Fusarium Graminearum

Background: Resistance in plants to pathogen attack can be qualitative or quantitative. For the latter, hundreds of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified, but the mechanisms of resistance are largely unknown. Integrated nontarget metabolomics and proteomics, using high resolution hybrid mass spectrometry, were applied to identify the mechanisms of resistance governed by the fusarium head blight resistance locus, Fhb1, in the near isogenic lines derived from wheat genotype Nyubai. The metabolomic and proteomic profiles were compared between the near isogenic lines (NIL) with resistant and susceptible alleles of Fhb1 upon F. graminearum or mock-inoculation. The resistance-related metabolites and proteins identified were mapped to metabolic pathways. Metabolites of the shunt phenylpropanoid pathway such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenolic glucosides and flavonoids were induced only in the resistant NIL, or induced at higher abundances in resistant than in susceptible NIL, following pathogen inoculation. The identities of these metabolites were confirmed, with fragmentation patterns, using the high resolution LC-LTQ-Orbitrap. Concurrently, the enzymes of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase, caffeic acid Omethyltransferase, flavonoid O-methyltransferase, agmatine coumaroyltransferase and peroxidase were also up-regulated. Increased cell wall thickening due to deposition of hydroxycinnamic acid amides and flavonoids was confirmed by histochemical localization of the metabolites using confocal microscopy. The present study demonstrates that the resistance in Fhb1 derived from the wheat genotype Nyubai is mainly associated with cell wall thickening due to deposition of hydroxycinnamic acid amides, phenolic glucosides and flavonoids, but not with the conversion of deoxynivalenol to less toxic deoxynivalenol 3-O-glucoside.

A pedigreed population based on the sixth generation of GIFT (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia) was established in Malaysia. Progeny were generated in two spawning seasons, 2002 and 2003, a Selection and a Control line were created, and two production environments (cages and ponds) were used to grow them out. Live weight in cages and in ponds was treated as two different traits (LWC and LWP, respectively). The heritabilities were 0.38 (s.e. 0.083) and 0.45 (s.e. 0.103), whereas the maternal and common environment effects estimated from the dam variance component were 0.17 (s.e. 0.038) and 0.22 (s.e. 0.047), for LWC and LWP, respectively. The genetic correlation between LWC and LWP was 0.58 (s.e. 0.135). It was concluded that although the genetic correlation between LWC and LWP was less than 1.0, there was not enough evidence to justify the conduct of separate genetic improvement programs for cage and pond environments.

Background: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt, a significant soil-borne disease that causes severe crop losses. Trichoderma spp. is a diverse fungal bio-control agent with the ability to limit plant disease growth through a variety of ways. The goal of this work is to assess the efficiency of indigenous Trichoderma spp. isolated from chickpea rhizosphere from different North Eastern districts of Karnataka against the wilt pathogen in vitro, as well as to investigate the cultural and morphological aspects of isolates. Methods: Dual culture approach was used to investigate the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma isolates and inverted plate technique was used to examine the synthesis of volatile compounds from Trichoderma spp. The isolates were cultured on potato dextrose agar medium for cultural characterization. Under a microscope, morphological characters were observed. Result: Twenty Trichoderma isolates were reported to be effective against F. oxysporum f. ...

ABSTRACTPolyketides are a class of secondary metabolites that exhibit a vast diversity of form and function. In fungi, these compounds are produced by large, multidomain enzymes classified as type I polyketide synthases (PKSs). In this study we identified and functionally disrupted 15 PKS genes from the genome of the filamentous fungusGibberella zeae. Five of these genes are responsible for producing the mycotoxins zearalenone, aurofusarin, and fusarin C and the black perithecial pigment. A comprehensive expression analysis of the 15 genes revealed diverse expression patterns during grain colonization, plant colonization, sexual development, and mycelial growth. Expression of one of the PKS genes was not detected under any of 18 conditions tested. This is the first study to genetically characterize a complete set of PKS genes from a single organism.

Canola-Brassica napus L.-is an economically major crop in many parts of the world. The seed yield of canola is often limited by poor plant establishment. This issue is serious in areas with short growing seasons, such as western Canada, where canola plants have a limited time span plasticity to adapt and compensate for yield losses due to poor or non-uniform plant establishment. The effect of spatial patterns of canola plant stands on seed yield is actually unknown. Therefore, we studied the impacts of uniformity of plant stands on pod formation, seed set, and crop yield of canola. Field experiments were conducted at 16 site-years across the different soil-climatic zones of the Canadian prairies. At each site-year, the cultivar InVigor® 5440, a glufosinate-resistant hybrid, was sown at 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 plants per square meter with uniform and non-uniform stands. We found that spatially uniform stands increased seed yield by up to 32 % at low-yielding sites and by up to 20 % at the high-yielding sites compared to non-uniform plant stands. This effect is mainly due to increased number of fertile pods. The yield increase was more pronounced with plant densities lower than 60 plants per square meter. Also, canola seed yield depended largely on plant survival during the hot summer and was less affected by the rate of seedling emergence. We conclude that canola yield can be increased by improving the uniformity of plant spatial distribution patterns in the field regardless of environmental conditions.

