International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, Feb 2, 2019
This article examines how property rights have informed the peoples' right to resources in Articl... more This article examines how property rights have informed the peoples' right to resources in Article 1(2) of the Human Rights Covenants. It examines practice in the interpretation of Article 1, as well as jurisprudence from the Inter-American and African human rights systems linking peoples' rights and the right to property. It also highlights the pivotal role of protection of subsistence in making this connection. The right to resources can draw from different forms of property, including private, public, communal and traditional forms. Property rights under Article 1 have also applied to a range of communities, including indigenous peoples, subsistence farmers, traditional property owners, ethnic minorities, as well as the general population of a state. The common feature of these communities is their vulnerability in the protection of their means of subsistence, and this has linked property rights with Article 1. Keywords Right to property; right to dispose of resources; subsistence; Human Rights Covenants; Article 1; indigenous peoples in 2003. 4 Nevertheless, peoples are groups composed of individuals with a relationship to that group, even if this is open to different interpretations. A peoples' right to resources could be constructed from concepts of property within a group, whether by collectivising individual property rights, recognising traditional communal use or empowering state regulation and ownership of property. The peoples' right to resources has often been treated as synonymous with state regulation of property as part of a right to permanent sovereignty. On this interpretation, peoples' rights could restrict the human right to property. However, the reality is arguably more fluid. The right to resources in Article 1(2) certainly takes a collective perspective, but it also addresses private, public, communal and traditional forms of property from this position. A crucial nexus in linking these rights is the protection of a peoples' means of subsistence. Subsistence provides an essential link between property rights, other human rights and peoples' rights. This connection to subsistence has been most obvious and developed for indigenous peoples, but it is not specifically limited to them, as similar vulnerabilities can be shared by other parts of a state's population. The development of a peoples' right to resources in Article 1(2) has been undoubtedly been hampered by ambiguity over the concept of 'peoples'. The HRC has considered the rights in Article 1, uniquely among rights in the ICCPR, not to be available for individual communication under the ICCPR Optional Protocol I. 5 This marginalisation has led to the peoples' right to resources being dubbed a "forgotten right". 6 Nonetheless, practice by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) has shown greater engagement with Article 1. This has been both in its observations on states' reports and its apparent openness 4
We present the first JWST observations of the 𝑧 = 4.11 luminous radio galaxy TN J1338-1942, obtai... more We present the first JWST observations of the 𝑧 = 4.11 luminous radio galaxy TN J1338-1942, obtained as part of the "Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science" ("PEARLS") project. Our NIRCam observations, designed to probe the key rest-frame optical continuum and emission line features at this redshift, enable resolved spectral energy distribution modelling that incorporates both a range of stellar population assumptions and radiative shock models. With an estimated stellar mass of log 10 (𝑀/M ) ∼ 10.9, TN J1338-1942 is confirmed to be one of the most massive galaxies known at this epoch. Our observations also reveal extremely high equivalent-width nebular emission coincident with the luminous AGN jets that is best fit by radiative shocks surrounded by extensive recent star-formation. We estimate the total star-formation rate (SFR) could be as high as ∼ 1600 M yr -1 , with the SFR that we attribute to the jet induced burst conservatively 500 M yr -1 . The mass-weighted age of the star-formation, 𝑡 mass < 4 Myr, is consistent with the likely age of the jets responsible for the triggered activity and significantly younger than that measured in the core of the host galaxy. The extreme scale of the potential jet-triggered star-formation activity indicates the potential importance of positive AGN feedback in the earliest stages of massive galaxy formation, with our observations also illustrating the extraordinary prospects for detailed studies of high-redshift galaxies with JWST.
