Ergonomics

The common occupational problem of the workers is musculoskeletal disorders in India. Currently the work is being carried out manually in most of the small scale industries therefore the issues of work related musculoskeletal disorders and injury in different body sites are of top priority. Postural analysis tool using Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) and Rapid entire body assessment (REBA) were applied for assessment which indicates that the workers are working above the secure limit. This ergonomic study sheds light on posture analysis of the workers in small scale industry. The study was conducted on 15 workers engaged in small scale industry situated at MIDC Wardha (Maharashtra, India). Video tape on different activities of the workers was prepared and then images were cropped from it for the analysis. This study presents assessment of work posture of workers engaged in different activities of small scale industry. Evaluation of posture was carried out using RULA and REBA. Assessment is carried out using worksheet. The RULA method determined that the majority of the workers were under high risk levels and required immediate change. The REBA method determined that some of the workers were under lower levels and majority at high risk levels. Hence it was concluded that; there is a lack of ergonomics awareness and understanding in small scale industries. Evaluation using postural analysis by RULA and REBA indicates that the workers are working above the secure limit. The major percentage of the workers having awkward postures. Thus the workers are under moderate to high risk of Musculoskeletal disorders.

For a version of this article in English, go to the document COMPETENCE/COMPETENCY: AN OVERVIEW OF DEFINITIONS AND USES IN A FRANCE/USA CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISON in my Academia page.

Abstract
The notion of competence has drawn much attention from many contributors, many of whom call for a rigorous definition of that concept for fear it becomes meaningless. Indeed, the term of competence seems to have a wide variety of uses. Since the early 1990’s, some of these authors try to make sense of that diversity through an attempt to synthesize a variety of definitions, in order to provide a rigorous, unified, conceptual framework. On the contrary, our point of view consists in putting forward the irreducible differences between many of these definitions, while replacing these differences in their contexts, as we hypothesize the latter account for the former. Definitions and their stakes in such scientific disciplines as linguistics, ergonomy, psychology, and management, will be presented, as well as their implications for firms.

Megaproject Planning and Management: Essential Readings contains the seminal articles from the growing body of research on megaproject planning and management along with an original introduction by the editor, Bent Flyvbjerg. The leading and most cited authority in the field, Flyvbjerg has used crowdsourcing and 25 years of experience to cherry-pick from several hundred articles and books the writings that define the field. This volume will be an indispensable source for those wishing to speak with authority about how megaprojects are prepared, delivered, and fought over. The target audience is students, academics, practitioners, and media pundits alike, as well as communities affected by megaprojects.

During the last decade travel and tourism has assisted the Emirates Group in spreading its wings into every aspect of travel, tourism and business to become the fastest growing corporation in its field.
Emirates airlines and Middle East aviation system will face strong challenges with global aviation during the coming years. In the mean while, “the overall growth aspiration of the region demands a high-performing aviation system—including airlines, airports, and air traffic control (ATC)—that in 20 years must successfully serve more than four times the passengers it serves today. However, international benchmarks illustrate that even today’s aviation system does not fulfill current demand. In many Middle East countries, aviation systems’ quality and efficiency levels are well below international levels (e.g., compared to Europe and Asia). Heavy regulation also has resulted in limited service in terms of route frequency and destinations, high customer prices, and a need for high government subsidies to maintain the system.”1
Middle East aviation markets especially United Arab Emirates have set the level for reforming their aviation systems and have started encouraging trading and deregulation of airlines rules. In addition, the Middle airline sector plays a smart role in developing a world-class, such as Qatar Airways (which has a five-star Skytrax ranking) and Emirates Group (which has above-average profitability).
“Aviation and transport infrastructure is the fundamental catalyst for the creation of global cities. The UAE’s open skies policy is the cornerstone upon which Dubai built its dynamic air transport hub, which in turn supports the growth of other industry sectors. The growth of Emirates embodies the spirit of competition and free enterprise, which will continue to guide their policies for the benefit of the UAE and of the global community in which they operate.”2
Finally, analyzing Emirates airline challenges through SWOT analysis and comparing it with Lufthansa Group a prove of being very active with Cargo and shipment services and passenger cater through developing there technology and advertise there 40 brands and looking to the needs of the customers. It was very obvious of the strengthen of innovation and creativity of Emirates is much stronger then the weakness and keep in going to hire new employees and buying new plans even during Dubai crisis. After compering Emirates with Lufthansa Group the largest airlines in terms of passenger and second largest airline of fleet aircraft. We will prove that Emirates is the most innovative and the fastest airlines growing in the world since they are 25 years old and Lufthansa 86 years old.

