Energy and Natural Resources Law

The study on the effects of botanicals for the management of storage insects in beans was conducted at the plant pathology laboratory of the National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) in The Gambia. The objective was to determine the most effective rate of neem leaf (Azadirachta indica) and pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit powders in the management of Acanthoscelides obtectus on beans. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized

In the ancient past, Indian civilization was highly prosperous. However, population pressure on the planet and frequently changing governmental plans have outdated traditional lifestyles and rural habits. Due to such changes, there was no option but to apply scientific and modern technology and the absolute necessity to pace with the changing times. The natural resources in an area, including the most precious commodity that is water, have become scarcer due to (1) the depletion of the available resources due to misuse and abuse over time, (II) neglect of water works (tanks and canals) (III) the increased dependency in living on the government subsidies. Therefore, to mitigate the problem, an objective assessment of the available resources and a rational distribution of the same become imperative. Therefore, remote sensing for optimum utilization of resources was attempted along with GIS techniques. Different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated into the Geographical Information System environment. The interpretation based on these maps was transformed into several recommendations whose implementation may lead to far-reaching changes in the development of the land's economy and people's well-being.

Despite growing awareness of corporate social responsibility (CSR), there is no consensus on its definition. This paper investigates whether a standardised definition of CSR is necessary for its legal enforcement in Tanzania. The paper employed doctrinal legal research to examine the CSR legal framework and identify challenges that a standardised definition of CSR can resolve. The findings highlight that while the meaning of CSR is not in dispute, the definition of CSR remains a subject of debate, ultimately contributing to poor CSR practices in Tanzania. Moreover, the existing CSR legal framework in Tanzania has significant challenges, and having a standardised definition is a key step towards addressing them. Although the paper finds that a standardised definition of CSR is not a complete panacea for challenges in performing CSR obligations, it does contribute to implementing CSR goals.

In this brief commentary, I draw on the current greenwashing literature to provide guidance on how to recognise state greenwashing and the nature of the liability that may result. I conclude with a research agenda for deepening our understanding of state greenwashing, inviting other scholars to join the debate.

Demand response (DR) plays a crucial role in enhancing flexibility in the European electricity market. By adjusting electricity consumption in response to price signals or grid requirements, DR contributes to grid stability, reduces system costs, and supports the integration of renewable energy sources. The European Union (EU) has developed a legal framework to facilitate DR participation, primarily through the Electricity Market Directive (2019/944) and the Electricity Market Regulation (2019/943). These frameworks guarantee consumer rights, enable independent aggregators, and foster competition in electricity markets. However, the practical implementation of these legal instruments has been inconsistent across Member States, resulting in market fragmentation, limited access for aggregators, and barriers to participation. This article examines the legal and regulatory framework for DR participation, analyzes its effectiveness, and discusses key challenges in the integration of demand response into European electricity markets.

