Fianancial Management

The Lisbon Strategy is a key document of the EU, which deals with the priorities and measures for the stimulation of economic, social and ecological renewal of member states in the period 2000-2010. There are more than 130 structural measures from the fields of national development, employment, research and innovations, economic reforms, social coherence and living environment, which can be used for the evaluation and quantification as well as the modernization of European economics and the improvement of its global competitiveness. The structural measures for international comparisons have been developed by Eurostat and they are used by the European Council as the basic data for the evaluation of the level of attainments of the goals of the Lisbon Strategy. In the last few years, a list of 15 key indicators has been developed. They are: GDP per head in parity of purchasing capacity, labour productivity in parity of purchasing capacity, employment rate, employment rate of women, employment rate of elderly people, number of persons with secondary school certificate from the ages between 20 and 24, science and research expenditures as a share of GDP, investments as a share of GDP, price level, exposure to poverty, level of long term unemployment, emission of glasshouse effect, energy consumption as a share of GDP, goods traffic as a share of GDP and regional dispersion of the unemployment rate. The goal of this paper is to propose some methodological approaches that are suitable for analyzing these indicators. The proposal for a correct methodology is highly complicated due to the miscellanea of the variables involved. The multiple dimensional statistical methods seem to be useful especially because of its ability to evaluate complex sets of variables.

The research discusses the influence of attitudes, knowledge, organizational commitment, reward, and competence on job involvement within the oil and gas sector, an emerging sector with limited empirical studies. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational design and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the research measures quantitatively the degree to which the constructs impact staff engagement. The findings show that organizational commitment (β=0.868) and rewards (β=0.749) are the strongest predictors of job involvement, supporting the necessity of encouraging commitment and competitive reward. In contrast, skills (β=-0.22), knowledge (β=-0.055), and attitude (β=-0.072) reveal weak or negative relations, suggesting these might not encourage participation as well. The study is aware of its limitations, i.e., the sample domain being limited to a single firm and applying self-reported approaches, which may impact the external validity of the study findings. However, the outcomes need commitment building, reward system correction, and assignment of challenging work to top performers. The study adds to work commitment in dangerous industries, and the findings can help organizations use it as a source of information for the improvement of employee commitment and performance by using proper human resource practices.

What if public financial management (PFM) wasn’t designed from the top down, but co
created by the very people it’s meant to serve? This book introduces the Citizen Centric Flow
Theory (CCFT) - a transformative framework that shifts citizens from passive beneficiaries to
active participants in shaping how public funds are planned, spent, and monitored.
Drawing on participatory governance, behavioral finance, civic technology, and systems
thinking, CCFT redefines public funds not as one-way flows from government to citizens, but
as responsive, multidirectional streams guided by real-time data, community input, and lived
realities. It presents three operational models:
 Engage Flow FinEffect - enhancing public budgeting through citizen participation.
 Trans Flow FinEffect - improving procurement systems through inclusive and
transparent design.
 Serve Flow FinEffect - enabling communities to audit, monitor, and strengthen
service delivery.
Unlike traditional reforms that treat citizen engagement as symbolic, CCFT embeds
participation into the very structure of fiscal systems. Through case studies from Kenya,
Ghana, India, South Africa, and Indonesia, the book illustrates how CCFT reduces
corruption, increases transparency, and strengthens trust in public institutions.
It also explores how emerging technologies like AI, blockchain, and digital civic tools can
support these new financial flows - merging innovation with inclusion.
By combining rigorous theory with practical insights, Citizen Centric Flow Theory offers a
new paradigm for 21st-century governance - one that places people, not just procedures, at
the center of public finance. It is an essential read for policymakers, civil society leaders,
development practitioners, and anyone committed to building fiscal systems that are truly
democratic, accountable, and future-ready.
In an era of deepening inequality, fiscal mistrust, and democratic backsliding, this book offers
a timely and actionable response. CCFT provides not only a framework for more equitable
financial systems but a pathway to rebuilding the social contract between governments and
their people. It challenges institutions to move beyond rhetoric and invest in governance
models where transparency, inclusion, and co-creation are not optional - but foundational.
More than a theory, CCFT is a call to action:
 For governments, it offers a new blueprint for responsive governance.
 For civil society, it provides tools to reclaim fiscal agency.
 For academics, it opens a new space for participatory financial thinking.
 And for citizens, it promises a future where their voices are structurally embedded in
public financial decisions.

Banks are the most important players in any financial system since they play such an
important part in economic growth by enduring transformations and enabling key payment
systems. The CAMEL rating is a supervisory grading system that was created in the United
States to evaluate a bank's overall health. CAMEL is a methodology for measuring bank
performance that is based on ratios. The study examines and analyses the financial
performance of Telangana private banks using five parameters: capital sufficiency, asset
quality, managerial efficiency, earning quality, and liquidity. This study is beneficial in
learning about the financial performance of the private banks that have been chosen.