The debate about work-relatedness of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) reflects both confusion about epidemiologic principles and gaps in the scientific literature. The physical ergonomic features of work frequently cited as risk factors for MSDs include rapid work pace and repetitive motion, forceful exertions, non-neutral body postures, and vibration. However, some still dispute the importance of these factors, especially relative to non-occupational causes. This paper addresses the controversy with reference to a major report recently commissioned by the US Congress from the National Research Council (NRC) and Institute of Medicine (IOM) .

Abstract. One of the factors should be considered to decrease work fatigue and increase productivity, is ergonomics, especially design of chair. Individual perception to chair is one of the factors that influence comfortable chair. The chair design research which combine anthropometric techniques and subjective perception to comfort feeling, has resulted the main principles of the ideal chair. Company or organization that understand about the importance of ergonomics, always manage all of the work can be done with ergonomics posture, also with provide work equipment, such as ergonomics chair.
Key-words: ergonomics, productivity

Inquiry into how people experience environmental conditions at work is a growing area of study. Until the 1980s, there was insufficient research on 'workspaces' -and on office environments in particular -to warrant review. Since that time, the range and number of studies of workspace have burgeoned. This paper will identify and review the main themes and findings of this area of research with the objective of defining basic parameters and prevailing theories of the environmental psychology of workspace. These will generate questions and directions for future research

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formula for approval is an unhealthy cocktail of underestimated costs, overestimated revenues, undervalued environmental impacts and overvalued economic development effects. This results in projects that are extremely risky, but where the risk is concealed from MPs, taxpayers and investors. The authors not only explore the problems but also suggest practical solutions drawing on theory, experience and hard, scientific evidence from the several hundred projects in twenty nations and five continents that illustrate the book. Accessibly written, it will be the standard reference for students, scholars, planners, economists, auditors, politicians and interested citizens for many years to come.

Nurses spend more time with patients than do any other health care providers, and patient outcomes are affected by nursing care quality. Thus, improvements in patient safety can be achieved by improving nurse performance. We review the literature on nursing performance, including cognitive, physical, and organizational factors that affect such performance, focusing on research studies that reported original data from nurse participants. Our review indicates that the nurse’s work system often does not accommodate human limits and capabilities and that nurses work under cognitive, perceptual, and physical overloads. Specifically, nurses engage in multiple tasks under cognitive load and frequent interruptions, and they encounter insufficient lighting, illegible handwriting, and poorly designed labels. They spend a substantial amount of their time walking, work long shifts, and experience a high rate of musculoskeletal disorders. Research is overdue in the areas of cognitive processes in nursing, effects of interruptions on nursing performance, communications during patient handoffs, and situation awareness in nursing. Human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) professionals must play a key role in the redesign of the nurses’ work system to determine how overloads can be reduced and how the limits and capabilities of performance can be accommodated. Collaboration between nurses and HF/E specialists is essential to improve nursing performance and patient safety.

KEYWORDS: Healthcare, human factors, ergonomics, nursing, work, tasks, cognition, cognitive load, interruptions, occupational health, performance, complexity theory, complex adaptive system, situational awareness, nursing shortage, patient safety, organizational behavior, organizational development, sentinel event, adverse event, error, mistake; slip, lapse, human resource management.

Management Development Branch of the ILO, in collaboration with E. J. Riches, former Treasurer and Comptroller to the ILO. Several members of ILO management development teams working in the field helped to prepare detailed and valuable comments, among them Hans Fahlstrôm, L. R Ferney, Hy Fish, C. L. M. Kerkhoven, J. B. Shearer and Seymour Tilles. Several others such as F. de R Hanika, Winston Rogers and the late T. U. Matthew contributed valuable criticism and commentaries.