The aim of this study was to determine the minimum conditions of wetness duration and mean temperature required for Fusarium head blight infection in wheat. The weather model developed by Zoldan (2008) was tested in field experiments for two wheat cultivars grown in 2005 (five sowing dates) and 2006 (six sowing dates) in 10 m² plots with three replicates. The disease was assessed according to head incidence (HI), spikelet incidence (SI), and the interaction between these two methods was called head blight severity (HBS). Starting at the beginning of anthesis, air temperature and head wetness duration were daily recorded with an automatic weather station. With the combination of these two factors, a weather favorability table was built for the disease occurrence. Starting on the day of flowering beginning (1 - 5% fully exserted anthers), the sum of daily values for infection favorability (SDVIF) was calculated by means of a computer program, according to Zoldan (2008) table. The init...

A rare plant species of the Orchidaceae family, Dendrobium officinale is considered among the top ten Chinese medicinal herbs for its polysaccharide. Since 2021, when the dieback disease of D. officinale was first reported in Yueqing City, Zhejiang Province, China, Fusarium isolates (number = 152) were obtained from 70 plants in commercial greenhouses. The disease incidence ranged from 40% to 60% in the surveyed areas. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) coupled with morphological characterization revealed that the collected isolates belonged to five species (sp.), viz., Fusarium concentricum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, F. curvatum, and F. stilboides, with isolation frequencies of 34.6%, 22.3%, 18.4%, 13.8%, and 10.5%, respectively. Notably, at least two Fusarium species were simultaneously isolated and identified from the infected plants. Finally, the pathogenicity test results demonstrated that such species were responsible for the dieback disease of D. officinale. However, F. concentricum and F. fujikuroi were more invasive compared to the other species in this study. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study was the first report of F. concentricum, F. curvatum, F. fujikuroi, F. nirenbergiae, and F. stilboides causing the dieback disease of D. officinale in China and worldwide. This work provides valuable data about the diversity and pathogenicity of Fusarium populations, which will help in formulating effective strategies and policies for better control of the dieback disease.

An 8-GHz beamforming transmitter IC has been designed in a 130-nm CMOS process. Two power amplifiers with independently controllable phase enable the beamforming. The phases are digitally controllable over the full 360 • range, which is accomplished by binary weighting of quadrature phase signals in the power amplifiers. The quadrature phase signals are generated by a quadrature voltage controlled oscillator followed by a buffer, which serves as an isolation between the power amplifiers and the oscillator. The chip contains seven on-chip differential inductors, and consumes a total of 47 mA from a 1.0 V supply. The measured output power is -3 dBm for each power amplifier.

Maize serves as a staple food in many Sub-Sahara African (SSA) Countries. It is mostly susceptible to mycotoxins including aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination. Fumonisins are produced by the Fusarium species, predominantly Fusarium verticillioides. Fumonisins' health hazards are documented in many parts of the world. However, few studies exist on fumonisin contamination in maize locally. The presence of Fusarium species and the associated fumonisin contamination of maize grown in Rift Valley and Lower Eastern regions of Kenya were assessed. Maize samples were collected from randomly selected households in three Counties from each of the two regions. Isolation and characterization of Fusarium species was done using protocol. Envrologix Quick Tox Kit was used to quantify fumonisin levels. Aspergillus species was the most prevalent fungi species isolated (50.3%) followed by Fusarium species (39.3%) with F. verticillioides accounting for 80.8% of all Fusarium spp. Of the 200 samples analyzed, 133 (65.5%) had fumonisin levels below the level of detection (< 0.1 ppm), 63 (31.5%) had fumonisin level of between 0.1 ppm-4.0 ppm and 4 (2.0%) sample had fumonisin levels of more than 4.0 ppm. Lower Eastern Region had higher proportion of samples with detectable fumonisin levels compared to Rift Valley Region (55.4% vs 11.1%). In conclusion Fusarium verticillioides commonly associated with fumonisin contamination of maize was a common fungus isolated in the study regions. It also showed that some of the maize samples consumed by the respondents have fumonisin levels that are above the internationally accepted levels. These results suggest that people are likely to be exposed to fumonisins that has been associated with adverse health hazards.

In Senegal mango production has long existed in traditional forms, especially in the south and center of the country. It accounts for 60% of the country's fruit production, with an estimated annual output of 150,000 tons. Despite a positive balance sheet in recent years, mango orchardsareaffected by numerous phytosanitary constraints like diseases and insect pests. Among the diseases, mango malformation is considered one of the most deadly for the mango tree. Since its discovery in 2009 in the south of Senegal, the disease has continued to spread in this area with incursions towards the northern part of the country. Few studies were dedicated to that pathogen in the Senegalese context. This study was carried out to help bring more light in the identity of the pathogen(s) causing this disease. Therefore 13 isolates of Fusarium isolates obtainedfrom mango malformation tissueswere characterized using morphological criteria and the molecular analysis. The 5.8S rDNA region of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was amplifiedusing ITS1 and ITS4 primer pairs. Sequence analysis and other analytical studiesshowed that the malformation of mango tree in southern Senegal is relatedto a diversity of Fusarium species. The morphological and molecular analysisallowed to identify several Fusarium strains with a very high degree of similarity (99.08 to 99.82%) with the species in the NCBI database ranged.

