Entrepreneurship Policy

Is a documentary review of entrepreneurial activity in Venezuela , based on the review of the Executive Report of the Global Entrepreneurship Meter (GEM) during the years 2009- 2010 by IESA . And some factors that influence the quality of enterprises , analyzing timely education are pointed out. It is concluded that education as a pillar to shape attitudes and behaviors is vital to develop entrepreneurship character.

A COPERNICAN REVOLUTION IN ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION

As educators and policy-makers, we all want to believe that what we do will make a difference. Bold, if plausible, claims are increasingly made that entrepreneurship education has an impact, not just on an informed intent to be an entrepreneurs but also as a life skill. We would like to think that is true. It is further claimed that the key to those deep impacts is experiential learning. We would really like to think this is true. The heart of these claims is that the leading edge entrepreneurial programmes focus less on students gaining content knowledge about entrepreneurship but instead focus more on developing the entrepreneurial mindset.

However, reviews of the literature purporting to assess the impact of entrepreneurship education show little evidence about the impact of deeply experiential programmes, almost never look at deep cognitive change (mindset) and are based on limited theoretical grounds.1

Isn’t what educators are trying to do is help learners move from a more novice mindset toward a more expert mindset? This requires looking at deep cognitive change (it also requires us to validate our constructs and measures.) To achieve this we need to start by defining carefully and rigorously the dimensions of the entrepreneurial mindset. Ultimately, we then identify, test and validate measures that capture those dimensions rigorously.

The study mainly focused on entrepreneur's education and skill development policy and economic development strategies. Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in improving economic development and enhancing innovation strategies. It creates job opportunities and improves the entrepreneur's knowledge and skill increase to develop economic developmental strategy and strengthen the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The significance of the study is to provide the impact of education and skill development and improve the policy and economic development strategy plan

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So far, marketing and entrepreneurship research has been expanding. This article aims to assist businesses in reducing the risks they encounter, both those that they can foresee and those that they cannot, so that they can recover in their business operations. In this article, a literature review was utilized as an approach. Companies can use entrepreneurial marketing methods to deal with market volatility and unpredictability in order to survive and develop sustainably. In this article, the author provides reference comments on entrepreneurial marketing strategies that companies can use in post-disaster or post-pandemic times such as the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract

An entrepreneur is an individual who identifies opportunities, takes calculated risks, and mobilizes resources to create and manage a business venture with the aim of generating profit and/or solving a problem. Entrepreneurs play a vital role in economic development by fostering innovation, generating employment, and stimulating competition. They possess key traits such as creativity, resilience, leadership, and a strong sense of initiative. This abstract explores the concept of entrepreneurship, highlighting the characteristics, roles, and importance of entrepreneurs in modern society. Understanding who an entrepreneur is provides insight into how businesses are born, how markets evolve, and how economies grow through innovation and enterprise.

Teagasc's forerunner, An Foras Talúntais, was born at a time of economic gloom and crisis. Towards the end of the same year when 'an institute for agricultural research to be known as An Foras Talúntais' was established, a key public policy document noted that 'a sense of anxiety' about Ireland's economic prospects was indeed justified; 'after 35 years of native government people are asking whether we can achieve an acceptable degree of economic progress'. 2 Almost simultaneously, in late 1958 the Irish Banking Review lamented that 'Ireland [had] been suffering from a mood of pessimism in recent years. Expressions of despair about the future…are heard on all sides'. Two years earlier, the cover of the July 1956 issue of Dublin Opinion, capturing the despondency that ruled the Irish Republic in the mid-1950s, had borne a cartoon showing a map of Ireland with the caption, 'Shortly Available: Underdeveloped Country: Unrivalled Opportunities: Magnificent Views, Political and Otherwise: Owners Going Abroad'. The widespread belief in the 1950s that Ireland's economy was underperforming is borne out by Figure , which describes the ratio of Irish to UK Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head between 1938 and 1970. Even before the outbreak of Word War II that ratio was almost certainly less than it had been at independence in 1921/2. The impact of the war, which drove the ratio down 2 Department of Finance 1958: 5.