Dintre drepturile reale principale cel mai important şi mai complet în ceea ce priveşte atributele pe care le conferă titularilor săi este dreptul de proprietate. Elementele definitorii ale dreptului de proprietate rezultă atât din atributele care stau la baza sa cât şi din modul de exercitare a acestor atribute. În ce priveşte atributele dreptul de proprietate cuprinde în conţinutul său dreptul de posesie, dreptul de folosinţă şi dreptul de dispoziţie. Cu privire la exercitarea atributelor precizăm modul exclusiv şi perpetuu prin putere şi în interes propriu al titularului dreptului de proprietate. Putem defini dreptul de proprietate ca fiind acel drept real care îi permite titularului său să posede, să folosească şi să dispună de obiectul său -bun mobil sau imobil -în mod exclusiv şi perpetuu prin putere şi în interes propriu în conformitate cu dispoziţiile legale. Art. 480 din Codul Civil Român menţionează definiţia legală a proprietăţii. "Proprietatea este dreptul pe care îl are cineva de a se bucura şi a dispune de un lucru, în mod exclusiv şi absolut, însă în limitele determinate de lege". Critica definiţiei legale dată dreptului de proprietate pune în evidenţă chestiuni care se impun a fi lămurite şi completate. În primul rând se constată că în textul legal nu sunt enumerate toate atributele dreptului de proprietate. Se face referire doar la dreptul de dispoziţie. Dreptul de posesie şi dreptul de folosinţă sunt probabil incluse în expresia "a se bucura". În al doilea rând textul prevede că dreptul de proprietate este un drept absolut. În loc de a fi menţionat caracterul perpetuu este subliniată, în mod expres, existenţa absolută a dreptului de proprietate. Unii autori au criticat prevederea caracterului absolut considerând că acesta ar fi antisocial şi antijuridic. Dacă dreptul de proprietate privată ar fi absolut, acesta nu ar mai putea fi dezmembrat. Ori, dreptul de proprietate privată poate fi dezmembrat în ceea ce priveşte atributele sale, constituindu-se drepturi reale principale formate pe baza dezmembrămintelor dreptului de proprietate privată (uzufruct, abitaţie, servitute, superficie, uz), fără a se nega în nici un fel principalul atribut al dreptului de proprietate, respectiv dreptul de dispoziţie. Totuşi, caracterul absolut al dreptului de proprietate menţionat în definiţia legală se poate admite avându-se în vedere că dreptul de proprietate, fiind un drept subiectiv civil cu caracter patrimonial real, este din punct de vedere al gradului de opozabilitate un drept absolut. Succintă analiză a acestora. Atributele dreptului de proprietate sunt: posesia, folosinţa şi dispoziţia. Acestea pot aparţine unui singur titular (plenitudinea dreptului de proprietate) sau pot avea titulari diferiţi (posesia şi folosinţa aparţinând unui titular în timp ce dispoziţia să aparţină altui titular). În acest din urmă caz ne aflăm în prezenţa dezmembrămintelor dreptului de proprietate privată formate pe baza atributelor posesiei şi folosinţei exercitate de un alt subiect de drept în timp ce dreptul de dispoziţie aparţine proprietarului bunului -nudului proprietar. Posesia reprezintă o stare de fapt care constă în stăpânirea unui lucru de către un subiect de drept care se consideră a fi titularul unui drept real asupra lucrului respectiv. Posesorul are prerogativa de a stăpâni în fapt, în mod direct şi nemijlocit, bunurile mobile sau bunurile imobile ce formează obiectul dreptului de proprietate. Totodată posesorul poate consimţi ca stăpânirea în fapt a lucrului să se efectueze de o altă persoană, în numele şi în interesul său. Art. 1846 alin. (2) din Codul Civil prevede: "posesiunea este deţinerea unui lucru sau folosirea de un drept, exercitată, una sau alta, de noi înşine sau de altul în numele nostru". Folosinţa -ca atribut al dreptului de proprietateconstituie prerogativa în baza căreia titularul poate folosi bunurile imobile care formează obiectul proprietăţii sale dobândind fructele şi veniturile pe care aceste bunuri au aptitudinea de a le produce. Proprietarul poate utiliza atât material, cât şi juridic bunurile care formează obiectul dreptului său de proprietate. Dispoziţia reprezintă un atribut caracteristic al dreptului de proprietate. Aceasta constă în aptitudinea titularului dreptului de proprietate de a efectua acte juridice cu titlu oneros sau cu titlu gratuit, de a constitui alte drepturi reale principale sau accesorii asupra respectivului bun. El poate distruge, în materialitatea sa, bunul asupra căruia exercită dreptul său de proprietate. Dreptul de proprietate prezintă două caractere definitorii, principale şi permanente: caracterul exclusiv şi caracterul perpetuu. Numai proprietarul sau, după caz, proprietarii au prerogativa să exercite atributele dreptului de proprietate asupra bunurilor mobile sau imobile care formează obiectul acestuia. Acest caracter prezintă şi anumite limite care se obiectivează, fie cu acordul proprietarului, fie sunt impuse datorită unor situaţii sociale, econimice sau juridice. Titularul dreptului de proprietate poate consimţi în privinţa unor restricţii care să limiteze caracterul exclusiv al acestui drept real principal.

It is no longer news that the economic drive of the present government in Nigeria to increase revenue generation include among other things exploration and mining of solid minerals. Nigeria in her efforts to diversify from being a mono economy majorly dependent on crude oil seeks to develop her vast mineral resources. However, it is not without gain saying that mining and mineral explorations despite its economic benefits, has great potentials for environmental damage if not sustainably managed. The paper seeks to explore the need for the country to explore the resources, the implication for the environment and the imperative for necessary precautions to prevent and minimize adverse environmental impacts within the ambit of the law and established international principles and chart the way forward to aid reduction in pollution. This paper adopted the doctrinal research design. Data was sourced from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources of data were statutes like Nigeria Minerals Mining Act and the regulations; while secondary sources were garnered from books, journal articles, conference papers, research report, newspapers and Internet. The paper discovered that Nigeria is not bereft of laws to regulate the mining industry, and it is up to date with relevant international best practices. However, the country needs to strengthen the regulatory agencies to ensure compliance going forward.

In contemporary times, the global water crisis represents one of the most critical challenges confronting humanity. International law bears significant responsibility in establishing an effective legal framework for the management of freshwater resources. A key dimension of this challenge concerns the legal regime governing water in the atmosphere, particularly regarding state interventions in precipitation processes, including artificial cloud seeding, which may have transboundary effects. This article, acknowledging the existing ambiguities in international law, examines the role of general principles of international law in defining the legal status of clouds and the international responsibility arising from related activities. In addition to these general principles, the study incorporates the work of the International Law Commission on the Responsibility of States for Dangerous Acts Not Prohibited under International Law as a guiding framework for understanding the legal implications of artificial cloud production.

