East Asian Studies

The present article examines the historical (or cultural) memory of August 15 in South Korea. As a memorial day, August 15 incorporates the double meaning of liberation from colonial rule in 1945 and the formal promulgation of the South Korean state in 1948. While existing studies have shed light on how disputes over August 15 unfolded after the emergence of the New Right in the mid-2000s, this article analyzes the commemoration of August 15 since its institutionalization as a memorial day in 1949, and traces the origins of conservative challenges to its inscribed memory. The article dissects how the cultural memory of August 15 gradually evolved from an independence day in the 1950s towards a de facto liberation day since the 1960s. Only on round anniversaries is 1948 commemorated as well. The article traces concentrated conservative dissent with prevailing cultural memory to 1998, and shows how this was closely tied to Cold War triumphalist re-evaluations of Syngman Rhee. New Right contestations evolved out of this, and succeeded in state-led 1948-centered August 15 commemorations in 2008. This success was shortlived, and August 15 has since become sharply polarized in politics. Opinion polls suggest that South Koreans mostly reject the 1948-centric narrative.

Tarkastelen pro gradu -tutkielmassani kestävän kehityksen diskursseja Brasilian World Cup 2014 -kisoihin liittyen. Tarkastelemani diskurssit muotoutuvat kahdella eri toimintatasolla: tapahtumapoliittisella tasolla ja julkisen globaalin keskustelun tasolla. Tapahtumapoliittisen näkökulman tarkastelu pohjautuu World Cup 2014 -kisojen viralliselta Copa2014-kisasivustolta löytyviin uutis-ja artikkeliteksteihin. Globaali näkökulma avautuu maailmanlaajuisesti toimivan uutistoimisto Reutersin uutistekstien kautta. Analyysin taustalla käytän World Cup 2014 -kisoihin laadittua kestävän kehityksen strategiaa. Yksi tärkeimmistä yhteiskunnallisista ilmiöistä, joihin suururheilutapahtumat nykyisin linkittyvät, on kestävä kehitys ja sen kolme ulottuvuutta: ympäristöllinen kestävyys, sosiaalinen ja yhteiskunnallinen kestävyys sekä taloudellinen kestävyys. Tutkimus on moninäkökulmainen, sillä sen sisältämät kestävän kehityksen teemat kattavat erilaisia osa-alueita hallinnollisista ja poliittisista linjavedoista sosiaalisiin näkökulmiin, ihmisoikeuksiin ja ympäristöllisiin kysymyksiin. Suururheilutapahtumilla on globaali näkyvyys. World Cup -kisat ovat spektaakkeli, jonka kautta voidaan tuoda esille kestävään kehitykseen liittyviä aspekteja, toimia ja haasteita. Spektaakkeleiden yhteyteen muodostuu erilaisia kestävän kehityksen diskursseja ja juuri tällaisia diskursseja tarkastelen tässä tutkimuksessa. Tutkimuksen peruskysymyksenä on selvittää, mitä ja millaisia kestävään kehitykseen liittyviä aiheita aineistoteksteissä käsitellään, missä kontekstissa niistä puhutaan ja miksi. Tutkimuksessa tuon esille myös sen, mitkä kestävän kehityksen aspektit jäävät tai jätetään käsittelemättä kokonaan ja esitän näkemykseni siitä, miksi näin on. Näihin tutkimuskysymyksiin vastatessa selviää se, millaiset ovat kestävän kehityksen diskurssit FIFA World Cup 2014 -kisojen yhteydessä. Diskurssien välisen analyysin avulla käsittelen niiden keskinäisiä yhtäläisyyksiä ja eroja sekä sitä, millainen intertekstuaalinen suhde aineistoteksteillä on. Käytän tutkimuksessa diskurssianalyysiä sekä teoriakehyksenä että menetelmällisenä perustana. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena tausta-ajatuksena toimii myös peliteoreettinen näkemys vangin dilemmasta eli yhteispelin dynaamisesta luonteesta. Tutkimuksen teko jakautuu käytännössä neljään eri vaiheeseen: aineiston teemoitteluun ja keruuseen, luku-ja koodausprosessiin, aineistotekstien tyypittelyyn sekä analyysiin ja johtopäätöksiin. Tutkimusanalyysissä selviää, että yhteiskunnallinen ja taloudellinen kestävän kehityksen diskurssi ovat voimakkaimmin esillä tutkimusaineistossa. Taloudellinen kestävä kehitys on suorassa vuorovaikutussuhteessa yhteiskunnalliseen kestävään kehitykseen. Tämä linkittynyt suhde näkyy eritoten siinä, miten taloudelliseen kehitykseen liittyvät päätökset ja toimet vaikuttavat yhteiskunnalliseen tilanteeseen ja päinvastoin. Erityisesti keskusteluun nousevat Brasiliassa kesäkuussa 2013 alkaneet mielenosoitukset, jotka saivat alkunsa kansalaisten tyytymättömyydestä julkisten investointien suuntaamisesta suururheilutapahtumiin, kuten World Cup 2014kisoihin. Näkökulma yhteiskunnalliseen ja taloudelliseen kestävään kehitykseen muuttuu kuitenkin diskurssista toiseen. Globaalissa diskurssissa puhutaan politiikasta ja taloudesta sekä otetaan esille sosiaalisesti ja kulttuurisesti laajoja, jopa arkoja aiheita. Tapahtumapoliittisessa diskurssissa pyritään lähinnä vakauttamaan yhteiskunnallista tilannetta ja perustelemaan jo tehtyjä päätöksiä julkisten varojen käytöstä. Ympäristöllinen kestävän kehityksen diskurssi on hatara ja se jää lähes näkymättömiin. Ympäristökysymyksistä puhutaan ainoastaan tapahtumapoliittisessa diskurssissa, jossa ympäristökysymykset liitetään vain osaksi stadioneiden rakennusprojekteja. Globaalissa keskustelussa ympäristödiskurssi on täysin näkymättömissä.