El emprendimiento suele ser considerado una forma de alcanzar el éxito económico a través del esfuerzo individual, sin la necesidad de depender de terceros. Gran parte de la literatura académica sobre este fenómeno se concentra en destacar positivamente algunas de sus dimensiones, principalmente los beneficios y oportunidades que traería para los individuos y para las economías de modo general. Así, en este artículo se discute sobre las condiciones de los emprendedores en lo que se ha venido denominando como “Industria 4.0” tanto en Brasil como en Chile, dos ejemplos paradigmáticos de la región. Al contrario de lo que la mayoría de los estudios pregonan, se observa que, para el caso latinoamericano, el emprendimiento es una estrategia de sobrevivencia de la clase trabajadora, al mismo tiempo que la difusión de las tecnologías dentro de él es baja. La metodología del estudio es de tipo cuantitativo, en donde se trabaja con fuentes secundarias de las principales encuestas sobre emprendimiento que existen tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.

This article, under the title "The Power of Innovation: Entrepreneurship Ecosystem, Components, Research and Startup Approaches and the Development Process of the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem in Turkey", examines how Turkey's dynamic entrepreneurship environment is shaped by innovation and the important components in this process. While entrepreneurship has a critical role in economic development and social transformation, innovation stands out as the main driving force of this process. First of all, Turkey's young and educated population, increasing digitalization and access to technology strengthen the entrepreneurial culture and create new business opportunities. In the article, the basic elements of the innovation ecosystem in Turkey, namely the interactions between universities, public institutions, the private sector and entrepreneurs, are discussed in detail. Additionally, the difficulties faced by entrepreneurs in Turkey are analyzed through factors such as limited financial resources, inadequate mentoring and training opportunities. In this context, the effects of the state's innovation strategies, incentive mechanisms and entrepreneurship support programs are examined. For example, the contributions of the supports provided by organizations such as KOSGEB and TÜBİTAK to the realization of entrepreneurs' projects are emphasized. In the article, the contribution of international collaborations and foreign investments to Turkey's innovation ecosystem is discussed, thus focusing on its competitiveness potential in the global market. Additionally, successful domestic enterprise examples are supported by concrete data showing how innovation and entrepreneurship create synergy. As a result, the development of the entrepreneurship ecosystem in Turkey is directly linked to the power of innovation. In order to create a sustainable innovation environment, the need for continuous support, training and policy development comes to the fore. This article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive perspective by presenting the paths and strategies to be followed to maximize Turkey's entrepreneurial potential.

An increasing rate of shark attacks has divided the community, forcing policy makers to balance human safety and shark conservation. This paper analyses the efficacy of shark mitigation measures, the attitudes of surfers to the risk of shark attack, and the rhetorical devices used by ideologues to influence government policy. While non-lethal shark mitigation measures provide moderate protection, the quest to reduce the rate of shark attacks may ultimately require reducing dangerous shark populations, prompting a difficult debate regarding the value placed on the lives of humans versus animals.

This study investigates and integrates University Based Biotech Business Incubators(UBBI) and tech transfer clusters based on several cases from different Regional Innovation System(RIS).The study further develops a conceptual framework based on the ensuing themes, patterns and categories with grounded theory for UBBI Clusters and tech transfer spinoffs, their embedded Regional Innovation System (RIS) and UBBI roles. The study also includes an assessment on how UBBIs clusters are formed, Universities roles and perspectives, knowledge flow and innovation ecosystem development, UBBI regional transformation or changes and their substantive and Dynamic Capabilities. This study also explores how these UBBIs absorb the attributes and elements within their ecosystem to facilitate research and product development and the specific capabilities these UBBIs have developed overtime in their value chain based on the Biotech Cluster's life cycle. Based on a Mixed Method Grounded Theory Approach(MM-GT) with Intelligent GIS and an application of Strong structuration theory(SST), this study examines the impact of external conditions on UBBI clusters' structures and how the actors respond and build resilience to disruptions and bottlenecks such as influence of regulation, policies development on the UBBI's Cluster and impact of the social structure and active agents or actors on the ecosystem. Using the cases from different RIS, this study further uses ensuing grounded theory to develop a model based for Intelligent Geography Information System(GIS) with Machine and Deep Learning (ML, DL with Generative AI) that could be used for the simulation of UBBI's spatial agglomeration and clusters formation with their dynamic capabilities.