Solar energy is pivotal to the United States' renewable energy transition, offering abundant, low-emission electricity. However, the sector faces two critical challenges: intermittency of solar generation and limited energy storage capacity. These issues hinder the ability of solar power to reliably meet demand, particularly during peak usage periods. This paper analyzes U.S. solar deployment, evaluates existing and emerging energy storage technologies, examines global case studies, and proposes a comprehensive roadmap for enhancing solar reliability. The study demonstrates that a combination of advanced storage solutions, smart grid integration, and policy incentives is essential to transform solar energy into a consistent, dependable power source.

It is no longer news that the economic drive of the present government in Nigeria to increase revenue generation include among other things exploration and mining of solid minerals. Nigeria in her efforts to diversify from being a mono economy majorly dependent on crude oil seeks to develop her vast mineral resources. However, it is not without gain saying that mining and mineral explorations despite its economic benefits, has great potentials for environmental damage if not sustainably managed. The paper seeks to explore the need for the country to explore the resources, the implication for the environment and the imperative for necessary precautions to prevent and minimize adverse environmental impacts within the ambit of the law and established international principles and chart the way forward to aid reduction in pollution. This paper adopted the doctrinal research design. Data was sourced from both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources of data were statutes like Nigeria Minerals Mining Act and the regulations; while secondary sources were garnered from books, journal articles, conference papers, research report, newspapers and Internet. The paper discovered that Nigeria is not bereft of laws to regulate the mining industry, and it is up to date with relevant international best practices. However, the country needs to strengthen the regulatory agencies to ensure compliance going forward.

The feasibility and potential assessment (PA) of solar PV energy is one of the key factors in identifying the most promising areas for the installation of solar PV stations. It determines the useful energy generated in the given area. This paper assesses the solar energy distribution and PA in the North Shewa administration zone. Based on the data collected and analysis made, it is found that more than 80% of the North Shewa areas are suitable for the solar energy generation for off-grid and on-grid systems. Hence, the solar potential of the North Shewa zone completely fulfills the standards of sunshine, solar radiation, and temperature. That is, most of the areas have solar radiation of 5.2 kWh/m2, and daily sunshine is greater than 7 h. The maximum energy production is found in December in Shewa Robit, Mehal Meda, Eneware, Debre Berhan, Alem Ketema, and Sela Dengay with 175.35 kWh, 188.18 kWh, 180.78 kWh, 189.54 kWh, 175.78 kWh, and 189.63 kWh, respectively. This is a good opportu...

This article examines the legal environment of foreign direct investment in Mongolia and compares the Law on Foreign Investment 1993, Law on Investment 2013, and the Law on Investment-Revision draft 2024. Past experience shows that although the investment law is open to inflows, investment growth has not met expectations due to challenges in attracting investors and creating trust in the creation of favorable conditions. This was mainly due to past investment practices and domestic policy instability. Therefore, attention should be paid to ensuring the stability of state policies and the legal environment, improving incentives for foreign investors, clarifying the regulations for receiving applications and complaints, and effectively introducing the reforms necessary for the digital transition.

The increasing population of Ethiopia has resulted in an excessive forest clearing for agricultural purpose, overgrazing and exploitation of the existing forests for fuel. The Environmental impact of over dependence on forest resources for energy source is not studied in sufficient detail in Debis watershed. In view of this, the study was initiated to investigate the status of firewood consumption and its impact on deforestation. Series of survey assessment by interview questioner for status of firewood consumption and its contribution to deforestation was conducted. Data generated by survey was analyzed using computer software Statistical Package for Social Science, 16.00 to find the status of firewood consumption and its impact on deforestation. The present study revealed that the main energy sources utilized was biomass energy particularly firewood and 100% of the households collect it from natural forest, private wood land and forest land. Consequently the dependence of households on firewood has a significant contribution to deforestation in the present study area. Therefore, there is a need to develop sustainable modern and environmental friendly energy sources and practicing afforestation and forest management programs to overcome the problem of deforestation of natural forest in the present study area and other similar agro-ecological zone.

Replacing lithium cobalt batteries and preparing a sand battery which is self operating alternative in sun to store energy and utilise it in night and day. Preparing a dual axis/single axis, solar tracker to capture and increase efficiency of solar panels by 40%

Mining beneficiation, the process of adding value to raw mineral resources through local processing and manufacturing, is increasingly recognised as a catalyst for socioeconomic empowerment in South Africa. This paper argues that beneficiation not only enhances economic growth but also creates shared value for communities most impacted by mining activities. By focusing on local employment, skills development, and community investment, beneficiation can transform historically disadvantaged communities into active participants in the mining sector. However, challenges such as capital investment, infrastructure, and skills development must be addressed to realize the full potential of beneficiation. This paper advocates for a comprehensive approach to mining beneficiation that prioritizes inclusivity and sustainability.

