Electronic waste

The electronic and electrical industrial sector is exponentially growing throughout the globe, and sometimes, these wastes are being disposed of and discarded with a faster rate in comparison to the past era due to technology advancements. As the application of electronic devices is increasing due to the digitalization of the world (IT sector, medical, domestic, etc.), a heap of discarded e-waste is also being generated. Per-capita e-waste generation is very high in developed countries as compared to developing countries. Expansion of the global population and advancement of technologies are mainly responsible to increase the e-waste volume in our surroundings. E-waste is responsible for environmental threats as it may contain dangerous and toxic substances like metals which may have harmful effects on the biodiversity and environment. Furthermore, the life span and types of e-waste determine their harmful effects on nature, and unscientific practices of their disposal may elevate the level of threats as observed in most developing countries like India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and China. In the present review paper, many possible approaches have been discussed for effective e-waste management, such as recycling, recovery of precious metals, adopting the concepts of circular economy, formulating relevant policies, and use of advance computational techniques. On the other hand, it may also provide potential secondary resources valuable/critical materials whose primary sources are at significant supply risk. Furthermore, the use of machine learning approaches can also be useful in the monitoring and treatment/processing of e-wastes. Highlights In 2019, ~ 53.6 million tons of e-wastes generated worldwide. Discarded e-wastes may be hazardous in nature due to presence of heavy metal compositions. Precious metals like gold, silver, and copper can also be procured from e-wastes. Advance tools like artificial intelligence/machine learning can be useful in the management of e-wastes.

El avance vertiginoso de las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TICs) ha producido en los últimos años un significativo aumento en el número de sus consumidores. Sin embargo, junto al incremento de equipos tecnológicos de uso cotidiano ha ido creciendo exponencialmente el nivel de basura electrónica derivada de su obsolescencia. Así, la contaminación que provoca la denominada e-basura y su toxicidad se ha tornado en un problema para todos los sectores de la comunidad y en una gran preocupación para organismos tales como gobiernos, ONGs y universidades, quienes comienzan a establecer un compromiso serio para intervenir sobre esta cuestión. En este trabajo, se describirán tanto aspectos de la problemática como algunas de las líneas de acción llevadas a cabo desde la Facultad de Informática de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

This study examines the impact of electronic waste work on the mental well-being of informal workers in Agbogbloshie and Ashaiman, Ghana two major recycling hubs notorious for hazardous and unregulated environments. While extant literature has largely focused on environmental and physical health consequences, the psychological toll of this work remains insufficiently explored. Using a mixed-methods design combining surveys (N=100) and interviews (N=5), this study assesses the prevalence of mental health conditions, determinants, and coping mechanisms among e-waste workers. Results show a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress, fueled by long-term exposure to toxic substances, no use of personal protective equipment (PPE), irregular income, job insecurity, and social stigma. Coping strategies are mainly informal, such as dependence on religious beliefs, social support, and alcohol or drug use, with little use of professional mental health services. The lack of institutional safety protocols and poor access to healthcare heighten workers' vulnerabilities. The research emphasizes the synergistic interplay of socioeconomic adversity and occupational danger that compounds psychological stress. By synthesizing quantitative findings with workers' personal narratives, it provides an in-depth perspective on e-waste workers lived experience. The findings call for immediate culturally competent community-based mental health services, enhanced safety training, and stricter regulatory oversight to safeguard and advocate for the well-being of this vulnerable worker population.

Critical raw materials (CRMs) are essential in the development of novel high-tech applications. They are essential in sustainable materials and green technologies, including renewable energy, emissionfree electric vehicles and energy-efficient lighting. However, the sustainable supply of CRMs is a major concern. Recycling endof-life devices is an integral element of the CRMs supply policy of many countries. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is an important secondary source of CRMs. Currently, pyrometallurgical processes are used to recycle metals from WEEE. These processes are deemed imperfect, energy-intensive and non-selective towards CRMs. Biotechnologies are a promising alternative to the current industrial best available technologies (BAT). In this review, we present the current frontiers in CRMs recovery from WEEE using biotechnology, the biochemical fundamentals of these bio-based technologies and discuss recent research and development (R&D) activities. These technologies encompass biologically induced leaching (bioleaching) from various matrices,biomass-induced sorption (biosorption), and bioelectrochemical systems (BES).

Electronic waste (e-waste) has emerged as a new policy priority around the world. Motivations to address e-waste include rapidly growing waste streams, concern over the environmental fate of heavy metals and other substances in e-waste, and impacts of informal recycling in developing countries. Policy responses to global e-waste focus on banning international trade in end-of-life electronics, the premise being that e-waste is mainly generated in the developed world and then exported to the developing world. Sales of electronics have, however, been growing rapidly in developing nations, raising the question of whether informal recycling in developing countries driven by international trade or domestic generation. This paper addresses this question by forecasting the global generation of obsolete personal computers (PCs) using the logistic model and material flow analysis. Results show that the volume of obsolete PCs generated in developing regions will exceed that of developed regions by 2016-2018. By 2030, the obsolete PCs from developing regions will reach 400-700 million units, far more than from developed regions at 200-300 million units. Future policies to mitigate the impacts of informal recycling should address the domestic situation in developing countries.