Garment industry is one of the most important strategic industries which constitute about 7% of total industrial production in the world and 8.3% of the total trade in industrial materials. Also, occupies more than 14% of the total labour force in the world. It employs about 40 million people in various countries of the world. Tirupur, located in Western Tamil Nadu, South India, is one of the largest knitwear garment manufacturing and exporting clusters in South Asia. It has boomed almost without interruption since the early 1970s when manufacturers began to export to Europe and today it is a leading centre of garment exports for the world market. Tirupur is also known as " T-shirt city " , accounts for approximately 80% of India's total production of knitwear for export. The work environment in the garment industries is unhealthy and unsafe for the workers resulting in several health problems. Five hundred and fourteen workers employed in 13 large, medium and small scale garment industries in the present study the workers ere participated in a face-to-face confidential interview. The workers were exposed to an interview schedule comprising their details of socio economic background, personal habits, their knowledge, attitude, practice regarding occupational health, body parts that experience discomfort and other health problems. The aim of this study was to measure work environment parameters such as lighting, noise, temperature and humidity and also to assess the safety measures practiced in garment industries using a checklist. The study revealed that the congested work area, unergonomic workstations, poor illumination, improper ventilation, excessive noise, dust and use of personal protective equipments not in practise were the major problems faced by the workers in these industries.

This technical note details the preliminary stage in the development of a postural analysis tool, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA). REBA has been developed to "ll a perceived need for a practitioner's "eld tool, speci"cally designed to be sensitive to the type of unpredictable working postures found in health care and other service industries. A team of ergonomists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and nurses collected and individually coded over 600 postural examples to produce a new tool incorporating dynamic and static postural loading factors, human}load interface (coupling), and a new concept of a gravity-assisted upper limb position. Initial reliability for inter-observer coding shows promise but further work is needed to establish the validity of the tool.

Pelayanan Kesehatan secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi 2 macam yaitu Pelayanan Kedokteran dan Pelayanan Kesehatan Masyarakat. Dalam melakukan Pelayanan Kedokteran khususnya pada ruang lingkup kedokteran gigi perlu memperhatikan beberapa hal dalam membuka praktek dokter gigi seperti jenis pengelolaan praktik dokter giginya  (bentuk solo/group practice), penentuan SDM yang dipilih dan peralatan yang ergonomis dengan sistem four/six handed dentistry.

Pada umumnya manusia selalu memiliki suatu pekerjaan (work occupation) dan sebagian besar waktunya di gunakan untuk bekerja sehingga dapat menyebabkan manusia menderita penyakit yang mungkin disebabkan oleh faktor kelelahan dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. Karena alasan tersebut maka berkembanglah ilmu yang dikenal dengan kesehatan kerja (occupational health). Disamping mempelajari faktor-faktor pada pekerjaan yang dapat mengakibatkan manusia menderita penyakit akibat (occupational disease) maupun penyakit yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaannya (work related disease). Kesehatan kerja berupaya untuk mengembangkan berbagai cara atau pendekatan untuk pencegahannya, bahkan berupaya juga dalam meningkatkan kesehatan (healt promotion) pada manusia pekerja tersebut (Alamsyah, 2004).

The Supplementary Green Book Guidance on Optimism Bias (HM Treasury 2003) with reference to the Review of Large Public Procurement in the UK (Mott MacDonald 2002) notes that there is a demonstrated, systematic, tendency for project appraisers to be overly optimistic and that to redress this tendency appraisers should make explicit, empirically based adjustments to the estimates of a project’s costs, benefits, and duration. HM Treasury recommends that these adjustments be based on data from past projects or similar projects elsewhere, and adjusted for the unique characteristics of the project in hand. In the absence of a more specific evidence base, HM Treasury has encouraged departments to collect data to inform future estimates of optimism, and in the meantime use the best available data. In response to this, the Department for Transport (henceforth DfT), has contracted Bent Flyvbjerg in association with COWI to undertake the consultancy assignment "Procedures for dealing with Optimism Bias in Transport Planning". The present Guidance Document is the result of this assignment.

Aspek-aspek ergonomi yang sangat berpengaruh untuk lingkungan kerja manusia ketika menggunakan atau berinteraksi dengan komputer. Salah satunya adalah posisi duduk yang nyaman, aman, benar, dan baik untuk kesehatan pengguna. Jangkauan mata atau pandangan mata ke layar monitor yang baik dan benar. Perancangan kursi, meja, dan fasilitas lainnya yang harus disesuaikan dengan kenyamanan pengguna. Hal tersebut akan meningkatkan etos kerja dan efisiensi.