Fusarium species were isolated from 12 cultivated soil planted with different crops in Penang. A total of 42 Fusarium isolates were recovered in which four Fusarium species were identified namely, F. solani, F. semitectum, F. equiseti and F. oxysporum. The most prevalent Fusarium species recovered was F. solani (84%), followed by F. semitectum (7%), F. equiseti (7%) and F. oxysporum (2%). The present study showed that Fusarium populations are diverse within cultivated soils and could be potential inoculum to infect certain agriculture crops.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) can promote the solubility and absorption of pesticides by plants and are widely used as a delivery system to improve the efficacy of pesticide applications. In this study, MSNs with 20 nm particle size were produced. Additionally, a water-soluble chitosan (CS) derivative, here called N-(2-Hydroxyl) propyl-3- tri-methyl-ammonium CS chloride (HTCC) was produced and used to cap the outer surface of the MSNs preloaded with the pesticide fludioxonil (Flu). The HTCC coating layers resulted in a pesticide loading efficiency of 84% on the MSNs in comparison to a loading efficiency of 20% of uncoated particles. A comparative in vitro analysis indicated that Flu@MSNs20nm-HTCC loaded with a 0.05 mg/L dose of fungicide had significant higher fungicidal activity than the same fungicide at 1 mg/L dose against F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL). Moreover, after an initial burst, MSNs20nm-HTCC kept releasing Flu for 21 d, compared to an activity o...

The fungal pathogens Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum cause ear blight disease on cereal crops worldwide. The disease lowers both grain quality and grain safety. Disease prevalence is increasing due to changes in cropping practices and the difficulties encountered by plant breeders when trying to introgress the polygene-based resistance. The molecular basis of resistance to Fusarium ear blight in cereal species is poorly understood. This is primarily due to the large size of cereal genomes and the expensive resources required to undertake gene function studies in cereals. We therefore explored the possibility of developing various model floral infection systems that would be more amenable to experimental manipulation and high-throughput gene function studies. The floral tissues of tobacco, tomato, soybean and Arabidopsis were inoculated with Fusarium conidia and this resulted in disease symptoms on anthers, anther filaments and petals in each plant species. However, only in Arabidopsis did this initial infection then spread into the developing siliques and seeds. A survey of 236 Arabidopsis ecotypes failed to identify a single genotype that was extremely resistant or susceptible to Fusarium floral infections. Three Arabidopsis floral mutants that failed to develop anthers and/or functional pollen (i.e. agamous-1, apetala1-3 and dad1) were significantly less susceptible to Fusarium floral infection than wild type. Deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin production was also detected in Fusarium-infected flowers at >1 ppm. This novel floral pathosystem for Arabidopsis appears to be highly representative of a serious cereal crop disease.

In the present study, the hexane, acetone and methanol extracts of stem, branches and roots from Crotalaria longirostrata were evaluated for their antifungal activity against Fusarium sp., Fusarium verticillioides and Aspergillus flavus. The variables analyzed were inhibition halos, mycelial growth inhibition, sporulation and minimum inhibitory concentration. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, coumarins, anthrones, anthraquinones, flavonoids and alkaloids on different organic extracts. The hexane extract showed zones of inhibition between 6.3 and 10.5 mm. The mycelia growth and sporulation of A. flavus were reduced to 90% with methanol extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration values obtained with hexane extracts were 6.75 mg mL -1 and with methanol extracts were 50 and 25 mg mL -1 for Fusarium strains. This is the first study reporting of phytochemical composition and biological activity of C. longirostrata that could be used as a natural alternative to control in vitro of certain important pathogenic fungi.

Beneficial microorganisms, including members of the Trichoderma genus, are known for their ability to promote plant growth and disease resistance, as well as being alternatives to synthetic inputs in agriculture. In this study, 111 Trichoderma strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of Florence Aurore, an ancient wheat variety that was cultivated in an organic farming system in Tunisia. A preliminary ITS analysis allowed us to cluster these 111 isolates into three main groups, T. harzianum (74 isolates), T. lixii (16 isolates) and T. sp. (21 isolates), represented by six different species. Their multi-locus analysis (tef1, translation elongation factor 1; rpb2, RNA polymerase B) identified three T. afroharzianum, one T. lixii, one T. atrobrunneum and one T. lentinulae species. These six new strains were selected to determine their suitability as plant growth promoters (PGP) and biocontrol agents (BCA) against Fusarium seedling blight disease (FSB) in wheat caused by Fusariu...