Electronic waste (e-waste) poses an escalating threat to both human and environmental health in Nigeria, particularly in Lagos State, which has become a major hub for the accumulation and informal processing of used electronics. This paper investigates the structural drivers, health risks, and governance failures surrounding e-waste in Lagos and proposes an ethical alternative grounded in Earth-Eco-Socialism. Using a critical, qualitative literature review approach, the study synthesizes findings across environmental science, public health, and political economy. It reveals how poverty, global trade imbalances, and inadequate regulation perpetuate a cycle of pollution and inequality. The analysis shows that Lagos's e-waste crisis disproportionately harms marginalized communities and ecosystems. By applying an Earth-Eco-Socialist framework that blends eco-socialist critique with communal ethics and recognition of nature's intrinsic value, the paper outlines justice-centered strategies such as cooperative waste management, global corporate accountability, and participatory environmental governance. The study concludes that Earth-Eco-Socialism offers a holistic, morally grounded approach to sustainable e-waste solutions in the Global South.

The exponential growth of electronic waste (e-waste) has raised significant environmental concerns, with projections indicating a surge to 74.7 million metric tons of e-waste generated by 2030. Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), constituting approximately 10% of all e-waste, are particularly intriguing due to their high content of valuable metals and rare earth elements. However, the presence of hazardous elements necessitates sustainable recycling strategies. This review explores innovative approaches to sustainable metal nanoparticle synthesis from WPCBs. Efficient metal recovery from WPCBs begins with disassembly and the utilization of advanced equipment for optimal separation. Various pretreatment techniques, including selective leaching and magnetic separation, enhance metal recovery efficiency. Green recovery systems such as biohydrometallurgy offer eco-friendly alternatives, with high selectivity. Converting metal ions into nanoparticles involves concentration and transfor...

In order to reduce and manage the ever-increasing threat of E-waste to the environment and human health, the problem of E-waste has compelled environmental agencies of many countries to innovate, develop, and adopt environmentally sound options and strategies for E-waste management. This paper reviews the e-waste and environmental issues associated with discarded electronic devices. Additionally, the development and implementation of e-waste management plans in developing and developed countries, as well as potential environmental issues related to their disposal, are discussed. Also, the paper highlights the different health issues associated with e-waste generation. KEYWORDS: e-waste, landfilling

Considering that the large quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics generated annually causes increasing environmental concerns for their recycling and also for preserving of raw material resources, decreasing of energy consumption, or saving the virgin materials used, the present challenge is considered to be the recovery of individual polymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment. This study aims to provide an update of the main identification methods of waste electrical and electronic equipment such as spectroscopic fingerprinting, thermal study, and sample techniques (like identification code and burning test), and the characteristic values in the case of the different analyses of the polymers commonly used in electrical and electronic equipment. Additionally, the quality of the identification is very important, as, depending on this, new materials with suitable properties can be obtained to be used in different industrial applications. The latest...

Through the development of a general model of electronics recycling systems, the effect of product portfolio choices on economic and environmental system performance is explored. The general model encompasses the three main functions of a recycling system -collection, processing, and system management -and allows for the effect of both contextual and architectural inputs -including product scope -to be explored. Overall model results indicate that collecting a broader portfolio of products can be economically favorable, even for cases in which lower-value products are added to a recycling system. In these cases, the higher total mass throughputs that are realized by the collection of additional product types can help to drive down the cost per unit mass collected. Expanding product scope can also yield improvements in environmental performance, as the energy per unit mass collected can also decrease with higher mass throughputs. ITH an increasingly broad scope of electronic products being produced, along with diminishing lifetimes for such products, the amount of consumer electronics reaching end-of-life has grown considerably over the past decade . In response to this growth in electronic waste, recycling systems to handle such waste have become more widespread, with various systems currently implemented in Europe, North America, Asia, and elsewhere. As these existing systems mature, and as more such systems come online, understanding the economic and environmental performance of such systems becomes critical, both to enable improvement of existing systems and to inform the design of

Waste electrical and electronic equipment has become a thing of great challenge in the city of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, and globally. Informal recyclers appear to be the key actors in this recycling sector in the location, but they lack the right skills and knowledge. This study sheds light on the consequences of informal recycling in the mobile telephone network phone village at Rumukurushi (a location believed to accommodate about 30 informal recyclers) in Port Harcourt. The level of education, health, and safety awareness of the informal recyclers, their willingness to obey government guidelines, and their knowledge of waste electrical and electronic equipment management were investigated. Data collection was achieved with the help of questionnaires and the analysis was done graphically. The outcome of the questionnaires administered to twenty-five (25) participants shows that the informal recyclers are more conversant with their primitive style of practice. They lack knowledge an...

Electronic waste is an emerging cataclysm to the environment in recent times and the mounting industrial sectors are the constant contributors to it. Escalation of technology is being hailed but the environment impacts highly intrudes the resilience of the ecosystem. Refraining from technology is quite not possible in this digital epoch but reclamation of the milieu has high probability. Decision making on inhibiting electronic waste demands feasible strategies and it is the most challenging task for the industrial administrators. This paper proposes the new approach of Pythagorean fuzzy cognitive maps to find the viable strategies of electronic waste inhibition. The representation of the elements of the connection matrix as Pythagorean fuzzy sets is a distinctive feature of the research work. The strategies are subjected to the analysis of the experts to investigate their interrelational impacts. The resultant of the decision making model based on Pythagorean fuzzy cognitive maps is the score value of the strategies based on which they are ranked. This paper also presents the comparative analysis of Pythagorean fuzzy cognitive maps over fuzzy cognitive maps.

