Economic and Social History

We explore the nature and context of local authority job plans which have been developed in recent years as a response to the rise of unemployment and economic malaise in their areas. The approach, characterized by public-sector-led employment schemes targeted at specific social needs, groups and areas, is evaluated by Campbell rt al. against more conventional macro-economic methods of employment creation. We conclude that local authority led employment schemes are potentially more effective in global terms than fiscal measures and in relation to the issue of the inner city  are better placed to tackle the economic and social problems of these areas than strategies popular with the current government which focus on small firm development and entrepreneurship.

Rusya’da, üç ana gruba ayrılan Rus Kazakları arasında Dinyeper’e yerleşenler Zaporog Kazakları, Don Nehri civarındakiler Don Kazakları ve Terek Nehri dolaylarında yaşayanlar Terek Kazakları olarak adlandırılmıştır. Bunlardan Zaporog ve Don Kazakları Osmanlı döneminde Rusya’dan Türkiye’ye göç etmişlerdir. Türkiye’ye göç eden Rus Kazaklarından olan Don Kazakları Manyas Gölü civarına yerleştirilerek burada balıkçılıkla meşgul olmuşlardır. Rus Kazakları, zamanla Manyas Gölü’nde balıkların yeterli gelmemesinden dolayı İznik ve Terkos gibi göllere yönelmişler, bu göllerin de ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamaması sebebiyle Beyşehir ve Eğirdir gibi başka gölleri kiralamak istemişlerdir. Beyşehir Gölü’nde balıkçılık yapan Rus Kazakları 1866 yılında İstanbul’a müracaat ederek, Beyşehir Gölü’nde Mada Adası’na yerleşme talebinde bulunmuş ve bu talepleri neticesinde 30-40 hane kadarı 1867 yılında bu adaya iskân edilmişlerdir. Mada Adası’na yerleştirilen Rus Kazakları 40 yıl kadar burada yaşamış ve göl ve çevresinde ortaya çıkan salgın hastalıklar nedeniyle XX. yüzyılın başlarında Akşehir’e göç etmek durumunda kalmışlardır. Uzun yıllar boyunca Akşehir’de kalan Rus Kazakları Türkiye’nin diğer bölgelerindeki soydaşları ile birlikte 1962 yılında Rusya’ya geri dönmüşlerdir. Bu çalışmada çeşitli sebeplerle Rusya’dan Türkiye’ye göç eden Rus Kazakları’nın Beyşehir Gölü Mada Adası’ndaki iskân süreci, buradaki hayatları, fiziksel özellikleri, kıyafetleri, inanışları, ibadetleri, geçim kaynakları, yemekleri ile Beyşehir’de bıraktıkları izleri ve bölgeye yaptıkları katkıları arşiv belgeleri ve kaynak kişilerin anlatımları ışığında ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Rus Kazakları, Beyşehir, Mada Adası, İskân, Balıkçılık.

GORAN CVJETINOVIĆ I NELLA LONZA SAŽETAK: Analizom kaznenih postupaka u 18. stoljeću (1711/20, 1751/60. i 1791/1800) ispitano je koliko često tuženik ustaje tužbom protiv tužitelja, kod kojih se djela takve kombinacije javljaju te kojom se dinamikom podnose. Istraži vanje je iznijelo na vidjelo da su optuženici instrument protutužbe često ra bili radi iznošenja obrane, jer im dubrovački kazneni postupak to pravo još nije jamčio. Ranije iskustvo pred sudom itekako je utjecalo na podnošenje protutužbi, odnosno, okorjeli prekršitelji najvještije su koristili taj pravni instrument.

GORAN CVJETINOVIĆ I NELLA LONZA SAŽETAK: Analizom kaznenih postupaka u 18. stoljeću (1711/20, 1751/60. i 1791/1800) ispitano je koliko često tuženik ustaje tužbom protiv tužitelja, kod kojih se djela takve kombinacije javljaju te kojom se dinamikom podnose. Istraži vanje je iznijelo na vidjelo da su optuženici instrument protutužbe često ra bili radi iznošenja obrane, jer im dubrovački kazneni postupak to pravo još nije jamčio. Ranije iskustvo pred sudom itekako je utjecalo na podnošenje protutužbi, odnosno, okorjeli prekršitelji najvještije su koristili taj pravni instrument.