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum , is an important wheat disease that affects grain yield and conformation, and contaminates grains with mycotoxins, including the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON). The impacts of Fusarium infections on grain filling, grain deformation and rheological properties were assessed under different environmental conditions. Genotypes with elevated grain anthocyanin content were used. Resistance of seven wheat varieties and breeding lines was assessed with artificial infections in the field. Grains from infected and control plots were assessed for proportion of Fusarium damaged kernels, grain filling (thousand kernel weight) and DON accumulation. Biochemical and rheological properties of harvested grain were also assessed. Grain resistance to Fusarium has several components, including resistance against DON accumulation, deformation and stability of grain filling. These mechanisms are interdependent but act independently. Resistanc...

To increase our understanding of the epidemiology of fusarium head blight of wheat and barley, a study was conducted under controlled conditions to determine whether Fusarium graminearum Schwabe from wheat can cause seedling blight or root rot in various crop species. Inoculum of F. graminearum, consisting of a wheat floret infected with the pathogen, was placed adjacent to surface-sterilized seed of each crop in a sterile potting mix. Wheat, barley, oat, rye, triticale, canaryseed, flax, canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.), mustard, bean, field pea, lentil, and chickpea were included in the study. Seedling emergence and root rot severity were scored at 3-4 weeks after seeding. The effect of temperature on seedling blight severity was also tested in barley cv. Brier. Inoculation reduced emergence in all crops, except canola, mustard, and field pea, and increased root rot severity in most crops. Emergence of seedlings was not affected at the lowest temperature (10:5°C day:night) and no root infection occurred. However, as the temperature increased from 10 to 30°C, seedling emergence and establishment were reduced and root rot severity increased. Infection of roots, crowns, and seedlings of the crops grown in rotation with wheat indicates that these crops may act as alternative hosts to F. graminearum.

Fusarium graminearum is an important fungal pathogen of cereal crops and produces mycotoxins, such as the trichothecenes nivalenol and deoxynivalenol. This species may be subdivided into a series of genetic lineages or phylogenetic species. We identified strains of F. graminearum from the Republic of Korea to lineage, tested their ability to produce nivalenol and deoxynivalenol, and determined the genetic composition and structure of the populations from which they were recovered. Based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), PCR genotyping, and chemical analyses of trichothecenes, all 249 isolates from southern provinces belonged to lineage 6, with 241 having the nivalenol genotype and 8 having the deoxynivalenol genotype. In the eastern Korea province, we recovered 84 lineage 6 isolates with the nivalenol genotype and 23 lineage 7 isolates with the deoxynivalenol genotype. Among 333 lineage 6 isolates, 36% of the AFLP bands were polymorphic, and there were 270 multilocus haplotypes. Genetic identity among populations was high (>0.972), and genotype diversity was low (30 to 58%). To test the adaptation of lineage 6 to rice, conidial mixtures of strains from lineages 3, 6, and 7 were inoculated onto rice plants and then recovered from the rice grains produced. Strains representing lineages 6 and 7 were recovered from inoculated spikelets at similar frequencies that were much higher than those for the strain representing lineage 3. Abundant perithecia were produced on rice straw, and 247 single-ascospore isolates were recovered from 247 perithecia. Perithecia representing lineage 6 (87%) were the most common, followed by those representing lineage 7 (13%), with perithecia representing lineage 3 not detected. These results suggest that F. graminearum lineage 6 may have a host preference for rice and that it may be more fit in a rice agroecosystem than are the other lineages present in Korea.

Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) was determined on seed of St. John's wort produced in localities Pančevo, Gorobilje and Kačarevo during 2008 and 2009. Morphological characteristics of monosporial isolates were described. All tested isolates formed in vitro perithecia, and were classified as F. graminearum (syn. F.

Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) was determined on seed of St. John's wort produced in localities Pančevo, Gorobilje and Kačarevo during 2008 and 2009. Morphological characteristics of monosporial isolates were described. All tested isolates formed in vitro perithecia, and were classified as F. graminearum (syn. F.

Background: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris causing chickpea wilt, a significant soil-borne disease that causes severe crop losses. Trichoderma spp. is a diverse fungal bio-control agent with the ability to limit plant disease growth through a variety of ways. The goal of this work is to assess the efficiency of indigenous Trichoderma spp. isolated from chickpea rhizosphere from different North Eastern districts of Karnataka against the wilt pathogen in vitro, as well as to investigate the cultural and morphological aspects of isolates. Methods: Dual culture approach was used to investigate the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma isolates and inverted plate technique was used to examine the synthesis of volatile compounds from Trichoderma spp. The isolates were cultured on potato dextrose agar medium for cultural characterization. Under a microscope, morphological characters were observed. Result: Twenty Trichoderma isolates were reported to be effective against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, preventing mycelial growth by 48.52 to 91.85%. All the isolates produced significant amount of volatile compounds that inhibited F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris growth by 2.59 to 72.22%. At 72 hours after incubation, the isolates had different radial mycelium growth and formed fluffy and elevated colony growth, with colony margins ranging from smooth to wavy.

In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying, publication, or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis.

Western corn rootworm (WCR) is one of the most dangerous maize pests in Croatia. The objective of this paper was to further investigate integration of WCR native resistant maize germplasm in maize breeding programs. Data analysis confirmed great variability among studied genotypes. Several valuable S3 inbred lines were identified based on three important resistance (tolerance) traits. All data-based conclusions represent important information for integration of WCR native resistant germplasm into elite lines of standard breeding programs of Agricultural Institute Osijek.