Population proliferation, economic escalation and modernization have led to a tenacious increase in the number of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in developing countries (DCs) particularly in Rwanda. Also, with the onset of information and communication technology (ICT), people are eager to discover new technologies, leading to robust demand for contemporary electronic devices and the use of these tools. Expired EEE are being discarded expeditiously as E-waste in bulk due to a lack of perspicuous management and treatment approach. This work is intended to describe the development of e-waste and suggests theoretical recommendations. However, it is predicated on open access articles that use e-waste as a keyword, field survey and some of the most widely studied topics namely waste management, environmental and human health effects, and the current situation of waste management in a particular region. This work reveals that the National E-waste Management Policy will restraint the life end of EEE emanating in human health protection, environment conservation, and business development concomitant to management of electrical and electronic waste (E-waste) and recycling industries, and job creation for sustainable development.

The recycling of ABS plastic as a component of electronic and electrical equipment waste by the method of low-temperature pyrolysis is shown and substantiated as well as obtaining alternative sources of energy: pyrolysis liquid, gas mixture, and pyrocarbon. The main components of electronic and electrical equipment waste, which consists of plastic and refractory oxides, along with copper and iron compounds, were analyzed. The composition of precious, toxic, rare, basic metals, and plastic waste is given. It is shown that the waste of electronic and electrical equipment is a valuable secondary raw material and requires separate environmentally friendly processing technologies. The thermal destruction of ABS plastic as a component of waste electronic and electrical equipment at a technological installation of periodic action in the absence of air oxygen and an acidtype catalyst was investigated. Gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fractions were obtained by distillation of the pyrolysis liquid, and their qualitative and quantitative composition was studied by gas chromatography. It was established that the vast majority of compounds in different fractions are saturated С 8 -С 16 hydrocarbons of normal and isomeric structure.

Accra, the capital city of Ghana and once a proud symbol of national identity and progress, is rapidly descending into an urban environmental crisis. The once-vibrant cityscape is now increasingly defined by scenes of uncollected waste, clogged drainage systems, and deteriorating public infrastructure. From the central business districts to low-income communities, there is a noticeable and alarming spread of filth choked gutters emitting pungent odors, weed-infested sidewalks, piles of refuse spilling into roads, and plastic waste blanketing public open spaces. Key civic locations such as markets, lorry parks, bus terminals, and commercial centers are engulfed in unsanitary conditions, posing serious health risks to residents and visitors alike. Even high-profile and supposedly well-managed areas like the vicinity of the 37 Military Hospital, the Ministries enclave, and the very grounds behind the Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA) have not been spared. These symbolic spaces, which should reflect order and civic pride, now mirror the broader breakdown in sanitation and environmental governance. The situation has not only escalated into a major public health concern, fostering the spread of cholera, malaria, and other diseases, but has also become a national embarrassment, undermining Ghana's reputation as a gateway to West Africa. This growing decay is symptomatic of systemic challenges, including poor urban planning, weak enforcement of sanitation regulations, insufficient waste management infrastructure, rapid population growth, and the unchecked sprawl of informal settlements. If left unaddressed, the environmental degradation in Accra risks crippling the city's economic productivity, reducing its appeal as a tourist and investment destination, and eroding the quality of life for millions of residents. The crisis calls for immediate, coordinated, and sustained intervention by all stakeholders including government agencies, local authorities, private sector players, civil society organizations, and community members. It demands not just clean-up exercises, but a transformative urban sanitation strategy underpinned by behavioral change, policy reform, infrastructure investment, and effective enforcement mechanisms. Without such urgent action, Accra stands on the brink of losing its functionality, its beauty, and its essence as a capital city.

El propósito de este repositorio es el dar a conocer los trabajos del alumnado de la Licenciatura en Diseño Industrial de 8vo y 10mo semestre, pertenecientes a la Facultad de Arquitectura de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León.
Esperando incrementar el éxito de ellos y dejar conocimientos que les permitan seguir con sus ideales. La siguiente recopilación contiene los mejores proyectos desarrollados en los últimos periodos escolares con un enfoque en sustentabilidad, reflejando un adecuado nivel de creatividad, investigación y funcionalidad.

A small scrap metal yard in the Agbogbloshie district of Accra, Ghana, has assumed notoriety in discourses on waste, particularly electronic waste, and the so-called illegal dumping of electronics from Europe and North America. A quick online search of “Agbogbloshie + e-waste” reveals that Agbogbloshie is often described as the largest e-waste dump in the world, a depiction consistently reiterated on social media and in documentaries and articles. We argue that this depiction is inaccurate, and indignifies and renders invisible the work which is done in Agbogbloshie. Through our ethnographic research, we interrogate prevailing conceptions of Agbogbloshie, questioning ‘Western’ notions of waste as they occur in media and policy documents such as the EU’s Waste Directive and WEEE Directive, as well as the meanings and values associated with the terms “dump” and “dumping”. We suggest that Agbogbloshie defies common understandings of waste, for it is not primarily waste that is brought into the scrapyard by scavengers. Instead, we encountered people who recycle, repair, and create things in provisional workshops, whose potential role in furthering a sustainable circular economy has been overlooked. We explore these activities as part of what Adam Arvidsson has termed industrious economy, in reference to small-scale, commons-based, and market-oriented entrepreneurship. Our fieldwork enables us to challenge the myths of Agbogbloshie, and provides us with a deeper understanding of the notions of resource and waste and the potential role of informal scrap metal yards in transitions to sustainable circular economies.

E-waste management is becoming more complex as society's reliance on technology grows. Due to the effects on the environment and human health, proper disposal is essential. Through systematic review of 25 articles using PRISMA methodology, this paper explores the e-waste challenges in Sabah, Malaysia. The study discovered that among the challenges are things like poor infrastructure, informal recycling, and little knowledge and awareness. This discovery offers insightful information that will help stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, and researchers, develop sustainable solutions to the e-waste problems in Sabah in particular.

