Fish Microbiology

Background and Aim: Streptococcus agalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), is a zoonotic pathogen implicated in severe infections in humans and aquatic animals, particularly fish. Recent outbreaks of GBS sequence type 283 in Southeast Asia, associated with raw fish consumption, have raised public health concerns. Despite growing evidence of zoonotic transmission, comparative studies investigating virulence factor homology across hosts remain limited. This study focuses on the fibrinogen-binding protein A (FbsA), a critical virulence determinant in GBS pathogenesis. This study aimed to conduct a novel computational One Health analysis comparing the FbsA protein from fish- and human-derived GBS strains to elucidate their structural and functional similarities and explore their interaction with human fibrinogen (Fg).

Materials and Methods: Amino acid sequences of FbsA from fish and human GBS isolates were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Sequence alignment was performed using the MUSCLE algorithm in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software. Three-dimensional structures were predicted through ColabFold and validated using Ramachandran plots. Residue profiling and structural visualization were conducted in PyMOL. Molecular docking between FbsA and Aα (G), Bβ (H), and γ (I) chains of human Fg was performed using ClusPro, followed by interaction analysis using LigPlot+.

Results: Sequence alignment revealed 100% identity between fish and human-derived FbsA, indicating a conserved evolutionary relationship. The refined FbsA structure demonstrated α-helices and random coils with six repetitive regions. Molecular docking confirmed robust binding between FbsA and the D fragment of human Fg, involving key critical residues within the repetitive region (residues 45th–60th). Notably, interaction sites also included the β119–129 regions, overlapping with the plasmin cleavage site, potentially contributing to endocarditis and septicemia pathogenesis.

Conclusion: The structural and functional equivalence of fish- and human-derived FbsA underscores the zoonotic risk of GBS transmission. These findings offer a compelling foundation for targeted vaccine development and preventative strategies to mitigate GBS infections across species boundaries.

Keywords: fibrinogen-binding protein A, fish-to-human transmission, in silico analysis, molecular docking, One Health, Streptococcus agalactiae, zoonosis.

In Egypt, smoked herring is frequently used as a traditional fish product. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the chemical and microbiological quality of smoked fish. A collection of 100 samples of smoked herring fish products packaged and unpackaged (50 of each) was gathered from various supermarkets at El-Menofiea, and yeast significantly differed (p < 0.05) between packaged and unpackaged samples. The chemical investigation of the examined packaged samples showed that the average concentrations of total volatile basic nitrogen (mg/100g), thiobarbituric acid (mg/Kg), free fatty acids (mg %), and Histamine (mg/kg) were 9.4 ± 0.5, 0.37 ± 0.12, 2.5 ± 0.4 and 20 ± 2, respectively while, they were 12.9 ± 1.2, 0.79 ± 0.2, 3.1 ± 0.18 and 43 ± 4 for unpackaged samples, respectively. Therefore, packaged smoked fish was more acceptable and considered low risk than unpackaged fish. So, the packaging is important in producing good quality smoked fish.

Fish are aquatic animals, where they share the same ecosystem with the bacterial community they are associated with. Community structure is a concept that studies the composition of species and their abundance in a community. Information related to bacterial communities associated with their hosts is very important to support fisheries resource management efforts, both through nature conservation and aquaculture. This study of the bacterial community in the digestive tract of fish can be used to support further utilization of potential bacteria that can be used to improve the fish's immune system. This research was conducted to analyze the structure of the bacterial community found in the intestines of Common carp through a metagenomic approach using the NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) method. The method used is a metagenomic approach, including DNA isolation from Common carp intestines. Then molecular identification was carried out using Illumina's NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) method using the 16S rRNA gene marker. The results of the analysis using the NGS method showed as many as 19 types of bacterial phyla identified with the top three phyla, namely Fusobacteria (80%), Bacteriodetes (15%), and Firmicutes (3%). The phylum Fusobacteria is dominated by the genera Fusobacterium, Propionigenium, Ilyobacter, Leptotrichia, and Sebaldella. The phylum Bacteriodetes is dominated by the genera Porphyromonas, Odoribacter, Bacteroides, Sphingobacterium, and Barnesiella. The phylum Firmicutes is dominated by the genera Clostridium, Lactococcus, and Sarcina, Bacillus, and Lactobacillus.

There is an increasing interest in touristic observations of top predators in the wild. Sharks are probably the most sought-after animal in marine ecosystems by divers. Regulations have been put in place, and even if they are more or less respected, providing food is still used in some places in order to attract wild animals. Because of the difficulty in sampling shark guts, few studies have analyzed the microbiota of sharks, and none have evaluated the effect of feeding on this microbiota. In this work, we compare microbiota assemblages of black-tip sharks between sites with and without regular feeding. Our results revealed a significant feeding effect on both alpha and beta diversities of microbiota. Notably, the alpha diversity of fed sharks was lower than unfed sharks. We hypothesize that this result is related to a lower diversity of food intake by sharks in places where feeding is regularly provided. More studies need to be conducted in order to estimate the impact of feeding ...

The search for potential probiotic bacteria of value to medicine , food industry, agriculture and aquaculture has been extended in this study where bacterial isolates from the intestines of talakitok (Alectis sp.), a Philippine marine fish cultured and grown using De Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar was used to isolate Gram positive rods that are catalyse negative. Its identity of 93-95% with Lactobacillus plantarum strains was confirmed by NCBI BLAST of the 16s r RNA forward and reverse sequences.