The study aimed to assess how credit and liquidity risks influence the profitability of banks, focusing on 29 Pakistani banks from 2010 to 2022. Mismanagement of asset-backed securities led to the worldwide financial crisis of 2008, which had far-reaching consequences, especially for Pakistan, where the banking industry is vital to the country's economy. Panel regression was applied to assess the objective. In order to compare fixed and random effects, the study also used the Hausman Test, which finally favored fixed effect models. The findings highlight how crucial it is to manage credit and liquidity risks in order to preserve Pakistani banks' stability and profitability. The findings of the study reveal a positive correlation between liquidity risk and Return on Assets (ROA), indicating that as liquidity risk increases, ROA also tends to increase. Conversely, a negative relationship was observed between credit risk and ROA, suggesting that as credit risk rises, ROA tends to decline. The study benefits to managers, regulators, and investors, as they highlight the need to manage liquidity and credit risks effectively to maintain profitability. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the impact of credit risk and liquidity risk on bank profitability, providing a foundation for future research.

This study examined the impact of non-performing loans on bank profitability, using the information asymmetry theory and the bad management hypothesis. This study used a descriptive research design to use secondary data from 31 commercial banks in Kenya over 9 years from 2014 to 2022. The study employed multiple regression analysis techniques and descriptive statistics to determine the impact of non-performing loans in banks in Kenya. Similarly, the Ordinary Least-Squares regression method was employed, followed by examining the Fixed Effects and Random Effects techniques. According to the study results, the profitability of commercial banks in Kenya is negatively impacted by higher levels of non-performing loans. Thus, the results supported the theories of information asymmetry and bad management. The study results have managerial and theoretical implications for managers and practitioners.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST), introduced in India in 2017, replaced multiple indirect taxes with a unified tax system aimed at simplifying tax compliance and boosting economic growth. This study focuses on GST buoyancy, which measures the responsiveness of tax revenues to changes in economic activity, particularly Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). Using data from 2017 to 2023, the study examines GST collections in selected Indian states across CGST, SGST, and IGST. The findings reveal that states like Maharashtra, Kerala, and Karnataka demonstrate high tax buoyancy, reflecting efficient revenue growth. However, some states face challenges, with GST revenue growth lagging behind economic expansion. The analysis highlights the role of GST in improving tax compliance and transparency, while also addressing the variations in economic performance and tax revenues across states. Overall, GST has shown potential for long-term economic stability, but regional disparities need further attention.

Progress in information and communication technology (ICT) has caused many structural changes such as reorganizing of globalization, economics or trade extension. Personal computers and the Internet provide the equipment and connectivity that allows companies to benefit from ICTs. The impact of ICT on business efficiency is the subject of many studies and statistical surveys. Some studies demonstrate a clear return on investment in ICT. Other surveys show the benefits of ICT, but there are no specificities, that lead to ICT efficiency maximization. Information and communication technology is a broad area, so we will focus mainly on the use of computers and computer networks, the use of the Internet and the promotion through the web site, which are partial parts of our survey. The survey focused on the agriculture section, because other economic activities are mapped relatively well by official statistical surveys. The findings of the research indicate progress in the use of computers and computer networks over a similar survey realized in 2009. It is also possible to claim this in the case of website promotion. However, it is still possible to conclude that agriculture is lagging behind in comparison with other economic activities.

This paper deals with the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system with emphasis on the importance for the competitiveness of a business. The aim of the present article is to seek whether a business pursues customer value on a regular basis regardless of its size. Monitoring customer value can thus be one of the criteria that measure the success of implementing an overall customer relationship management concept in a particular business. CRM system is also used in agribusiness.

Information and communication technologies are a tool to streamline production, and therefore they must be properly secured. The article is aimed at solving security and protection of agribusiness ICT. For a more detailed analysis of this issue there has been carried out a research. Its partial results were submitted to statistical analysis and are presented in the following article. The basic prerequisite for the implementation of any safety measures is the risk analysis when properly conducted it enables the effective implementation of safety measures and the corresponding potential threats and protected values of organization. The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of particular forms of ICTs on protection, determination of the possible impact of the implementation of the risk and threat analysis for the enterprise.

The paper deals with comparison of organic and conventional agriculture from two points of view. Firstly the managerial point of view examing number of employees and the personal costs per hectare. Secondly, the owners' point of view examing profitability of organic farming. Both views result from the specifics of organic farming. Organic production usually generates higher employment, higher personal cost and results in lower yields. We evaluated differences between organic and conventional agriculture in Slovakia over period of years 2009-2012 on a sample of more than 1050 farms in each year. The share of organic farms was 15%. Using t-test as evaluation method we found no significant differences from the managerial point of view (measured by employees per hectare and personal costs per hectare). From the owner' s point of view (measured by return on costs, return on equity and total assets per hectare) we conclude that the subsidies successfully compensate the lower reven...