Although there is rising global concern over the environmental, ecological, and human health risks associated with the discharge of leachates from e-waste dumpsites into the aquatic ecosystems, little is known in this research area. Thus, for this study, we first defined the chemistry of the test leachate, followed by assessment of the leachate on the development of a model aquatic organism (Fundulus heteroclitus) used extensively as a bioassay organism in pollution studies. Chemical analyses revealed that levels of phosphate (20.03 mg/L), cadmium (Cd) (0.4 mg/L), lead (Pb) (0.2 mg/L), and chromium (Cr) (0.4 mg/L) were higher than the 2009 US EPA and the 2009 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) permissible limits. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) burdens were dominated mainly by the high molecular weight congeners, specifically the ∑4rings (73 µg/L). Total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) levels ranged from 0.00 to 0.40 µg/L with the ∑dec...

Geogrids in soil mechanics have a lot of applications in the improvement of the soils with weak geomechanical characteristics. For quantifying their contribution in soil bearing capacity magnification and soil settlements reduction the elementary case of shallow strip foundation on soil
with uniform soil mechanics characteristics reinforced with one layer of geogrid is observed. The foundation deepness as well as the position of the geogrid is the changeable parameters of the analysis.
As a result of the analysis is the soil bearing capacity i.e. the soil bearing capacity ratio and settlements i.e. settlements reduction ratio are calculated. The optimal position of the geogrid for which the
magnification of the soil bearing capacity is maximal is determined.

E-waste is known to have detrimental environmental, social and economic impacts, and its volume is growing up to three times faster than any other waste stream. Despite this growing problem, and the concurrent increase in detrimental impacts, New Zealand relies on voluntary schemes to manage the estimated 98,000 tonnes of e-waste generated in the country annually. While New Zealand could apply mandatory product stewardship of e-waste under the Waste Minimisation Act 2008, a recent report argued that there was insufficient data available to meet the requirements to enforce the labelling of e-waste as a priority product. This research aimed to generate first-time data on Whangarei household e-waste options, knowledge and behaviours, to inform e-waste management policy, resources and services which could be specifically designed for the district, with the intention that it would work towards providing sufficient data to allow for the mandatory product stewardship of e-waste. Research was conducted by way of online survey which asked Whangarei District residents questions specifically relating to how their households managed e-waste, and what influenced these management decisions. The survey was informed by international literature on the subject, as well as a review local and central government policies, and of the e-waste management resources services available both in the Whangarei District and in New Zealand as a whole.

The continued exponential growth of electronic waste has major environmental, social, and economic consequences. Today, modern e-waste treatment procedures incorporate a wide range of information technology approaches and digital platforms. However, consumer adoption of these platforms remains low. This study fills up the void by investigating the primary barriers that prevent consumers from using digital platforms for ewaste recycling. Based on Innovation Resistance Theory (IRT), this study employs a dual-method approach; a PRISMA-guided systematic literature review and a qualitative web content analysis of digital platform operations and user feedback. The findings indicate that functional barriers, specifically usage, value, and risk, are the most significant barriers to adoption, with poor usability and system disruption being the most prominent. Psychological barriers, such as tradition and image, have a lesser but nonetheless substantial impact. This insight emphasizes the crucial importance of user-centred platform design, transparent processes, and personalized interaction techniques. Future research should include empirical and region-specific investigations, such as surveys and behavioural experiments, to validate these findings and suggest effective intervention strategies. This research indicates that bridging the gap between digital innovation and user behaviour is critical to fostering engagement in sustainable e-waste management.

To understand human contamination by multi-trace elements (TEs) in electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site at Agbogbloshie, Accra in Ghana, this study analyzed TEs and As speciation in urine of e-waste recycling workers. Concentrations of Fe, Sb, and Pb in urine of e-waste recycling workers were significantly higher than those of reference sites after consideration of interaction by age, indicating that the recycling workers are exposed to these TEs through the recycling activity. Urinary As concentration was relatively high, although the level in drinking water was quite low. Speciation analysis of As in human urine revealed that arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid were the predominant As species and concentrations of both species were positively correlated with total As concentration as well as between each other. These results suggest that such compounds may be derived from the same source, probably fish and shellfish and greatly influence As exposure levels. To our knowledge, this is the first study on human contamination resulting from the primitive recycling of e-waste in Ghana. This study will contribute to the knowledge about human exposure to trace elements from an e-waste site in a less industrialized region so far scantly covered in the literature.

Low grade coal of Lakhra mines was beneficiated using bioleaching technology. This technique has more advantages over their counterparts such as chemical and physical techniques due to its easy processing, simplicity, having no environmental pollution, economic feasibility and maximum removal of contamination like sulfur and ash present in coal composition. Presently bacterial strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was isolated and purified from indigenous sources i.e. Coal mine drainage, hot spring water and soil adjacent to sulphide mineral ore, using simple screening, serial dilution and growth culturing. Isolated microorganisms were applied on low grade reduced size/powdered coal collected from mines site. Chemical evolution of coal revealed that this sample has 44.45% of ash and 7.03% of sulfur along with 2.3% of Iron. Microbial processing was continued for maxim 36 days which successfully reduced up to 57.33% of sulfur, 75.21% ash and 87.7% iron. Optimization of parameters such as pH, grain size, aeration time and pulp density were also been optimized. The results were confirmed by 100, 50 and 20 magnification of scanning electron microscope (SEM) fallowed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes in existing literature about the bio desulphurization of low grade coal having high contaminations. Presently we have selected the sample from Lakhra mines with high percentage of sulfur, ash and associated minerals for bioleaching process. It is found successful for beneficiation of such type of coals.