One hundred and fifty random samples of vacuum packaged meat products (salami, frankfurter and cocktail) 50 of each produced by 2 different processing plants determined as A and B (75 0f each) were collected from different supermarkets located in Qalyobia governorate for determination of their contamination with C. perfringens. The mean values of total C. perfringens counts /g in the examined samples were 3.16×10 2 ± 0.57×10 2 & 9.65×10 2 ± 2.08×10 2 for salami, 8.72×10 2 ± 1.95×10 2 & 2.81×10 3 ± 0.44×10 3 for frankfurter and 2.43×10 3 ± 0.38×10 3 & 7.93×10 3 ±1.51×10 3 for cocktail, respectively. Accurately, C. bifermentas, C. butyricum, C. perfrigens, C. putrefaciens, C. sordelli, C. sporogens and C. tertium were isolated from the examined samples of vacuum packaged salami, frankfurter and cocktail produced by both processing plants A and B with different percentages. Typing of lecithinase positive strains of C. perfringens indicated the presence of types A, B, C and D in the examined samples of vacuum packaged salami, frankfurter and cocktail of both plants in different rates. The significance of isolated C. perfringens in the examined samples of vacuum packaged meat products and possible sources of their contamination as well as some recommendations to improve the quality of such meat items were discussed.

This study was conducted to confirm the bacterial conditions of fish products with E.O.S, and their hazards on public health. A total of 60 samples of fish products represented by smoked: herring and smoked salmon-semi cooked: fish finger and breaded shrimp (15 of each) were collected from different retail markets for bacteriological examination. The average of APC, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Mould & yeast and Staphylococcus aureus counts (log 10 cfu/g) were 4.

The present investigation attempted to evaluate the existence and survival of spoilage microorganisms in four common sea fishes (Poma, Rupchanda, Koral and Tuna) available in Bangladesh and to determine the effects of cooking temperature to optimize the growth of fish microflora. Moreover, the status of fish in frozen condition after cooking was also studied. A total 4 categories of sea fishes were collected from the local shops in Dhaka city. Raw, cooked and frozen fish samples were analyzed for the existence of pathogenic bacteria through the conventional cultural techniques and the confirmative biochemical identification procedures. Total viable bacteria were present in all four fish samples in raw, cooked and frozen condition up to 6 log CFU/mL. Most of the raw fish samples were found to harbor a huge population of microorganisms up to 5 log CFU/mL including the fecal coliforms. Several specific bacterial species like E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Sta...

Establishing long-term microbiome-based monitoring programs is critical for managing and conserving wild fish populations in response to climate change. In most cases, these studies have been conducted on gut and, to a lesser extent, skin (mucus) microbiomes. Here, we exploited the concept of liquid biopsy to study the circulating bacterial microbiome of two Northern halibut species of economic and ecological importance. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were achieved using a single drop of blood fixed on FTA cards to identify the core blood microbiome of Atlantic and Greenland halibut populations inhabiting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. We provide evidence that the circulating microbiome DNA (cmDNA) is driven by genetic and environmental factors. More specifically, we found that the circulating microbiome signatures are species-specific and vary according to sex, size, temperature, condition factor, and geographical localization. Overall, our study provides a no...

The establishment of long-term microbiome-based monitoring programs is critical for the management and conservation of wild fish populations in response to climate change. In most cases, these studies have been conducted on gut and, to a lesser extent, skin (mucus) microbiomes. Here, we exploited the concept of liquid biopsy to study the circulating bacterial microbiome of two Northern halibut species of economic and ecological importance. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was achieved using a single drop of blood fixed on FTA™ cards to identify the core blood microbiome of Atlantic and Greenland halibut populations inhabiting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. We provide evidence that the circulating microbiome DNA (cmDNA) is driven by both species-specific and environmental factors. More specifically, we found that the circulating microbiome signatures are species specific and vary according to sex, size, temperature, condition factor, and geographical localization....

The present investigation attempted to evaluate the existence and survival of spoilage microorganisms in four common sea fishes (Poma, Rupchanda, Koral and Tuna) available in Bangladesh and to determine the effects of cooking temperature to optimize the growth of fish microflora. Moreover, the status of fish in frozen condition after cooking was also studied. A total 4 categories of sea fishes were collected from the local shops in Dhaka city. Raw, cooked and frozen fish samples were analyzed for the existence of pathogenic bacteria through the conventional cultural techniques and the confirmative biochemical identification procedures. Total viable bacteria were present in all four fish samples in raw, cooked and frozen condition up to 6 log CFU/mL. Most of the raw fish samples were found to harbor a huge population of microorganisms up to 5 log CFU/mL including the fecal coliforms. Several specific bacterial species like E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Sta...

Background and Aim: Zebrafish are frequently used as model organisms in scientific research as their genes mirror those of humans. Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria can infect humans and animals, mainly fish. This study aimed to identify the concentration and route of A. hydrophila infection in adult zebrafish. Zebrafish had been used as a challenge test by analyzing their hematological profiles, blood glucose levels, and survival rates.

Materials and Methods: Induction of cell supernatant free (CSF) from A. hydrophila bacteria in adult zebrafish was carried out via bath immersion (BI), intraperitoneal injection (IPI), intramuscular injection (IMI), and healthy zebrafish as a control (C). The bacterial concentrations were 107, 109, and 1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. At 24 h post-infection, the outcomes of infection were evaluated based on survival rates, hematological profiles, and blood glucose levels. A one-way analysis of variance with a confidence level of 95% was employed to examine the data.

Results: In the BI, IPI, and IMI treatment groups, the survival rate of the fish reached a peak of 100%, 22%–100%, and 16%–63%, respectively, compared with the injection technique. In the IMI2 group, a 109 CFU/mL bacterial concentration was determined to correspond to the lethal dosage 50. All infection groups had lower erythrocyte and hemoglobin counts but higher leukocyte counts than the control group. The blood sugar levels of the healthy and infected groups were not significantly different.

Conclusion: The route of A. hydrophila infection through Intramuscular injection with a concentration of 109 CFU/mL indicated a high performance compared to other techniques. This method could be developed as a reproducible challenge test.