The article examines the special conditions for the development of the competitive potential branding model of subjects of agro-food sector of economy of Ukraine. It is proven that the branding model in the system of subjects competitive potential of the agri-food sector of the economy ensures the value and effectiveness of the agricultural raw materials supply chain in the market with a low degree of processing, and also regulates the interindustry interaction of its participants. It is substantiated that the methodological basis of the competitive potential branding model of subjects of the agro-industrial sector of the economy is the calculation of the additional value of products in the supply chain of agricultural raw materials on the market with a low degree of processing, by combining global and national "Input-Output" indicators of a certain country, in the flow of bilateral trade The method of evaluating the competitive positioning of subjects of the agro-food sector of the economy on the market is presented. A collection of brand evaluation methods is grouped according to the factor indicator of the development of competitive branding of agro-food products. The economic activity of the dairy industry and the dairy production structure in the priority regions of Ukraine were analyzed. World and Ukrainian leaders of dairy companies on the market have been identified. Moreover, it has been proven that the competitive branding of subjects of the agro-industrial sector of the economy of Ukraine in the integration interaction with the EU countries contributes to the acceleration of investment activities for the modernization of the dairy production technology and their quality. An assessment of market attractiveness and competitive potential of the leaders of branded dairy products in Ukraine was carried out. The "McKinsey" matrix was built and the positions of dairy product leaders on the market were determined. Proposed measures to increase the competitive potential of dairy companies of the agro-food sector of the Ukrainian economy according to the composite scoring index Market Score, which determines the market opportunities and branding capabilities of the studied entities on the market. The difficulties faced by dairy companies of the agro-food sector of the economy of Ukraine during the war and the ways to solve them are analyzed as well.

This paper examines the challenges and opportunities of applying Public Financial Management (PFM) principles within the Nigerian Army, with a focus on the role of the Nigerian Army Finance Corps (NAFC). While national PFM policies promote transparency, accountability and fiscal discipline, they are primarily designed for civilian institutions and often prove rigid in the context of military operations. The study highlights structural misalignments, such as procurement delays and inflexible budget ceilings, which hinder effective financial support during high-tempo missions. It advocates for the development of internal NAFC guidelines that adapt national frameworks to operational realities, including emergency expenditure protocols and pre-authorized field spending limits. Additionally, the paper underscores the need for digital transformation through ICT investment, personnel training and cybersecurity measures to improve compliance with systems like IPPIS and GIFMIS. Ultimately, the paper calls for stronger inter-agency collaboration and regular digital audits to ensure that financial management within the military remains both effective and accountable in an evolving security environment.

Higher education faces its greatest combinations of challenges: economic uncertainty, accountability and globalization: overlaid by emerging technologies. University leaders face the twin trials of dramatic decreases in public financial support and the increasing cost of resources to avoid technological obsolescence. Technologies continue to evolve that will disrupt higher education in the future. The challenge for traditional universities whose concentration historically has been the production of knowledge in the form of human capital, research, and scholarship is to be able to tap into the expanding need for lifelong learning. Access to higher education will be a necessity for job mobility and economic success. Survival for universities requires modification and adaptation. Traditional educational paradigms have changed and the physical university is now a combination multi-dimensional education model. All these changes demand planning, specifically strategic planning, if higher education institutions are to be competitive and ultimately successful.

The South African government and economic growth are jeopardised by corruption in public money. Issues stemming from apartheid, inadequate public financial management, fragile regulatory frameworks, and entrenched political favouritism have intensified the situation. This chapter analyses the corruption in South Africa's public finance, its theoretical underpinnings, and its impact on public trust, economic development, and governance. Rent-seeking entities promote corruption, as evidenced by Buchanan's (1980) public choice theory and Klitgaard's (1988) monopoly and discretion model. Inaccurate financial reporting, procurement fraud, embezzlement, and misappropriation of funds deplete public resources essential for critical services and infrastructure. Institutional economics demonstrates how inadequate institutions foster corruption. Despite the existence of legislation, addressing corruption remains challenging. The chapter employs international case studies to advocate for legal frameworks, openness, and the efficacy of public institutions in combating corruption. The chapter advocates for ethical governance, enhancement of public sector capabilities, citizen engagement, legislative measures, and cultural reforms to combat corruption. This highlights the policy constraints associated with executing anti-corruption policies, such as political opposition, constrained institutional resources, and societal complicity. Future research should investigate anticorruption tactics and the potential of technology to enhance transparency in public financial administration.

This paper empirically examine the dimension of the interrelationship between output, revenue, unemployment and economic development between the period's 1981 to 2014 using secondary source time series. Our data became stationary after first differencing in the order of 1(1) integration while we observe the existence of long run correlation between variable employed. From the result of the error correction model, we found a negative correlation between unemployment and economic development such that 1% increase in unemployment will amount to about 0.06% decrease in the level of economic development which validate okun's (1962) postulation. The result of the causality test shows no existent of significant relationship between revenue (REVN), economic output (OUTP), and human development index (HDI) while we found a unidirectional causality flow between HDI and UMPL with causality flowing from UMPL to HDI which suggest that high unemployment rate debars economic development. The dimensions of interrelationship between the exogenous variables reveals bilateral relationship between OUTP and REVN which suggest that economic output and generated income reinforce each order while there exist a unilateral nexus between REVN, OUTP and UMPL which suggest that increased unemployment rate will amount to low level of economic output and hence reduced generated revenue which is capable of downsizing economic development. On this premises, we conclude that there exist a symbiotic dimensional relationship between output, revenue and economic development while unemployment maintain a negative correlation to economic development hence, to achieve a sustainable level of economic development, ever teaming unemployment problem must be dealt with such that it will be reduced to a reasonable extent.