Matthews Bantsijang is a South African mining and energy expert and commentator involved with mining beneficiation, particularly in promoting its economic benefits and opportunities. He advocates for adding value to raw mineral resources through local processing and manufacturing, rather than exporting them in their raw form. His work also focuses on supporting SMMEs within the mining sector and community engagement through awareness programs.

Does international law afford individual rights to enforce climate action of States and if so, is there a legally binding standard of climate protection that domestic courts can apply? The Gerechtshof Den Haag (Hague Court of Appeal) in the Urgenda decision of October 2018 has answered these questions in the positive. The Hague Court of Appeal thereby acknowledged the existence of a 'duty of care' in Dutch law based on the European Convention on Human Rights. A closer analysis of the judgment reveals that the concrete content of this duty of care is not derived from human rights, but from scientifically proven and internationally endorsed greenhouse gas emission reduction targets which are imperative to achieve the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. This article analyses the judgment and examines whether it is consistent with the existing case law of the European Court of Human Rights. It demonstrates that the judgment forms part of a tidal wave of judicial enquiry into the accountability of governments for their climate action on the basis of human rights and that it is the virtue of human rights law to be conducive to resolving the accountability issue of governments for their climate action. More evidence is needed to substantiate that a new 'European Consensus' emerges that comprises not only agreement on an ambitious global temperature goal but translates this into individual rights to enforce climate protection.

Port as a transportation terminal plays a significant role in developing coastal areas. Some of the factors supporting its development in coastal areas are accessibility, information technology, and social capital. Therefore, this research analyzes the influence of accessibility, information technology, and social capital on the development of the Bagan Asahan Port and its surrounding coastal areas in the Asahan Regency. This is a quantitative research with data collected from 392 respondents through a questionnaire and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that accessibility and information technology had no significant effect on port and coastal area development. Conversely, social capital significantly affected the port area with no significant impact on coastal development. Subsequently, port development also has a substantial effect on developing coastal areas with mediating influence on social capital. Numerous implications and recommendations for future research are then discussed and presented.

The equatorial and tropical regions of Africa are home to the hydrophyte Pistia stratiotes, which is a member of the Araceae family. Recent interest in the potential therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants has been amplified by the presence of their inherent bioactive components. The purpose of this in vivo investigation was to determine whether Pistia stratiotes possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The effect of Pistia stratiotes extract on inflammation in rats was investigated. To categorize the rats, five sets of five rats were utilized each time. The experimental groups consisted of the following: a positive control group, a normal control group, a lowdose group (200 mg/kg), a high-dose group (400 mg/kg), and an 80 mg/kg diclofenac group. The antiinflammatory effects were assessed through the utilization of the carrageenan-induced paw edema technique. The results demonstrate that the extract significantly decreases the production of edema. The high dose (400 mg/kg) shows a remarkable inhibition of 61.1%, surpassing both the low dose (28.5%) and the positive control (0.0%). The extract exhibits substantial anti-inflammatory properties, similar to diclofenac (73.0%). The results indicate that the ethanolic extract of Pistia stratiotes exhibits strong anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This study indicates an additional clinical trial and developing formulations to fully realize the medicinal potential of the plant.

As a country of acute power crisis, Bangladesh is now looking forward to developing its renewable energy sources. In this work, we survey the current art of the solar energy technologies being used presently and future utilization in Bangladesh. This paper emphasizes that a reliable, affordable, and secure supply of energy is important for socioeconomic development. Solar energy may help a lot in achieving sufficiency in electricity especially in rural areas. It is known from different sources that only 75% population have access to electricity in Bangladesh and nearly 75% of the population is rural and only about 30% of the rural households have access to grid electricity. The rural areas are not often feasible for conventional grid-based electrification due to high investment and running costs. The Infrastructure Development Company Ltd recently states that the number of solar home systems (SHSs) in Bangladesh (April 2016) is 3.9 million. As a result, more than 25 million people are benefitted from solar electricity.

Summary This paper presents general guidelines to determine the feasibility of offshore petroleum projects in terms of field appraisal, subsurface development planning, and facilities options. It also illustrates the multidisciplinary nature of various tasks and includes examples for illustration. The emphasis is on oil fields, particularly marginal fields. Introduction The life of every oil and gas field begins with its discovery. Almost immediately, we want to know what its potential is (in terms of reserves and monetary value) and what the development options are in terms of subsurface plan and facilities. To answer these questions, a systematic approach is required to evaluate the discovery, to forecast the reservoir behavior under expected producing conditions, and to design the optimum facilities to meet forecasted production. This paper outlines the required process for studying the feasibility of developing offshore petroleum fields. A petroleum development project typically...