Nectria haematococca mating population I (MPI, anamorph, Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1) is the causal agent of Fusarium crown and foot rot disease of cucurbits. It occurs worldwide, causing serious damages on the cucurbits cultivations. Although genetic studies on this fungus were ahead of genetic analysis of other plant pathogenic fungi in early 1940s, such investigations ceased after 1970. For performing genetic analysis, irrespective of whether it is conventional or molecular, and also in pursuing whole genome sequencing, information of karyotype is the underlying basis. As to the karyotype of N. haematococca MPI, cytological investigations were done more than 50 years ago, in which haploid chromosome number (CN) of this fungus was estimated to be n=4, Thereafter, no additional data have been added to the cytological karyotype of this fungus. In this study, I present a reliable karyotype of this important plant pathogen, N. haematococca MPI using two standard strains ATCC18098 and ATCC18099, by combining molecular and cytological karyotyping methods. In addition, a mini-chromosome discovered during the course of karyotyping was analyzed for its cytological nature and meiotic inheritance mode. Molecular karyotyping using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of ATCC18098 and ATCC18099 was attempted using a standard running condition of PFGE suitable to separate chromosomes below ~ 6 Mb. Results showed apparent similarity in the banding pattern of the two strains and two middlesized chromosome bands were clearly resolved. The two bands migrated similarly between the two strains and their sizes were estimated to be ~ 3.5 and ~ 2.5 Mb. Besides these bands, an extra small band was detected in ATCC18098 with a size of ca. 410 kb. Southern hybridization of this band with telomere repeats (TTAGGG)n from Neurospora crassa as a probe showed the presence of telemetric repeats within this band suggesting that this band is a miniv In the name of Allah Most Gracious Most Merciful. All praise and thanks to Allah the exalted, the Lord of the universe, May the choicest blessings and peace of Allah be upon the last Messenger and Prophets, Muhammad, his family, Companions and all those who follow his footsteps. I am very grateful to Associate Prof. Dr. Masatoki Taga for suggesting the point, his precise instructions through the study, for many helpful discussions, for critical reading the manuscript, for his patience and kindheartedness and for his unlimited and unconditional support during the past years. I appreciate Prof. Kamada for his support and fruitful discussions, Prof. Takahashi Taku for his supervision and Dr. Muraguchi (Akita Prefectural University) for providing the Operon RAPD primers. I also appreciate to all former and current members of Dr. Taga' lab: Nishima, Tsuchiya, Kaneko, Songlin, Arimoto, Ogura, Nishizawa and my brother Hamid for their encouragement, support, and fun time together. Last but not least, I want to thank my dear wife and children for unconditional love and infinite patience, my family and my family-in-law for encouragement and support, the Egyptian group in Okayama for their endless support and to all the members of Okayama muslim community.

This research provides a brief review of approaches for the early detection of fungi and its metabolites in feedof fish from some Baghdad farms. During a mycological analysis of complete feed mixes(15 samples), a total of five genera of moulds were identified. Penicillium spp. was present in considerably more samples than any other genus 36.4%, followed by the genera Fusarium spp.24.5%. Other fungi from the genera Aspergillus spp. 20%, Mucor spp. 11.1% and Alternaria spp. 8% were represented in a smaller amount.The mycotoxinsdeoxynivalenol and zearalenone were detected. Deoxynivalenol was detected in 10 samples in the concentration range 0.25–2.5 mg/kg. Zaralenone were detected in 8 samples in the concentration range 0.2–5.0 mg/kg.Thesefindings indicate that there may be a risk for animal exposure to mycotoxins through the consumption of moldy infected feeds.

The application of natural antifungal substances is motivated by the need for alternatives to existing methods that are not always applicable, efficient, or that do not pose risk to consumers or the environment. Furthermore, studies on the behaviour of toxigenic species in the presence of natural fungicides have enabled their safe application in the food chain. This study aimed to identify the fraction of the rice grain with greater inhibitory activity of amylase and related to its antifungal and antimycotoxigenic potential against Fusarium graminearum CQ 244 biomass. The greatest inhibitory effect was observed in extracts of bran, which inhibited by 90% the fungal amylase activity. The primary fractionation of the rice bran extract was more efficient when ethanolic extracts was precipitated by acetone, resulting in a specific inhibition estimated at 20 μg hydrolysed starch min -1 mg protein 1 , PF 45 and recovery 61%. The rice bran protein extracts showed fungistatic activity against F. graminearum, with MIC 50 of 419 μg ml -1 and 168 mg ml -1 estimated from glucosamine and amylase inhibition, respectively, which cause 63% biomass inhibition and 40% of the nivalenol (NIV) production.

Epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) occurred on barley in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota from 1993 to 1998. The Red River Valley region was most severely impacted by the disease based on assessments of FHB severity in grain samples harvested from commercial fields. Fusarium graminearum was the primary pathogen causing these FHB epidemics. It comprised from 62 to 64% of all Fusarium species isolated from infected kernels from 1994 to 1996. Fusarium poae (range of isolation 13 to 20%),F. sporotrichioides (10 to 17%), and F. avenaceum (6 to 10%) also were isolated from barley kernels and were likely involved in causing some FHB infection, but to a very limited extent. All four Fusarium species were pathogenic on barley in inoculation tests conducted in both the greenhouse and the field. Mycotoxin screens were performed on barley spikes inoculated with the respective species in the greenhouse. Spikes infected with F. graminearum contained deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxy...

Cilj ovog rada je determinirati faze mitoze u meristemu korijena klijanaca pšenice. U prvoj fazi istraživanja je bilo potrebno naklijati zrna pšenice. U drugoj fazi su metodom gnječenja napravljeni preparati stanica korijena pšenice. U trećoj fazi su pod mikroskopom određene faze mitoze i računao se mitotski indeks. Za mitotski indeks bilo je potrebno izbrojati 500 stanica te razlučiti stanice u interfazi od onih u nekoj od faza diobe. Detalji morfologije kromosoma nisu vidljivi zbog preskočenog tretmana fiksacije te razlika između interfaze i profaze nije bila dovoljno jasna. Samu vrijednost mitotskog indeksa dobivenu ovim istraživanjem zato ne treba uzeti u obzir.Purpose of this work is to determinate stages of mitosis in apical meristem of wheat. In first stage of research wheat seeds are placed to germinate. In second stage squash method is used to make cell section of wheat root. Third stage considered microscopic observing, assessment of stages in which cell is found and calcu...

The effect of nitrogen on Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in a susceptible barley cultivar was investigated using gel-based proteomics. Barley grown with either 15 or 100 kg ha -1 N fertilizer was inoculated with Fusarium graminearum (Fg). The storage protein fraction did not change significantly in response either to N level or Fg, whereas eighty protein spots in the water-soluble albumin fraction increased and 108 spots decreased more than two-fold in intensity in response to Fg. Spots with greater intensity in infected plants contained fungal proteins (9 spots) and proteolytic fragments of plant proteins (65 spots). Identified fungal proteins included two superoxide dismutases, L-xylulose reductase in two spots, peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase and triosephosphate isomerase, and proteins of unknown function. Spots decreasing in intensity in response to Fg contained plant proteins possibly degraded by fungal proteases. Greater spot volume changes occurred in response to Fg in plants grown with low nitrogen, although proteomes of uninfected plants were similar for both treatments. Correlation of proteome changes with measurement of Fusarium-damaged kernels, fungal biomass and mycotoxin levels indicated that increased Fusarium infection occurred in barley with low N and suggests control of N fertilization as a possible way to minimise FHB in barley.

2006 Nérida Lozano Ramírez / Mónica Mezzalama / Aquiles Carballo Carballo / Adrián Hernández Livera EFECTOS DE FUNGICIDAS EN LA CALIDAD FISIOLÓGICA DE LA SEMILLA DE TRIGO HARINERO (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) Y SU EFICACIA EN EL CONTROL DE FUSARIUM ...

Microarrays are extensively used for highthroughput gene expression analyses in molecular biology and medicine. Microarray analysis is reliable if the probe binds specifically to the intended target transcript. Cross-hybridizations of microarray probes is one of the main systematic errors which is influenced by microarray probe design. Newly released genome annotations make it possible and necessary to improve given probe designs in order to reduce this source of error. We present a new method which evaluates and optimizes existing probe designs in a modular way. The workflow can include existing software and it can be adapted to additionally required probe design criteria. A microarray probe design optimization which focuses on the avoidance of cross-hybridization was exemplarily done for Aspergillus nidulans. We show the high impact of the underlying structural genome annotation on the probe design process. The new probe design was experimentally evaluated with the help of the mean variance of internal technical replicates. We recommend to check existing microarray probe designs for cross-hybridization and if possible to optimize them based on the preferred version of genome annotation.

This study investigated the effect of time of Fusarium inoculation during anthesis on possible grain number within spikelets and florets in Fusarium infected wheat spike in controlled environment. Wheat cultivars; two each of commercial cultivars (Oakley and Soissons) and near isogenic lines (NILs) of Mercia background (Mercia 1 and Mercia 2) were grown in pots, inoculated with Fusarium graminearum spores at three different stages of anthesis; at anthesis (AA), 4 and 8 days after anthesis (4 DAA and 8 DAA), and incubated at either 23/15 o C or 28/20 o C for 14 days. After harvest, wheat spikes were assessed for the presence of healthy or shriveled grains across the spikelets and florets. Results of the study showed that cultivars responded differently to the time of inoculation at both the spikelet and floret and inoculation at 4 DAA which corresponded with mid-anthesis in most cultivars was the most severe stage. Soissons showed less sensitivity to the time of inoculation, while Me...