The development of business incubators within colleges is gaining traction in Indonesia as a strategic approach to fostering business start-up innovation and enhancing entrepreneurial interest among younger generations. It is widely believed that these incubators can serve as effective methods to stimulate business innovation and entrepreneurial endeavors among students, alumni and businessmen. This study aims to evaluate the practicality and effectiveness of a newly designed incubator model, as perceived by experts and tenants. Data were collected through interviews and questionnaires distributed to five entrepreneurship course lecturers and ten entrepreneurial groups. The findings reveal that the practicality of the designed model was assessed using the Total Response Rate (TRR), which resulted in an 89.2% score, placing it in the "very practical" category. These results suggest that the technopreneurship incubator model is easy to understand and can be effectively implemented. The model effectiveness was further evaluated through pretest and posttest results, with average scores of 78.90 in the cognitive domain, 79.40 in the affective domain, and 84.54 in the psychomotor domain. In conclusion, All assessment criteria fell into the "very effective" category, validating the incubator model as practical and effective. In conclusion, the developed technopreneurship incubator model successfully cultivates and enhances the entrepreneurial spirit, abilities, knowledge, and skills of students and alumni.

This article returns information about entrepreneurship in Peru. The characteristics of three aspects are described: the profile of the entrepreneur, business management and training needs, within the framework of a Social Responsibility Project, to be developed by the University of Piura and the District Municipality of Castilla. Documentary analysis was carried out and an assisted questionnaire was applied to the representatives of the micro and small enterprises of the observed district. The results that stand out are: Established informal enterprises prevail (with more than three years of operation), exercised by entrepreneurs in middle adulthood, with secondary, technical and higher studies (in similar percentages), dedicated to commercial activity (in different areas), which invoice less than 10 thousand soles and who know and master management tools and with training needs in the area of finance and human resources. It is concluded that, in the district of Castilla, enterprises and entrepreneurs have their own characteristics and the needs to strengthen their management capacities are eminent.

El artículo pretende determinar, bajo el enfoque de políticas públicas, los principales factores que condujeron a generar una política de emprendimiento en Colombia en el periodo 2002-2010, resaltando el papel del Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA) y las universidades. El trabajo corresponde a una investigación exploratoria-descriptiva. Se utiliza información primaria (encuestas y entrevistas a expertos en el tema) y secundaria (revisión de documentos varios). Se obtienen dos lecciones principales: 1) para generar una política de emprendimiento no es condición previa contar con una ley o documento que la impulse, sino con voluntad política y visión clara de lo que se persigue por parte de los actores involucrados, y 2) las entidades gubernamentales que lideran su diseño y ejecución, al igual que sus directivos, deben contar al menos con amplia credibilidad, experiencia y estabilidad.

This submission draws on my research into entrepreneurship, and with a particular emphasis on understanding what can encourage people to start a business, what skills are needed and what support is most effective. I have researched how this can be measured over a long period of time. My colleagues and I at The University of Manchester have recently developed a Data Warehouse to follow alumni entrepreneurs and measure their success. My interests are in student and graduate entrepreneurship, but also high-tech entrepreneurship, social enterprise, and other aspects such as women's entrepreneurship and issues such as fear of failure and sources of funding for new businesses, especially alternative finance such as crowdfunding. A summary of key points can be found at the start of each section, and recommendations at the end of each section Some of my recent relevant publications; Mathur, S., & Phillips, R. A. (2025). The influence of the fear of failure on women pursuing entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom.

otras 3 universidades del país 1 , se ha concentrado en determinar los niveles y características de las actividades empresariales y de los empresarios que las realizan en Colombia, a través de la metodología del GEM. Este esfuerzo investigativo de carácter internacional ha tenido una marcha progresiva que empezó con una participación 10 países en 1999 y para 2010, reunió a 59 países. Para 2011, se espera que esta investigación congregue a más de 65 países alrededor del mundo, ampliando así la base de datos de resultados de actividades empresariales. El objetivo de GEM es determinar una tasa de actividad empresarial para los países participantes, representada por las empresas creadas en los últimos 42 meses. Se establecen también características y motivaciones que impulsan a los individuos a desarrollar estas actividades. Para el caso colombiano, se ha presentado algunos resultados que muestran incongruencias conceptuales ya que se han obtenido altas tasas de actividades empresariales derivadas de una oportunidad analizada, sin embargo en Colombia, se presentan altas tasas de desempleo y subempleo. Es decir, las nuevas actividades empresariales no cumplen con el papel teóricamente establecido de ser el motor del crecimiento económico. Entonces, ¿cuáles son las características de los determinantes de las actividades empresariales? Es muy posible que el modelo GEM requiera una adaptación a la realidad colombiana o incluso, de manera hipotética, a la de algunos países latinoamericanos cuya estructura económica depende

This paper focuses on the relationship of the manufacturing industry with the financial and real estate industry.The purpose is to examine whether the fast development of the financial or real estate sector negatively affects the growth of the manufacturing industry as some claimed. Based on the data of China, USA, Germany, and Japan and using the regression analysis, the paper identified factors or variables significantly affecting a country are manufacturing growth. However, it did not find out any such direct significant effect of the financial or real estate sector on the manufacturing industry. On the other hand, the productivity, export, and investment of the manufacturing industry are more important generally to the growth of manufacturing. The paper then further discusses and suggests policy implications on what a country should do to maintain sustainable manufacturing growth.