Oil and gas exploration in Malawi is a new phenomenon. Six exploration blocks have been delineated and exploration licences issued. There is need to understand the process of exploration, development and revenue structure for government. Challenges of finding economic deposits exist due to the nature of geotechnical environment. Revenue transparency and utilisation will play a big role to avoid resource curse.

The Scotland and Malawi Co-operation Agreement sets out the ways in which the respective country’s governments engage and work with each other. Key elements of the Co-operation Agreement include regular discussion, learning and expertise exchange between the countries, and a Scottish Government (SG) financed International Development Fund, which supports discrete projects within Malawi. Under the auspices of the Co-operation Agreement, Ministerial discussion during the UN Climate Change Summit in Cancun in December 2010 highlighted the Government of Malawi’s target of increasing electricity access in Malawi from 8% to 15% of the population by 2015. It was agreed that the SG would consider how best it could contribute to this ambition through the Co-operation Agreement’s existing mechanisms. Against this background, the following scoping study was commissioned by the SG. The study commences with an overview of the broad energy and electricity sectors in Malawi, but its specific purpo...

The energy transition is a multifaceted transformation requiring not only technological innovation but also deep legal, economic, and societal shifts. Electric Vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a critical enabler of this transition, offering both decarbonization potential and opportunities for grid integration. However, their widespread adoption and participation in energy systems are contingent on suitable legal and regulatory frameworks. This article argues that traditional energy law, often siloed and rooted in narrow disciplinary paradigms, must evolve to meet the complex challenges posed by EVs. It explores how legal systems influence the deployment of EVs, from infrastructure development and market participation to data governance and consumer behavior. Emphasizing the need for principle-guided regulation, the article advocates for an interdisciplinary approach that integrates insights from the social sciences to design more effective, human-centered legal and policy tools. Bridging disciplinary gaps is essential for energy law to fulfill its potential in steering the energy transition toward sustainable and equitable outcomes.

The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (1986) introduced crucial environmental legislation in the nuclear sector, focusing on protecting lives, property, and the environment from radioactive emissions. Later accords like the 1994 Convention on Nuclear Safety and the 1997 Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management reinforced this environmental safeguard. These frameworks are examined in the context of public access to nuclear information, with notable gaps in laws granting the public rights to information and participation in nuclear decision-making. The Aarhus Convention (1998) is significant here, providing the public with rights to obtain environmental information, participate in decision-making, and seek legal remedies. The Espoo Convention and its 2003 Kiev Protocol further enhance public involvement, introducing the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), which mandates environmental impact assessments for nuclear plans and ensures stakeholder consultation. The study also explores compensation for environmental harm caused by nuclear disasters, referencing various conventions like the EU Environmental Liability Directive and the Civil Liability Convention. It advocates for stronger implementation of international treaties, social responsibility in nuclear policies, and effective national regulations. The Indian regulatory landscape, particularly the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) and the proposed Nuclear Regulatory Authority of India, is scrutinized. The paper underscores the importance of global collaboration to strengthen international laws on nuclear safety, waste management, liability, and compensation, promoting sustainable development while protecting the environment for future generations.

The power supply over the years in Nigeria has been consistently disappointing. What is even more appalling is the ratio of resources available to the results seen. Therefore, it has become imperative to consider other sources of energy that have birthed the clamour for energy mix. This article seeks to analyse the available legal and regulatory framework for energy mix in Nigeria. Some of the statutes examined are The Electric Power Sector Reform Act 2005, the Nigerian Electricity Management Services Act 2015 and the Environmental Impact Assessment Act 1992. Some other regulations were also examined, such as the NERC Application for License Regulations 2010 and NERC Licensing and Operating Fees Regulation 2010. Some of the recommendations include a comprehensive legal framework, extensive research, adequate mapping, amongst other things. Finally, energy mix seems to be the big break that the Nigerian energy sector needs, it behoves the policy makers to see it through successfully.

Rekomendacje stanowią efektywny i stosunkowo szybki środek reagowania przez Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego (KNF) na zjawiska, które mogą zakłócić stabilność i przejrzystość funkcjonowania sektora bankowego w Polsce. Regulacje te zaliczane do kategorii tzw. soft law
są jednym z istotnych źródeł bankowych norm ostrożnościowych o charakterze generalnym i abstrakcyjnym, a także formą prewencyjnego oddziaływania przez organ regulacyjny na podmioty nadzorowane. Poza tym, ze względu na swój zakres przedmiotowy wpływają na
swobodę prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej przez banki, a szerzej – również na prawa i wolności klientów tych instytucji finansowych.
W artykule omówiono zasadę proporcjonalności w ujęciu art. 31 ust. 3 Konstytucji, zakres regulacji rekomendacji bankowych i sposób ich opracowywania przez KNF, w tym w kontekście przedmiotowej zasady. Przedstawiono również wyniki badań co do stopnia respektowania zasady proporcjonalności przez KNF w wybranych rekomendacjach  adresowanych do sektora bankowego.