The establishment of long-term microbiome-based monitoring programs is critical for the management and conservation of wild fish populations in response to climate change. In most cases, these studies have been conducted on gut and, to a lesser extent, skin (mucus) microbiomes. Here, we exploited the concept of liquid biopsy to study the circulating bacterial microbiome of two Northern halibut species of economic and ecological importance. Amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was achieved using a single drop of blood fixed on FTA™ cards to identify the core blood microbiome of Atlantic and Greenland halibut populations inhabiting the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. We provide evidence that the circulating microbiome DNA (cmDNA) is driven by both species-specific and environmental factors. More specifically, we found that the circulating microbiome signatures are species specific and vary according to sex, size, temperature, condition factor, and geographical localization....

Fungal diseases are frequently occur in fish culture. The aim of this research was to find out the diversity of Aspergillusassociated with fungal diseases in catfish and Tilapia based on 16S rDNA gene sequences in central Java Indonesia. The combination between exploratory in the field and experiment, method were applied. In order to find out the Aspergillus prevalence, 48 fish were collected from fish pond of Demak, Klaten and Semarang Regency. Based on the clinical sign, 24 moribund fish were chosen for fungus isolation. As a result, 21 fungi isolates (FTD01-FTD05; FTK01-FTK08; FCB01-FCB08) were gained from external wounds of fish with Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) medium. Based on the Postulate Koch result showed that three isolates (FTD03, FTK07 and FCB01) that were caused 20-80% of fish get sick and mortal. On the basis of sequence 16S rDNA analysis, the result showed that FTK01, FTK07, and FCB01 were closely related toAspergillus flavus (100%); Aspergillus niger (71%)and Aspergillus fumigatus (77%)respectively.

This study was planned out to evaluate the effectiveness of different traditional cooking methods on the viability of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus by contaminating unpeeled whole shrimp samples with 2.4x 10 6 cfu/g for L. monocytogenes and 4x10 6 cfu/g for S.aureus. Also the effect of refrigeration at 4c°on the viable count of S. aureus and L. monocytogenes, was studied, S. aureus and L. monocytogene counts were 1x10 6 and 3x10 6 cfu/g after one day and 2.7x10 7 and 2x10 5 cfu/g after two days of refrigeration, respectively. This indicated that the refrigeration temperature decreased S. aureus count but increased L. monocytogenes count. While, the traditional cooking by boiling for inoculated shrimp revealed that, the boiling in different stages at zero day, first and second day of refrigeration decreased the count to <10 cfu/g for both. Microwave oven treatment of the samples resulted in destruction of both S. aureus and L. monocytogenes cells decreasing the count from about 10 6 cfu/g to <10cfu/g. With the exposure of inoculated shrimp to different traditional cooking temperatures within one min for each temperature of 60°c decreased L. monocytogenes count to be 1.7x10 2 cfu/g, and S. aureus count to 2x10 4 cfu/g. At 80°c temperature effect on L. monocytogenes count decreased to be <10 cfu/g and S. aureus count to be 3x10 cfu/g.

Background and Aim: The resistance of susceptible fish populations and the adaptive potential of heterogeneous biofilms, which cause multiple antibacterial resistance and long-term persistence of microorganisms, mediate the development and outcome of the infectious process. The study of the fish immunological parameters in interaction with biofilm-forming bacteria is of practical importance for assessing the stability of the homeostasis of the fish. This study aimed to determine the immunobiological parameters of Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus when interacting with biofilm-forming bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila.

Materials and Methods: Clinically healthy fish C. carpio L. (Linnaeus, 1758) of both sexes, aged 4 years, and weighing 1.0–1.5 kg (n = 10), were used in this study. The fish were taken from the pond of the VNIIR experimental base in the period of 2020–2022. The standard method was employed to determine the phagocytic activity of blood cells, the total redox activity of neutrophils, and the bactericidal activity of blood serum.

Results: After 24–48 h of cultivation in nutrient broth, the implementation of the processes of intercellular communication of bacteria had common patterns of formation of the heterogeneous structure of biofilms. Moreover, analyzing the optical density indices (density, D), it was observed that A. hydrophila was a strong producer of biofilms, as the optical density of the sample (density of sample, Ds) exceeded the optical density of the control (density of control, Dc) by more than 4 times (D = 0.464 ± 0.07). The ratio of the average number of microorganisms attached to the surface of one erythrocyte (average adhesion index) and the percentage (%) of erythrocytes having bacteria on their surface (adhesion coefficient [AC]) was 14.05 ± 0.72, and the adhesion index, AI was ≥4.00, indicating A. hydrophila to be highly adhesive. In addition, the AC of erythrocytes having bacteria on the surface was 14.05% ± 0.72%. A direct correlation was established (R2 = 0.94) between the AC (14.05% ± 0.11%–13.29% ± 0.08%) and the phagocytic index (11.3% ± 0.29%–32.0% ± 0.8%). The indicators of spontaneous nitro blue tetrazolium were 103.20 ± 11.70 when estimating the total redox activity of neutrophils. The optical density increased to 182.10 ± 21.12 with the addition of 20.0 μL of A. hydrophila bacteria (1 billion/mL) and the activity of neutrophils also increased.

Conclusion: Among the markers of homeostasis stability, immunological indicators most fully reflect the mechanisms of initiation, development, and outcome of the infectious process mediated by the interaction of adhesive molecules of multicellular eukaryotes and adhesives of infectious disease pathogens. The research will contribute to further understanding the potential mechanism of quorum-sensing molecules and the search for new anti-adhesive drugs that reduce the formation of biofilms.

This study was conducted to confirm the bacterial conditions of fish products with E.O.S, and their hazards on public health. A total of 60 samples of fish products represented by smoked: herring and smoked salmon-semi cooked: fish finger and breaded shrimp (15 of each) were collected from different retail markets for bacteriological examination. The average of APC, Coliform, Escherichia coli, Mould & yeast and Staphylococcus aureus counts (log 10 cfu/g) were 4.