Communal debts and their licensing represented an important intersection of the private sphere, local-communal, and central administrations in post-1867 Hungary. An evergrowing range of tasks delegated by the state, the necessity to invest in city development and schools, health care, social assistance, to establish the conditions of economic growth, all demanded financial commitment from city governments. New loans were taken from banks in Budapest and upon approval from higher organs, ultimately the Ministry of Interior, creating another tie to the central state. The liquidation of these debts after 1918 was meant to resolve an issue inherited from Hungary. While seemingly an opportunity for the new Romania to strengthen its control over territories populated by ethnic minorities, the process was anything but simple and localities were mainly left on their own, in a sense recreating the situation before 1918

La collana 'Tracce. Itinerari di ricerca' si propone di valorizzare i risultati delle attività scientifiche svolte nei diversi campi della ricerca universitaria (area umanistica e della formazione, area economico-giuridica, area scientifica, area medica). Rivolta prevalentemente alla diffusione di studi condotti nell'ambito dell'Università di Udine, guarda con attenzione anche ad altri centri di ricerca, italiani e internazionali. Il comitato scientifico è quello della casa editrice.

Il presente volume raccoglie i risultati del convegno Culture, economie e politiche del bosco in Italia dal medioevo all'età contemporanea, svoltosi a Torino tra il 23 e il 24 gennaio 2025 1 . L'idea di organizzare un incontro sui temi della storia forestale nasceva da una discussione avviata nell'ambito di due progetti attivi presso il Dipartimento di Studi storici dell'Università degli Studi di Torino. Il primo è rappresentato da una ricerca frutto di una convenzione con il Comune di Perarolo di Cadore (Provincia di Belluno), il cui obiettivo era raccogliere e sistematizzare le fonti relative a questa località, contribuendo a ricostruire la storia del paese che, per tutta l'età moderna e almeno fino alla fine dell'Ottocento, è stato uno snodo decisivo nel commercio del legname ricavato dalle foreste delle Alpi nord-orientali e destinato all'emporio commerciale di Venezia. Un successivo finanziamento PRIN-PNRR, per il progetto 'In Search of an Old Resource in the Industrial Era. Wood and the Historical Roots of the Italian Forests (1870s-1960s)', ha permesso di estendere l'indagine in chiave comparativa, confrontando le trasformazioni che hanno caratterizzato Perarolo in epoca contemporanea con le vicende di altri casi studio, ma anche arricchendo la ricerca sul piano tematico e metodologico, grazie ai contributi dei colleghi delle altre due unità che fanno parte del progetto, basate rispettivamente all'Università Politecnica delle Marche e all'Università degli Studi di Genova 2 . 1 Oltre ai testi presentati in quell'occasione, il volume comprende anche un saggio di Lucia Tedesco che è stata coinvolta nell'organizzazione del convegno sin dalle prime fasi. I curatori desiderano ringraziare le autrici, gli autori e tutti coloro che hanno animato il convegno torinese di cui questo volume è il frutto. Un ulteriore ringraziamento va a Elisa Antole,

This paper explores the symbolic and practical connections between career education and economic development, with a specific focus on the Nigerian context, particularly Oyo State. Career education serves as a bridge linking educational experiences with labor market outcomes by equipping individuals with relevant competencies, knowledge, and aspirations for sustainable livelihoods. Through an analytical lens grounded in developmental theories and recent empirical findings, this study highlights how career education facilitates human capital formation, promotes productivity, and reduces unemployment. The paper recommends strategic investments in technical and vocational education, policy alignment, and public-private partnerships to strengthen this educationeconomy linkage.