Office Design is not something new as it was a classical study done by past researchers from various countries. In Malaysian setting, the study is something new, scarce and yet still developing. Subsequently, with the goal of examining the impact of office design towards the employee productivity, researcher have chosen to direct this study at a business radio station, BFM Media Sdn Bhd situated at Petaling Jaya Selangor, Malaysia. Inside this pages, reader will be introduced with the early pages on the definition and also scenario of office design in the early years until today. Aside from that, reader will also gain knowledge on the problems that most employee or labor who is working in office faces. In the midst from that, researcher will likewise depicts on the key factors that were claimed by past scholar and researchers that can heighten the productivity of an employee. The back of the pages shall explain on the results of this research and also reference for future use. From the findings, the researcher infer that the objectives of this study are met. Lighting, temperature, noise, air ventilation and spatial arrangement were claimed to be the determinant of employee productivity in the organization which refers to BFM Media Sdn Bhd

Back cover text: Real Social Science presents a new, hands-on approach to social inquiry. The theoretical and methodological ideas behind the book, inspired by Aristotelian phronesis, represent an original perspective within the social sciences, and this volume gives readers for the first time a set of studies exemplifying what applied phronesis looks like in practice. The reflexive analysis of values and power gives new meaning to the impact of research on policy and practice. Real Social Science is a major step forward in a novel and thriving field of research. This book will benefit scholars, researchers, and students who want to make a difference in practice, not just in the academy. Its message will make it essential reading for students and academics across the social sciences.

Notre article aborde le problème de l´avenir de la formation des ergonomes et des réelles possibilités de travail pour les ergonomes professionnels dans des contextes avides d´ergonomie, mais qui sont surtout avides de consultants non ergonomes. Elle part de nos expériences en tant qu’ergonomes consultants, enseignants et chercheurs en ergonomie en Algérie, Argentine, Colombie et Tunisie. Par ailleurs, la réalité de ces contextes est le manque de formations d´ergonomes disponibles dans ces pays. L´objectif de cet article est de poser quelques hypothèses concernant ce qui empêche le développement actuel de notre métier en nous centrant sur l´analyse de la formation professionnelle d´ergonomes en particulier. Nous cherchons à mettre en évidence des tendances communes entre ces quatre pays en termes de difficultés institutionnelles et le vécu des ergonomes qui essaient de développer la formation d´ergonomes. Les différences entre les expériences ont été également identifiées. L´objectif à moyen terme est de construire une enquête qui sera appliquée dans tous les pays pour pouvoir décrire le phénomène a grande échelle. Notre méthodologie consiste en des entretiens basés sur des questions préalablement accordées entre les quatre experts et standardisées. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que les points communs concernant les difficultés d’ordre institutionnelle sont multiples et qu´il existe des risques psychosociaux auxquels ces professionnels sont exposés lors de leurs tentatives de développement d´une alternative à la tendance actuelle en termes de formation et d´exercice professionnel qui voit progressivement émerger une ergonomie sans ergonomes.

The article discusses the importance of employee engagement for organizational and business performance through the prism of ergonomics. The issues that are discussed in this paper comprise the modest contribution that ergonomics as a discipline has made. The relevance of workplace health and ergonomics work relate with that of participation, safety culture and further implications for participatory ergonomics approaches. Based on recently published conceptual framework that recognises the dynamic and multi-dimensional nature of safety culture, the paper highlights the due significance demanded by ergonomics and that which is equally ignored by top management. The paper concludes by considering the much needed empirical survey on this issue in almost all industries and prompt action being taken to implement it. Also, the paper gives a glimpse of various approaches for an empirical study, within an organisation which is noted as important to the success of ergonomics projects.

This paper focuses on problems and their causes and cures in policy and planning for large infrastructure projects. First, it identifies as the main problem in major infrastructure development pervasive misinformation about the costs, benefits, and risks involved. A consequence of misinformation is massive cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and waste. Second, the paper explores the causes of misinformation and finds that political-economic explanations best account for the available evidence: planners and promoters deliberately misrepresent costs, benefits, and risks in order to increase the likelihood that it is their projects, and not the competition's, that gain approval and funding. This results in the "survival of the unfittest," where often it is not the best projects that are built, but the most misrepresented ones. Finally, the paper presents measures for reforming policy and planning for large infrastructure projects, with a focus on better planning methods and changed governance structures, the latter being more important.