A total of 90 random samples of Saurus, Mackerel and Horse Mackerel (30 of each) were collected from different fish markets in El-Kalubia governorate to be examined bacteriologically for determination of psychrotrophic and Pseudomonas count in such examined samples. The bacteriological examination revealed the mean values of total psychrotrophic count and pseudomonas count in the examined samples of Saurus were 4.08 x 10 5 ± 0.71 x 10ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ ْ 5and 1.26 x 10 4 ± 0.32 x 10 4 cfu/g respectively. 9.95 x 10 4 ± 2.13 x 10 4 , and 5.13 x 10 3 ± 0.91 x 10 3 x 10 3 / gm respectively. in Mackerel ,3,66 x 10 4 ± 0.49 x 10 4 , and 2,47 x 10 3 ± 0.55 x 10 3 /g, in Horse Mackerel.. The incidence of Pseudomonas species were 76.67% 66.67% and 63.33% of the examined samples of Saurus, Mackerel and Horse Mackerel, respectively. The differences between the examined samples of different frozen fish as result of total psychrotrophic count, and total pseudomonas count were highly significant (P< 0.01). Public Health significant of isolated psychrotrophic bacteria and possible sources of fish contamination with such organisms as well as some recommendations to improve the quality of fish were discussed.

Sex-based differences in animal microbiota are increasingly recognized as of biological importance. While most animal biomass is found in aquatic ecosystems and many water-dwelling species are of high economic and ecological value, biological sex is rarely included as an explanatory variable in studies of the aquatic animal microbiota. In this opinion piece, we argue for greater consideration of host sex in studying the microbiota of aquatic animals, emphasizing the many advancements that this information could provide in the life sciences, from the evolution of sex to aquaculture.

Vending of ready-to-eat foods (RTFs) along the high ways is a common practice associated to youth unemployment in Nigeria as in some other countries of the world. RTFs sold  on  streets  have  been  implicated  in  foodborne  illnesses  and  its  attendant  economic loses.  The  microbial  quality  of  ready  to  eat  shrimps  (Penaeus  monodon)  and  snails (Achatina  maginata)  was  investigated  in  three  vending  sites  along  Lagos  –  Shagamu express road. Sixty samples (30 each of shrimps and snails) were analyzed for microbial counts  and for organisms of public health importance. The mean total aerobic plate count cfu/g samples ranged from 1.3 x 104 -  3.5 x 104and 3.8 x 104 -  5.6 x 105in abdomen and capitulum of shrimps and 5.6 x 105-  7.5 x 105 in snails. The samples were contaminated with coliforms and fungi at counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 –  2.3 x 102 and 2.0 x 102 –  8.3 x 103. The microbial isolates identified included species of  Bacillus  (31%),  Staphylococcus a...

The present study aims at the microbiological analysis of market oriented fresh and frozen fish. Displayed portions of raw fish and frozen carried bacteria that can cause foodborne diseases clearly indicates the risk posed by poor sanitation and unhygienic handling, storage and transportation conditions of fish sold in the markets. Research was designed to compare the presence of indigenous and nonindigenous foodborne bacterial pathogens in displayed, prepacked and packed portions of fish in different markets of Lahore, Pakistan. A total 40 samples of fish were purchased from Super Store (Hyper star), Local Market (local carry shop Mughalpura), Retail shop (Data Darbar), and Fresh water (River Ravi) in Lahore city and analyzed for their microbial quality. All the samples were positive for Total plate count, coliform count, Staphylococcal count, Vibrio count. Among 10 fresh water fish samples mean total Plate Count was 3.8 x 103 CFU/g (log 3.58 ± 0.03526 CFU/g). Among 10 super store ...

The study was conducted on ninety fresh, chilled and frozen minced meat to determine their bacterial and nutritional quality and to be screened for meat-borne pathogens in the Menofiya governorate. Statistically, the findings of Aerobic mesophilic, coliform, Staphylococci, and Staphylococcus aureus counts were not significantly different (P &gt;0.05) between the three meat types. Compared to the Egyptian organization standards (EOS), 82.2 % of minced meat had unacceptable Aerobic mesophilic counts, while 79% showed higher levels of S. aureus. In addition, the highest loads of Psychrotrophic counts (5.62 log cfu / g), Coliform counts (3.98 log cfu/g) and Mold and Yeast counts (4.99 log cfu /g) were found, correspondingly, in frozen, chilled and fresh minced meat. The overall incidence of Salmonella sp. out of the three meat types, was 27.8 %. Salmonellae was also isolated from fresh (33.3%), chilled (26.7%) and frozen (23.3%) minced meat. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimu...

A grand total of 90 random samples of salted fish represented by salted sardine, salted Mugil cephalus (fesiekh) and salted Hydrocynus froskahlii (Mellouha) (30 of each) were collected from different supermarkets at El-Kalyoubia governorate. The collected samples were directly transferred to the laboratory for detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens as food poisoning microorganisms. The obtained results indicated that the mean values of Staphylococcus aureus count (cfu/g) in the examined samples of salted sardine, salted Mugil cephalus and salted Hydrocynus froskahlii were 9.77  10 2  2.01  10 2 , 4.25  10 2  0.58  10 2 and 0/g, with an incidence of 73.33%, 43.33% and 0 % for the same examined samples, respectively. The obtained results revealed also that the mean values of Clostridium. perfringens (cfu/g) in the examined samples of salted sardine, salted Mugil cephalus and salted hydrocynus froskahlii were 2.00  10 2 , 5.53  10 2  0.7  10 2 and 0/g, with an incidence of 3.33%, 10% and 0%, for the same examined samples, respectively.

A total of 100 random samples of meat products represented by luncheon, frozen minced meat, kofta, and sausage (25 of each) were collected from different supermarket's shops in Tanta city These products subjected to bacteriological examination as Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Coliform Count, Staph. aureus count and isolation and identification of Salmonellae and E-Coli. The result revealed that minced meat showed relatively higher mean values of Aerobic Plate Count as well as Coliform Count (6.07± 0.1) log CFU/g and (3.1±.1) log CFU/g, respectively than the other products. While, it was the lowest one in Staph aureus count (2.2 ± .07) log CFU/g. Regarding to Salmonellae and E-Coli could be detected in 40% & 32% &12% & 28% & 16% & 24% of minced meat, kofta and sausage, respectively On the other hand, luncheon samples were free from Salmonella and E-coli.