The Case Study: A City or a Rural Village? Schio è medesimamente terra grossa situata a pié del monte Summano e pien di populo che negotia in lane, seda e biava per grossa summa di capitale [. . .] si governa con magistratti simili a quelli della Città di Vicenza, con la quale continuamente litiga non volendo in conto alcuno cedergli Nicolò Pizzamano, Capitain of Vicenza, 1603 (Istituto di Storia Economica 1976) Schio is a rural village (or, at least, formally a village) located in the northern part of the province of Vicenza, on the border of the Republic of Venice, connected with the Imperial territories (the cities of Rovereto and Trento) thanks to the Pian delle Fugazze and Borcola passes (figure 1.1). Schio was annexed to the Republic of Venice in 1406, two years after the annexation of the provincial capital, Vicenza, being a private domain of Giorgio Cavalli . After its inclusion in the Venetian State, Schio became one of the eleven vicariati (administrative districts) of the province of Vicenza, maintaining during the entire Venetian period the legal status of 'rural village': this meant that a Vicentine vicario resided in Schio -often a member of the Vicentine families with relevant economic interests in the area, such as the Magrè family -even if Panjek, A., ed. 2025. Upland Families, Elites and Communities: Long-Run Micro Perspectives on Persistence and Change. University of Primorska Press.

The year 1939 functions in Polish historiography as annus terribilis, i.e. primarily the moment when the Second World War began. This does not change the fact that before September 1939, Polish society, apart from the threat of con�lict, functioned within the framework of some everyday life. This text is about selected aspects of that everyday life.

从“均平”的角度，可重新审视中国古代赋役史中政治理念、制度设计和技术性知识三者的深层联系。 首先，不同于无差别的平等、平均，以差等为前提的“均平”才是传统中国的秩序正义观念，也是合理的财产分配、赋役征发的出发点。 其次，“均平”的实践方式随社会经济环境变迁而改变，在制度上也从财产合理分配向税制公平设计转移，从追求最理想状态向重视实践中防弊转换。 最后，传统算学也发展出与实践均平观念相对应的计算技术：秦汉时期已有按差等的比例系数进行分配运算的“衰分”问题，至迟在宋代进一步发展出“鼠尾”法，这些都是明清以后“均平”计算的原始雏形。

The paper revolves around the efficacy of national trading policy to regulate the trade process, which will accelerate industrial growth and impose duties on imports to protect the domestic industry against foreign competition. The goals of many policies designed to boost exports and reduce the trade deficit in Nigeria have been subjugated due to the government's failure to implement the constituted regulations that guide international trade, market networks, and globalization perspectives. These aforementioned problems often stymie the manufacturing rate and the development of cottage industries, which could be the basis for a successful operation of other industries in the country. Therefore, the paper explores the effects of all policies embraced in trade and industrial production in Nigeria, explicates their influences on ceramic cottage industries, and discusses the pitfalls as a guide for future operations. Data on the rates of Change in economics and industrial production were utilized for this study; these data were analyzed using an explanatory approach. The findings revealed, among others, the crucial factors militating against the positive outputs of ceramic industries and how ceramic industries will solve the unemployment issue. As such, the conception of industrial policy by the Nigerian government, both in content and application, should be rightly conceived and geared towards small-scale industries by providing loans, subsidies and incentives to ceramists in order to boost the nation's economy.

The paper revolves around the efficacy of national trading policy to regulate the trade process, which will accelerate industrial growth and impose duties on imports to protect the domestic industry against foreign competition. The goals of many policies designed to boost exports and reduce the trade deficit in Nigeria have been subjugated due to the government's failure to implement the constituted regulations that guide international trade, market networks, and globalization perspectives. These aforementioned problems often stymie the manufacturing rate and the development of cottage industries, which could be the basis for a successful operation of other industries in the country. Therefore, the paper explores the effects of all policies embraced in trade and industrial production in Nigeria, explicates their influences on ceramic cottage industries, and discusses the pitfalls as a guide for future operations. Data on the rates of Change in economics and industrial production were utilized for this study; these data were analyzed using an explanatory approach. The findings revealed, among others, the crucial factors militating against the positive outputs of ceramic industries and how ceramic industries will solve the unemployment issue. As such, the conception of industrial policy by the Nigerian government, both in content and application, should be rightly conceived and geared towards small-scale industries by providing loans, subsidies and incentives to ceramists in order to boost the nation's economy.