The study is undertaken to examine the effect of cash flow management and operating efficiency of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The dependent variable used is operating efficiency (OPEF) proxy by ratio of operating expenses to operating income and the independent variable is cash flow management proxy by cash flow from operating activities (CFO), cash flow from investing activities (CFI), cash flow from financing activities (CFF) and cash and cash equivalents (CCE) and the control variables are firm size (FIZ) and financial leverage (FIL). Secondary data were obtained from the financial reports of the nine listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria from 2013-2022. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, variance inflation factor (VIF), and among others. E-view software package (9.0) was used to run the different preestimation tests, diagnostic test and Panel EGLS (Cross-section random effects). Having controlled for both firm size and financial leverage, the results reveals that cash flow from investing activities (CFI) has a positive insignificant on OPEF, where cash flow from financing activities (CFF) and cash and cash equivalents (CCE) are positively significant to OPEF but cash flow from operating activities (CFO) has is negatively significant to OPEF. Hence, the study concludes that cash flow management has significant effects on operating efficiency of listed oil and gas companies in Nigeria. The study recommended that the operational managers of oil and gas companies should enhance capacity building and training, and also implement stringent cost control measures to reduce operational expenses.

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Kata Kunci : Nilai Uang Terhadap Waktu

It has been found that Public finance is an interest of most readers, have revisted the first paper to include other parts in consideration that those interested in the field will collaborate with to expand this write up. It shall be a blend of reality and academics.

In contemporary financial landscapes, cryptocurrency investments have gained substantial traction, drawing the attention of investors in regions such as Kerala, India. With an increasing shift towards digital assets, investors are navigating a realm characterized by dynamic market forces and regulatory frameworks. This paper aims to scrutinize the evolving landscape of cryptocurrency investments in Kerala, shedding light on investors' perceptions of risk and their awareness levels. Against the backdrop of global trends and local influences, the study endeavors to unravel the intricacies of decision-making processes among investors, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with cryptocurrency investments in this region

The study evaluated the effect of credit risk management on the corporate performance of listed financial services firms in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to: Examine the effect of loan impairment to total loans ratio on Return on Capital Employed by listed financial services firms in Nigeria. Investigate the effect of the capital adequacy ratio on the Return on Capital Employed of listed financial services firms in Nigeria. An ex post facto research design was adopted for the study. Data was obtained from annual reports and financial statements of Nigeria's financial services industries. The data was analyzed using E-views 10.0. The result revealed that loan impairment to total loan ratio (litlr) has a non-significant positive effect on the return on capital employed of listed financial services firms in Nigeria, also, the capital adequacy ratio exerted a non-significant negative effect on capital employed of listed financial services firms in Nigeria. The study concluded that Credit risk management has a nonsignificant positive impact on the corporate performance of listed financial service firms in Nigeria within the period (2013-2022). The study recommended that financial services firms in Nigeria are advised to hire experienced and disciplined risk management professionals and enhance their monitoring mechanism which should be handled by a dedicated department to reduce the incidence of loan impairment.

Mergers in the banking sector are strategic tools employed to strengthen the financial health and competitive positioning of institutions. These strategic maneuvers aim to streamline operations, enhance profitability, and optimize the use of resources by leveraging the synergies between merging entities. This study critically examines the financial performance of Union Bank of India during the period from 2016 to 2024, encompassing both pre-merger and post-merger phases. The analysis focuses on three critical financial metrics: Operating Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio, and Return on Net Worth (RoNW), which serve as indicators of operational efficiency, profitability, and shareholder value creation, respectively. The findings of this study reveal a significant improvement in all three metrics in the post-merger phase. The merger has facilitated a notable enhancement in operational efficiency through cost optimization, better resource allocation, and streamlined processes.

The rise of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) marks a transformative shift in global finance, driven by the need for secure, efficient, and accessible digital payment systems. Blockchain technology plays a crucial role in shaping these centralized digital currencies by enhancing security, transparency, and transaction efficiency. However, the adoption of blockchain-based CBDCs presents significant regulatory and operational challenges, including concerns over privacy, cybersecurity, financial stability, and cross-border compliance. This paper explores the evolving landscape of CBDCs, examining blockchain's role in their development, key regulatory hurdles, and the potential opportunities for innovation in centralized digital currency systems. By analyzing global trends and case studies, this research highlights strategies for policymakers to navigate the complexities of CBDC implementation while ensuring financial security and stability