A total of 100 random samples of meat products represented by luncheon, frozen minced meat, kofta, and sausage (25 of each) were collected from different supermarket's shops in Tanta city These products subjected to bacteriological examination as Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Coliform Count, Staph. aureus count and isolation and identification of Salmonellae and E-Coli. The result revealed that minced meat showed relatively higher mean values of Aerobic Plate Count as well as Coliform Count (6.07± 0.1) log CFU/g and (3.1±.1) log CFU/g, respectively than the other products. While, it was the lowest one in Staph aureus count (2.2 ± .07) log CFU/g. Regarding to Salmonellae and E-Coli could be detected in 40% & 32% &12% & 28% & 16% & 24% of minced meat, kofta and sausage, respectively On the other hand, luncheon samples were free from Salmonella and E-coli.

This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological status of fresh Tilapia nilotica, fresh Clarias lazera, frozen Mackerel and smoked Herring fish marketed in Beni-Suef City. The collected samples were examined for total bacterial count, coli form (MPN), faecal coli forms (MPN), E. coli (MPN), Staphylococcus aureus count, total proteolytic count, total lipolytic count, Aeromonas count and Pseudomonas count, as well as the isolation of E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes. Most of the examined samples were within the permissible limits recommended by EOS and ICMSF, few samples of fresh Clarias lazera exceeded the recommended limits. The economic importance and public health significance of the isolated organisms were discussed.

Along with the raw fishes, dry fishes also have a huge contribution to meet up the demand of protein in our daily meal. The assay of microbiological quality is therefore needed to ensure the public health safety. The present study was emphasized on the existence of pathogenic bacteria in raw and dry fish. A total of 50 samples of raw fishes and sun-dried fishes was accumulated aseptically for microbiological quality analysis. Isolation of bacteria was done by spread plate method. All the samples including both (raw and dry) fishes harbored bacteria and fungi up to 106 CFU/g. E. coli was found in all samples as a specific pathogen. In case of raw fishes total viable count (TVC) and total coliform count (E. coli) were recorded up to 2.5x106 CFU/g and 5.2 x104 CFU/g respectively whereas a significant load of Salmonella spp. was observed in almost all samples. Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were present up to 5 x102 CFU/g and 1.8 x 102 CFU/g respectively. Likewise, total viabl...

The chicken meat is one of the main sources of animal protein all over the world; and the volume of their production, marketing and consumption is increasing to satisfy the public demand worldwide within the last decades (Lyon et al., 2007). A total of 90 random samples of chicken meat products (nuggets, luncheon and frozen shawerma) (25 g, 30 of each), were collected from different supermarkets at El-Menufia governorates. The mean values of aerobic plate, coliforms and Staphylococci counts were 1.99 ×10 5 ± 0.62×10 5 , 1.14×10 3 ± 0.35×10 3 and 4.3×10 2 ± 1×10 2 (cfu/g) in chicken luncheon, 3.83 ×105 ± 9.6×10 4 , 5.0×10 3 ± 1.2 ×10 3 , 1.6×10 3 ± 0.42×10 3 cfu/g, in chicken nuggets and 2.77×10 6 ± 1.4×10 6 , 6.33×10 3 ± 1.7×10 3 and 1.97×10 3 ± 0.52×10 3 (cfu/g) in shawerma, respectively. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in the examined samples of chicken luncheon, nuggets, and shawerma wad 7 (23.3%), 9 (30%) and 14 (46.6%), While the incidence of E. coli was 4 (13.3%), 5 (16.6%) and 7 (23.3%), in the examined samples of luncheon, nuggets, and shawerma, respectively. Most of the examined chicken meat products were contaminated with E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus and this is considered objectionable.

The present study aims at the microbiological analysis of market oriented fresh and frozen fish. Displayed portions of raw fish and frozen carried bacteria that can cause foodborne diseases clearly indicates the risk posed by poor sanitation and unhygienic handling, storage and transportation conditions of fish sold in the markets. Research was designed to compare the presence of indigenous and nonindigenous foodborne bacterial pathogens in displayed, prepacked and packed portions of fish in different markets of Lahore, Pakistan. A total 40 samples of fish were purchased from Super Store (Hyper star), Local Market (local carry shop Mughalpura), Retail shop (Data Darbar), and Fresh water (River Ravi) in Lahore city and analyzed for their microbial quality. All the samples were positive for Total plate count, coliform count, Staphylococcal count, Vibrio count. Among 10 fresh water fish samples mean total Plate Count was 3.8 x 103 CFU/g (log 3.58 ± 0.03526 CFU/g). Among 10 super store ...

The present investigation attempted to evaluate the existence and survival of spoilage microorganisms in four common sea fishes (Poma, Rupchanda, Koral and Tuna) available in Bangladesh and to determine the effects of cooking temperature to optimize the growth of fish microflora. Moreover, the status of fish in frozen condition after cooking was also studied. A total 4 categories of sea fishes were collected from the local shops in Dhaka city. Raw, cooked and frozen fish samples were analyzed for the existence of pathogenic bacteria through the conventional cultural techniques and the confirmative biochemical identification procedures. Total viable bacteria were present in all four fish samples in raw, cooked and frozen condition up to 6 log CFU/mL. Most of the raw fish samples were found to harbor a huge population of microorganisms up to 5 log CFU/mL including the fecal coliforms. Several specific bacterial species like E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Sta...