As urbanization and industrialization accelerate, municipalities are increasingly burdened with the need to modernize their waste management infrastructures. Traditional assessment methods often fall short in capturing the multi-dimensional and uncertain nature of sustainability-related decisions. This paper proposes an integrated multicriteria decision support system (DSS) that incorporates Fuzzy Logic, Entropy Weighting, and Sustainability Performance Indicators (SPIs) to evaluate advanced waste management systems (AWMIs). This hybrid methodology provides a transparent, systematic, and adaptive framework for evaluating the efficiency, environmental impact, and social acceptability of different infrastructure alternatives. The study applies this model to a case scenario in 2023, using empirical sustainability indicators. Results suggest that the integration of fuzzy logic with entropy-based weighting offers robust support for prioritizing waste management options under uncertainty.

The current regulatory framework for Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) is changing and now requires manufacturers to disclose the environmental performance of their products. This means that manufacturers must perform a life cycle analysis (LCA) on their entire range of products. An LCA is a recognized and standardized methodology for assessing the environmental impact of activities. However, communicating this information to consumers is challenging because it can be complicated.Despite this challenge, there is currently no common standard for communicating environmental information to consumers. The objective of this study is to explore the best practices for conveying environmental information. To achive this, a review of current environmental labeling approaches and recommendations available in the literature is conducted. Additionally, consumer requirements are collected and analyzed through a questionnaire that employs both quantitative and qualitative methods. The inf...

Background.Environmental surveys have characterized trace elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) as potential risk factors for non-communicable diseases. There have been few studies conducted in the Caribbean region to explore, define or clarify such findings locally. Furthermore, local pollution control efforts are often juxtaposed against more seemingly immediate economic concerns in poor communities.Objectives.The present commentary is a call to action for the evaluation of potentially hazardous elements as potential risk indicators and/or factors of common noncommunicable diseases in the Caribbean.Discussion.Findings from Jamaican studies have identified exposure to potentially hazardous elements (PHE) via water, food, and other anthropogenic activities to the detriment of the resident population. Several attempts have been made to abate toxic metal exposure in children with relative success. However, high levels of PHE have been noted in vulnerable population...

Background: Contemporary society has led to the increasing use of electronic equipment that is very much responsible for the burden of electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste contains very hazardous substance that harms health and environmental conditions. There is no delicate mechanism for the management of e-waste in Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh. This study assessed knowledge, practice, and awareness of e-waste management among residents of this city. Material and methods: The study was conducted amongst users of electronic equipment living in the Lucknow City of Uttar Pradesh. The study was a Cross-sectional descriptive study. Multi-stage random sampling was done for the selection of participants for the study. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was administered in a single setting for all phases. The total optimum sample size is 700 individuals who participated in the study. Data were entered in MS Excel 2016 and descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were ...

The exponential growth of electronic consumption in Bangladesh, driven by increased urbanization, digitization, and consumer demand, has led to a significant rise in electronic waste (e-waste), posing serious environmental, health, and governance challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive literature review focused on identifying the causes, effects, and management benefits of e-waste within the socioeconomic and environmental context of Bangladesh. E-waste is conceptually framed as a multidimensional problem, encompassing discarded electronic items such as computers, mobile phones, televisions, and household appliances that are either obsolete, non-functional, or no longer in use. These items, when improperly managed, release toxic substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium, contaminating soil, air, and water and severely affecting the health of informal workers and nearby communities. The study operationalized the e-waste problem using key measurable indicators, including the volume and sources of e-waste, recycling practices, environmental contamination levels, health implications, and the effectiveness of existing policies and public awareness. A conceptual-operational matrix is constructed to guide future empirical studies and stakeholder-focused interventions. The circular recycling process is discussed in detail, outlining each stage-collection, transportation, dismantling, reuse, material recovery, safe disposal, and reintegration into production-based on principles of the circular economy. Through this lens, the paper emphasizes the importance of transitioning from the current linear, informal, and unregulated system to a formal, circular, and sustainable model. Key recommendations are proposed to strengthen institutional capacity, enforce the E-Waste Management Rules, integrate the informal sector, expand e-waste infrastructure, raise public awareness, promote innovation and research, and foster regional and international collaboration. This review highlights the urgent need for a holistic, multi-stakeholder approach to e-waste management in Bangladesh.

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The rising criticality of technologically inevitably metals and the continuous growth of the waste electronics promote a scientifi c need for development of innovative recycling process, both effi cient and selective. Experimental results showed primarily that by pyrometallurgical treatment it is diffi cult to achieve selectivity, and secondary that the distribution of metals in melting products is too complicated, deviating from the experiential and expected. Therefore, application of an integral pyro -hydrometallurgical treatment is suggested for improved raw materials effi ciency. Successful implementation of the developed state-of-art technological process, guarantee more effi cient approach to recycling processes, production of new materials which supports the concepts of sustainable development and cleaner production. Proposed technological solution is applicable in industry with relatively low investments compared to expected revenues, allowing companies to become competitive in the regional market and beyond, which is particularly important for small and medium enterprises with lower operating capacities. Techno-economic justifi cation and integral pyro -hydrometallurgical process for waste electronics recycling is presented. This paper explains measures for the further development of the recycling industry as a part of circular economy strategy in Serbia.