This writing sample is taken from chapter 3 of my latest book Blanc de plomb. Histoire d'un poison légal (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2019). An English translation of this book, which won three academic awards in 2020, will soon be submitted for consideration by Oxford University Press. A shortened version of this chapter will be published later this year as "White Lead: Biography of a Serial Killer" in Bensaude-Vincent B. (ed.

Perarolo di Cadore deve la sua origine e il suo sviluppo al commercio del legname. Posta alla confluenza del torrente Boite nel Piave, da dove era possibile la navigazione del legname sulle zattere, fin dal Quattrocento la comunità è stata condizionata dalla crescita della domanda di questa risorsa, così essenziale oggi e ancor più ieri, avendo in Venezia il centro principale dei consumi. La costruzione a monte dell’abitato dei ‘cidoli’ – sbarramenti artificiali dei corsi d’acqua che servivano ad ammassare e regolare il deflusso dei tronchi – rese Perarolo uno dei primi scali commerciali del legname in area veneta per almeno quattro secoli. A questa funzione di snodo per il traffico di una risorsa necessaria per la sopravvivenza di tutti, Perarolo ha legato il proprio destino, subendo gli effetti degli eventi calamitosi (le alluvioni del 1823 e del 1882) e i mutamenti del mercato. Dalla fine dell’Ottocento, con l’espansione della produzione nell’Europa centro-orientale e la costruzione delle linee ferroviarie fra Tirolo e Carinzia che rendevano superati i trasporti su zattera, lo snodo di Perarolo venne meno, il legame fra le acque e il legno si smarrì e con esso l’ossatura della sua economia e della sua società.

Evaluation of the mining related geoenvironment’s stability The paper deals with the stability of the Silver vein of the Mária deposit in Rožňava in the connection with proposals of stoping methods, having the aim to safeguard the rational mining out the deposit. The stoping methods proposed respected all the conclusions of the model geomechanical investigation. For various parts of the vein, the stoping methods considering not only mining-technical and mininggeological conditions, but also the advance of selective extraction of blocks were proposed.

Želba, as, Spišská Nová Ves (bývalé Železorudné bane) pripravuje otvorenie ložiska sadrovca na lokalite Markušovce-Šafárka so zámerom nahradiť v súčasnosti existujúcu, ale už doznievajúcu ťažbu barytov na banskom závode v Rudňanoch. Za týmto účelom bol Želbe, as, určený ...

This paper presents the theory and practice of protectionism in Bulgaria during the Great Depression. That global cataclysm that lead to the abandonment of free international trade and intensification of protectionist policy applied by all countries in various forms to reach autarchy where countries produced mainly for their domestic markets with the resources they had. The theoretical justifications for protectionism, made by the Bulgarian economists who worked during that period, as well as the various forms of its implementation in Bulgaria are derived.

In 1925, the British group Power and Traction Finance Company Ltd. obtained a mammoth concession for the electrification and transport services of Athens and Piraeus from the Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos. Popularly known as a ‘colonial contract’, the agreement was ironically an underground by-product of a League of Nations humanitarian scheme, the refugee loan agreement between the Bank of England and the Greek state. This paper explores how a foreign utility investment in the 1920s Greek market unleashed clashing forces: it undoubtedly spurred transformative infrastructure in the capital, but this reform came at a high economic, political, and moral cost. Coercive ab initio, this scandalous long-term concession engendered great exploitation, produced existential politico-economic dilemmas and resistance, and jeopardised Greek democracy,parliamentarism, and state independence. In a decade when the City of London’s banking houses controlled most of the debt and British companies dominated the investment landscape of Greece, this business milestone knitted together finance capital, ‘subcutaneous’ forms of empire and imperceptible violence, sovereign spaces, power gaps, and humanitarian crises, challenging us to rethink imperial agents. The Power and Traction case debunks the myth of exclusively metropolitan agencies, highlighting the centrality of transnational capital synergies and comprador elites.