The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of bodies of water on the fjard and skerrie shores by their uplift. The object of the study is the Lake Kislo-Sladkoe on the Karelian Coast of the White Sea (Russia). It was established that Lake Kislo-Sladkoe was a narrow strait with fast tidal currents up to 600-500 years ago; about 100-150 years ago it became a semi-enclosed lagoon; and since the 1960s the isolation progressed to such a stage that communication with the sea is now limited to monthly reflux of sea water during syzygy tides. Most of the time the lake is stratified, autumn mixing occurs on average once every two years during autumn storms. In the period between these cases the lake stays meromictic with the brackish communities in the upper layer, high amount and biomass of the several eurybiontic species below the halocline, high density of sulfur bacteria on the border of aerobic and anoxic zones, and anaerobic bacterial community in the bottom water. In the previous marine strait the water was totally homogeneous, saturated with the oxygen, and represented typical marine environment. Such dramatic changes occur due to the postglacial uplift of the coast (1-4 mm/ year) and closure of bays and straits by coastal accumulative landforms. The emergence of small bars and spits can accelerate the separation of these bodies of water from the sea by 100-150 years.

Smoked fish is relished food item in many dishes in Nigeria. Traditional smoked silver catfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) that floods the smoked fish market of the Lagos State of Nigeria are not microbiologically shelf-stable; hence, the need for a study on their microbiological quality and safety. ‘Fresh silver catfish’ (100 samples) and smoked silver catfish (100 samples) were collected from 20 different processing centres and the fresh samples were smoked with convectional smoke kiln as control and microbiological analyses were conducted. Each batch was assessed for: total viable count (TVC), fungal count (FC), Listeria monocytogenes (LM) count, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) count, Salmonella Paratyphi (SP) count and presence or absence of Escherichia coli (EC). The results obtained showed significant variations (p&lt;0.05) for all the microbial counts of the smoked fish samples. The mean TVC range of 6.6 x 106 - 8.8 x 108 cfu/g was recorded for fresh silver catfish samples and 2...

The present study aimed at estimating the microbiological and chemical characteristics of traditionally dry-salted fish product, Alestes baremoze.  A total of 40 random dry fish samples were collected from Arua, Nebbi, Packwach and Panyimur markets.  Moisture content, pH, crude protein, crude fat and sodium chloride were analysed to determine chemical quality while Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas spp. were determined to estimate the microbial quality. The moisture content of dry-salted fish collected from different markets was in the range of 37 to 41%. Mean values of sodium chloride obtained in the fish muscle were in the range of 13 to 14% and significantly differed across fish markets.  Results from microbial analysis expressed as colony-forming units per gram of sample  indicated that S. aureus was the most dominant bacteria identified in dry-salted fish sold in all markets with Neb...

The low cost of fish in comparison to the cost of meat gives it a high advantage. However, the fungal contamination leading to spoilage of fish and causing public health hazard. This study aimed to survey and identify fungal spoilage species of some marine fish which marketed in Saudi Arabia. A total of one 160 samples from 8 types of fishes; Red sea Bream "Pagrus pagrus", Rabbitfish "Siganus rivulatus", Spanish mackerel "Scomberomorous commerson", Salmon "Salmoniformes", Red mullet "Mullus surmuletus", Whiteleg shrimp "Litopenaeus vannamei", Spangled emperor "Lethrinus nebulosus", and Yellowfin hind "Cephalopholis hemistiktos" 20 fish from each fish type. Samples prepared and plated on PDA and SDA, incubated for 3-7 days/ 28±2ᵒC and examined daily. Macroscopic and microscopic identified with lacto phenol cotton blue to detect fungal structures. Result revealed that; 33.1%, 5.1%,

The high nutritional value of fish makes it highly perishable because it provides favorable medium for the growth of microorganisms after catching. In addition, they can also act as carriers of several microbial and other health hazards. Many mould growth on foods stored at low temperature is common and recurring problem. Certain molds are known to be capable of producing mycotoxins at low temperature as low as (-2 to 10°) C. That encouraging us to perform this study which aimed to survey, isolation and perform different further genetic identification of fungal spoilage species of some marine fish from Saudi Arabia markets. 100 samples from 5 types of fishes; Salmon "Salmoniformes", Red sea Bream "Pagrus pagrus", Rabbitfish "Siganus rivulatus", Spanish mackerel "Scomberomorous commerson", Red mullet "Mullus surmuletus", collected from Jeddah fish markets, then prepared aseptically and plated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium incubated for 3-7 days/ 28±2 0 C and examined daily Macroscopically, microscopically and genetically. The results recorded 4 species of fungi; Aspergillus eucalypticola as one of (Black Aspergilli), Aspergillus oryzae as (white Aspergilli), Penicillium digitatum as (green fungi) and Byssochlamys spectabilis. This is the first report of Penicillium digitatum and Byssochlamys spectabilis in fish. Furthermore, the research identified each fungi gene cluster. More attention in fish rearing facilities, caution should be taken by consumers in preparation and applying perfect cooking in consuming fish and more education and efforts should be developed by fish farmers to avoid fishponds contamination. We recommended to further research should be done on fungal contaminations.

The present study aims at the microbiological analysis of market oriented fresh and frozen fish. Displayed portions of raw fish and frozen carried bacteria that can cause foodborne diseases clearly indicates the risk posed by poor sanitation and unhygienic handling, storage and transportation conditions of fish sold in the markets. Research was designed to compare the presence of indigenous and nonindigenous foodborne bacterial pathogens in displayed, prepacked and packed portions of fish in different markets of Lahore, Pakistan. A total 40 samples of fish were purchased from Super Store (Hyper star), Local Market (local carry shop Mughalpura), Retail shop (Data Darbar), and Fresh water (River Ravi) in Lahore city and analyzed for their microbial quality. All the samples were positive for Total plate count, coliform count, Staphylococcal count, Vibrio count. Among 10 fresh water fish samples mean total Plate Count was 3.8 x 103 CFU/g (log 3.58 ± 0.03526 CFU/g). Among 10 super store ...