This study aims to analyze the shifting focus and emerging themes in contemporary energy entrepreneurship research, alongside the challenges and opportunities faced by select energy entrepreneurs in a rapidly transforming global landscape that is driven by sustainability imperatives, resilience, and systemic energy transitions. Employing a semi-systematic and critical literature review, 238 relevant scientific articles from the Web of Science database were identified and analyzed. We then conducted focused case studies of energy entrepreneurs in a less-developed regional ecosystem. The findings reveal two distinct "generations" of energy entrepreneurship research, marked by a clear shift towards sustainability themes, innovative energy business models, and corporate responsibility. Additionally, we introduce the "Energy Innovation Scorecard" (EN.I.SCORE) framework-a comprehensive macro-meso-micro guideline designed to support energy entrepreneurs. Applying this framework to a sample of 89 surveyed and 8 interviewed firms reveals that, especially among microfirms, there is weak integration of strategy-technology-management, limited energy innovation, and poor financial performance prevail-challenges typical of underdeveloped ecosystems. By examining the origins, evolution, and holistic transformation of energy entrepreneurship, and by investigating the selected regional case, this research potentially helps bridge critical gaps in understanding the dynamics of this field.

Drawing on extant theories of entrepreneurship at the individual, organizational, environmental level, as well as, processes, the chapter presents a framework to stimulate Innovation & Entrepreneurship (I&E) through Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs). The framework positions universities within an institutional environment that provides the cues for configuration of their resource base. Institutions of Higher Education must consider the multiple dimensions of entrepreneurship when organizing their resource base since configurations that support an entrepreneurial focus may inhibit another. Innovation and entrepreneurship outcomes will lead to regional development, and these two will create a new set of institutional conditions in the region. The framework in this chapter serves as blueprint, for researchers and practitioners, to examine the multiple factors, and the synergies among these, to spur regional development through universities and I&E.

LACKO, Miroslav: Malokarpatské baníctvo do konca 16. storočia [The Little Carpathians Mining until the Late Sixteenth Century], in: Studia Historica Nitriensia 28 (2024), No. 2, pp. 372-387. ISSN 1338-7219 [SCOPUS; EBSCOhost; The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH); Central and Eastern European Online Library (ceeol); ERIH PLUS].

Vega, Arturo and Chiasson, Michael and Brown, David H (2010) How much the role of the other? Universities as policy-makers in the enterprise innovation arena. In: The VIII Triple Helix Conference (Madrid, Spain) - 2010. unknown, N/A. ... Full text not available from this ...

his study explores the role of social media in motivating and supporting young women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh, with a particular focus on promoting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the digital era. This research aimed to understand how social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube influence the entrepreneurial journeys of young women, providing them with motivation, visibility, and access to broader markets. Through a mixed-methods approach, including 20 case studies (ICIs), 4 focus group discussions (FGDs) with young women entrepreneurs and 2 key informant interviews (KIIs) with experts, the study highlighted both the opportunities and challenges young women face in utilizing social media for business growth. The findings revealed that social media serves as a powerful tool for marketing, networking, and inspiration.  Many women entrepreneurs struggle with digital literacy, time management, lack of family support, bank loans, insecurity, and negative comments and negative comment from community members. This study emphasized the need for targeted training, mentorship, and policy support to enhance the effectiveness of social media in fostering entrepreneurship. This research makes concluding remarks with policy recommendations aimed at improving digital literacy, creating mentorship opportunities, motivational seminar or workshop arrangements, more budget-related programs, facilitating access to financial resources, and promoting gender-inclusive policies to empower women entrepreneurs in Bangladesh’s digital economy.