The Version of Record of this manuscript has been published and is freely available in The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 29 June 2025 <https://www.tandfonline.com/ DOI: 10.1080/03086534.2025.2522861>

В последнее время увеличивается доля мусульманских стран в мировой экономике, в том числе на финансовом рынке. Вопрос о том, как мусульмане повлияли на развитие методов торговли и финансовых операций, ставит целью определить влияние мусульманского Востока на финансовое развитие Европы в эпоху Крестовых походов. Работа основана на принципе историзма и анализе исторических и историко-экономических трудов. Исследование показало, что Крестовые походы на Восток стали триггером к увеличению роли денег в повседневной жизни Европы и упорядочению механизмов хранения и оборота денежной массы, для чего обратились к опыту арабской торговли. Результаты исследования расширяют знание о потенциале укрепления связей между европейской моделью финансовой системы и исламского банкинга.

In early modern Venice, credit was ubiquitous, with various lenders offering long-and short-term loans. This article traces the structure of the Venetian credit market in the eighteenth century and examines the borrowing opportunities available to the local population, focusing in particular on consumer credit. The research studies how people approached credit in a pre-industrial society, and what factors may have shaped the ways through which they accessed borrowing. More broadly, how did Venetian households cope with uncertainty? Was the local credit market able to offer borrowers multiple, equally viable options? The article explores the interaction between the supply and demand for credit, emphasising the organised nature of the Venetian market. Ultimately, it argues that even loans that appeared to have unfavourable conditions could, in practice, be quite attractive to borrowers.

In the twentieth century, developed countries in particular have increasingly begun using human capital investments to make education, which had transformed into an economic tool, more accessible from the 1960s onwards through increased labor productivity and new information technologies . This has led to the emergence of overeducation since the 1980s, which is a disease of the school-to-work transition . From the human capital approach, education creates an economic context in terms of contributing to economic development as a means of increasing the value of labor. The development of human capital paves the way for new opportunities through the value of labor, competitiveness, and innovation .

The year 1525 almost turned out to be a fateful one for the inner Spessart. A ban imposed by the sovereign seemed to have put an end to the centuries-old tradition of glassmaking in the large forest area with its vast fuel reserves, which was conveniently located for the sales markets on the Lower Main on the Rhine and in Holland. The background to this profound break in economic history is the participation of the glassmakers in the Peasants' War, as documented in a letter from the employees of the four glassworks in the Spessart to the sovereign Cardinal Albrecht von Brandenburg.

The medieval period is o en imagined as an era dominated by localised developments and regionalism, in which, a er the empires of An quity, socie es became somewhat isolated from one another. In this seminar, we delve into case studies and examine archaeological evidence, alongside theore cal frameworks, to illuminate the mechanisms and impacts of movement and interconnec vity in the medieval world. This is despite well-known evidence of transforma ve innova ons that spread widely during this me, demonstra ng extensive global connec ons. Innova ons such as Arabic numerals, paper, the magne c compass, or the spinning wheel highlight the dynamic exchange of ideas, technologies, and prac ces across Europe, Africa, and Asia. The dissemina on of these advancements was driven by various forms of mobility, including military conquests, trade networks, religious pilgrimages, and long-and short-distance interac ons that created expansive webs of connec on.

The Italian expression \u201ccoltura promiscua\u201d, internationally used (Meynier, 1958; Zimmermann, 1981; Meeus, and al., 1990; Pinto Correia 2005; Zimmermann, 2006), indicates the association between pollarded trees, vines and arable land, typical of the Italian Peninsula,. Until the 1960s it used to provide one of the most famous traditional agricultural landscapes of Europe (Sereni, 1957; Desplanques 1959; Gambi, 1973). By producing agricultural products, as well as preserving agrobiodiversity, \u201ccoltura promiscua\u201d was \u2013 as we would say today \u2013 extremely multifunctional. \u201cColtura promiscua\u201d is nowadays no more practiced, besides the presence of some rare relicts, that the author recently mapped and classified in certain areas in North Eastern Italy. Starting from this research, this paper presents some insights about the role of pollards in Italian traditional landscapes, through historical sources and fieldwork evidence, and propose to learn some ...