As illegal e-waste trade has been significantly growing over the course of the last few years, the consequences on human health and the environment demand immediate action on the part of the global community. Though it is argued that e-waste flows from developed to developing countries, this subject seems to be more complex than that, with a variety of studies suggesting that income per capita is not the only factor affecting the choice of regions that e-waste is illegally shipped to. How is a country's economic and social development associated with illegal e-waste trade? Is legislation an important factor? This paper aims at quantifying macroeconomic (per capita income and openness of economy) and social (human development and social progress) aspects, based on qualitative data on illegal e-waste trade routes, by examining the percentage differences in scorings in selected indicators for all known and suspected routes. The results show that illegal e-waste trade occurs from economically and socially developed regions to countries with significantly lower levels of overall development, with few exceptions, which could be attributed to the fact that several countries have loose regulations on e-waste trade, thus deeming them attractive for potential illegal activities.

Electrical and electronic waste commonly known as e-waste is now one of the world's major concerns. Industries have been so diligent and successful in recent years. The sales and trend of electronic goods have increased rapidly in the world. But with the increase in the manufacturing of electrical and electronic goods and their trend, the result has been somehow leading us to the concern of e-waste. The obsolescence of electrical and electronics goods has become a huge drawback in the field technology because it is measured that various techniques have been used to solve this issue regarding the e-waste produced by industries but none of the solutions to recycle was very effective in the favors of nature and biodiversity. This research paper aims to particularize highlight and determine, the major concern, the effect of e-waste on environment and health.

The management of e waste has become a global challenge due to its sheer volume, and the presence of toxic and hazardous chemicals that are a threat to the environment and health. This article reviews the present status of E waste toxicity and its adverse impact on the environment and human health. The continuous increase in the volume of the e waste generation in the past few years and it's improper disposal, exposes the populations to the potentially hazardous substances and toxins. Most of the toxicity data has come from the populations exposed to e waste such as the informal recyclers and those living in or near e waste dumpsites. Though the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of individual components of the e waste such as heavy metals and the organic pollutants has been established, the complex mechanisms and pathways by which the toxicity affects the cells and the DNA are still not very clear. The aim of writing this review is to bring the attention of the international scientific community to this serious issue, and to urgently focus on finding plausible solutions for efficient and sustainable management of e waste to minimize the threat to the human health and the environment.

É crescente a quantidade e variedade de equipamentos eletro-eletrônicos (EEEs) tais como computadores, celulares, impressoras, e vários outros que fazem parte do cotidiano de milhões de consumidores ao redor do mundo. Ao mesmo tempo, também aumenta a quantidade destes aparelhos sendo descartados incorretamente na natureza. São os chamados resíduos eletro-eletrônicos (REEEs). Cartuchos e toners também fazem parte deste segmento e merecem atenção devido ao seu enorme consumo e potencial poluidor. Sabe-se que o lixo eletrônico, do qual cartuchos fazem parte, são potencialmente tóxicos e perigosos para a saúde humana e para o meio ambiente. Para evitar tal consequência, há métodos como a logística reversa e a remanufatura. Neste trabalho, foi confeccionada uma cartilha que procura conscientizar funcionários do UniCEUB responsáveis pelo manuseio deste tipo de EEE a dar uma correta destinação para estes produtos. A confecção da cartilha teve como base a realização de pesquisas bibliográficas e um método denominado "brainstorm" para selecionar os tópicos a serem desenvolvidos, além do uso de imagens. O material em questão resultou em uma ferramenta possivelmente capaz de ajudar o público alvo a conhecer a relevância do correto tratamento dos resíduos abordados neste trabalho e a incutir o sentimento de unidade com a natureza.

Many countries, including Kuwait, face significant difficulties in waste management, particularly in achieving effective waste segregation and recycling, which can be intricate and time-consuming. The widespread consequences of irresponsible waste disposal, such as pollution, have extensive impacts on public health and the environment. To tackle these challenges, the Smart Waste Management System (SWMS) has been developed as an innovative solution comprising of multiple stages. The first stage involves the detection of waste based on its type; the second stage involves allocating each waste into a specific chamber based on the type detected; and the third stage involves treating each type in the most effective way. Furthermore, the system creates a clean environment through the insulated chambers and the automatic inlet that locks when the chambers are full. In addition, the system uses IoT to provide vital information related to the system status such as temperature, level, and gas levels inside the chambers and notifies authorities with all this information. Finally, SWMS is a promising project with objectives that are aligned with New Kuwait 2035 vision by achieving sustainability goals.

Mobile phone consumers have been motivated by the rapid growth of technology and encouraged to update their devices regularly to keep up with new innovations, architectures, and capabilities. Consequently, mobile/cell phone waste has risen significantly in the last decade. Due to their small size, it is convenient for users to keep outdated or unused mobile phones at home or the office, rather than recycling them appropriately. A reverse supply chain (RSC) is one possible method of mitigating the questionable e-waste activity present in the ecosystem. RSC has been significant for the mobile phone industry, user states, analysts, and scholars. This paper reviews the available literature in the RSC management (RSCM) domain, along with its processes and strategies. The paper reviews 223 published scholarly papers in the domain of mobile phone waste recycling and investigates 22 papers related to factors influencing consumers’ intention with regard to electronic recycling, focusing on m...

The rare earth hydroxides are improvedly prepared by (i) treating a rare earth phosphate mineral, e.g., mona zite or xenotime, with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide, (ii) separating therefrom rare earth hydroxide solids and a liquid phase essentially consist ing of alkali metal phosphate and alkali metal hydrox ide, (iii) crystallizing alkali metal phosphate from said liquid phase, (iv) separating the mother liquor of crys tallization therefrom which contains said alkali metal hydroxide, (v) adding calcium oxide or hydroxide to the mother liquor thus separated to form a precipitate therein, (vi) separating said formed precipitate, and (vii) recycling the mother liquor of separation to said treat ment step (i).