Der Beitrag untersucht den Einfluss und die Hinterfragung sogenannter Weltmodelle in der Diffusion und Organisation von Innovationen. Nach der Beschreibung des "Silicon Valley"-Weltmodells für Innovationen in Hightech-Sektoren analysieren wir den Biotechnologiesektor in der Schweiz und vergleichen ihn mit diesem Modell. Dieser empirische Fall unterscheidet sich grundlegend vom Weltmodell, und zwar (a) hinsichtlich informeller Kooperationen und technologischer Gemeinschaften (die praktisch fehlen) und (b) im Hinblick auf Beziehungen zwischen Risikokapitalgebern (die sehr dicht sind und stark durch die Pharmaindustrie beeinflusst werden). Zudem präsentieren wir Indizien, die von einer neo-institutionalistischen Warte aus betrachtet auf eine Theoretisierung dieser fallspezifischen Merkmale schließen lassen. Abschließend diskutieren wir die Bedeutung derartiger Theoretisierungen für Prozesse institutionellen Wandels.

Immigrant self-employment rates vary considerably across regions in Switzerland. Business ownership provides an alternative to wage labour, where immigrants have to face structural barriers such as the limited knowledge of the local language, or difficulties in fruitfully making use of their own human capital. Despite their historically high unemployment rates with respect to natives, immigrants in Switzerland are less entrepreneurial. It is therefore important to uncover factors that may facilitate the transition from the status of immigrant to the one of economic agent. Among others factors, concentration in ethnic enclaves, as well as accumulated labour market experience and time elapsed since immigration, have been associated to higher business ownership rates. In this paper, we use a cross-section of 2,490 Swiss municipalities in order to investigate the role played by the ethnic concentration of immigrants, as well as cultural factors, in determining self-employment rates.

The paper deals with a study of actual status of start-up eco-system in Australia and support programs for start-up ecosystem offered by the Australian Government (CSIRO Innovation Funds, Businessmen Program, and Export Market Development Support Fund). The paper presents a look to forms of mobilization of capitals (possibilities to mobilize capitals from communities), forms of investment (start-up acceleration courses, start-up incubators, angel investors and venture investors) and reforms of legal policies (tax incentives, policy of protection of enterprises in case of bankruptcy) provided by the Australian Government to support enterprises to do innovative start-ups. Then the paper proposes lessons of experience for Vietnam in its efforts to build up a start-up nation.Code: 17110901

The challenge of failure is a well-known issue for many founders of digital start-ups during market entry. Unfortunately, sub-Saharan Africa has experienced a particularly high rate of failure for digital start-ups during early-stage development. Between 2010 and 2018, an average of 54.20% of digital start-ups failed on the continent. Globally, the survival rate during early-stage development is only around 10% to 20%, which means that roughly 80% of digital start-ups fail during market entry. To address this issue, it's critical to investigate the factors that contribute to the few successes, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. This study focuses on the behaviour of Nigerian founders whose digital start-ups survived during market entry. The goal is to explore how these founders overcame the various complexities and uncertainties that come with entrepreneurial activities in the Nigerian market. The researcher conducted a qualitative case study research, using enactment theory and effectuation theory to investigate the underlying factors that drive the actions and practices of founders to the early-stage survival of digital start-ups in Nigeria.

espanolLos emprendedores juegan un papel fundamental a la hora de introducir innovaciones en el mercado. Sin embargo, se observan grandes diferencias entre ellos, de manera que son unicamente unas pocas empresas las encargadas de introducir la mayor parte de los nuevos productos o servicios. Este trabajo trata de caracterizar a los individuos con mayor propension a emprender de forma innovadora a partir de una muestra de mas de 65.000 emprendedores pertenecientes a 88 paises que han participado en el proyecto GEM entre 2008 y 2012. Nuestros resultados concluyen que, en el plano psicologico, las variables mas importantes son la tolerancia al riesgo, la alerta ante las oportunidades o la autoconfianza de los propios individuos. En el ambito del capital humano, la educacion y la experiencia previa resultan especialmente relevantes. En consecuencia, cualquier politica gubernamental orientada a mejorar el grado de innovacion de una economia tendra que hacer especial enfasis en algunas de...

El presente documento profundiza en los factores macroeconómicos que estimulan el desarrollo de procesos emprendedores, en concreto, se analizan los factores institucionales, económicos y sociales. Para ello se emplea la base de datos GEM que proporciona un amplio abanico de indicadores armonizados referentes al emprendedor y las condiciones de su entorno. Haciendo uso de la estadística descriptiva se realiza un estudio exhaustivo de dichas condiciones, prestando especial atención a las diferencias existentes entre las economías desarrolladas y no desarrolladas. Así, se observa que la actividad emprendedora, medida a través de la TEA, ha experimentado de manera generalizada un incremento en los últimos años, tanto de los países desarrollados como no desarrollados, siendo este fenómeno más acusado en estos últimos. Además, se evidencia que a pesar de que en los países desarrollados la actividad emprendedora es menor, los factores institucionales, económicos y sociales son más favorables que en el caso de las economías menos desarrolladas.