State Conservatory of Music ... e fare come Ii arcieri prudenti, a' quali parendo ellaco dove disegnona ferire troppa lantana, e canascendo fino a quanta va la virtu del lora arco, pongono la mira assai piu alta che illoco destinato, non per aggiugnere con la loro freccia a tanta altezza, ma per potert', con 10 aiuto di sf alta mira, pervenire al disegna lora. (N. Machiavelli, II principe)l I n order to understand history, values and trends of musical studies in Italy, one must consider certain fundamental aspects: 1. The necessity to distinguish, within the generic expression musical studies, between the two components of instrumental instruction and musicological studies. Instrumental instruction (which I will call from now on musical studies tout court), is something one can pursue at the Conservatory of Music and will be the object of this exploration. Musicological studies, on the contrary, fall within the competence of Universities. 2 I think there's the need of this distinction both for clarity 1 n Let him act like the clever archers who, designing to hit the mark which yet appears too far distant, and knowing the limits to which the strength of their bow attains, take aim much higher than the mark, not to reach by their strength or arrow to so great a height, but to be able with the aid of so high an aim to hit the mark they wish to reach" [author'S translation]. 2The penetration of musicological research in the University system is relatively recent. The first professorship of History of Music was given, in 1941, to Torrefranca, in the University of Florence.

La Inteligencia Artificial (IA) ha irrumpido en nuestra realidad con la fuerza de un tsunami, trascendiendo las páginas de la ciencia ficción para convertirse en una herramienta que está redefiniendo los límites de lo posible y, en muchos sentidos, de lo humano. Mi trabajo sostiene que la IA no es una tecnología pasajera, sino un catalizador de cambios profundos y acelerados que transformará a la sociedad en sus cimientos, impactando en la economía, la medicina, la cultura y, por supuesto, la política.

Como disciplina encargada de estudiar el poder y las relaciones políticas, la ciencia política no puede ser ajena a esta revolución. La IA está reconfigurando nuestros métodos de investigación, modelos teóricos y prácticas políticas. De hecho, planteo que la IA se convertirá en un poder que puede llegar a disputar a los Estados nacionales el control de ciertos aspectos de la vida cotidiana, demandando regulación y estricto control.

Mi objetivo en este capítulo es explorar esta convergencia, señalando los fundamentos de la IA y, más concretamente, sus implicaciones y desafíos en la docencia, el aprendizaje y la investigación en nuestra disciplina.

Este libro es resultado de una investigación sobre historia diplomática, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones internacionales, basada en la revisión de documentos del Archivo Histórico Diplomático Genaro Estrada, del Archivo General de la Nación de México y del Archivo Diplomático del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores de Japón. Se sirve, además, de recursos hemerográficos, fundamentalmente del periodo de entreguerras.