Los avances tecnológicos y la exigencia de nuevo equipamiento cada vez más sofisticado unido a la denominada "cultura del desechar" instalada en la sociedad surge una consecuencia que cambia la fisonomía de espacios públicos y privados, generando impactos en el entorno a través del ingente volumen de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos -AEEque al finalizar su vida útil son descartados, generando una nueva industria, la del desecho tecnológico. Estos aparatos que una vez agotado su valor se convierten en residuos o basura electrónica suponen en la actualidad uno de los mayores retos para el desarrollo sostenible de ciudades y regiones. Plantean los interrogantes de rediseño, reúso y reciclado en forma perentoria, dada la magnitud de equipos que se desechan. El propósito del trabajo es caracterizar los procesos de gestión del inventario de bienes tecnológicos tanto en su desafectación como en su traslado o donación a otras instituciones para determinar la magnitud de equipamiento electrónico desafectado que se encuentra en el final de su vida útil en la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata -UNMdPdurante el año 2014. Se adopta una investigación cuantitativa a través de un análisis de fuentes secundarias sobre los registros patrimoniales de la institución de educación superior. Los resultados muestran la desvinculación de bienes con prevalencia de origen en los sectores administrativos, bajas mayoritarias entre dispositivos de salida así como equipos de computación y obsolescencia de bienes de una vida útil acotada a menos de un lustro.

Purpose: This paper describes the current status of waste electrical and electronic equipment recycling and disposal in Europe, and its impact on the environment, human health and the economy. Design/methodology/approach: The production of electric and electronic equipment is one of the fastest growing areas. This development has resulted in an increase of WEEE. Increased recycling of WEEE is supposed to limit the total quantity of waste going to final disposal. Findings: Based on comprehensive bibliography, this article reviewed the implementation of strategies of WEEE treatment and the recovery technologies of WEEE. Research limitations/implications: Further studies should be undertaken in order to develop integrated WEEE recycling and disposal systems. Practical implications: In view of the environmental problems involved in the management of WEEE, many countries and organizations have drafted national legislation to improve the reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery of such waste so as to reduce disposal. Recycling of WEEE is an important subject not only from the point of waste treatment but also from the recovery of valuable materials. The study of WEEE properties is important for a further recycling and eventual reuse.

R e vist a de Ad mi nist r aç ão e Ino v aç ão, S ão Pa ulo, v. 8 , n. 3 , p .10 0-119, j ul ./set . 201 1 101 1 INTRODUÇÃO A crise global que impactou amplamente todos os setores econômicos no biênio 2008/2009 ainda carece de avaliações mais ponderadas. Alguns sinais de reaquecimento da economia mundial voltaram a acelerar o mercado nacional automotivo e o setor de autopeças, que, apesar de indicadores promissores, tem sofrido instabilidades com o valor do câmbio e a concorrência internacional. O aumento da demanda e as novas oportunidades surgidas nesse cenário sugerem um clima propício para empreendedorismo nas empresas nacionais que lidam com o comércio exterior de autopeças, o que nos motivou a tentar compreender, a partir deste trabalho, como se configura a Gestão do Conhecimento nas empresas de pequeno porte deste setor. Segundo Montibeller Filho, Macedo, e Fialho (2006), somente a constante adaptabilidade do ser humano aos novos paradigmas de gestão é que permitirá o seu sucesso na Sociedade do Conhecimento, e o sucesso das empresas estaria diretamente ligado aos recursos humanos e ao conhecimento disponível. Por isso, é necessário desencadear esse processo de mudança, tanto em nível pessoal quanto empresarial, por meio de ações que busquem a formação e consolidação de uma cultura empreendedora. Nessa perspectiva, o mesmo autor pressupõe ainda o empreendedorismo como quesito ligado à perspectiva de aprendizagem contínua, baseada nos princípios da Gestão do Conhecimento, e a adaptação de constantes mudanças no mundo atual fundamentada nos conceitos da sustentabilidade. Segundo o Departamento Intersindical de Estatística e Estudos Socioeconômicos (DIEESE, 2009), a indústria automobilística mundial passou por profundas instabilidades nos últimos 12 anos, com consequências diretas no setor produtivo nacional de autopeças. Em 1997 as vendas de automóveis no Brasil chegaram a 1,9 milhão de unidades, acarretando uma onda de otimismo com a instalação, no país, de 11 novas fábricas e sete novas montadoras de veículos leves e pesados, construídas a um custo estimado em 16 bilhões de dólares. Previa-se então que o mercado local absorveria rapidamente a capacidade instalada no país de 3 milhões de carros produzidos por ano. Essa onda de otimismo alavancou investimentos em toda a cadeia produtiva de veículos, ignorando a feroz concorrência chinesa e a indiana que começava a despontar no cenário mundial. A economia nacional foi afligida por crises externas em série, resultando em oscilações e uma queda de 40% das vendas até 2005, quando as montadoras e o setor de autopeças possuíam então uma capacidade instalada quase três vezes superior à demanda.

