needs a credible governance which require the process of stakeholder consultation and consensus on the initiatives. The three international instruments can be used by trade unions to promote responsible business conduct and leveraging on the reputational image of companies with their irresponsible conduct. To account for human rights violations, businesses shall embrace accountability as it serves as coherence for government and responsive policies.

This guide provides a detailed step-by-step explanation of how to adopt the best international and national standards on the subject. It also provides a roadmap for undertaking a process of continuous improvement in order to prevent and address the adverse impacts that your business activities may have on human rights.

Sungai Sepik merupakan salah satu sistem air tawar alami terbesar di kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Panjangnya mencapai lebih dari 1.100 kilometer dan mengalir tanpa bendungan besar, menjadikannya sebagai sungai alami yang penting secara ekologis. Sungai ini juga menjadi rumah bagi berbagai kelompok masyarakat adat yang memiliki ketergantungan tinggi terhadap kelestarian sungai untuk kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari, spiritual, serta budaya. Namun, wilayah ini menghadapi ancaman serius dari proyek pertambangan emas dan tembaga, yang berisiko tinggi menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan dan pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat adat. Artikel ini meninjau berbagai aspek hukum internasional yang relevan, termasuk prinsip Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), serta mekanisme gugatan seperti OECD-NCP.

Sungai Sepik merupakan salah satu sistem air tawar alami terbesar di kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Panjangnya mencapai lebih dari 1.100 kilometer dan mengalir tanpa bendungan besar, menjadikannya sebagai sungai alami yang penting secara ekologis. Sungai ini juga menjadi rumah bagi berbagai kelompok masyarakat adat yang memiliki ketergantungan tinggi terhadap kelestarian sungai untuk kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari, spiritual, serta budaya. Namun, wilayah ini menghadapi ancaman serius dari proyek pertambangan emas dan tembaga, yang berisiko tinggi menimbulkan kerusakan lingkungan dan pelanggaran hak-hak masyarakat adat. Artikel ini meninjau berbagai aspek hukum internasional yang relevan, termasuk prinsip Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC), serta mekanisme gugatan seperti OECD-NCP.

The sustainable development of the petroleum resources is a constant challenge to the government because it seems that the latter prefers to opt for economic development at the expense of the environment. Studies of the Niger Delta Region (NDR) of Nigeria have shown that a minor crude oil leakage often destroys a farm produce that can last for years, thus debilitating the farmers and their families who depend on farmland and water for their livelihood. 1 According to Ejumudo et al, 2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) means the "commitment of companies towards encouraging the growth and development of the community and voluntarily eliminating practices that are not in accordance with public interest". 3 It is therefore important that public interest is included in the operational decisions of companies, taking into consideration the well being of the people and their environment. 4 If the concept of CSR is implemented properly, the companies would take the path of sustainable development of petroleum resources in the NDR of Nigeria. Too, they would have taken into consideration the public interest which includes the welfare of the people and their environment. This article intends to highlight reason(s) for the continuous degradation of the NDR environment by the activities of international oil companies (IOCs) and illegal oil bunkering, etc. despite the extant environmental laws and the impacts of the damage and pollution on the environment; also, how the state and oil companies' evasion of responsibility aids in the reoccurrences of crude oil spills and gas flaring; and finally proffer some solution to observed challenges.

The Kurya people of Tanzania, particularly in the Mara Region, have long suffered from systematic injustices in land and resource distribution. These injustices are rooted in colonial dispossession, post-independence policies, and weak legal protections for customary land ownership. The failure of existing laws and policies to protect customary ownership has allowed land grabbing, forced evictions, and economic exclusion to persist, leaving the Kurya people with diminishing access to their ancestral resources. This paper applies Robert Nozick's Entitlement Theory as a framework for addressingg these historical injustices. Nozick's libertarian approach emphasizes justice in acquisition and voluntary exchange. He also acknowledges that if past acquisitions were unjust, corrective measures are necessary to restore rightful ownership. The paper argues that the Tanzanian government must undertake a comprehensive historical review of land acquisitions and transfers to rectify injustices. It recommends a historical review of injustice through rectification to recognize customary land tenure, restitutionon of wrongfully acquired land to ensuring that local populations benefit from their resources.