El estudio parte de un análisis microhistórico que ubica, en primer término, a las personas que en general han sido olvidadas –de modo que se diferencia de los enfoques globales, que son los preponderantes–, para comprender las relaciones políticas, diplomáticas y económicas entre México y Japón. Es decir, se parte de una óptica que busca visibilizar en sus vidas cotidianas a los funcionarios y a los ciudadanos que, en momentos específicos, se convirtieron en actores dentro de los nexos nipo-mexicanos que datan de inicios del siglo XVII, y que se formalizaron en 1888 con la firma del Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y Navegación, que oficializó los contactos diplomáticos.

Latterly happened situations in the international political plight tilting us to the idea of frenetic changes in economy order, should be tuned to such volatilities and adjust swiftly on the new heights. For great alas, in last decades of the US retirement their administrations have not reshaped this structural formality of atavistic, leading Pax-Americana (rules-based) order. In this regard to ultimately alternate this, aptly close was Biden's administration with their bolstering of GDP and job creation. Explicitly would be said so, that Trump also actively grinding the idea of humongous takeovers, albeit they narrowly resemble a grab bag of proposals for tax cuts, tariffs, and financial deregulation, than affordable and vitally effective plan. Thereby, tallying these diluted and uncertain concepts make us come to decision, that would be better to mold drastically different paradigm, that will be delineated in frames of public investment, labor empowerment, and global cooperation. In turn this ought to be solidified by conceivable transition of power, in the case of US gradual diminishing of the main ladder to transparent amendment on another actor. China is apparently akin to such possibilities to reform multilateral institutions and pursue equitable, sustainable growth, but this requires arrantly bold and transformative policies from them in regional lens though. Thus, a pivotal role of this research will be dedicated to pick apart major geopolitical causalities that could bring us to the vindication of the future hegemony by whom will be orchestrated a new one global economic architecture.

The CCP's Sweep Away Black and Eliminate Evil campaign was an anti-crime campaign, but it was also harnessed for purposes of political and social control. The design and implementation of the campaign highlight a new approach to political campaigns, one that is more managerial than revolutionary and integrated with party efforts to institutionalize a rules‑based society and economy in accordance with notions of ‘rule by
law’ (依法治国, yifa zhiguo). It also complements ideological campaigns such as the ‘core socialist values’ program, which are designed to shape citizen values and behavior and integrate moral values into the law. This study provides insights into emerging techniques of political and social control, notably the way the party harnesses the revolutionary traditions of the Mao era and fuses them with legal and rational modes of governance.

This interview with Professor Mun Young Cho, a leading cultural anthropologist at Yonsei University, explores her intellectual journey and research on poverty, labor, development, and youth in China and South Korea. Trained in South Korea and the United States, Professor Cho reflects on her encounters with socialism, neoliberal reforms, and the intellectual shifts between these contexts. The conversation delves into her work bridging academic scholarship with public engagement and activism, addressing themes such as the precarious conditions of contemporary youth, the historicity of poverty, and the intersections of anthropology and politics. Professor Cho highlights the concept of "implication," emphasizing how individuals, including academics, are entangled in the structures they critique. The interview further examines her innovative initiatives, including the "Empathy Forum," which brought together Korean and Chinese graduate students to encourage cross-national dialogue and collaboration amid rising nationalism and anti-China sentiment. By reflecting on her fieldwork and public-facing anthropology, Professor Cho discusses the tensions between empathy and critique, the politics of precarity, and the potential of ethnography to bridge divides and create transformative encounters. This dialogue offers insights into anthropology's potential to engage with pressing social issues, rethink binaries such as China versus the West, and contribute to a more inclusive and nuanced understanding of global crises and inequalities.

The aim of the article is to explain the reasons why Pakistan and Turkey decided to submit accession documents to the BRICS Plus organization, which is expanding to include more countries, as well as the reasons why India blocked these applications. A brief history of BRICS and the path to its transformation into an international organization will also be presented. Both the theoretical foundations of the study and the geopolitical and strategic conditions of both the accession application and the Indian veto will be presented.