Fish is one of the most important sources of animal protein available in the tropics and has been widely accepted as a good source of protein and other elements for the maintenance of healthy body. Salting and drying is an ancient and simple method to preserve fish and in India about 17% of the total catch is being used for salting and drying. The present investigation was aimed to analyse the presence of osmotolerant microbes in the dry fishes. The commercially important marine edible salted dry fishes were collected from the study area Pallam. Four common edible dry fishes like (Nethili, Sardines, Ribbon fish and Prawn) were selected for the screening of microbial population. The highest TFC value was reported in Sardine and Ribbon fish (510 3) than the other fishes like Netthili and Prawn (410 3 and 210 3). The moisture content was higher (45%) in Prawn followed by Ribbon fish (40%), Sardines (29%), Netthili (26%). In this study, Prawn had high moisture content (45%) and high microbial load (5.310 4 cfu/g). Total five fungal species were isolated from the selected dried fishes. The result of isolation of human pathogens such as Salmonella and Vibrio identified from the selected dry fish samples. The nutritive value of raw fish in found to be good. The sensory characteristics such as colour, odor, texture, insect infestation showed that the Sardine and Prawn was good in quality, while the netthili had decreased the quality. The study showed that salted and sundried fishes sold in study area are contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and fungal agents. Spoilage of dried fish products was found and this might be due to unhygienic handling of the fisher folks, improper processing and unhygienic vendors and vending areas.

To date, it has been increasingly clear, that microbiota plays essential role in the host microorganism. Due to high phylogenetic diversity and wide distribution understanding of gut microbiota of fish is ambiguous. We elucidate previously undescribed diversity of bacteria in the White Sea fish posterior intestine based on 16S rRNA metabarcoding: shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius), lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) arctic flounder (Liopsetta glacialis), cod (Gadus morhua), and herring (Clupea pallasii). Proteobacteria were most abundant in all the samples. All datasets contained high number of reads corresponded to Psychrobacter, Halomonas, Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio abundant in the White Sea water.Vast majority of bacterial reads corresponded to the Vibrionaceae (Aliivibrio, Vibrio, and Photobacterium). It is in accordance with our previous study focused on bioluminescent bacteria, where we isolated strains of these genera from the same fish intestine samples. The datasets of G. morhua and Cl. pallasii were enriched by reads of Shewanella (also isolated previously microbiologically due to luminescence of some its strains); the datasets of G. morhua and M. scorpius contained high number of Mycoplasma, which is in line with previous reports on the microbiome of marine fish gut from other geographical regions. Collectively, on the one hand, the study is a confirmation of known data on marine fish gut microbiome, on the other hand, it reveals some specific patterns of White Sea fish gut microbiota, e.g. presence of bacteria common for water from this region.

Here, we report the draft genome sequences of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium phaeovibrioides strains GrTcv12 and PhvTcv-s14, isolated from the chemocline zone from meromictic Lake Trekhtzvetnoe, separated from the White Sea, in Russia. This is the first report showing the presence of plasmids containing antiphage systems in the Chlorobium sp. genome.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the keeping quality of powder milk sold at local markets in Mansoura City, Egypt, and to isolate the contaminated bacteria particularly Salmonella spp., E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus from these milk samples. Materials and methods: A total of 50 powder milk samples were collected from different sources at Mansoura, Egypt. The samples were subjected for physical examination to determine their pH and acidity. Microbiologcal assessment of the samples were done by Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), True fecal E. coli count, and Most Probable Number (MPN), and Total mold and yeast count. Results: Minimum and maximum values of TBC were 0.45×10 2 cfu/gm and 5.11×10 3 cfu/gm milk powder, respectively. On the other hand, minimum and maximum values of fungal count were 0.08×10 2 /gm and 2×10 2 /gm samples, respectively. No E. coli and Salmonella spp. could be isolated from the samples. However, 18% (n=9/50) samples were found to be contaminated with Staph. aureus. Conclusion: Based on the Egyptian Standards, the samples were satisfactory in terms of the association of Salmonella spp., E. coli, and fungi. Contamination with Staph. aureus warrans the public health. Thus, appropriate care and preventive measures are suggested.

Frozen fish are exposed to many risks of contamination during long chain of catching, transportation, dressing and freezing from different sources. Till they reach to consumers which make it harmful or unfit for human consumption. A total of 100 random samples of frozen Saurus and Mackerel (50 of each) were collected from different fish markets at El-Menofia governorate. They were subjected to bacteriological examination for isolation of Psychotropic and Pseudomonas species. The bacteriological examination revealed that the mean values of total Psychotropic count in the examined samples of Saurus were1.07×10 7 ±2.82×10 6 and 1.14×10 7 ±3.2×10 6 in Mackerel. The incidence of Pseudomonas species was 40%and50% of the examined samples of Saurus and Mackerel, respectively. The incidence of identified Pseudomonas species isolated from the examined samples of frozen fish were Ps. aeruginosa, Ps. dimenuta, Ps. fluorescence, Ps. putida and Ps. fragi. The Pseudomonas species were resistant to chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid. In contrast they were sensitive to gentamycin except Ps. fluorescence AB susceptibility

The present investigation attempted to evaluate the existence and survival of spoilage microorganisms in four common sea fishes (Poma, Rupchanda, Koral and Tuna) available in Bangladesh and to determine the effects of cooking temperature to optimize the growth of fish microflora. Moreover, the status of fish in frozen condition after cooking was also studied. A total 4 categories of sea fishes were collected from the local shops in Dhaka city. Raw, cooked and frozen fish samples were analyzed for the existence of pathogenic bacteria through the conventional cultural techniques and the confirmative biochemical identification procedures. Total viable bacteria were present in all four fish samples in raw, cooked and frozen condition up to 6 log CFU/mL. Most of the raw fish samples were found to harbor a huge population of microorganisms up to 5 log CFU/mL including the fecal coliforms. Several specific bacterial species like E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Vibrio spp. were present in raw samples. However, the microbial load reduced from the fish after cooking and the status was static in frozen condition. Thus, the incidence of fecal coliforms in raw fish may be considered as a serious threat to the public health upon consumption of such fishes.