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative force in financial systems, offering enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency in banking, trade finance, and regulatory compliance. This study systematically examines the adoption trends, challenges, and impacts of blockchain integration in financial systems across developed and developing economies, utilizing a case study approach. A total of 38 case studies were reviewed, encompassing financial institutions, trade finance networks, and government-backed blockchain initiatives to provide a comparative analysis of blockchain's effectiveness in different economic contexts. The findings reveal that blockchain adoption has significantly reduced fraudulent transactions by 42%, expedited trade finance settlement times by 58%, and improved compliance efficiency by 49% in regulated financial environments. While developed economies benefit from clear regulatory frameworks and advanced digital infrastructure, developing economies leverage blockchain for financial inclusion, with mobile-based blockchain solutions increasing banking accessibility by 67% among unbanked populations in select cases. Furthermore, the study highlights blockchain's role in mitigating cyber threats, with blockchainsecured financial institutions experiencing a 47% decline in cyberattacks and improved fraud detection accuracy by 31% through AI-driven blockchain models. Additionally, blockchain integration with artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing has enhanced real-time financial monitoring, trade authentication, and secure data management, demonstrating its growing role in financial digitalization. Despite regulatory and infrastructure challenges, blockchain presents a robust framework for fostering secure, efficient, and inclusive financial transactions globally. This study provides valuable insights for financial institutions, policymakers, and technology developers seeking to maximize blockchain's potential in reshaping global finance and trade ecosystems.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative force in financial systems, offering enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency in banking, trade finance, and regulatory compliance. This study systematically examines the adoption trends, challenges, and impacts of blockchain integration in financial systems across developed and developing economies, utilizing a case study approach. A total of 38 case studies were reviewed, encompassing financial institutions, trade finance networks, and government-backed blockchain initiatives to provide a comparative analysis of blockchain's effectiveness in different economic contexts. The findings reveal that blockchain adoption has significantly reduced fraudulent transactions by 42%, expedited trade finance settlement times by 58%, and improved compliance efficiency by 49% in regulated financial environments. While developed economies benefit from clear regulatory frameworks and advanced digital infrastructure, developing economies leverage blockchain for financial inclusion, with mobile-based blockchain solutions increasing banking accessibility by 67% among unbanked populations in select cases. Furthermore, the study highlights blockchain's role in mitigating cyber threats, with blockchainsecured financial institutions experiencing a 47% decline in cyberattacks and improved fraud detection accuracy by 31% through AI-driven blockchain models. Additionally, blockchain integration with artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing has enhanced real-time financial monitoring, trade authentication, and secure data management, demonstrating its growing role in financial digitalization. Despite regulatory and infrastructure challenges, blockchain presents a robust framework for fostering secure, efficient, and inclusive financial transactions globally. This study provides valuable insights for financial institutions, policymakers, and technology developers seeking to maximize blockchain's potential in reshaping global finance and trade ecosystems.

The public sector has been plagued with accusations of misappropriation of cash and this has continued to weaken the transparency role of the government. Governments, in a bid to restore their image, have continued to put in place policies to curb financial leakages and improve transparency in the management of public funds. Hence, this study examined the effect of financial administration rules on transparency in federal Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) in Ekiti State; specifically, the rules such as the treasury single account system, government integrated financial management information system, and integrated personnel payroll information system policies. The study adopted the primary data method by administering the questionnaire. The study used a survey research design to gather information. The population for the study is 253 heads and directors of federal ministries, departments, and agencies in Ekiti State, while the sample size is one hundred and fifty (150) heads and directors of MDAs chosen through purposive sampling technique because study data were gathered directly from targeted respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive and ordinary least square regression. The findings of the study revealed that a treasury single account with a p-value of 0.05 = < 0.05 had a positive significant effect on transparency. Government integrated financial information system with a p-value of 0.000 = < 0.05 had a significant effect on transparency and an integrated personnel payroll information system with a p-value of 0.000 = < 0.05 had a positive significant effect on transparency. The study established that treasury single account, government integrated financial information system, and integrated personnel payroll information system which are the variables used to measure financial administration rules do influence transparency. The study recommended that the government ensure that they maintain these financial administration rules and that they have proved to have an impact on the government's cash-controlling potential and enhanced transparency and credibility of the government.

Decentralized finance (DeFi) is gaining momentum in the world of banking, finance, and beyond. Yet, there remains a notable lack of scholarly research addressing the foundational principles and concepts underlying DeFi. In response to this gap, this study undertakes an extensive investigation into DeFi, drawing upon existing academic literature and insights from industry experts to develop a taxonomy of DeFi's attributes, operational models, and associated risks. This classification sharpens the definition of DeFi and yields critical insights for scholars and industry professionals keen on advancing DeFi's technological applications. By pinpointing essential characteristics of DeFi, mapping out its diverse business models, and highlighting the risks for DeFi users, this research contributes to the academic dialogue. It lays down a comprehensive framework for understanding DeFi, paving the way for subsequent studies and practical implementations in this dynamic area.

The main objective of this study was to identify the determinants of commercial banks' deposit growth in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, this study used the explanatory sequential research design by applying a mixed or both quantitative and qualitative research approach. The target population of the study was ten (10) commercial banks out of total banks that engaged in commercial activities and were registered by a national bank of Ethiopia and they are selected purposively to get the data for the last ten years. For this case, the researcher used panel data of those commercial banks selected purposively those that have financial reports from the year 2011 to 2020. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics, the correlation analysis, and the Random effect regression model applied to investigate the influence of explanatory variables on commercial banks' deposit growth. The regression result of the study by using random effect revealed that inflation rate, broad money supply, liquidity of the bank, government expenditure, market share of banks, number of bank branches, and return on Asset has a positive and significant effect on commercial banks deposit growth in Ethiopia. whereas, capital adequacy and age of the company have a negative and significant effect on commercial banks' deposit growth. The result from interviews with marketing departments of commercial banks under study shows that government regulations, socio-political situation, and awareness of the society have a significant impact on commercial banks' deposit growth in Ethiopia. finally, the researcher suggests that for the development and well-being of the country, commercial banks should expand their branches, boost their market share, and works toward awareness creation for the society, especially on productive age youth. Plus, the government should work untiredly toward controlling the inflation rate at normal and bringing consistent peace and stability with all concerned parties.