The first JWST data on the massive colliding cluster El Gordo confirm 23 known families of multip... more The first JWST data on the massive colliding cluster El Gordo confirm 23 known families of multiply lensed images and identify 8 new members of these families. Based on these families, which have been confirmed spectroscopically by MUSE, we derived an initial lens model. This model guided the identification of 37 additional families of multiply lensed galaxies in the JWST data, among which 28 of them are entirely new system candidates and 9 are previously known. The initial lens model also helped determine geometric redshifts for the 37 additional systems. The geometric redshifts agree reasonably well with spectroscopic or photometric redshifts when those are available. The geometric redshifts enable two additional models that include all 60 families of multiply lensed galaxies spanning a redshift range 2 z 6. The derived distribution of dark matter confirms the double-peak configuration of the mass distribution of El Gordo found by earlier work with the southern and northern clumps having similar masses. We confirm that El Gordo is the most massive known cluster at z > 0.8 and has an estimated virial mass close the maximum mass allowed by standard cosmological models. The JWST images also reveal the presence of small-mass perturbers that produce small
Using the first epoch of four-band NIRCam observations obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope... more Using the first epoch of four-band NIRCam observations obtained by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science Program in the Spitzer IRAC Dark Field, we search for F150W and F200W dropouts. In 14.2 arcmin 2 , we have found eight F150W dropouts and eight F200W dropouts, all brighter than 27.5 mag (the brightest being ∼24 mag) in the band to the red side of the break. As they are detected in multiple bands, these must be real objects. Their nature, however, is unclear, and characterizing their properties is important for realizing the full potential of JWST. If the observed color decrements are due to the Lyman break, these objects should be at z 11.7 and z 15.4, respectively. The color diagnostics show that at least four F150W dropouts are far away from the usual contaminators encountered in dropout searches (red galaxies at much lower redshifts or brown dwarf stars). While the diagnostics of the F200W dropouts are less certain due to the limited number of passbands, at least one of them is likely
AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, Jan 9, 2014
A sustainable world is one in which human needs are met equitably and without sacrificing the abi... more A sustainable world is one in which human needs are met equitably and without sacrificing the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Human wellbeing is described by four primary elements-basic human needs, economic needs, environmental needs, and subjective well-being. These elements can interact in a myriad of ways to influence overall well-being. What makes changes in human well-being sustainable for a population or a nation? Two major interactional concepts can push changes in human well-being toward a sustainable state in space and time-social equity and intergenerational equity. The concept of social equity distributes well-being over space, ensuring the fair treatment of all members of society promoting spatial sustainability of a well-being decision. The concept of intergenerational equity distributes wellbeing through time, ensuring the well-being of present and future generations of a population or nation, promoting temporal sustainability of a well-being decision. The roles of social and intergenerational equity in terms of their influence on human well-being are examined with a focus on more sustainable decision-making.
In 2011, the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Research and Development progra... more In 2011, the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Research and Development program, Sustainable and Healthy Communities, coined the term TRIO (Total Resources Impact Outcome) to represent approaches that fully incorporate all three pillars of community sustainability-environmental, economic and social. This holistic approach to sustainability is embodied in the Human Well-Being Index (HWBI) comprised of sub-indices representing environmental well-being, economic well-being and societal well-being (which includes basic human needs and subjective well-being). The development of the HWBI is described in this manuscript along with its application at national, state and county spatial scales. In addition, application at even smaller spatial scales (communities, neighborhoods, demographic and economic sub-groups, and even individuals) is discussed. The potential utility of HWBI for comparing the intended and unintended consequences of alternative decisions is described.
The first James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data on the massive colliding cluster El Gordo allow ... more The first James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data on the massive colliding cluster El Gordo allow for 23 known families of multiply lensed images to be confirmed and for eight new members of these families to be identified. Based on these families, which have been confirmed spectroscopically by MUSE, we derived an initial lens model. This model guided the identification of 37 additional families of multiply lensed galaxies, among which 28 are entirely new systems, and nine were previously known. The initial lens model determined geometric redshifts for the 37 new systems. The geometric redshifts agree reasonably well with spectroscopic or photometric redshifts when those are available. The geometric redshifts enable two additional models that include all 60 families of multiply lensed galaxies spanning a redshift range 2 < z < 6. The derived dark-matter distribution confirms the double-peak configuration of mass found by earlier work with the southern and northern clumps having...
We give an overview and describe the rationale, methods, and first results from NIRCam images of ... more We give an overview and describe the rationale, methods, and first results from NIRCam images of the JWST "Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science" ("PEARLS") project. PEARLS uses up to eight NIRCam filters to survey several prime extragalactic survey areas: two fields at the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP); seven gravitationally lensing clusters; two high redshift protoclusters; and the iconic backlit VV 191 galaxy system to map its dust attenuation. PEARLS also includes NIRISS spectra for one of the NEP fields and NIRSpec spectra of two high-redshift quasars. The main goal of PEARLS is to study the epoch of galaxy assembly, AGN growth, and First Light. Five fields, the JWST NEP Time-Domain Field (TDF), IRAC Dark Field (IDF), and three lensing clusters, will be observed in up to four epochs over a year. The cadence and sensitivity of the imaging data are ideally suited to find faint variable objects such as weak AGN, high-redshift supernovae, and cluster caustic transits. Both NEP fields have sightlines through our Galaxy, providing significant numbers of very faint brown dwarfs whose proper motions can be studied. Observations from the first spoke in the NEP TDF are public. This paper presents our first PEARLS observations, their NIRCam data reduction and analysis, our first object catalogs, the 0.9-4.5 µm galaxy counts and Integrated Galaxy Light. We assess the JWST sky brightness in 13 NIRCam filters, yielding our first constraints to diffuse light at 0.9-4.5 µm. PEARLS is designed to be of lasting benefit to the community.