The Marathwada region in Maharashtra, known for its agricultural crop production the major cultivated crop is pulses, oilseed and cash crop. Fusarium wilt is serious fungal disease, which causes huge yield losses in Agriculture crop. Fusarium is large and diverse genus of imperfect fungi. During the study of genetic diversity of Fusarium annulatum, infected samples were collected from different environmental conditions in Kharif-2022-2023. It was found that the different isolates from different localities were shows the morphological as well as genetic diversity among each other. The genetic variability in the Fusarium annulatum isolates may be due to difference in geographical and environmental conditions. The ITS primer analysis found diversity among Fusarium annulatum isolates at molecular characterization. The High-level variability seen in FOM-01 to FOM-08, and relationship with cultural and pathogenic traits. The cluster analysis of ITS primer group of eight FOM.

Fungal plant diseases are controlled by a complex molecular dialogue that involves pathogen effectors able to manipulate plant susceptibility factors at the earliest stages of the interaction. By probing the wheat-Fusarium graminearum pathosystem, we profiled the co-regulations of the fungal and plant proteins shaping the molecular responses of a 96 hour-long infection's dynamics. While no symptoms were yet detectable, fungal biomass swiftly increased along with an extremely diverse set of secreted proteins and candidate effectors supposed to target key plant organelles. Some showed to be early accumulated during the interaction or already present in spores, otherwise stored in germinating spores and detectable in an in vitro F. graminearum exudate. Wheat responses were swiftly set up and were evidenced before any visible symptom. Significant wheat protein abundance changes co-occurred along with the accumulation of putative secreted fungal proteins and predicted effectors. Regulated wheat proteins were closely connected to basal cellular processes occurring during spikelet ontogeny and particular co-regulation patterns were evidenced between chloroplast proteins and fungal proteins harboring a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. The described plant and fungal coordinated responses provide a resourceful set of data and expand our understanding of the wheat-F. graminearum interaction.

The mycotoxigenic fungal species Fusarium graminearum is able to attack several important cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. By causing Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease, F. graminearum induces yield and quality losses and poses a public health concern due to in planta mycotoxin production. The molecular and physiological plant responses to FHB, and the cellular biochemical pathways used by F. graminearum to complete its infectious process remain still unknown. In this study, a proteomics approach, combining 2D-gel approach and mass spectrometry, has been used to determine the specific protein patterns associated with the development of the fungal infection during grain growth on susceptible wheat. Our results reveal that F. graminearum infection does not deeply alter the grain proteome and does not significantly disturb the first steps of grain ontogeny but impacts molecular changes during the grain filling stage (impact on starch synthesis and storage proteins). The differentially regulated proteins identified were mainly involved in stress and defence mechanisms, primary metabolism, and main cellular processes such as signalling and transport. Our survey suggests that F. graminearum could take advantage of putative susceptibility factors closely related to grain development processes and thus provide new insights into key molecular events controlling the susceptible response to FHB in wheat grains.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, is the foremost destructive disease of cereals worldwide. Effector-like molecules produced by F. graminearum play key roles in the infection process and are assumed to be one of the essential components of the pathogen's aggressiveness. However, their nature and role in the disease are still largely misunderstood. As a mean to provide relevant information about the molecular determinism of F. graminearum aggressiveness, we surveyed three F. graminearum strains on three wheat cultivars contrasted by their susceptibility to FHB. F. graminearum strains revealed large differences in aggressiveness which were mostly unchanged when facing hosts of contrasted susceptibility, suggesting that their behavior rely on intrinsic determinants. Surveying the fungal mass progress and the mycotoxin production rate in the spikes did not evidence any simple relationship with aggressiveness differences, while clues were found through a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the three strain proteomes established in planta especially with regards to early synthesized putative effectors. Independently of the wheat cultivar, the three F. graminearum strains produced systematically the same protein set during the infection but substantial differences in their abundance enabled the categorization of fungal aggressiveness. Overall, our findings show that the contrasts in F. graminearum aggressiveness were not based on the existence of strain-specific molecules but rather on the ability of the strain to ensure their sufficient accumulation. Protein abundance variance was mostly driven by the strain genetics and part was also influenced by the host cultivar but strain by cultivar interactions were marginally detected, depicting that strain-specific protein accumulations did not depend on the host cultivar. All these data provide new knowledge on fungal aggressiveness determinants and provide a resourceful repertoire of candidate effector proteins to guide further research.

Mycotoxins are a variety of metabolic products produced by fungi, which can cause various damages to other organisms. The aim of this study was to figure out the effect of new drying methods namely "drying in oven under magnetic field" and "drying under the sun and magnetic field" on the mycotoxin formation for some food samples. In this system, a fixed magnetic field of 300 μT was used for the drying process. The amounts of moisture in the samples dried with the new developed methods were measured in hazelnut (Corylus L.), fig (Ficus carica L.), chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and grape (Vitis vinifera L.) depending on time. Mycotoxin species within different foodstuffs were determined at trace levels by using LC-MS/MS device under the optimum conditions, and the results obtained from the samples dried with the new methods were compared with each other and results of food samples dried by traditional method. The results indicated that the new developed drying methods cause decrease in the drying periods, and the dried samples did not contain any mycotoxin. This study suggested new drying strategies to eliminate the mycotoxin formation. For the analysis of the results, different statistical tests were used. In order to determine which technique works faster in drying the samples, box plots were obtained using descriptive statistics. Mann Whitney tests were also applied to determine if there was a statistical difference between the drying methods.