清代江南地区的善堂、义庄等公产组织提供公共服务， 构成了地方公共支出的 一 部 分。清代中叶常熟地区的凝善堂、临海屈氏安济堂， 以及杨氏义庄等案例显示出， 善堂、义庄不仅具有慈善功能， 也参与维持地方社会秩序， 这是清代江南地方 政 治 的 核 心 机 制。地 方 士 绅 通 过 善 堂、义 庄 实 现 大 规模土地控制， 则是这种地方政治结构的经济基础。善堂、义庄的内部管理存在着自治的结构， 善堂、义庄在地方政府备案， 士绅合议， 雇募专业经营者， 并与 州 县 官 建 立 半 正 式 的 协 商 机 制。地 方 士 绅 通 过 将 土地捐入善堂、义庄获得政治保护， 并 将“私 业”转 化 为 公 产。同 时， 地 方 士 绅 也 利 用 义 田 避 税， 这 在 清 代中叶成为漕粮征缴中的严重问题。

The article raises the ргоЫеm of the term «ιεροι και ασυλοι», used Ъу Greek wrilers to dеnote Indian farmers. Consideration of its origin and range of use has enabled the author to arrive аt the conclusion that Ihe term does not attest to the idealization of social relation in India bу Megasthenes. Nor should il bе understood literally. It was borrowed bу Megasthenes from administrative practice common in the Seleucid Empire in relations between cities and the power of the king. As applied to Indian farmers it conveyed basic principles of the caste theory of the structure of society. Megasthenes used categories accepted in Ihe Greek world to pass over the material of (Ье Indian tradition which gave
answers to Ihe questions relevant to Ihe Greek world.

This essay focuses on the Eastern Alps, one of the most important wood-producing areas in northern Italy due to its rich forests (spruce, fir, larch, and beech) and to the growing demand of the densely populated Venetian mainland. Until the introduction of the railway in the mid-nineteenth century, an enviro-technical system was progressively developed along this area’s rivers and streams to link the forests to the markets for the transport of timber, an asset that has interconnected mountains and plains for centuries. The descent of the logs corresponded to a parallel ascent of goods that were not available in the mountains, such as wheat and wine. These goods were traded along the river route used by the rafts, intersecting and using the land road system. In the early modern period, a system of ports was established from which it was possible to float on rafts. Beyond this threshold, only rafting was practicable thanks to the infrastructure system (locks and canals) whose main resource was always water.

In the early 13th century, the Tai-Shan people, ancestors of the Ahoms, entered the eastern
Brahmaputra Valley from Upper Burma and Yunnan. They ruled Assam for more than 600 years,
establishing a strong kingdom through effective governance with cultural assimilation. Central to
their administrative and socio-economic structure was the Paik system - an indigenous labour and
military framework that enabled the Ahoms to mobilize manpower for both civil and military
purposes. This paper explores how the system influenced the lives of ordinary people through
collective labour, land distribution, and shared responsibilities. It examines the internal organization
of paiks into units such as gots and khels, and their classification into Chamua, Kanri, and
professional khels, highlighting the embedded social hierarchy, privilege or restrictions. The
relationship between the state and the paiks is analysed in terms of land rights, mobility, and
influence over local officials. While the system fostered community cohesion, interdependence, and a
sense of unity, it also imposed constraints on personal economic freedom and social mobility,
revealing a structure marked by both solidarity and stratification.

This is a comprehensive long-run history of economic and political change in the Iberian Peninsula. Beginning with the development of the old medieval kingdoms, it goes on to explore two countries, Portugal and Spain, which during the early modern period possessed vast empires and played an essential role in the global economic and political developments. It traces how and why both countries began to fall behind during the ûrst stages of industrialization and modern economic growth only to achieve remarkable economic development during the second half of the twentieth century. Written by a team of leading historians, the book sheds new light on all aspects of economic history from population, agriculture, manufacturing and international trade to government, ûnance and welfare. The book includes extensive new data and will be an essential work of reference for scholars of Portugal and Spain and also of comparative European economic development.

In Mobilizing Money for the Common Good: The Social Dimension of Credit (14 th -19 th century), Mauro Carboni and Pietro Delcorno masterfully weave together contributions addressing the question of 'how the mobilization of capital in pursuit of the public good took place in different contexts' between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries. 1 The volume developed out of a conference entitled 'Mobilizing Money for the Public Good', which was held on 7-8 November 2022 at the Centro Studi sui Monti di Pietà e sul Credito Solidaristico in Bologna. According to the editors, the purpose of the conference was to bridge the gap between the divergent approaches to government debt, community-based credit, and the capital formation of proto-welfare institutions that were adopted by the fields of history and economics. The volume delves deeper into these themes in three sections: 'Credit and Public Bodies', 'The Social Dimension of Small Credit', and 'Credit and Proto-Welfare Agencies'.