A B S T R A C T Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) represent major health issues for construction workers yet risk factors associated with repetitive lifting tasks remain unexplored. This study evaluates the effects of lifting weights and postures on spinal biomechanics (i.e. muscle activity and muscle fatigue) during a simulated repetitive lifting task undertaken within a strictly controlled laboratory experimental environment. Twenty healthy male participants performed simulated repetitive lifting tasks with three different lifting weights using either a stoop (n = 10) or a squat (n = 10) lifting posture until subjective fatigue (a point in time at which the participant cannot continue lifting further). Spinal biomechanics during repetitive lifting tasks were measured by surface electromyography (sEMG). Results revealed that (1) increased lifting weights significantly increased sEMG activity and muscle fatigue of the biceps brachii (BB), brachioradialis (BR), lumbar erector spinae (LES), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles but not the rectus femoris (RF) muscle; (2) sEMG activity and muscle fatigue rate of the LES muscle were higher than all other muscles; (3) a significant difference of sEMG activity of the RF and MG muscles was observed between lifting postures, however no significant difference of muscle fatigue was apparent (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that risk factors such as lifting weights, repetitions and lifting postures may alleviate the risk of developing WMSDs. However, future research is required to investigate the effectiveness of using ergonomic interventions (such as using team lifting and adjustable lift equipment) in reducing WMSDs risks in construction workers. This work represents the first laboratory-based simulated testing conducted to investigate work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) primarily caused by repetitive lifting tasks and manual handling. Cumulatively, the results and ensuing discussion offer insight into how these risks can be measured and mitigated.

Managers looking to move to higher levels of risk management maturity in their organisations will find much insight and guidance in this innovative book. Prof Graham M. Winch, Centre for Research in the Management of Projects, Manchester Business School This book ...

This report is one of a series of outcome evaluation studies for parent-training procedures tailored specifically to families of preadolescent antisocial children. Referred families were screened to identify 19 problem children who were observed in their homes to be high-rate social aggressors. Cases were randomly assigned to the parent-training procedures or to a waiting-list comparison group. All but one of the latter accepted a referral for treatment elsewhere in the community. After an average of 17 hours of therapy time, the cases in the experimental group were terminated. Posttreatment observation data were collected in the homes of both the experimental and the comparison groups. The results indicated that, relative to the changes in the comparison sample, the parenttraining sample showed a significantly greater reduction in the observed rates of deviant child behavior.

Production ergonomics – the science and practice of designing industrial workplaces to optimize human well-being and system performance – is a complex challenge for a designer. Humans are a valuable and flexible resource in any system of creation, and as long as they stay healthy, alert and motivated, they perform well and also become more competent over time, which increases their value as a resource. However, if a system designer is not mindful or aware of the many threats to health and system performance that may emerge, the end result may include inefficiency, productivity losses, low working morale, injuries and sick-leave.

To help budding system designers and production engineers tackle these design challenges holistically, this book offers a multi-faceted orientation in the prerequisites for healthy and effective human work. We will cover physical, cognitive and organizational aspects of ergonomics, and provide both the individual human perspective and that of groups and populations, ending up with a look at global challenges that require workplaces to become more socially and economically sustainable. This book is written to give you a warm welcome to the subject, and to provide a solid foundation for improving industrial workplaces to attract and retain healthy and productive staff in the long run.

There exist many paths so as to carry out ergonomic modifications. Manuals, models and methodologies can be used in order to appropriately handle loads, the design of job positions, continuous physical movements, service areas; as well as the use of techniques for team work cooperation, among others. The subject-study company is a producer of rubber-metal parts for the automobile industry. It basically depends on the operational work of its employees. This makes it absolutely important to pay attention to the manner in which they perform their activities. Many companies pay great importance to the production system without keeping in mind the real needs of workers as they are doing their work. The subject-study company is in this very situation. This paper shows and approach to ergonomics applied to the Mexican industry. In Mexico, there is little evidence of the use of the LEST method. This is an attempt to take the first steps to carry out ergonomic evaluation with the intention of knowing the conditions under which employees are working within companies and organizations in order to provide them with better working conditions. The main aim of this research is to now the most incidental variables in the workplace that have an impact on the performance of employees so as to assess the impact of such incidences through the LEST method. Data was collected from 70 workers taking into consideration their surroundings, workload, mental strains, psycho-social aspects, work shifts, and a new variable that is not considered in the method proposed by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, or by the original method. The workers were asked in a section of the questionnaire: " What would you change about your working environment to improve it? "

This study was carried out to determine the awareness of students about a good sitting posture and do they apply it in their daily life. A total of 13 female students and 12 male students were randomly selected to be the respondents of the study. A set of questionnaire was designed to gain primary data from the respondents about the awareness of a good sitting posture. The overall findings of the study indicate that the students are aware of a good sitting posture but they do not apply it in their daily life. In conclusion, students that know about a good sitting posture do not usually will apply it in their life due to various reasons. Some recommendations have also been included in the final part of the report to the students and also to the university’s administration to ensure that students can and will apply the good sitting posture.

i KATA PENGANTAR Allhamdulillah, segala puji bagi Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan karunia-Nya. Tidak lupa shalawat serta salam semoga tetap tercurah kepada jungjungan kita Nabi Muhammad SAW, sahabat, keluarga dan ahli warisnya. Kita bersyukur atas selesainnya laporan praktikum ini, yang dimana dalam kesempatan ini kami beri judul "Analisis Pengaruh Lingkungan Pekerjaan Terhadap Produktivitas". Penulisan laporan ini merupakan salah satu tugas dan persyaratan dalam menyelesaikan praktikum Perancangan Sistem Kerja dan Ergonomi di Universitas Langlangbuana Bandung.