This study reassesses the origin of low-fired lead-glazed pottery in ancient China through a systematic analysis of seven excavated specimens from the ancient Linzi City, the capital of the Qi State, dated to the late Warring States period (300-221 BCE). By integrating archaeological context, compositional and lead isotopic analysis, the research establishes these ceramics as the earliest scientifically verified lead-glazed pottery in China. The findings indicate that these wares were produced using a standardized technological protocol, locally sourced clay bodies coated with high-lead glazes (50-62 wt% PbO), exclusively colored by iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3), and fired in a reducing atmosphere, which represent a rather different process compared to the typical Chinese lead glaze technology since the Western Han dynasty (202BCE-8CE). Moreover, lead isotopic data attribute the lead source to highly radiogenic deposits that were locally available and mined for Qi bronze production, revealing a shared lead supply to both ceramic and metallurgical production. The study argues that the initial development of lead glazing emerged as a result of cross-craft interaction involving ceramic production, proto-porcelain, lead-barium siliceous materials, and, most significantly, leaded bronze manufacturing. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the earliest lead-glazed pottery, underscore the significance of cross-craft interactions in technological innovation, and reframe the Qi State as a key center for early ceramic experimentation.

This paper looks at how queer politics emerge in East Asia, a context where globalised LGBT rights discourse and activism has provoked statesponsored queerphobia. This paper applies Deleuzian assemblage theory to analysing the way in which the global, national, public, and private dimensions of queer East Asia are interrelated and co-contribute to nationalist paranoia and queer schizophrenia. Drawing on the field notes concerning activists' ambivalence towards international human rights agenda, queer 'East Asia' consists of a coalition assembling power/powerlessness, nationalist-ego and queer alterity, and postcolonial affect regarding the globalisation/localisation of sexuality politics. Such an assemblage consists of many informal connections between activists and the queer communities they represent, as well as how they, discretely yet unitedly, respond to the high politics between states dominating their bodies, desires and lives. Nevertheless, such a coalition may however become the engine for other kinds of social justice movements against nationalism-based discriminations.

Companies grow when meeting competitive advantages that add value to the customer compared to its competitors. The global automobile industry, a market of extreme competition and appeals for new technologies, processes and materials especially given the focus for sustainability, was the scenario that the Korean Hyundai emerged, launching its first passenger car just 40 years ago and currently already ranks among the four largest global automakers. This study aims to identify: which innovation management strategies have been performed by Hyundai to justify its quickly achieved success. The data collection and the results obtained allow visualizing innovation from a different approach than the traditional, measured by products: the innovative management.

When Hu Jintao stepped down as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in November 2012 and as state president in March 2013, China's place in the world had been transformed after his ten years in office. Above all, Chinese membership of the World Trade Organization (WTO) from December 2001 had inaugurated a phase of unbelievable growth that exceeded all expectations, inside as well as outside the country. By the end of June 2014 Chinese foreign exchange reserves had swelled to almost US$4 trillion; at the end of 2001, before China joined the WTO, they had stood at US$212 billion. 1 Yet China's foreign policy had not been equally dynamic. Hu Jintao was extremely risk-averse and largely preoccupied with maintaining domestic economic growth. His colleagues within the regime were also having difficulty in coming to terms with the economy's pulsating growth and could not be certain how long it would last. In any case, despite the scale of economic success, there were still hundreds of millions of Chinese living in poverty. And while per capita GDP had reached nearly US$8,000 (or just over US$11,000 in PPP terms), putting China in the category of a middle-income country, inequality had also grown rapidly, reaching South American or southern African levels. This had become a source of sensitivity for the regime. Hu had responded with an ideological campaign to create a 'harmonious society' (hexie shehui), a term with Confucian overtones. Occasionally this concern overflowed into rather vacuous foreign policy statements that urged international harmony as well, but generally China resisted attempts by the United States and others to encourage it to play a more positive role in international affairs. Chinese leaders were still in thrall to the admonition of Deng Xiaoping in 1989 that China should adopt a low profile in the aftermath of the massacres around Tiananmen Square that year and, when still confronted by international isolation, adhere to the so-called tao guang yang hui doctrine. In other words, China should 'coldly observe, secure our positions, cope calmly, conceal our capabilities and bide our time, keep a low profile, never take the lead and make a contribution'. 2 The tone of foreign policy was still set on the one side

This article builds on recent interventions into the study of planetary urbanization that call for greater interaction with the multiple social struggles and standpoints that embed this process. To do so, we advocate for academic engagement between planetary urbanization and the concept of the 'construction state'. This is a term used in Japan and South Korea to describe an alliance between development corporations and the state, one whose expansionary logic accords with the notions of planetary and extended urbanization and acts as a co-constitutive, regional driver of it. To better situate this concept, and to highlight the social struggles that inform it, we examine the politics of greenbelt deregulation and the expanding real estate-led urbanization in the Seoul Metropolitan Region in recent decades. We show how the construction state and its supply-centrism played a key part in the 'explosive' process of greenbelt development and examine the dynamics of the struggles that activists waged against it. By doing so, we contribute to ongoing debates about planetary urbanization as an open totality of processes, stress the importance of a situated approach that foregrounds the diverse practices and struggles that shape it and encourage communication between critical standpoints.