Background: Approximately 25% of all neonatal deaths worldwide occur in India. The Indian Governm... more Background: Approximately 25% of all neonatal deaths worldwide occur in India. The Indian Government has established Special Neonatal Care Units (SNCUs) in district and sub-district level hospitals to reduce neonatal mortality, but mortality rates have stagnated. Reasons include lack of personnel and training and sub-optimal quality of care. The role of medical equipment is critical for the care of babies, but its role in improving neonatal outcomes has not been well studied. Methods: In a qualitative study, we conducted seven focus group discussions with SNCU nurses and pediatric residents and thirty-five key informant interviews and with pediatricians, residents, nurses, annual equipment maintenance contractors, equipment manufacturers, and Ministry of Health personnel in Maharashtra between December 2019 and November 2020. The goal of the study was to understand challenges to SNCU care. In this paper, we focus on current gaps and future needs for SNCU equipment, quality of the p...
The objectives of this investigation were to illustrate the capabilities of the time-sharing (T-S... more The objectives of this investigation were to illustrate the capabilities of the time-sharing (T-S) industry, identify the means by which the small sized company, with a need to solve engineering problems, can best be served through T-S, and to present T-S to these potential users.
Doctoral Dissertation, submitted with the permission of the Faculty of Law of the University of H... more Doctoral Dissertation, submitted with the permission of the Faculty of Law of the University of Helsinki, to be defended in a public examination at 10.00 a.m. on
James M. Summers AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE VALUE SELECTED ACADEMICS PLACE ON FACULTY IN... more James M. Summers AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE VALUE SELECTED ACADEMICS PLACE ON FACULTY INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS 2002/03 Dr. Burton Sisco Master of Arts in Higher Education The purposes of this exploratory investigation were to (a) ascertain the level of importance or value Rowan University Engineering and Business faculty members (n = 51) place on faculty internships and (b) determine the preference these faculty members have toward faculty internships or traditional sabbaticals. A t-test for Equal Means indicated the two groups held similar views with respect to the perceived value faculty internships have on professional growth and improved scholarship and teaching. One exception was the effect faculty internships have on career requirements. While both groups generally understood the value of faculty internships, participants would opt for a traditional sabbatical. Some participants suggested, as a reason, universities reward research and publication. Research and publication ...
Natural ecosystems provide services to humans that make life possible. Life, as well as the econo... more Natural ecosystems provide services to humans that make life possible. Life, as well as the economy, is dependent upon these ecosystem goods and services (EGS). These services also contribute to a "good" or "quality life" by influencing the well-being of individuals and communities. Understanding the relationships among EGS that contribute to and shape well-being is an important task for researchers, decision makers and policy makers. In the past, these relationships were almost completely dependent upon income and consumption of goods. Today, the relationships are based on a more holistic perception including environmental and social attributes. The importance of ecosystem services to community well-being and their interactions are described through examples of communities' perceptions of the importance of various attributes of well-being and the role of ecosystem services in defining public health.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a human well-being index (HWBI) that a... more The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a human well-being index (HWBI) that assesses the over-all well-being of its population at the county level. The HWBI contains eight domains representing social, economic and environmental well-being. These domains include 25 indicators comprised of 80 metrics and 22 social, economic and environmental services. The application of the HWBI has been made for the nation as a whole at the county level and two alternative applications have been made to represent key populations within the overall US population-Native Americans and children. A number of advances have been made to estimate the values of metrics for counties where no data is available and one such estimator-MERLIN-is discussed. Finally, efforts to make the index into an interactive web site are described.