A total of 90 shops were selected for data collection and 240 street food samples were collected. Maximum vendors 92.22% were male and age between 21-40 years. Majority (71.11%) of them were primary educated. About 92.33% vendors had owned business. The majority (62.28%) of them daily net profit up to TK. 500. Virtually 88.89% had no license. 68.89% of the vendors used stored water for cleaning utensils followed by pond and river water. About 77% of the vendors did not cover their food while selling. All of them use tube-well water as drinking water. About 58.89% of the vendors disposed their garbage on the roadside and a few (21.11%) threw them in the pond. During vending 37.78% vendor were kept their food in the open showcase. Only 1.11% consumer had the well knowledge about nutrition and 5.557% in hygiene. 38.89% consumers were student where degree or above educated. Most of the consuming areas (57.78%) were station. About 38.89% consumers had no idea of food preservation. Majority (57.77%) of consumers, consume always in road side. 77.77%of consumer"s were eaten roadside food as it saves time and easy access, although only 61.11% of them received it as unhygienic food. But it was gratifying to observe that nearly 72% of the consumers cut their nails properly. About one third (31.90%) of the samples were contaminated where 17.67% for E. coli. and, 15% for salmonella in street food.

Sixty random samples of fish and fish products (frozen fish: Tilapia nilotica and imported basa fillet
– salted fish: Mugil cephalus and sardine) (15 of each) were collected from different supermarkets
in Egypt. All collected samples were microbiologically examined for determination of Aerobic
Plate Count (APC), coliforms, Escherichia coli, Mould & yeast and Staphylococcal aureus
counts (log10 cfu/g). Isolation and identification of salmonella, liesteria monocytogenes and Vibrio
parahaemoliticus. The bacteriological examination revealed that the mean values of APC in the
examined fish samples were 4.80± 0.16, 4.63±0.18, 2.35±0.18 and 2.70±0.13 (log10 cfu/g) for
frozen Tilapia nilotica, Basa salted Mugil cephalus and Sardine respectively, 1.48± 0.22, 2.19±0.19,
2.10±0.16 and 2.52±0.11 average coliform counts in examined samples respectively, and E.coli
count with an average of 2.52±0.14, 2.01±0.17, 1.31±0.11and 1.64±0.14. Mould & yeast average
counts were 0.93±0.18, 1.22±0.16, 1.67±0.021 and 1.69±0.18 in examined fish samples,
respectively, and the Staphylococcal counts were 1.30±0.17, 1.58±0.26, 2.12±0.14, 1.46±0.23 and
2.17±0.17 in examined fish samples, respectively. The incidence of food poisoning organisms
(Salmonella & Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus also was investigated and one
of both Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were isolated in frozen Basa fillet
samples with a percentage of 33% and 33% from the examined samples.

Japanese cuisine is known for its nutritional and sensory quality. Sushi and sashimi are highly perishable and widely consumed foods in Brazil. The production and storage of these foods under appropriate conditions are critical factors in ensuring consumer safety. This study was carried out to evaluate the microbiological and physicochemical conditions of sushi and sashimi sold in Japanese restaurants as well as their handling conditions. Samples of sushi (36) and sashimi (35) and 112 swabs of food handlers were collected from 18 Japanese restaurants of the central region, Brazil. Temperature, pH and Total Volatile Nitrogen Bases (in sashimi) of food samples were determined. Thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase positive Staphylococcus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus (in sushi) counts and the detection of Salmonella sp. were also performed. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were investigated in the swabs samples. The average temperature of the food samples at all the restaurants was higher than the recommended value as well as 63.9% of the sushi and 54.3% of the sashimi samples had above recommended pH. All sashimi samples had content within legal limits of Total Volatile Nitrogen Bases. Four samples (5.6%) were positive for thermotolerant coliforms, and in three of them (4.2%), E. coli was isolated. High counts of Bacillus cereus were found in 22.2% of the sushi samples. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella sp. were not found in the samples analysed. In 9.0% of the clinical samples, thermotolerant coliforms were detected and E. coli was found in 5.4% (n = 6) of them. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected on any food handler. The high storage temperature of food, the lack of heat treatment and the microbial contamination found may lead the present microorganisms to reach high counts until consumption, and therefore represent risk to consumers. Thus, effective prevention by supervisory bodies is essential.

This study was conducted to confirm the bacterial conditions of fish products with E.O.S, and its hazards on public health. A total
of 60 samples of fish products (smoked fish: herring and smoked salmon–semi cooked fish: fish finger and breaded shrimp) (15 of
each) were collected from different retail markets for bacteriological examination. The average of APC, Coliform, Escherichia coli,
Mould and yeast and Staphylococcal aureus counts (log10 cfu/g) were 4.17 ± 0.12, 2.92 ± 0.16, 2.19 ± 0.23, 3.96 ± 0.14 and 1.72 ± 0.21
for herring, respectively, 3.16 ± 0.19, 2.69 ± 0.13, 1.22 ± 0.16, 2.22 ± 0.18 and 1.06 ± 0.06 in smoked salmon, respectively, 2.78 ± 0.12,
2.02 ± 0.22, 1.59 ± 0.22, 2.14 ± 0.15 and 1.24 ± 0.24 in fish finger, respectively, and 2.60 ± 0.13, 2.33 ± 0.14, 1.46 ± 0.23, 1.96 ± 0.20,
0 ± 0 in breaded shrimp, respectively. The incidence of food poisoning organisms (Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio
parahaemolyticus also investigated and no one of them was isolated in the examined samples.

Vending of ready-to-eat foods (RTFs) along the high ways is a common practice associated to youth unemployment in Nigeria as in some other countries of the world. RTFs sold on streets have been implicated in foodborne illnesses and its attendant economic loses. The microbial quality of ready to eat shrimps (Penaeus monodon) and snails (Achatina maginata) was investigated in three vending sites along Lagos – Shagamu express road. Sixty samples (30 each of shrimps and snails) were analyzed for microbial counts and for organisms of public health importance.