Changing security environment, emerging new powers and Chinese initiative, OBOR in the region are influencing factors of Japan security consideration in contemporary world. To secure its national interests (security, economic and political), Japan has expanded diplomatic means both bilaterally and multilaterally particularly in the Southeast Asia region. Additionally, strategic location of the Southeast Asia region contributes to Japanese security calculations in Indo-Pacific Strategy. Hence, Japan has intensified security cooperation on non-traditional security issues as a mean to maintain its status quo in the region and contain the Chinese naval capabilities in the Southeast Asia region as well as to safeguard its national interest. To be secure economically, politically, and security wise, Japan enhances preventive diplomacy in non-traditional security cooperation which has become the holistic approach of Japanese security calculations and will bring the comprehensive and pragmatic interests in the Asia -Pacific region.

漢語史中“屏”的音義關係比較複雜，本文重點討論它的兩項複雜式音變構詞：（1）原始詞指“屏蔽”，幫母靜韻上聲（*pǐeŋ/pǐɛŋ）；滋生詞指“偏僻隱蔽的地方”，又詞義構詞指“廁所”，並母徑韻去聲（*bieŋ/bieŋ）。（2）原始詞指“屏蔽”，幫母靜韻上聲（*pǐeŋ/pǐɛŋ）；滋生詞指“屏風”，並母青韻平聲（*bieŋ/bieŋ）。此外，“屏”還可以由“屏蔽”義變調構詞指“除去”，幫母勁韻去聲（*pǐeŋ/pǐɛŋ）。在確定音變構詞中的語義演變脈絡時，漢語及其他語言中的平行引申是重要參考。 [The phono-semantic relationship of “píng屏” is rather complex. This paper focuses on two complex sound alternation-based derivations of “píng屏”. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The base word refers to “to screen” with bāng 幫initial, jìng 靜rhyme and shǎng tone, and the derived word refers to “a remote and hidden place” and further refers to “toilet” with bìng 並initial, jìng 徑rhyme and qù tone. (2) The base word refers to “to screen” with bāng 幫initial, jìng 靜rhyme and shǎng tone, and the derived word refers to “screen” with bìng 並initial, qīng 青rhyme and píng tone. In addition, “píng屏” can also be used as the meaning “to remove” with bāng 幫initial, jìng 勁rhyme and qù tone, which is derived from “to screen” through a change in tone. When determining the semantic change path, it is important to take the parallel meaning-extension in Chinese and other languages into account.]

During the second half of the 19th century, many political powers-European and Asian alikehad their attention concentrated on a kingdom that was famous for being isolated. Its location and resources were the obvious features that would make it an easy target for invasion. The land of Korea was so secluded from the outside world that it had earned the title of the 'Hermit Kingdom'. As we focus on the happenings in China and Japan, we can't leave out the land for which they were fighting. What were the circumstances like in Korea while China and Japan had been strategizing to gain authority over her?

This survey report is focused on cultivation situation of bodhisattva precepts by collecting 20 responses among Buddhist nuns in modern China, which systematically present important data related with ten grave precepts and forty-eight minor precepts in Brahma Net Sūtra, such data as violation frequency, confession awareness, practice sustainability, etc. By data analysis, it could be found that there appeared some repeated behavior and cognition variance among participants, especially high volatile feature in the cultivation of minor bodhisattva precepts. The survey on application of confession regulation provides important observing window for assessing participants' self-cultivation ability. Although there are limited samples, the initial output could still reflect contemporary practitioners' common feature and weakness in cultivating bodhisattva precepts, which offers data reference for later Buddhist education and confession methodology, as well as provides valuable data for academic studies on bodhisattva precepts practice. The indicators include six aspects, including grave violation, minor violation, violation by mind, not violation, not confession, having confessed. It should be noted that these 20 participants are mostly bhikkuni who have received bodhisattva precepts ordination and have learned bodhisattva precepts theory. By knowing these knowledge, it will be more specifically known about the situation of bodhisattva precepts practice and will be helpful for further data analysis.