This paper offers a new analysis of the document P.Bal. 290 which suggests that the monastery of Bala’izah had a population of around 120–180 monks, rather than the 400–1000 suggested by Peter Grossman’s archaeological analysis of the site. Such a stark difference illustrates the methodological issues in generating monastic population estimates, particularly the need to distinguish between the ‘capacity’ of a monastic site, the ‘occupation’ by residents, and the proportion of those residents who are monks. Making such distinctions is crucial to improving our understanding of 8th century Egyptian monasteries and their operations, at Bala'izah and beyond.

evidence of the book, this is unlikely, since most of the silver ended up in Genoa, not in Castile. The authors propose an alternative explanation based on an institutional "resource curse." Silver taxes meant that the king did not need the Cortes to raise new revenue. As a consequence, the frequency with which the king summoned the Cortes decreased dramatically during the sixteenth century and never fully recovered. Without the parliament-and despite the sophistication of the financial institutions-Spain was not able to lift the yoke of premodern institutions, as shown by Regina Grafe (Distant Tyranny: Markets, Power, and Backwardness in Spain, 1650-1800 [2012]). Lending to the Borrower from Hell does well at both the micro and macro levels. It is an example of ambitious data collection in an attempt to answer the big questions. More importantly, the book advances our understanding of the first global hegemon's decline, while also burying its black legend.

This paper focuses on demographic determinism. It indicates how population levels in Britain were shaped by disease patterns, resulting in economic development and the growth of capitalism through the role of surplus labour. Although a historical phenomenon, it has also operated in modern times. 1 The paper also includes new material on mortality levels in England and Ireland, and how they impacted population growth in both countries. These mortality changes were largely independent of economic factors and were mainly the result of ecological factors and changes in disease incidence. Mortality also had an impact on nuptiality and fertility through a process of demographic transition, with increasing population leading to pauperisation amongst labourers and others resulting in early marriage.

Nowadays urban Quebeckers are known to be a "society of tenants." This sociological characteristic does not originate in the 20th century. As early as the first half of the 18th century, tenants became the majority (60%) in the city of Québec. Today this ratio is 70%. Then and up until recently, people moved on 1 May.
Three words sum up the 18th-century urban society: mobility, competition and impoverishment. This is what stands out in the demographic, economic
and material analysis of various socioprofessional groups that composed this pre-industrial town.