Social enterprises can play a pivotal role in mitigating the negative effects of major crises if these ventures are able to attract enough funding for their activities. Our research reflects on the experiences of a UK-based crowdfunding platform, UpEffect, to develop understanding of the key challenges for social enterprise crowdfunding at the time of COVID-19. Specially, we offer and synthesize three perspectives (social enterprises, funding crowd, and crowdfunding platforms) to illuminate key strategies that crowdfunding platforms, like UpEffect, can employ to support social enterprises in enacting solutions for COVID-19 affected people and communities.

Social enterprises can play a pivotal role in mitigating the negative effects of major crises if these ventures are able to attract enough funding for their activities. Our research reflects on the experiences of a UK-based crowdfunding platform, UpEffect, to develop understanding of the key challenges for social enterprise crowdfunding at the time of COVID-19. Specially, we offer and synthesize three perspectives (social enterprises, funding crowd, and crowdfunding platforms) to illuminate key strategies that crowdfunding platforms, like UpEffect, can employ to support social enterprises in enacting solutions for COVID-19 affected people and communities.

This research examines the concept ‘Engineering entrepreneurship’, looking at the contribution that engineers make towards a rapid changing technological environment that support the growth South African economy. This research works on the premise that engineering entrepreneurship lends itself to high technology entrepreneurial activity, but seeks to understand whether engineers are sufficiently progressive to support rapid change. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) places the catalyst for high-expectation entrepreneurship (aged: 23 32 years, highly educated, potential high income), squarely in the BACCALAUREUS TECHNOLOGIAE (BTech) program at Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT). The answer we must find is one that seeks to understand whether engineering entrepreneurship is relevant in the South African context. INTRODUCTION That entrepreneurship activity contributes to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is no secret and engineers are alert to that, but whether engineers as e...

Resumen. En el actual entorno económico mundial organismos como la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) o el Banco Mundial reconocen el emprendimiento de nuevos negocios como un motor de crecimiento indiscutible y a los mecanismos financieros para ponerlo en práctica como determinantes. La literatura económica desde hace tiempo viene estudiando los procesos de emprendimiento desde diferentes perspectivas; aunque no tanto atendiendo al género de quien toma la iniciativa empresarial y a las singularidades de esta circunstancia, ya que hay situaciones que pueden llegar a condicionar la puesta en marcha de negocios por mujeres como el menor acceso a la financiación bancaria frente a sus homólogos masculinos, lo que puede justificar una menor actividad emprendedora. En ámbitos específicos como el emprendimiento social, donde el componente del lucro se ajusta con la dimensión social y medioambiental del proyecto, se pone de manifiesto esta situación. El presente artículo se centra en la demanda de financiación por parte de las emprendedoras a partir de tres bloques de análisis. En el primero, se estudian las necesidades de recursos financieros de las emprendedoras frente a los emprendedores con el propósito de establecer si hay diferencias relevantes, contrastando si las primeras precisan menos financiación que los segundos a la hora de llevar a cabo iniciativas empresariales. En el siguiente bloque, se analizan las fuentes de financiación principal declaradas por las emprendedoras de 69 países en la encuesta del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), identificando varios clústeres relevantes con resultados diversos. Esto último hace posible, para terminar, contrastar empíricamente las diferencias en las fuentes principales expresadas por hombres y mujeres para financiar sus negocios 4 .

Microcredit programs have emerged as powerful tools for poverty alleviation and economic growth in developing economies. This study investigates the impact of the BRI People's Business Credit Program (KUR) on entrepreneurship development and economic growth in West Java, Indonesia. Employing a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative survey data and qualitative insights from interviews and focus group discussions, the research reveals compelling findings. The quantitative analysis demonstrates a high level of participation in the BRI KUR program, with significant positive effects on entrepreneurship development indicators, such as business growth, employment generation, and income increase. Furthermore, areas with higher program participation exhibit noteworthy increases in GDP per capita and reductions in poverty rates. These results underscore the program's pivotal role in stimulating entrepreneurship and fostering economic growth at the regional level. Qualitative insights from program participants and stakeholders provide valuable context, emphasizing the program's accessibility, its impact on entrepreneurship culture, and the importance of addressing challenges for sustainable success. This research contributes to our understanding of microcredit program effectiveness, especially within the unique regional context of West Java. It offers insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and development agencies seeking to harness the potential of microcredit programs as drivers of economic transformation.