This book about crafts and crafters of Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea’s largest province, introduces that region’s impressive artists and their craft traditions that will be on display at both the Torpedo Factory Art Center in Alexandria, Virginia, and later at the George Washington University Museum and the Textile Museum in Washington D.C., in September 2025.

Gyeongsangbuk-do, located along the southeastern coast of South Korea, is a province that has long been a center for artisanal production of the unique traditional crafts like those presented in this exhibition – many of which were also represented in the earliest Korean ethnographic collections of the Smithsonian.

The Asian Cultural History Program, within the Smithsonian’s Anthropology Department, has a long history of cooperation with crafters in this region. We were delighted to support their participation in celebrating Asian Pacific American Heritage Month at the Smithsonian in the 1990s, a decade when that month was regularly celebrated with events at the National Museum of Natural History. We hosted Gyeongsangbuk-do art and craft demonstrations there in May 1990, then hosted a popular and innovative evening event at the national Museum of the American Indian, called “Tea with the Artists of Gyeongsangbuk-do.” This “tea with the artists” showcased a range of artistic achievements, including fiber arts, textiles, and traditional paper craft, and exemplified the cultural heritage that is especially associated with this province. What better way to enjoy these than sipping Gyeongsangbuk-do’s own special teas after a demonstration of the tea ceremony that is so integral to the history of this unique region in the Korean peninsula’s picturesque southeast?

We at the Smithsonian are proud to be involved in this presentation as part of our collaborative work with Korean museums and cultural institutions and artists. We thank the Governor of Gyeongsangbuk-do and all his staff who helped make this exhibition possible, and our esteemed artist friends at the Gyeongsngbuk-do Happy Craft Cooperative, and we look forward to continuing collaborations, and much enjoyment and learning from their artistry, into the future.

Our understanding of time, including the future, is grounded in a universal perception shared across cultures. However, the ways in which this universal perception is comprehended differ significantly, shaped by the linguistic structures of various languages and the broader culturally conditioned frameworks of reference they are part of. These differences in comprehension give rise to diverse models of the future, offering unique insights into alternative perspectives on the metaphysics of time and its relation to the philosophy of action. This paper explores these alternative perspectives through a comparative analysis of the Later Mohist view from ancient Chinese thought and St Augustine's introspective framework, influential in Western philosophy. By employing the method of transcultural comparative sublation, the study uncovers the strengths and limitations of each perspective, showing how diverse approaches to time deepen our understanding of the future as both a realm of possibility and a structural feature of reality. This dialogue encourages critical reflection on human agency, ethics, and the role of time in shaping existence, potentially revealing new perspectives on their interconnections and implications.

This paper explores the role of mass media on people's perceptions of charismatic leaders, focusing on Japan's Koizumi regime. We conduct an empirical assessment, looking at the influence of television and newspapers on the support for Koizumi and his principal policy. This study uses individual-level data collected immediately after Koizumi's 2005 landslide win. The major findings are: (1) frequency of exposure to mass media is positively related to support for Koizumi but not to support for his principal policy and (2) the effect of watching television is only observed for women and that of reading the newspaper only for men. Thus, a charismatic male leader on television has a greater influence than his policy on female voters. The psychological effect of an "attractive" male leader on female voters is amplified through television. Despite no support from special interest groups, Koizumi won the election because of a televised superstar effect.

Using individual-level data for China, South Korea, and Japan for 2006, this research examines how life satisfaction for married males and females in East Asian countries is influenced by the age of their children. Our results show that the life satisfaction of males is barely affected by a child of the relationship, whereas the life satisfaction of females with a young child is lower than that of females who do not have a child. This result holds for countries at different development stages. There is also a gender differential regarding the effect of young children on life satisfaction. Furthermore, the more developed the country, the greater this difference becomes.

Globalization has significantly influenced South Korea’s foreign policy, shaping its economic diplomacy, security strategies, and cultural identity. This thesis provides a historical analysis of how globalization has transformed South Korea’s international role, from a war-torn nation to a global middle power. Using theoretical frameworks and historical milestones, it explores the impact of global institutions, alliances, and transnational actors on South Korea’s policymaking. The study highlights both opportunities and challenges, offering insights into sovereignty, regional cooperation, and global governance. Ultimately, it demonstrates that South Korea’s foreign policy is deeply intertwined with the dynamics of globalization, making it a valuable case study for understanding contemporary international relations.