Θέμα της μελέτης αποτελεί το ζήτημα του Νομικού μεταβολισμού της Οθωμανικής γαιοκτητικής νομοθεσίας σε θεσμούς του βυζαντινορωμαϊκού δικαίου και η σύνδεση με το δίκαιο του ΑΚ. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, το ζήτημα του πώς μεταβολίστηκαν, πώς δηλαδή διασκευάστηκαν τα κεκτημένα, ήδη από την Τουρκοκρατία,  γαιοκτητικά δικαιώματα στο πλαίσιο του επανεισαχθέντος βυζαντινορωμαϊκού δικαίου, στο νεοσύστατο ελληνικό κράτος. Στο Α’ μέρος (γραμμένο από το Παπαχαρίση Χρήστο), παρουσιάζεται το καθεστώς γαιοκτησίας που διαμορφώθηκε μετά την Επανάσταση, με την απαραίτητη αναδρομή στην Οθωμανική γαιοκτητική δικαιοταξία και τις ιδιαιτερότητες της. Τονίζονται  οι διαμορφωθείσες σχέσεις ιδιωτών-κράτους όσον αφορά τις εκατέρωθεν διεκδικήσεις των δύο πλευρών, επί των τέως Οθωμανικών γαιών. Επίσης,  εξετάζεται η εξέλιξή των γαιοκτητικών δικαιικών μορφωμάτων, κεκτημένων  από την περιόδο της Τουρκοκρατίας, ιδίως κατά τους πρώτους χρόνους λειτουργίας του νεοσύστατου ελληνικού κράτους, καθώς και τα προβλήματα που ανέκυψαν στην πράξη. Στο Β’ μέρος (γραμμένο από το Γιουμίδη Βασίλη), εξετάζονται ιδιόμορφα γαιοκτητικά καθεστώτα και η σύνδεση με το σημερινό εμπράγματο δίκαιο του ΑΚ, ουσιαστικό αλλά και διαχρονικό (ιδίως άρθρ.51 ΕισΝΑΚ). Προτάσσεται, σύντομη σκιαγράφηση της διαμορφωθείσας κατάστασης στο νεοσύστατο ελληνικό κράτος, όσον αφορά τις γαίες και τις διακρίσεις τους βάσει του Οθωμανικού δικαίου, με ειδική αναφορά στα Πρωτόκολλα Ανεξαρτησίας. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δίνεται στο καθεστώς των ιδιόκτητων γαιών Ελλήνων. Επιπρόσθετα, περιγράφεται, η νομοθεσία ρυθμίζουσα τα γαιοκτητικά ζητήματα: από τα πρώτα ΒΔ του νεοσύστατου Ελληνικού κράτους, μέχρι και την πρόσφατη νομοθεσία Δασικού Δικαίου. Αναφορά γίνεται και στις δυνατότητες χρησικτησίας επί δημοσίων κτημάτων. Αναλύονται ιδιόμορφα και ξεχωριστά γαιοκτητικά καθεστώτα της Μάνης και των Κυκλάδων. Η μελέτη ολοκληρώνεται με κριτικό σχολιασμό της ενδιαφέρουσας ΟλΑΠ 1/2013. Το τελευταίο νομολογιακό παράδειγμα προδίδει την ακτινοβολία των νομικών κειμένων της Επαναστατικής και Μεταεπαναστατικής περιόδου (ιδίως Πρωτόκολλα και Συνθήκη Ανεξαρτησίας) στη σύγχρονη νομολογία, ακόμη και 200 χρόνια μετά την Επανάσταση.

On  this  paper,  certain  aspects  of  the economic customs during the Middle Ages are analyzed, primarily using the term of “fluidity”, in addition to linking it with other contemporary terms derived from early 20th-century  economic  theory.  This  exercise  seeks,  first, exemplify the meaning of the term “fluidity” by observing some of the medieval economic practices, seen through the  descriptions  of  the  period  by  various  authors, primarily Jacques Le Goff. Secondly, the article wants to expose  certain  elements  that  ledto  the  subsequent development of early-stage capitalism, known asthe mercantilist  system,  where  fluidity  is  once  again implicated in some of its characteristics.

This chapter explores the integration of materiality, economics, and spirituality in the Syriac liturgical tradition. It highlights the substantial financial outlays for rituals, such as Myron's consecration, justified by scriptural emphasis on remembrance. The article examines generous donations for church assets and elaborate manuscripts, often driven by the desire for lasting recognition. It also explores early church criticisms of acquiring luxurious books for prestige, with the economic function of early Christian communities, and monasteries as charitable organizations and "banks". Finally, it delves into a "theology of economics" in the Syriac tradition, particularly the "merchant" metaphor, interpreting material contributions within an eschatological framework.

Ishac, E. A. “Expensive Blessings in the Syriac Liturgical Tradition” On Earth as in Heaven? Liturgy, Materiality, and Economics, edited by Melanie C. Ross, Collegeville: Liturgical Press, Minnesota 2025, pp. 153-179.

The development of most African countries has been stifled by the lack of adequate human resources which have remained important ingredients in the advancement of communities. The study, using the example of West Cameroon, argues that it was because of the premature departure of European technocrats from the continent and inability of post colonial governments to invest expediently in human resources that the situation degenerated. As a result of these, local governments had to use none experts and untrained personnel in the management of its affairs and this resulted to poor performance and service delivery. Though some efforts were made by the government in turning the tights, the condition still remained precarious. The study concludes that through the exposition of the pitfalls inherent in the use of untrained personnel in these institutions, policy makers may be encouraged to invest in human resources in their urge for development.