Due to the surge in non-performing loans during the financial crisis, management and regulatory agencies are now more concerned about credit defaults. Using a two-step system GMM approach to the bank-level data from 2009 to 2018 in Bangladesh, this paper explores the bank-specific determinants and macroeconomic determinants of the credit risk of commercial banks in Bangladesh. This paper employs two credit risk metrics (i.e., non-performing loans and Z-score) to draw better conclusions. Banks with lower liquidity, high capital, and profit efficiency are more successful in managing credit risk. Increased access to loans, a strong capital base, and efficiency in profitability actually raise the number of prospective borrowers, build public confidence and bank resilience, and enhance the scrutiny and monitoring that reduce the probability of problem loans and variability in earnings. Again, the negative impact of GDP and inflation on credit risk have policy implications for the regulatory authorities in the country (i.e., Bangladesh Bank, Ministry of Finance, and so on).

This study was conducted to explore the dynamics of Nigeria’s capital Market in Fostering economic growth with data spanning from 2000 to 2020. The specific objectives of the study was to examine the impact of market capitalization, all share indices, value of transactions, and listed securities on economic growth in Nigeria Economic growth was proxied by gross domestic product (GDP) The research design was used descriptive and quantitative. Secondary source data was the major instrument, used for data collection and data analysed with the use of multiple regression analysis. It was found out market capitalization value of transaction and listed securities has a positive relationship, with market capitalization being the only variable that is significant to economic growth. Listed securities and value of transaction appears to be insignificant on economic growth in Nigeria. Also All share indices has an inverse relationship with Gross domestic product I was therefore recommended that the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) and Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) should ensure free flow of information in the market and also to encourage the development of rating agencies as a strategy for improving confidence and integrity in portfolio management practice. This is necessary in order to attract more investors and increase new issues which will automatically increase the quantum of investment that will result in improving the performance of the Nigerian capital market.

The paper examines how employees perceive the internal audit role in promoting accountability in Public Universities of Uganda. Assessment of internal audit focused on internal controls, procedures and practices. On the other hand, assessment of accountability in the study focused on transparency and compliancy. The Agency theory informed the study. A cross sectional survey in a case study design was adopted. Accordingly, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) was the case study. MUST, established by the Act of Parliament in 1993, and was purposively selected out of six (6) Public universities in Uganda. The six universities include Makerere, MUST, Kyambogo, Gulu, Busitema, and Muni (NCHE, 2015). Out of 196 respondents, data was collected by administering 182 questionnaires. Thus the study attained a response rate of 84.3%. The level of validity and reliability of the research instruments was at 0.951. Based on the perception responses, the study reveals presence of wea...

This paper assesses the effect of company income tax on the financial performance of listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria from 2006-2016. Data for the study was collected from the annual reports and accounts of the companies and regression analysis was used as a technique for data analysis. The study finds that there is an insignificant negative relationship between corporate tax and financial performance using return on assets as a measure. Age and risk however exhibits a positive but not significant relationship with ROA. Size on the other hand shows a positive and significant relationship with performance confirming prior expectations. The study recommends that to improve the financial performance of listed Nigerian consumer goods, services of tax experts are needed to engage in legal tax planning like transfer pricing or structuring intra-company debt in order to reduce the net tax payment. By doing so, the net income after tax will increase which in turn increases financi...

The objective of this study is to study the factors affecting the quality of life of coastal
people in the Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, assess the current situation of the quality of life of people in the area, and propose some solutions. to improve the quality of life of the population. Investigating, investigating, selecting random samples, statistical hypothesis testing, factor analysis and regression analysis. The results of multiple regression analysis show that the health component has the strongest impact with the high regression weight, followed by income per capita, food and nutrition, housing, electricity and water, environmental pollution and ultimately spiritual culture. Thereby the review can confirm that people feel more satisfied when they feel about their quality of life in all aspects (average income, food, health, education, housing, electricity and water, culture, habitat, ect..) increasingly high (with positive Beta coefficient). On the contrary, people feel less satisfied with their quality of life when the issue of environmental pollution increases (negative Beta coefficient). T-test, ANOVA test shows that there is no difference in satisfaction between people of different age and sex, but there is difference in satisfaction between different people on average income. Those with middle income and higher education level will feel more satisfied than those with lower middle income and education

This study studies the financial literacy of the coastal communities in Khanh Hoa
province, Vietnam from which gives policy implications to develop financial literacy of this object. Descriptive statistical research method, Croback Alpha reliability analysis, EFA discovery factor analysis, ANOVA. The measurement results show that the financial literacy score of coastal communities in the region is generally above average, but the gap is still very large, with a high differentiation in knowledge, attitudes and The financial behavior of the study subjects. This difference is analyzed more clearly according to each factor affecting financial literacy in the study and can lead to the conclusion that: There is a difference in the financial literacy score among subjects: education, income, age, gender. The research results also show that factors that affect the financial literacy of the local community include education level, age and income; The remaining factors including employment, sex, race and religion were identified in inconsistent with the sample, and did not affect financial literacy. As a result, this model is suitable and has different impacts for each group of factors.