This research paper aims to critically assess the
protection of the environment, the rule of law, human rights,
and democracy within the trade agreements between African
Union Member States and the European Union. Through this
study, it is identified significant disparities in the treatment of
these crucial issues across various agreements, despite their
prominence in the Preamble. Some agreements lack specific
provisions, even when designating these issues as 'essential
elements' of the agreement. Furthermore, It's also essential to
underscore the interconnectedness of these topics within the
treaty content.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the legal and procedural landscape for foreigners seeking to purchase land and apartments in Tanzania. The research highlights legal limitations, opportunities in the real estate sector, and a step-by-step guide for compliance with Tanzanian land laws. Visit
https://danvastproperty.com/ and
https://landproperty.danvast.com/ for more detail.

The quest for the growth of indigenous businesses and investments in the nation's economy and necessity to maximize participation of Nigerians in oil and gas activities have prompted the "indigenization" policy which was first articulated as a legal instrument in the Nigeria's Petroleum Act of 1969. The paper considers the situation where the region that produces the bulk of national wealth and contributes so much to global oil wealth, is at the same time, the region where local dwellers ravaged in extreme poverty as reason for the government to constantly review its approach and strategy towards achieving the intention for indigenization. The paper assesses the various initiatives set forth to position Nigerians to fully access the benefits and opportunities within the nation's oil and gas industry. It observes that the NOGIC Act 2010 which gives birth to the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB) and the consequential Community Content Guideline (CCG) constitute a paradigm shift in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. The paper concludes that considering the current global economic order, the NOGIC Act provides a viable path to sustainable national economic development while the Community Content Guideline CCG is a veritable vehicle for fast tracking development in community context.

Монгол Улсад байгалийн ховор, нэн ховор ургамлын нөөц багассаар байгаа нь хүний хууль бус үйл ажиллагаатай холбоотой бөгөөд энэ төрлийн гэмт хэрэг, зөрчлийг таслан зогсооход хууль эрх зүйн орчин, түүний хэрэгжилт хангалтгүй, хууль хоорондын зөрчилдөөн байгааг нээн гаргаж, хэрхэн шийдвэрлэх арга замын талаар авч үзсэн болно.

Europe and North America would appear to offer excellent opportunities for crossfertilization of energy efficiency policies and programs. But it is important to understand the context and background; otherwise, innovations will be misinterpreted and good ideas dismissed prematurely. Through a survey of the literature, we compiled a list of major points of miscommunication between efficiency experts in the United States and Europe. Examples of the contextual differences that lead Americans to misunderstand the European situation include realizing that Europe has different institutional setting and regulatory power and there is little evaluation of energy efficiency programs. On the other hand, Europeans are mystified why American utilities don’t use “green” and “white” certificates. Europeans still think of air conditioning as a luxury and don’t understand that Texas would not be inhabited without it. Both groups fail to take into account the differing division of responsibilities fo...

at para. 29 [hereinafter Canadian Asbestos]. 12. Re United Used Auto (B.C. C.A.), supra note 3. 13. See the discussion in Re United Used Auto, Part IV of this article, below. 17. Remarks to CBAO Forum, ibid. 18. Ibid. See also Canadian Asbestos, supra note tt at 122. In a number of cases, secured creditors have consented or acquiesced. See for example Willann Investments v. Bank of America Canada, [1991] O.J. No. 721 (Ont. Gen. Div.), online: QL (OJ). 19. Rotsztain, supra note 2 at 283.

This paper targets a holistic approach in addressing crucial issues that cut to the core of the sustainability discourse. It assesses the meaning and essence of sustainable development as subsumed in the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The paper considers the expediency of enhancing goals synchronisation between economic development targets, social development, and environmental protection via a rightsbased approach that protects oil producing communities. The paper further clarifies that sustainability as envisaged by the concept of sustainable development has progressed far beyond its nebulous or amorphous origins and has evolved over time to incorporate the 17 goals encapsulated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Nevertheless, in this paper, it is clarified that goals integration, including options and possibilities from a petroleum industry context form the fulcrum of the debates engaged therein. The paper is however not unrealistically ambitious in the sense that it narrows its scope to target the provisions of the Nigerian Petroleum Industry Act of 2021 and the extent to which it secures goals synchronisation to engender social development and human rights protection in oil producing communities. Notwithstanding, the paper does not naively suggest that goal synergies across all 17 goals of the SD framework even though ideal or encouraged, are always achievable. It however contends that crucial platforms for optimising these goals are possible and integral for a greener petroleum industry and poverty eradication. In as much as the likelihood of trade-offs remain realistic considerations in the administration of an industry as global, complex and dynamic as the petroleum industry, Nigeria must at the same time consider issues of global and planetary sustainability. This is of course reliant on goals harmonization across the SDGs especially as it affects the oil and gas industry including its ability to impair the environment and social development via unsustainable exploitation processes. Ultimately, this paper undertakes an assessment of the Nigerian petroleum regulations to ascertain their feasibility for achieving social development in the Niger-Delta, which remains the epicentre of oil exploitation in Nigeria.