The pathogenicity of nine Fusarium graminearum isolates belonging to three different trichothecene‐producing chemotypes, i.e. NIV + FUS, DON + 3‐AcDON, and DON + 15‐AcDON was tested on corn, wheat, triticale and rye. Although these compounds are known to have different toxicity, no difference in pathogenicity was observed among the mean values for chemotypes. However, within each chemotype there were isolates with different pathogenicity which was not correlated with the ability to produce trichothecenes in vitro. The pathogenicity of each isolate was almost the same for all tested cereals. The involvement of trichothecenes in pathogenesis was investigated in infected corn stalk tissues. All the expected trichothecenes were detected with the exception of NIV and FUS.

Radi utvrđivanja optimalne gnojidbe i njezinog utjecaja na kemijski sastav i hranidbenu vrijednost klipa i zrna kukuruza (OSSK 444), vrsena su ispitivanja tijekom tri godine (2004.- 2006.) na povrsinama ekonomije Visokog gospodarskog ucilista u Križevcima. Pokus je postavljen po slucajnom blok rasporedu u cetiri ponavljanja. Velicina parcele svakoga tretmana je bila 70 m2 (7x10 m), a tretmani su bili: 1 - bez gnojidbe ; 2 - N80P100K0 ; 3 - N80P0K100 ; 4 - N0P100K100 ; 5 - N80P100K100 ; 6 - N120P100K100 ; 7 - N120P200K200 ; 8 - N160P200K200 ; 9 - N200P200K200 ; 10 - N240P200K200. Analizom tla utvrđena je blago kisela reakcija (pHKCl = 5, 93), nizak sadržaj humusa (1, 99%), te osrednja opskrbljenost fosforom i kalijem (135, 00 i 157, 00 mg/kg). Analiza klipa i zrna kukuruza obavljena je metodom po Weende-u, a na osnovi utvrđenih sirovih organskih hranjivih tvari i pepela u suhoj tvari, izracunata je metabolicka energija (ME) i neto energija za laktaciju (NEL). Rezultati istraživanja s...

Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons destructivas, no solo por el impacto en la producción de granos sino por el deterioro en la calidad del grano, especialmente por el alto nivel de micotoxinas producidas por el hongo . Entre las diversas especies que causan la fusariosis del trigo en el país se pueden citar a F. graminearum, F. semitectum, F. avenaceum, F. equisiti y F. culmorum, . F. graminearum es El trigo en Paraguay es afectado principalmente por un complejo de enfermedades fúngicas en presencia de ambientes favorables para los patógenos, entre ellas, la fusariosis de la espiga de trigo (FET) causada por el complejo Fusarium graminearum (Sacc), teleomorfo Gibberella zeae (Schwabe), que se constituye en una de las enfermedades más

BOGDAN CVJETKOVIC, *M1LJEVA KAČ i *MARTA DOLINAB (Institut za zaštitu bilja FPZ-a Zagreb i ' Institut za hmeljarstvo, Žalec) Primljeno 31. 10. 1986. Opisani su simptomi u nas dosad nepoznate bolesti hme lja. Iz korjenjaka sa simptomima izolirana je gljiva. Na bazi morfoloških i kulturalnih osobina izolat je determiniran kao Phytophthora citricola Sawada. To je prvi nalaz te vrste u Jugoslaviji.

The resistance prevalence of chemical fungicides has caused increasingly serious agro-ecological environmental problems. However, there are few previous reports about resistance to succinate dehydrogenase (SDHI) or sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) in Rhizoctonia solani, one of the main agro-diseases. In this study, the fungicide resistance of 122 R. solani isolates in Sichuan Province was monitored by the mycelial growth rate method. Results showed that all isolates were susceptible to hexaconazole and most isolates were susceptible to thifluzamide, except for the field isolate MSRS-2-7 due to a moderate resistance to thifluzamide (16.43-fold resistance ratio, RR), compared to the sensitivity baseline of thifluzamide (0.042 μg/mL EC50 values). On the contrary, many isolates showed moderate or high resistance to tebuconazole (10.59- to 60.78-fold RR), reaching EC50 values of 0.54~3.10 μg/mL, especially for a highly resistant isolate LZHJ-1-8 displaying moderate resistance to epox...

Four different soil tillage systems were tested in pumpkin seed production. Pumpkin variety was Gleissdorf, Austrian origin. The tested systems were: 1. Conventional (plough, disc harrow, 2. Conservation (plough, rotary harrow), 4. Reduced (plough,. The greatest yield of fresh pumpkin seeds of 1345 kg/ha was achieved by the conventional system. The reduced system achieved 1316 kg/ha, conservation system 927 kg/ha and no-till system achieved only 848 kg/ha. The greatest energy requirement of 1998 MJ/ha had the reduced system. The conventional system required 1919 MJ/ha, while conservation system required 1550 MJ/ha. The lowest energy requirement of 453 MJ/ha was achieved by no-till system.