Capital Structure; The value of the company; Manufacturing companies This research aims to investigate the influence of capital structure and profitability variables on the company value within the pharmaceutical sector, focusing on firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2020. The study encompasses all Manufacturing Companies in the Pharmaceutical Sector listed on the IDX during this period, with a purposive sampling method selecting 11 companies. Utilizing a descriptive verification approach with a quantitative methodology, the research involved analyzing data through validity testing, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing using the t-test. The findings revealed that the capital structure, represented by DAR, exhibited a substantial and meaningful impact on firm value. On the other hand, the study found that profitability, as proxied by ROA, did not exert any significant influence on firm value. These outcomes shed light on the intricate dynamics within the pharmaceutical sector, emphasizing the significance of capital structure in determining firm value while indicating that profitability, as measured by ROA, may not be a sole determinant of firm value in this context. Further research could delve into exploring additional variables and their potential impact on company value within this sector.

The purpose of this paper is to emphasise the changing pattern of Non-Performing Assets on the profitability of Himachal Pradesh State Cooperative Bank Ltd., which has a direct influence on the bank's profitability. NPAs are a key source of worry in the Indian banking industry. A large amount of the profits is spent to make provisions for them, lowering total profits and shareholder value in the banks. The issue of non-performing assets (NPAs) affects not just banks but the whole economy. In reality, a high level of NPAs in Indian banks reflects the state of the Indian economy, thus the need of the hour is to reduce NPAs in order to strengthen the financial health of our country's banking system.

Risk governance practice is gaining prominence as a result of its active role in addressing risk related issues within the banking sector. The study investigates the effect of risk governance on the performance of listed commercial banks in Sub Saharan African region. A sample of 50 banks from six (6) SSA countries were drawn between the periods of 2010-2018. Data were collected from the annual report of the banks while World Bank database supplements the data for the macroeconomic variables. The two-step system GMM technique was used to analyse the data collected and findings from the study revealed that, risk experience members have strong positive effect on the performance of banks. The study recommends among others to ensure adequate risk experience members in the risk committee of the banks. Moreover, recognizing the office of chief risk officer within the banking corporate governance contribute towards better banking performance.

  Bank size is one of the vital internal determinants of banking performance, although scholars hold contradictory views on bank size and its influence on performance. The aim is to examine the effect of bank size on quoted deposit money banks (DMBs) in the region of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The sample, collected over a period of nine years (2011-2019) included fifty listed commercial banks drawn from across the six sub-Saharan African countries, namely Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa, Zambia, Kenya, and Tanzania. The data were analyzed using a two-step system generalized method of moment (GMM). The finding revealed a significant and negative association between bank size and its financial performance. However, the smaller banks performed better when compared to their larger counterparts in the region. These findings seem to suggest that banks keep their capital level on the high side and minimize the rate of their non-performing loans in order to achieve more excellent banking perfor...

This paper provides an overview of the current banking system, as well as its benefits and drawbacks. It recommends that this system be updated with new technology (blockchain technology). Blockchain is capable of transforming the banking sector and can have a significant impact in the next few decades. It can change the way we see and use different banking services and redefine our economy. There are very few studies that look at the applications of blockchain technology in other sectors. It has applications in industrial management systems, financial services, and administration. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of using blockchain technology in online banking both now and in the future. It discusses the benefits and drawbacks of implementing blockchain in the banking industry. It also illuminates areas where blockchain is already being used as a foundation for the future. This paper also informs the reader about blockchain technology, including what it is, how it works, and how it might benefit a variety of banking sectors like accounts, keeping a record of transactions, etc.

It is claimed that blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionise how financial services firms conduct their business. This chapter presents the main characteristics of blockchain technology and summarises the extant research around the potential implications of blockchain adoption for four main financial activities: payments and remittance, credit and lending, trading and settlement, and compliance. Current gaps in the literature are discussed in order to identify avenues for future research.

This study explores the potential of cryptocurrencies to reshape global commerce and economic interactions. It traces the evolution from traditional fiat currencies to the emergence and growth of cryptocurrencies as digital forms of currency. The research assesses the impact of cryptocurrencies on international trade, focusing on changes in transaction efficiency, cost, and trust in cross-border transactions. It also examines the economic effects of cryptocurrencies on monetary policy, central banking systems, and financial inclusion. The study utilizes primary and secondary data sources, including surveys, interviews, academic literature, reports, and industry publications. Employing statistical methods and qualitative techniques, the data is analysed to derive meaningful insights. The findings highlight both the benefits and challenges of cryptocurrencies in international trade, offering recommendations for policymakers and practitioners. The study contributes to academic understanding by examining the implications of cryptocurrencies for global trade and economic relationships, enhancing theoretical frameworks, and providing guidance for businesses and individuals engaging with cryptocurrencies. Additionally, it identifies patterns and trends, guiding future research directions and addressing potential gaps in the literature. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the significance of cryptocurrencies in transforming international trade and economic relationships, offering insights into economic impact, regulatory considerations, and practical implications, thereby contributing to policymaking and laying a foundation for further exploration in this rapidly evolving field.