The thesis is an in-depth survey of the law of self-determination from the perspective of the interaction between nationalism and international law. It argues that, as nationalism (the doctrine that the nation is the basis for the state) provides the basic legitimacy for the modern state and as the state is, in turn, the basic unit of international law, one would expect to see nationalist arguments in that law. International bodies may use the language of nations and peoples to legitimise their positions, whether this is the drafting of an instrument or a decision by a court. However, it is also argued that while these bodies may refer to peoples, they remain essentially elite institutions disconnected from mass politics. Therefore, the peoples they cite may be no more than an idea of a people, a political idea whose function is to legitimise a particular action or decision, and whose characteristics may be subjectively shaped to fit that decision. The interaction between nationalism and international law creates certain tensions in the law of self-determination. Nationalism requires that self-determination be exercised by all authentic peoples and that states conform to those peoples. Positive international law is ultimately based on states and their intent, and seeks to establish a certain degree of clarity and consistency in that intent. These are two very different standards and there is no stable middle ground between them. Thus, self-determination can alternatively be criticised for falling short of a right of " all peoples" and for the lack of clarity and consistency in its obligations. The thesis also considers the close relationship between national ties and legal principles. National ties used to identify a nation, such as language, territory, religion, identity etc., can readily relate to principles, like self-determination, territorial integrity and state sovereignty. The law of self-determination usually presents these principles in an antagonistic relationship with each other: self-determination v. territorial integrity etc. However, it is argued that these balances merely represent the different weight attached to various ties in the definition of a nation: selfdetermination highlights subjective ties, territorial integrity emphasises territorial ties etc. The thesis also looks at the consequences of this interaction, first its historical context, then in the drafting of instruments, the decisions of courts and legal obligations. It is argued that in the drafting of instruments, various bodies use a technique of " balancing" , in which selfdetermination is balanced by other principles. This allows self-determination to be proclaimed as a right of " all peoples" (satisfying nationalism), while effectively limiting it to certain situations (satisfying positive law). However, there are two problems with this approach. First, despite this formula of words, the balance is still evidently intented to restrict self-determination. This has lead, in turn, to attempts to establish more sensitive balances. Second, these balances of principles may encapsulate national ideas and far from establishing legal clarity can simply boil down to competing interpretations of " people" and " country" . These problems become more evident in decisions by courts and similar bodies. It is argued that balancing in this case becomes unsatisfactory because it does not address nationalist perceptions of legitimacy. If self-determination is to be promoted or contained, it does matter whether the groups in question are peoples or not. It cannot simply be left to principles. As a consequence, courts and similar bodies often seem to supplement these balances with nationalist rhetoric, in which peoples are identified and shaped to support particular principles. Finally, for these reasons, the law of self-determination is seen as one in which the right can alternatively be used to support or to challenge existing obligations, but is highly problematic as a source of obligations in itself. " Ideas might be used as weapons… as a weapon, ' selfdetermination' should be handled with care." H. F. E. WHITLAM AUSTRALIAN REPRESENTATIVE TO THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION DURING THE DRAFTING OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS COVENANTS, 264 th MEETING, 1952. There seems to be a popular myth that writing a doctorate has something to do with being clever. However, after some years writing my thesis, I have come to the conclusion that it is more than anything else a test of stamina. Thesis writing can seem like a long, arduous and lonely journey over often difficult and unfamiliar terrain. The surroundings may be relatively unremarkable, a room and a computer or a desk in a library, but it does require commitment, a certain penchant for poverty, a considerable amount of what the Finns call sisu, and, above all, a sense of excitement. I began the doctoral programme at the Faculty of Law in Helsinki University in Autumn 1997, although work on this thesis did not really start until January 1999. Towards the end of 2003 it was basically complete, with some of the final polishing taking place while I was lecturing in international law at the University of Zambia in the autumn of that year. A great deal of the present introduction was written in the remote village of Nambo deep in the African bush in Zambia' s Central Province. During this time I am happy to say that, while the subject of national self-determination has often left me confused and exasperated, it has never left me bored. I only hope that I can convey this sense of interest in the present work (hopefully leaving out the confusion and exasperation). I am extremely grateful for all the support I have received in writing this book. Finance for the project came in part from an International Student Grant from Helsinki University and a grant from the Chancellor to finalise this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisor Jan Klabbers who has always been available with suggestions and, I have to admit, also helped me to considerably improve my English. I would also like to thank my pre-examiners Martti Koskenniemi and Iain Cameron for their very useful comments. Professor Koskenniemi has also provided me with his insights at several key points in this project. I am extremely pleased that Karen Knop has agreed to be my opponent for the public defense and I await her critique with great interest. I have also received many invaluable ideas from Eyassu Gayim from our many long conversations about self-determination and other things. I would also like to thank Tarja Långström for guidance on the Russian cases and Pamela Norris for help with the Italian. I am deeply indebted to my parents Peter and Catherine Summers for all their support and encouragement. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Paula Väänänen who has always been there for support and always shown total faith and confidence in this project.