Mental workload (MWL) is one of the most widely used concepts in ergonomics and human factors and represents a topic of increasing importance. Since modern technology in many working environments imposes ever more cognitive demands upon operators while physical demands diminish, understanding how MWL impinges on performance is increasingly critical. Yet, MWL is also one of the most nebulous concepts, with numerous definitions and dimensions associated with it. Moreover, MWL research has had a tendency to focus on complex, often safety-critical systems (e.g. transport, process control). Here we provide a general overview of the current state of affairs regarding the understanding, measurement and application of MWL in the design of complex systems over the last three decades. We conclude by discussing contemporary challenges for applied research, such as the interaction between cognitive workload and physical workload, and the quantification of workload 'redlines' which speci...

ABSTRAK Yunus tailor dihadapkan pada masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan pemenuhan permintaan konsumen, dimana target yang telah dibuat seringkali tidak dapat diwujudkan sebagai akibat kurang tepatnya penentuan waktu kerja standar selama ini dan juga apakah saat ini operator di bagian pembuatan baju seragam sekolah dasar, cukup atau kurang dalam menyelesaikan target yang telah dibuat. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode work sampling. Hal ini dilakukan dengan cara mengamati aktivitas operator dalam menyelesaikan pekerjaannya yang kemudian digunakan untuk mengukur produktivitas tenaga kerja. Hasil akhir yang di peroleh pada penelitian ini adalah waktu standar (total) untuk menyelesaikan 1 buah baju seragam sekolah dasar (SD) = 10,06 menit + 11,96 menit = 22,02 menit, dari hasil pengolahan data yang telah dilakukan diperoleh bahwa, jumlah tenaga kerja yang dibutuhkan adalah 2 orang. ABSTRACT Yunus tailor is faced with issues related to the fulfillment of consumer demand, where the targets that have been made can not be realized as a result of the less accurate this time and also whether current operators in the school uniform shirt making department, sufficient and insufficient in the achievement of targets that already made. Research is done by using method. This is done by way of operating the operator in the completion of his work which is then used to measure labor productivity. The final result recommended on this is the standard for solving 1 elementary school uniform = 10.06 minutes + 11.96 minutes = 22.02 minutes, from the results of data processing has been done, the amount of labor required is 2 people.

A meta-analysis that included 19 samples with a total of 3848 participants showed that scores on four of the Five-Factor Model personality factors correlated significantly with level of relationship satisfaction by intimate heterosexual partners. The four personality characteristics were low neuroticism, high agreeableness, high conscientiousness, and high extraversion. The associations between an individual's personality characteristics and the relationship satisfaction of the individual's intimate partner did not vary significantly from men to women or from married to unmarried individuals. The results of the meta-analysis provide support for the utility of the Five-Factor Model of personality in understanding an important realm of life, intimate relationships.

The article first describes characteristics of major infrastructure projects. Second, it documents a much neglected topic in economics: that ex ante estimates of costs and benefits are often very different from actual ex post costs and benefits. For large infrastructure projects the consequences are cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and the systematic underestimation of risks. Third, implications for cost–benefit analysis are described, including that such analysis is not to be trusted for major infrastructure projects. Fourth, the article uncovers the causes of this state of affairs in terms of perverse incentives that encourage promoters to underestimate costs and overestimate benefits in the business cases for their projects. But the projects that are made to look best on paper are the projects that amass the highest cost overruns and benefit shortfalls in reality. The article depicts this situation as ‘survival of the unfittest’. Fifth, the article sets out to explain how the problem may be solved, with a view to arriving at more efficient and more democratic projects, and avoiding the scandals that often accompany major infrastructure investments. Finally, the article identifies current trends in major infrastructure development. It is argued that a rapid increase in stimulus spending, combined with more investments in emerging economies, combined with more spending on information technology is catapulting infrastructure investment from the frying pan into the fire.