Reuse and recycling have become crucial owing to the rapid advance in technology, which leads to the accelerated obsolescence of electronic equipment. Disassembly is the first stage in the recycling process. Manual disassembly has proven to be the most efficient although cost-effective method. Automated systems are justified only when relatively uniform-type equipment or assemblies are disassembled. Layout changes can enhance the disassembly speeds by efficient material movement. New disassembly line layout concept introduces solutions for known problems in existing layouts KEYWORDS: disassembly reuse recycling hazardous materials layout KLJU^NE RIJE^I: rastavljanje ponovna uporaba oporaba opasni materijali postav Ponovna su uporaba i oporaba postali iznimno va`ni zbog brzoga napretka tehnike koja vodi do ubrzane zastare elektroni~kih ure|aja. Rastavljanje je prvi korak u procesu oporabe. Iako skuplje, ru~no se rastavljanje pokazalo kao naju~inkovitije. Automatizirani sustavi nalaze gospodarnu primjenu samo pri rastavljanju istovrsnih ure|aja ili sklopova. Promjene u postavu mogu pove}ati brzinu rastavljanja u~inkovitijim kretanjem materijala. Zamisao novoga razmje{taja radnih mjesta za rastavljanje elektroni~kih ure|aja predstavlja rje{enje za poznate probleme s postoje}im postrojenjima.

The circular economy (CE) model has become highly relevant in recent years, with the electronics industry being one of the sectors that has considered its application. Despite only a limited amount of literature being available on waste electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in Mexico, the Mexican Government, academic institutions, and electronics industry have coordinated efforts to implement the CE in the country. This study evaluates the current technical and economic situation of cellphone e-waste generated in Mexico by surveying and analyzing the main actors that influence the management of this waste and using a material flow analysis. Extensive fieldwork was conducted in order to quantify the extent of cellphone e-waste processing in both formal and informal channels. The study of printed circuit boards in cellphones shows that the total value of cellphone e-waste materials ranges between $11.277 and $12.444 million USD per year in Mexico. However, a value of only $0.677...

Guiyu, China has been one of the largest e-waste recycling sites of the world for more than 20 years. Abundant data show that local dwellers there suffered from severe health risks from e-waste contaminants. In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as candidates to test the contamination levels and their possible adverse effects on residents in Haimen Bay, the estuary of Lian River (less than 30km from Guiyu), which has been totally neglected. The concentrations of 16PAHs were determined in collected marine fish with a median ΣPAH concentration of 1478ng/g (wet weight), and the contamination may be mainly influenced by Lian River runoff, specifically from Guiyu. The lifetime excess cancer risk for local dwellers was much higher than the serious risk level (10(-4)). More seriously, outflows of PAHs from the e-waste recycling site (Guiyu) seemed to exert health risks of a much larger scale of population downstream.

End-of-life electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has recently received attention as a secondary source of metals. This study examined characteristics of end-of-life EEE as secondary metal resources to consider efficient collection and metal recovery systems according to the specific metals and types of EEE. We constructed an analogy between natural resource development and metal recovery from end-of-life EEE and found that metal content and total annual amount of metal contained in each type of end-of-life EEE should be considered in secondary resource development, as well as the collectability of the end-of-life products. We then categorized 21 EEE types into five groups and discussed their potential as secondary metal resources. Refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, and CRT TVs were evaluated as the most important sources of common metals, and personal computers, mobile phones, and video games were evaluated as the most important sources of precious metals. Several types of small digital equipment were also identified as important sources of precious metals; however, mid-size information and communication technology (ICT) equipment (e.g., printers and fax machines) and audio/video equipment were shown to be more important as a source of a variety of less common metals. The physical collectability of each type of EEE was roughly characterized by unit size and number of end-of-life products generated annually. Current collection systems in Japan were examined and potentially appropriate collection methods were suggested for equipment types that currently have no specific collection systems in Japan, particularly for video games, notebook computers, and mid-size ICT and audio/video equipment.

Appropriate management of toxic metals contained in WEEE is important during recycling and treatment of WEEE. ► CRT TVs contain large amount of toxic metals with high concentration and thus appropriate management is highly important. ► Mid-sized equipment is a future target for managing toxic metals in WEEE because the total amount is not negligible. ► Changes in the flows of toxic metals will occur when treatment processes are modified to emphasize resource recovery. ► The flows of toxic metals and valuable materials should be managed simultaneously in recycling and treatment of WEEE.

Technology has made the life of Bangladeshi people very flexible with new inventions. Here the people depend on technological devices. These devices, along with various facilities, have also invited a series of problems mostly due to the lack of proper management. The Bangladeshi citizens often leave electronic devices that went bad or became unusable, in landfills, rivers, canals, and open spaces. As these devices possess a variety of toxic substances, dumping huge amounts of electronic waste can pollute the environment and threaten human health. As a result, it is important to take the required measures to prevent potential e-waste-related problems. In spite of the alarming levels of e-pollution in Bangladesh, the concerned authorities are yet to take any effective step or formulate any legislation to prevent the existing e-pollution. Moreover, the prevailing environmental laws are not adequate to address the issue and its application are still largely absent.

Electronic waste disposal is a primary concern both on a national and global spectrum. The increased usage of information and communication technology and electronic devices among higher education institutions (HEIs) contributes to the annual generation of e-waste. HEIs are called to implement a sustainable scheme to curtail the environmental and public health threats brought by ewaste. Against this background, the recycling strategies of HEIs for discarded electronics were examined and evaluated as to its effectiveness and used as basis to develop policy recommendations for e-waste management. The interventions developed were met with general approval and positive response. The innovative products were perceived to be useful in serving their new purposes and reducing the problems of e-waste in HEIs. These findings provide valuable input for HEIs seeking to enhance their e-waste recycling practices. Existing legislation concerning e-waste was looked into, and policy recommendations that encouraged cooperation and shared accountability among key players and stakeholders were drawn up.