ÖZETRekabet hukuku düzenlemeleri vak’a hukuku (case law) sisteminde rekabet otoriteleri ve yargı içtihatlarıyla uygulanagelmiştir. Türk Rekabet Hukuku mevzuatı ABD ve mehaz Avrupa Birliği’ne göre oldukça yenidir. Rekabetin Korunması Hakkında 4054 sayılı Kanun 1994’te yürürlüğe girmesine rağmen Rekabet Kurulu 1997’de göreve başlayabilmiştir. Sermaye Piyasası düzenlemelerinde olduğu gibi, rekabet hukukunda da Kurul’a uygulamada ortaya çıkan rekabet ihlallerinin çözümü konusunda geniş yetki tanınmıştır. Kurul bu yetkisini bir taraftan Tebliğ, Klavuz gibi ikincil mevzuat düzenlemeleri yaparak, diğer taraftan re’sen, şikayet ya da başvuru üzerine önaraştırma, soruşturma ve muafiyet tanıma gibi önüne gelen olayda mehaz AB hukuku ile uyumlu kararlar almak suretiyle kullanmaktadır.Rekabet Kurulu’nun rekabet hukukunun süjesi “teşebbüs” ile ilgili uygulamaları işleyen bir rekabet düzeninin tesisi açısından özel önem arzetmektedir. Meslek odaları, birlikler, kamu teşebbüsleri ve münhasır yetki...

This paper objective to analyze the main outlines of the dispute  about  the  maritime  limits  between  Guyana  and  Suriname  and the scope of the arbitration award that delimited the maritime border between the two countries. Guyana and Suriname find themselves in a geopolitical position of fusion and meeting between the Caribbean and the Amazon region, providing a rich field of research.  The  methodology  adopted  consisted  of  consulting  the  specialized bibliography and analysis of official documents presented to  the  Arbitral  Tribunal  by  both  countries,  as  well  as  documents  referring to the decision of the case. The main considerations about the research point out that the bilateral relationship between Guyana and Suriname was built on the basis of pendular dynamics, that is, they sometimes pointed to an approximation, sometimes to distance, in which attempts to define maritime limits were developed. The claims  were  arbitrated  internationally,  whose  decision,  establishing  a single maritime limit, corroborates the gradual process of stability between the two countries.

Artykuł omawia kwestię prawa właściwego dla ustanowienia prawa zabezpieczającego na nieruchomości –hipoteki. Główne rozważania poprzedza analiza prawna hipoteki, projektu eurohipoteki jak i wspólny system informacji europejskiej EULIS. Następnie dokonano krótkiego przeglądu uregulowania hipoteki w wybranych systemach ( np. francuskim, niemieckim). Zasadnicza część artykułu dotyczy reguł poszukiwania prawa właściwego dla hipoteki, zakresu tych reguł. Omówiona zostaje kwestia zmiany prawa dla hipotek (nieruchomości) np. wskutek zmiany granic w tym zmiany wrogiej (aneksji).

The experiment was carried out in the field of Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur to evaluate the effect of foliar application of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) on growth, yield attributes, quality and seed yield of okra. The experiment was planned with 16 treatment combinations comprising four levels each of B (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% borax, respectively) and Zn (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% zinc sulphate, respectively) along with the blanket dose of fertilizers of N, P, K, S and cow dung at 120, 40, 80, 20 and 10000 kg ha -1 , respectively were used in all treatments. The two factor experiment was laid out in the randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that the foliar application of boron and zinc either single or in combination had significant effect on yield, yield attributes and quality of okra seed. Most of the yield attributes of okra were significantly increased by the combined foliar application of borax and zinc sulphate up to 0.2% borax and 0.2% zinc sulphate. The highest seed yield (2.52 t ha -1 ) was obtained from the treatment combination of 0.2% borax and 0.2% zinc sulphate followed by the treatment combination of 0.2% borax and 0.3% zinc sulphate. The highest oil content (16%) in seed was also produced from the same treatment (0.2% borax and 0.2% zinc sulphate). The improved protein content (17.75%) was found in combination of 0.1% borax and 0.3% zinc sulphate. The combined foliar applications of zinc and boron fertilizers were detected superior to their single application. The results suggest that the combination of 0.2% borax and 0.2% zinc sulphate could be used as foliar for seed yield maximization of okra. Hence, the foliar fertilization rates of zinc sulphate should be increased for okra production.