Whilst this work is based on data collected by the GEM consortium, responsibility for analysis and interpretation of those data is the sole responsibility of the authors. Aunque este trabajo está basado en datos recolectados por el Consorcio GEM, el análisis e interpretación de los mismos es responsabilidad única de los autores.

Harvard Law School Program on Risk Regulation Research Fearsome risks are those that stimulate strong emotional responses. Such risks, which usually involve high consequences, tend to have low probabilities, since life today is no longer nasty, brutish and short. In the face of a low-probability fearsome risk, people often exaggerate the benefits of preventive, risk-reducing, or ameliorative measures. In both personal life and politics, the result is damaging overreactions to risks. We offer evidence for the phenomenon of probability neglect, failing to distinguish between high and low-probability risks. Action bias is a likely result.

Pierre Birnbaum : The Durkheimian Conception of the State : Apolitical Civil Servants. When examining the nature and functions of the State, Durkheim seems to have abandoned any sociological perspective in order to accept forthright an entirely Hegelian conception. For Durkheim, the State, a neutral and rational being that is, furthermore, independent of the large society, constitutes an organ for the rational management of society, even though the latter continued experiencing important social conflicts. This conception led Durkheim, contrary to Duguit, to oppose the unionization of civil servants who were supposed to identify with their functions and not have specific social interests. He thus shunned Jaurès who was attempting to show that the State's agents are workers similar to those in the larger society. For Durkheim, on the contrary, civil servants act in the general interest, identify with their functions and are duty-bound to remain publicly neutral about all issues, this neutrality preserving them from those social conflicts which agitate the larger society.

Resumen Nombrar implica ejercer el poder sobre lo nombrado, involucra coacción y coerción social. La atribución de nombres, adjetivos, designaciones, favorece la taxonomía cognitiva, pero también socio-ideológico-cultural. Cuando una Institución al servicio del Estado nomina, esas denominaciones tienen consecuencias en los sujetos nombrados. En México, a través de las prácticas semiótico- discursivas (Haidar, 1996, 1998, 2006) se llevó a cabo esta edificación del concepto de discapacidad con importantes implicaciones. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la construcción discursiva, a través de la historia de la nominación de la discapacidad (Valdés, 1948) para vincular este hecho con el imaginario social de México y revisar las implicaciones socio-ideológicas resultantes (Bourdieu, 2003; Pechêux, 1970; Foucault 1970, 2003; Goffman 1963, 1986). Para efectuar un primer acercamiento, estudiamos los términos con que se designa la discapacidad en los Censos de población y vivienda (...

The paper investigated entrepreneurship education as a viable tool for the promotion of entrepreneurship among university students for poverty reduction in South Africa. The paper adopted quantitative research design and the data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The respondents were selected using a simple random sampling method where a sample size of 374 was selected from a sample frame of 13,331 students. The paper employed descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and independent t-test as the data analysis methods. The results revealed that entrepreneurship education plays a pivotal role in promoting entrepreneurial competencies, entrepreneurship culture and promoting self-reliance and self-independence among university students in order to reduce poverty rate in South Africa. Recommendations to reduce poverty rate in South Africa using entrepreneurship education were suggested to government agencies, institutions of higher learning, policymakers and private businesses.

This study was conducted to find out when Entrepreneurship can be introduced in the school curriculum. A case study design premised in the qualitative approach was employed, which used semi-structured focus group interviews as data collection instruments. The areas of study were purposively selected government primary and secondary schools in the Bulawayo Metropolitan Province in Zimbabwe. Data were analyzed thematically and discussed according to research objectives. Findings revealed that Entrepreneurship per se is not taught in government primary and secondary schools. Based on these findings, the recommendations were that Entrepreneurship should be introduced in the school curriculum at primary level to allow learners to lay a solid foundation for creativity, nurturing and innovation of business ideas for use later in life