Humans depend on the vital services provided by natural ecosystems. Regrettably, some individuals... more Humans depend on the vital services provided by natural ecosystems. Regrettably, some individuals believe these ecosystem services are free; and therefore, have no value. An under-appreciated service provided by ecosystems is strengthening childhood development through interaction with nature to enhance childhood cognitive and physical development. The development of a child's physical and cognitive abilities is complex with studies indicating multiple determinants and varied time scales. Childhood development is the product of many natural, social and built environmental attributes. While the impacts of social and built environments on childhood development are clearly described in the scientific literature, the role of natural environment is less clear. Even though people do not pay for this ecosystem service in a conventional sense, the loss of this service can result in a significant cost to humans through slower cognitive and physical development in children. Deprivation of these exposures to natural ecosystems can diminish a child's development and eventually their underlying quality of life. While the impact of nature on childhood development is understood by most child developmental psychologists, this impact is under-appreciated by non-social scientists studying the contributions of ecosystem services in society. The complicated and symbiotic interactions of natural ecosystems, their services and childhood development are poorly acknowledged in the ecological literature. In this article, the important role of natural ecosystems and their services in childhood cognitive and physical development are examined through an examination of studies assessing this childhood development-ecosystem service connection.
substantial proportion of clinicians do not understand what these numbers mean and the different ... more substantial proportion of clinicians do not understand what these numbers mean and the different approaches make it confusing. We strongly believe that spelling them out so that every time point displays adds to the number of randomised patients provides clarity in a simple way and at the cost of very little space on the way. This is our new standard approach at MRC CTU at UCL and it is based on the KMunicate survey of more than 1000 researchers (incl journal editors) published at . safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2019-030215&data=02%7C01%7C%7C56c3ea6ceb794c26d4b608d855748c10%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210 a11d9a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C637353306346497721&sdata=t8NE5f9dB6M0wp1jdV5smnjHzudl%2BLeCa4 Dhidb0dVU%3D&reserved=0<https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx. doi.org%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2019-030215&data=02%7C01%7C%7Cfae0ade5e8b84fa7b90708d855828deb%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210a11d9 a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C637353366505548975&sdata=yg6%2FG8TuHfBuaw1u50rYlqrdfkaK2OqVgy2S3Um0A %2FI%3D&reserved=0>. This 3-line approach was a clear winner in the survey. My colleagues, Tim Morris and Matt Sydes, who led that research have been trying to arrange calls with journal editors about adopting this as a standard and I know they would love to talk to you and David Collingridge about this further." Following on from this advice, we have therefore included the both formatted and re-formatted K-M curves and uploaded these for reference. 11. Please reformat all the reference citations in your paper to superscript numbers without brackets (rather than normal font in brackets). Please see previously published Lancet Oncology papers for guidance. The references have now been reformatted. An exploratory analysis of objective responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: results from a randomised phase III trial evaluating first-line carboplatin-paclitaxel regimens for ovarian, fallopian tube or primary peritoneal carcinoma (ICON8)
SummaryStigmatization is a process by which certain individuals are devalued and alienated from s... more SummaryStigmatization is a process by which certain individuals are devalued and alienated from specific types of social interactions, because they are perceived to possess a negatively valenced characteristic (e.g., age, gender, and medical condition). Due to its diverse and context‐driven nature, stigmatization potentially affects a large percentage of the population. Consequently, many individuals are likely victimized by stigmatization processes in a particular situation and subsequently may be deprived of the organizational opportunities available to nonstigmatized individuals. The purpose of this paper is to review and organize the literature by drawing on a suggested typology of stigmas found in organizations. We ground this novel typology in both the stigmatization and management literatures, incorporating the dimensions of controllability and visibility of stigmatizing attributes as well as whether or not the attribute is protected under federal law. Because all stigmatizin...
International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 2019
This article explores how property rights have informed the peoples’ right to resources in Articl... more This article explores how property rights have informed the peoples’ right to resources in Article 1(2) of the Human Rights Covenants. It examines practice in the interpretation of Article 1, as well as jurisprudence from the Inter-American and African human rights systems linking peoples’ rights and the right to property. It also highlights the pivotal role of protection of subsistence in making this connection. The right to resources can draw from different forms of property, including private, public, communal and traditional forms. Property rights under Article 1 have also applied to a broad range of communities, including indigenous peoples, subsistence farmers, traditional property owners, ethnic minorities, as well as the general population of a state. The common feature of these communities is their vulnerability in the protection of their means of subsistence, and this has linked property rights with Article 1.
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Papers by James Summers