FINAL EXTENDED PROJECT REPORT BY JULIETH LAMBERT

The Extractive Industries and Society , 2021

This paper examines the newly established mineral markets in Tanzania. These markets aim to ensure tax revenue collection and enhance the transparency of mineral trade within the artisanal and small-scale mining sector. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in the Geita Region, we show that the enhanced transparency facilitated by these new markets has benefitted artisanal and small-scale gold miners. However, the living conditions of the miners and opportunities for profit have not changed significantly and the miners do not expect that a more transparent value chain will improve their lives. Many miners continue to depend on sponsorships from more powerful actors, which narrows their ability to profit from transparent market structures. Based on these findings, we discuss the ambiguity of transparency, as its transformative potentials are both important and limited and we argue that transparency for small-scale producers is not a straightforward path towards their empowerment.

NEW AGENDA NO. 83

Within the extractive sector, the paper lays emphasis on the mining sector and observes how it accentuates agriculture in terms of land use, which threatens the livelihoods of the peasantry. It analyses the internal and external factors such as politics, the legal frameworks encompassing land, agriculture, and mining and global dynamics underpinning the development of mining and agriculture. The paper concludes by calling for the need to harmonise mining and land laws to enhance linkages between the mining, agriculture and manufacturing, and also ensure the security of tenure for the peasantry, as well compensation in times where dispossessions are inevitable.

Journal of Sustainable Development, 2018

Mining has increasingly become an important contributor to the economy of developing countries including Tanzania. Since independence, Tanzania has made several efforts in response to address the challenges in the mining sector to enhance its contribution to the national economy. However, such efforts have not been successful in addressing the persisting challenges, which includes lack of expected benefits, failure to develop policy options for making the investment environment supportive for all actors in the sector; hence failure to use mineral wealth sustainably. The reasons for the persistence of these challenges are not well documented especially in relation to the policy framework. While some scholars attribute these challenges to bad deals with mining companies, others blame the government for its failure to effectively implement, monitor and enforce the existing regulatory framework. This paper reviews the policy enabling environment of the mining sector in Tanzania. The res...

Political Geography, 2011

In contemporary discussions of "resource nationalism," sovereignty is often imagined as the exclusive control of national states over internal resources in opposition to external foreign capital. In this paper, we seek to draw attention to the specifically national territorial forms of sovereignty that e rather than hindering the flow of capital e become constitutive to the accumulation of resource wealth by states and capital alike. Drawing from political geographical theorizations of sovereignty, we argue that resource sovereignty cannot be territorially circumscribed within national space and institutionally circumscribed within the state apparatus. Rather, sovereignty must be understood in relational terms to take into account the global geography of non-state actors that shape access to and control over natural resources. Specifically, we engage national-scale state sovereignty over subterranean mineral resources in the form of legal property regimes and examine the mutually constitutive set of interdependencies between mining capital and landlord states in the accumulation of resource wealth. Using Tanzania as a case study, we argue that national-scale ownership of subterranean mineral resources has been critical to attracting global flows of mining capital from colonial to contemporary times. We first examine the history of the colonial state in Tanganyika to illustrate how land and mineral rights were adjudicated through the power of the colonial state with the hopes of attracting foreign capital investment in the mining sector. We then examine contemporary efforts on the part of the independent United Republic of Tanzania to again enact legislation meant to attract foreign mining companies e and the consequences for local populations living near sites of extraction.

International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences, 2015

Natural resource extraction in Africa has been characterised by conflicts between large scale and small scale miners on the one hand and large scale miners and the communities on the other. In some countries such as Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and Liberia, natural resources have bred political instability and civil wars. A great deal of academic discourse on resource conflicts in Africa focuses on greed, corruption, political struggles for state capture and control over resources, economic liberalisation policies for attracting foreign investors and creating conducive climate for them to invest their capital in natural resource extraction, and foreign forces. While recognising the significance of the above approaches in explaining resource conflicts in Africa, this paper aims at explaining resource conflicts as a struggle for space between the communities, artisanal and small scale miners and large scale foreign mining corporations. Using secondary sources, we argue that some natural resource extraction conflicts in Africa can well be understood if we approach them as a struggle for space. This however, does not mean that current approaches are rendered useless. It rather compliments current approaches.

Development Studies Research

The proper management of natural resources and its proceeds is critical for resource-rich countries. Many resource-rich countries have arguably been plagued by aspects of what scholars call 'the resource curse'. Overcoming 'the curse' has thus occupied center stage in studies about extractive resource governance. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) has been promoted as having the potential to overcome some aspects of the resource curse especially the 'rentier politics'. Several countries have adopted and domesticated the initiative. However, studies on transparency present contradictory findings about the usefulness of the initiative. This paper examines Tanzania's adoption and implementation of transparency in extractive sector governance. The paper examined Tanzania's EITI implementation process, its reconciliation reports and how these reports are used by the parliament, media and civil society to push for governance improvements in the sector. The review of these key documents found that adoption and implementation of the EITI has improved the extractive sector governance by making it more transparent and accountable.

2016

Mondlane. We would also like to acknowledge insights and assistance offered by Lars Buur. DIIS Working Papers make DIIS researchers' and partners' work in progress available towards proper publishing. They may include documentation which is not necessarily published elsewhere. DIIS Working Papers are published under the responsibility of the author alone. DIIS Working Papers should not be quoted without the express permission of the author.

In most resource rich African countries, balancing national interests and the needs of citizens with corporate interests has always been a stern challenge. Since the 1980s, resource rich African countries have been racing against each other to attract Foreign Direct Investment into their ailing economies. Under the guidance of the International Financial Institutions (IFIs) African states were just told to create conducive environment as a means of attracting in FDI crucial for economic growth whose benefits would trickle down to the poor. Issues pertaining to the socio-economic consequences of this were not prioritised. The African state thus became an agent for corporate and IFIs interests at the expense of the needs and rights of citizens. The limited benefits and the unfulfilled promise of development brought public uproar that forced the state to look into the mineral sector regulation with a view of reforming the legal and policy framework to increase the sector’s contribution...

IPIS Report, 2019

Mining is all over the news in Tanzania. Yet, the focus is predominantly on large-scale mining companies and their tax contributions. Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) is largely overlooked, and only makes headlines when serious accidents or conflicts with large-scale miners occur. Despite the importance of ASM as livelihood in many developing countries, data on the sector is rarely centrally gathered, stored and analysed. This is also a concern in Tanzania, where many statements on the sector’s overall nature, size and impact resemble back-of-the-envelope estimations. For lack of evidence, initiatives to support and regulate this heterogenous sector often struggle to grasp its complexity. In light of these concerns, IPIS initiated a mobile data collection campaign in northwest Tanzania. 450 small-scale mining and processing sites were surveyed on the nature and scope of operations, working conditions, distribution of wealth, and health, safety and environmental impact. The bulk of these sites mine or process gold. Other important minerals in this area of Tanzania are diamonds, limestone and salt. The report provides a balanced mapping of worst and best case practices in artisanal mining in Tanzania. It addresses challenges of licensing ASM, its problematic safety record, gender and health issues and the alarming use of mercury in gold processing. The report also reveals the important – and often overshadowed – contributions of ASM. This includes considerable employment with decent income, wealth spill-overs to local communities and sizeable corporate social responsibility contributions.

WIDER Working Paper, 2021

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