The main task of this article is to explore the entrepreneurship policy in Estonia. The idea proceeds from the book by Lundström and Stevenson (2001) 1 , in which the authors describe, analyse and discuss the development of entrepreneurship policy in ten economies-six EU Member States 2 and four members of APEC. In some respects, this article strives to be a "missing chapter" in the aforementioned book concerning entrepreneurship policy in Estonia. It should be considered as an attempt to apply their approach to a country without a long history in SME development. The article starts with an overview of the theoretical background and goes on to examine entrepreneurship policy (or even economic policy) in Estonia. Examination of SME / entrepreneurship policy documents shows that Estonia is moving towards entrepreneurship policy, but with certain minor reservations. The current Estonian entrepreneurship policy may be regarded as a combination of an extension to SME policy and a holistic policy, the trend of development is towards the latter. The "old" (effective in 2002-2006) policy was almost SME policy and has been mentioned as a basis in the new (for 2007-2013) policy document, which is being prepared now. The policy structures followed the vertical model in the period 1996-2000 (and also earlier), but now Estonia is moving towards a horizontal or multi-ministerial model. 1 "Patterns and Trends in Entrepreneurship / SME Policy and Practice in Ten Economies-Volume 3 of the Entrepreneurship Policy for the Future Series", issued by the Swedish Foundation for Small Business Research. 2 EU stands for the European Union and APEC for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. 458 Because defining of entrepreneurship has been challenging for many scholars, there are many definitions. So the problem does not consist in the lack of definitions. As Davidsson (2003) wrote, "the literature is full of definitions of entrepreneurship, which differ along a number of dimensions …". This means that there is still a long way to go to a common definition and (more importantly) to a common understanding of entrepreneurship. Speaking about entrepreneurship, some authors like Acs (2005), Busenitz et al (2003) and Richtermeyer (2003) have used the phrase "emerging field" (or "themes"). So far we cannot speak about a consistent, universal theory in entrepreneurship; it consists of several different disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, regional science, economics, etc, and there is no common theoretical framework to synthesize these different approaches. (Virtanen 1997). Considering this, it is not surprising that there is still no unambiguous definition. At the time, some scholars are more positive about entrepreneurship. For instance, Richtermeyer (2003) points out that entrepreneurship is continuously evolving and also expanding. Davidsson (2003) perceives progress in entrepreneurship research, relying mainly on important works in entrepreneurship, which increasingly appear in highly respected, mainstream journals. Behind this he sees conceptual development that attracts attention. Davidsson also refers to compiled handbooks, providing the field with more of a common body of knowledge (ibid). Thus we can conclude that the "emerging field" is promising, as Shane and Venkataraman (2000) pronounced. The other word is policy. Avoiding a long (and probably not as fruitful) discussion about policy (or even economic policy) in general, it will be useful to go directly to entrepreneurship policy and start from its roots.

El objetivo del presente artículo de investigación consistió en diseñar un modelo de un sistema de gestión, que permitiera mejorar la calidad en una organización, desde la perspectiva de la responsabilidad social. El método utilizado fue el interpretativo analítico, bajo un enfoque mixto y con un corte propositivo. La muestra fue estratificada con 178 elementos (entre empresas y personas naturales). Las técnicas de investigación utilizadas fueron: la observación participante; encuestas y entrevistas a trabajadores, directivos y clientes. El resultado obtenido fue la creación de un modelo de sistema de gestión y de responsabilidad social, basado en la teoría de los stakeholders y fundamentado en la teoría del bien común. Aparte de su utilidad especifica, se concluye que el modelo diseñado se puede replicar en otras organizaciones con características similares, adecuándose a sus contextos. ABSTRACTThis research paper aimed to design the model of a management system, which allow improv...

El observatorio es una estrategia de la Alianza Interredes para la cooperación académica entre redes universitarias: la Fundación para el Análisis Estratégico y Desarrollo de la Pyme -FAEDPYME, la Red Universitaria Iberoamericana sobre Creación de Empresas y Emprendimiento -MOTIVA-, la Red Latinoamericana de Innovación y Emprendimiento -RLIE- del Consejo Latinoamericano de Escuelas de Administración -CLADEA- y la Red Universitaria de Emprendimiento -REUNE- de la Asociación Colombiana de Universidades ASCUN. Además, queremos destacar la colaboración de las siguientes instituciones de apoyo a la Mipyme: Centro Regional de Promoción de la Micro, Pequeña y Mediana Empresa (CENPROMYPE); Centro Nacional de Competitividad de Panamá; Ministerio de Industria y Comercio -Viceministerio de mipymes de Paraguay; Asociación colombiana de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (Acopi); y Cámara de Comercio de Villavicencio y del Casanare en Colombia.