This paper investigates the evolving dynamics of Ming-Joseon tributary relations during the late sixteenth century, with a particular focus on the diplomatic misalignments and trust deficits that contributed to the delayed response and coordination failures during the early stages of the Imjin War (1592–1598). Drawing upon Korean, Chinese, and Japanese primary sources—including Joseon Wangjo Sillok, Ming Shilu, and collected writings of late-Joseon officials—this study traces Joseon’s oscillating policies between Ming and Japan and the fraying of ritual-based diplomacy. Through case studies such as the 1590 embassy led by Hwang Yun-gil and Kim Seong-il, this paper reveals how cultural superiority, rhetorical rigidity, and systemic misunderstandings within the tributary framework hindered effective crisis management. By reassessing the tributary system through the lens of trust-building, this study offers a nuanced reinterpretation of East Asian diplomacy, where ritual hierarchy masked complex, evolving political and strategic calculations among ostensibly subordinate and dominant states.

W elcome to this the third edition of Eye magazine the International Academic Forums own in-house e-magazine publication. Through Eye magazine, we hope to enlighten you to various views and opinions of our contributors, many of whom, have presented full research papers at our various conferences. We are very excited by this particular edition of the magazine as we have a new design layout thanks to my colleague, Thaddeus Pope, IAFOR's Media Manager, as well a some great articles to interest you as the reader.

This paper comparatively analyses the political economy of labour immigration in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan as new immigration countries in East Asia. It argues that the logic of their political economy of developmentalism, productivist welfare regime, and social contract of shared growth explains why all three democracies have a dual labour immigration regime, which encourages the immigration of highly qualified foreign labour and strictly controls the inflow of low-and medium-qualified foreign workers. This leads overall to low immigration movements and limited expansion of foreign residents. To reveal these commonalities of labour immigration regimes in East Asia, we discuss the three new East Asian immigration countries and their political economy in comparison to Italy and Spain as two new democratic immigration countries in South Europe. The paper also discusses the variations between political economies and resulting differences in labour immigration patterns among the three new East Asian immigration countries. This comparative analysis shows more pronounced similarities between Japan and South Korea and stronger peculiarities in the case of Taiwan. It can explain why Japan, despite having by far the fastest and most advanced demographic aging process among the three countries, had proportionally the lowest inflow of foreign labour. Still, based on this analysis, we expect a significant increase in labour immigration in Japan and in contrast to this a slowdown in labour inflows in South Korea in the coming years. Finally, it also explains why labour immigration regime in Taiwan is more responsive to the national labour market situation.

The article provides an overview of Japanese Prime Minister Abe\u27s womanomics policy for gender equality (GD), and poses a question as to why despite a large amount of GD initiatives, Japan\u27s GD progress has been painfully slow. It then introduces an ethnography of the GD implementation by a Japanese multinational firm (2013-2017). It analyzes the firm\u27s pedagogical effort to correct the unconscious cultural bias to retool the existing habitus of managers and employees. The firm\u27s cultural strategies parallel its human resources (HR) reforms in its attempt to change organizational norms regarding how corporate men and women should work. Deploying theoretical perspectives of cultural neuroscience, semiotics, learning theory and interpretive anthropology, the author then identifies seven strategic foci for this firm\u27s cultural transformation, and terms this habitus-shifting program as MRS-PARC: M=magical messages and messengers; R=rites of passage and rituals; S=signs an...

O dkrywanie Wschodu w literaturze polskiej -mniej lub bardziej wymuszone, często związane z przy musowym przemieszczeniem, wplecione w imperialną i kolonialną politykę Rosji, polegającą na zaludnianiu Syberii przybyszami z Europy -ma szczególne cechy: nie powtarza imperialnego punktu widzenia, stwarza unikalną okazję rozpoznania grup etnicznych i naro dowych. "My, Polacy, jesteśmy historycznie związani z Azją, z Syberią" 1 -deklarował Ferdynand Ossendow ski. To zdanie jest złagodzonym wariantem innej, bardziej radykalnej opinii, którą autor przytacza w tym samym miejscu: mamy dwie ojczyzny, Polskę i Syberię. Nie cho dzi tu o martyrologię, w każdym razie nie tylko. W powieści Marii Rodziewiczówny Anima Vilis, dzie jącej się wśród zesłańców i opartej na wspomnieniach rodziców autorki, zesłanych po powstaniu stycznio wym, bohater, okradziony w Tobolsku, wkracza do po koju swojego zmarłego niedawno przyjaciela w okolicach Kurganu:

This research paper presents a new analytical model to study the evolution of the general development process of People's Republic of China (PRC) from a new perspective of analysis. This new analytical model is called the Domestic General Development Model (DGD-Model). The DGD-Model is not intended to use a forecasting model in any case. However, its application is not limited to the study of a special group of countries. It is not constrained by issues about the region or countries that are interested in apply DGD-Model. Faster economic growth and trade of PRC is not a purely economic phenomenon but a multidimensional phenomenon. I evaluate the prospects of two large parts of East China (coastal) 1 (coastal) and West China (inland) 2 (inland) from a multidimensional perspective encompassing the political, social, economic and technological dimensions. To do so, I use the Domestic General Development Model (DGD-Model) based on GDRIis a wide and growing gap between East and West China (inland) in terms of political, social, economic and technological development as well as overall development.

Chinese rural society has played a significant role in the modernization, industrialization, and economic development of the People’s Republic of China from the 1950s onwards, albeit at great cost. This process was characterized by, among others, the siphoning of resources away from the rural areas; the ongoing expropriation of land; human and environmental degradation; the erosion of local enterprises in the name of export-oriented growth; and the undercutting of local governance. Rural China has also absorbed the attendant crises— massive unemployment, among others—that have been generated by the country’s economic policies. Despite the fate that has befallen rural China, it will and should continue to play a role in the future developmental trajectory of the country. It is in this light that the historical and contemporary manifestations of rural reconstruction movements in China, which are based on the small peasantry and village community, provide an alternative to destructive ...

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This chapter focuses on the work of CLAMP, a prolific four-woman team of writers and artists. Its discussion focuses on three of their most popular titles: Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle, xxxHolic, and Chobits. These three manga belong to the demographic genres of shōnen (for boys) and seinen (for men), publishing categories designed to target and attract a male-gendered audience. CLAMP employs a female gaze to the conventions of these genres to subvert gendered character tropes, providing a viable means of female empowerment while queering the gendered specificity of manga genres in the 2000s. This chapter thereby offers an alternative reading of common narrative patterns within contemporary Japanese popular culture by demonstrating the agency of female creators and female readers.

Although China's foreign policy behaviour is often judged in terms of its compliance with Western norms, the evolution of China's own norms merits serious attention. From early times to the present day, China's international action has been structured in terms of norms. When China's recent behaviour is described in terms of the normative structure proposed by Tocci, its unique perspective is highlighted, though tentative questions concerning the structure are also raised. Moreover, the case of China challenges the general interpretation of norms because it emphasises relationships as essentially interactive. From the Chinese perspective, international relations are not an area for the application of abstract norms to cases, but rather a set of particular international relationships, with concrete obligations defined within the context of each relationship. The cardinal virtue of normative interaction is respect for the other. By focusing on this Chinese interpretation of normative action this working paper analyses eight case studies in Chinese foreign policy, discerning whether when and why China behaves as a normative foreign policy actor. conducted within CEPS research programmes and to stimulate reactions from other experts in the field. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the author in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which he is associated.

In studies on migrant domestic workers, notable themes of delayed returns and serial migration emphasize their mixed feelings toward home. This paper argues for a deeper investigation of the relationship between their emotions and homecoming through an interview-based study of 18 middle-aged Indonesian migrant domestic workers, who have returned to their home country and have remained there for over five years. This work focuses on how the experience of time and the meanings of space have shaped their desire for home. It provides insights into the self-formation of return migrants, closely related to the neoliberal emphasis on self-responsibility and their experience of age. In their homeward journeys, the home is a familiar yet uncertain space requiring effort and determination so that they can truly feel at home. Homecoming does not signify an end to their transnational network, which indeed contributes to their sense of home, making future departure unlikely.

SETIAWAN, A., IQBAL, M., PORMANSYAH, YUSTIAN, I. & ZULKIFLI, H. 2020. Recent records of Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger in Sumatra, Indonesia. Marine Ornithology 48: 161–162. We summarize observations of the Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger in Sumatra from 2016 to 2019. Based on these observations, we suggest that Little Cormorant has become widespread in Sumatra.