The study presents a review of existing research on bank profitability determinants in Africa. Using the literature review methodology, it was found that bank profitability determinants differ across countries in all regions of Africa. Some suggested areas for future research are to explore the impact of circular economy, fintech activities, the pandemic, and economic uncertainty on the profitability of African banks. The implication of the review findings is that bank profitability determinants will remain a contested research agenda in the banking literature.

En una empresa, sin importar su tamaño se están tomando decisiones a diario, relacionados con diferentes aspectos o departamentos de la misma, sin embargo, las decisiones financieras afectan fuertemente a cualquier entidad económica, esto puede verse reflejado en la liquidez, en el crecimiento, en el endeudamiento o en las decisiones de inversión y ahorro.
Por lo que la toma de decisiones relacionadas con el ámbito financiero empresarial puede ser determinantes para el crecimiento o llevar a cualquier empresa a la ruina.
Para desarrollar fianzas sanas se deben tomar en cuenta varios aspecto internos y externos, mismos que se mencionan en el apartado de desarrollo.
También se explica como es que las finanzas pueden definir el rumbo empresarial y como se ven afectados los emprendedores por esta clase de decisiones.
De igual forma se mencionan algunos aspectos para la evaluación de las decisiones de ahorro o inversión, como afectan las tasas de ahorro, la TIR, la TREMA, así como los beneficios en general que puede ofrecer una alternativa u otra.

Cloud computing and blockchain represent two potentially disruptive technologies whose unique capabilities can be combined to enable powerful new solutions. This report explores the synergies between blockchain and cloud platforms. First, background on both technologies is provided. Cloud computing delivers on-demand computer services over the internet like computing power, storage, and applications. It offers agility and scalability. Blockchain serves as an immutable distributed ledger for recording transactions through decentralized networks based on cryptographic trust and transparency.
When integrated together, cloud and blockchain can deliver enhanced security, automation, cost savings, and innovation across sectors. Cloud provides the flexible infrastructure for blockchain networks to scale while blockchain brings trustless interactions to cloud environments. Use cases that leverage these synergies are emerging in finance, supply chains, healthcare, government, and general business.
However, realizing the full potential requires overcoming adoption challenges around technological maturity, implementation costs, talent gaps, compliance, user resistance, infrastructure risks, consortium coordination, and quantifying ROI. Ongoing research and development must advance integration capabilities. Educational initiatives can grow specialized skillsets. Clearer regulations and legal frameworks would ease compliance burdens. Incentives and change management programs can promote user adoption. Redundancies across cloud providers boost resiliency. Consortium governance based on open standards and mutual benefit fosters collaboration across stakeholders. Long-term strategic outlooks allow leaders to envision the combined potential.
With astute leadership, cross-sector partnerships, and sustained effort, the hurdles blocking cloud and blockchain convergence can be surmounted over time. Those who skillfully navigate the landscape will gain competitive advantages and help shape the digital architectures of the future. But responsible implementation matters equally. Technology should empower society, not oppress it. The synergies between blockchain and cloud computing constitute a monumental opportunity to transform infrastructure, interactions, and institutions in an equitable manner for the benefit of organizations and humanity. But realizing the full potential demands continued innovation, investment, and collaboration across industries. If pursued wisely and holistically, the fusion of cloud and blockchain promises to pave the way for next generation platforms, businesses, and economic advances that drive sustainable value.

African countries have faced competition and several challenges to attract foreign direct investment given the role that FDIs play in the development process. Several efforts made have been futile because of numerous factors that play against the business environment for foreign investments. Our paper analyses the influence of tax incentives on foreign direct investment in African economies based on data from 2000–2018. We utilized panel data on forty (40) African countries and an econometric model of four proxies of tax incentives, after controlling other variables, with robust Random Effect as our discussion estimator. Our results revealed that FDI responds to lower corporate income tax (CTR). Furthermore, foreign direct investment predominates in African economies with longer tax holidays and withholding tax. However, tax concession is insignificant to the inflows of FDIs in Africa. Summarizing, our results recommend that without proper restructuring of the tax incentives to deal...

Distributed ledger technology, frequently designated as "blockchain," is evolving from its hype phase toward greater maturity and long-term value creation. Although many academic communities were initially slow to grasp the technology's numerous potential implications, meanwhile a substantial amount of research is dedicated to investigating the development and impact of blockchain and related technologies. As undertaken, most research projects take a specific homogenous perspective, such as a technical or business viewpoint. To date, blockchain research studies are largely missing a bridge between and across academic disciplines. Given the manifold implications of blockchain technology, a fruitful cross-disciplinary exchange is therefore needed. In this paper, we bring together researchers with varying expertise to provide a vision into what may be next in terms of concepts, applications, and research agendas. We consider business, economic, societal, legal, technical, and philosophical viewpoints and propose multiple research questions as well as hypotheses arising from these diverse viewpoints. Simultaneously, we challenge various academic communities to tackle some of the most crucial issues of current blockchain research and to develop a solid foundation for future exploration.