Digital Fabrication

Chapel designed by Spanish-born architect Felix Candela, manipulating the complex geometry of a hyperbolic paraboloid and built with in-situ poured concrete in a wooden formwork. On a construction standpoint, the materialization of non-standard geometries in architecture, using traditional construction technology (formwork) can be used to identify traditional shortcomings and point to new possibilities in future developments.

Esta experiencia pedagógica se desarrolló en el Colegio Jefferson de la Ciudad de Yumbo, Valle del Cauca, respondiendo aun proceso de integración curricular del área de ciencias naturales, ciencias de la computación y matemáticas. La experiencia busca aportar a la reflexión y toma de conciencia de una problemática socioambiental actual (uso de vehículos convencionales que generan contaminación ambiental), haciendo uso de la robótica como recurso que posibilita el planteamiento de soluciones innovadoras y creativas. La experiencia se realizó con estudiantes del nivel undécimo, bajo la metodología STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) en cuatro etapas: contextualización, diseño, construcción y socialización

This study introduces a novel computational framework for designing and analyzing highly flexible, stochastic lattice structures using 3D Voronoi tessellations. This design replicates the stochastic cellular morphology of porous foams while allowing precise control over structural parameters, which offers great versatility for engineering applications such as lightweight construction, energy dissipation, and acoustic insulation. A computational design methodology is developed, including additive manufacturing, mechanical testing, and numerical modeling. First, the mechanical behavior of 3D-printed materials is examined under cyclic tension using a visco-hyperelastic constitutive model, which is then integrated into nonlinear finite element simulations incorporating large deformations and contact interactions. Numerical simulations are validated against experimental compression tests under cyclic loading, showing strong agreement, particularly for relative densities ranging from 6 to 18%. Strain responses at 20% and 60% compression were analyzed at 2 to 50 mm/min deformation rates. Furthermore, the stress distribution exhibited heterogeneity during initial buckling and the plateau phase due to randomly oriented struts. However, as the load increased and strain reached 0.6, stress distribution became more uniform, marking the onset of densification, and suggesting that stochastic lattices may offer mechanical advantages such as smoother energy absorption compared to regular cellular structures. By bridging computational modeling with experimental validation, this work enhances the understanding of highly deformable lattice structures, enabling optimized engineering designs.

This paper investigates the evolving synergy between humans, extended reality (XR), and robotics in the Architecture, Engineering, Construction, and Operation (AECO) sector, proposing a shift from augmentation toward cointelligent autonomy. While emerging technologies such as AI, XR, and robotics offer transformative potential for construction, they are often implemented without fully engaging human creativity, craftsmanship, and decision-making. We introduce a co-intelligent framework in which human and machine intelligences collaborate-each contributing distinct capabilities across the design-to-production continuum. Drawing from experimental prototypes and prior research, we demonstrate how XR can enhance human intuition and spatial reasoning through immersive guidance. AI and robotics support autonomy in repetitive or complex fabrication tasks. Case studies include XR-assisted steam-bending, real-time robotic training via imitation learning, and AI-driven assembly generation using generative design models. These examples highlight how humans and machines can share perception, intent, and action through mixed-reality environments. We argue that technological augmentation can democratize access to advanced fabrication by lowering the skill barrier and fostering new creative roles rather than displacing human labor. The paper offers a theoretical model for shared agency, where cognitive and physical augmentation blend with machine perception and autonomy to form a seamless co-intelligent workflow. By reimagining the architect as an orchestrator of human-machine collaboration, we propose a hybrid design ecology in which intuition, ethics, and social values remain central. This research lays the groundwork for scalable, inclusive, and adaptive architectural practices responsive to the evolving nature of work, technology, and the built environment.

Throughout history, technology has had a crucial influence on the development of our society. Different eras have been defined by sets of technological advancements, which at the same time had a profound impact on the built environment and construction. It has been proposed that, after the internet age, we are entering a new era-the 'Augmented Age' (King, 2016), while physicist Michio Kaku argues for the future in which architects rely heavily on Augmented Reality technologies (Kaku, 2015). Machines have become an inseparable part of our daily life. We are immersing ourselves into rapidly developing mixed realities, with portable devices (smartphones, tablets etc.) augmenting our perception of the environment. Barriers between humans and machines are increasingly blurred, and the modes of interaction between them becoming progressively sophisticated at a rapid pace. The future of manufacturing jobs will be embedded with technological add-ons that will augment the capabilities of the workers. This augmentation will come from the XR devices, including (Augmented and Mixed reality) and human-machine collaboration and automation. This relation between technology and human labour will have a high impact on architecture. It will change the traditional roles in the production chain, affecting everything from the way we design to the ways we manufacture. Concepts like designer and artisan are again brought together through Immersive technology. In the same way, the barriers between user and designer are continuously diluted through these technological advances. This paper reflects on the current state of XR technologies in architecture and how they will influence design and production.

This article presents a Biomaterial Design Methodology based on the idea that common people can produce objects using bio-based ingredients to create biomaterials and digital fabrication technologies as tools to drive the design processes. The emergence of biomaterials opensource recipes in maker communities and digital fabrication laboratories open new approaches for design, raising the idea that designers can become cookers, controlling all design process and its potential outcomes. The methodology presents four steps to develop recipes and biomaterials to achieve a final product design without requiring any previous knowledge. Also combines different digital fabrication techniques to produce new material expressions, systems, functionalities and products.

Global digital infrastructures enable rural settlements to link their communities, local and natural resources with digital production capacities, generating digital urbanization processes. This article develops the concept of Digital Rurbanization presenting the coupling process of Fab Lab Austral, the southernmost Fab Lab in the world, with its community, ecosystem and global infrastructures. Producing a decolonized process of distributed design and making of meaningful prototypes with digital fabrication tools and methods, contributing to its sustainable development and autonomy based on technological education for the production of local solutions and social capital.

This tutorial provides a comprehensive, step-by-step guide to 3D design in Tinkercad, a free web-based modeling platform widely used in education and rapid prototyping. It begins with account setup for students, educators, and individual users, then introduces the interface and navigation tools essential for effective design. The tutorial covers object creation, manipulation, and transformation, alongside fundamental operations such as grouping, aligning, duplicating, mirroring, and precise measurement with the ruler tool. Additional sections explain how to save, share, and export models in multiple formats for 3D printing, laser cutting, or further digital editing. By combining clear explanations, annotated screenshots, and practical examples, this resource equips learners with the foundational skills needed to create functional and creative 3D models while supporting educators in classroom integration.

Architecture design problems are known for their sequential steps that address a series of several interweaving, competing and/or aligning requirements. Describing them as open-ended, uncertain, solution searching processes makes them complex and ill-structured design problems. One of the methods to deal with nonlinear complex systems is that their components' properties and features must not be predetermined and studied linearly in isolation. Instead, it is essential to consider the system as a whole, even if it means considering it generally and roughly, and then allow possible simplifications to occur from the dynamic interactions between components. Computational design methods that encounter distributed computation and artificial intelligence, such as Multi Agent System (MAS), showed promising abilities in addressing complexity and uncertainty faced with architecture design problems, as well as they proved positive effect on expanding architecture design exploration (ADE). This study has an interest in MAS capabilities in creating aesthetically innovative and performable architecture solutions. Therefore, this research intends to investigate the use of MAS in Architecture in the years between 2010 to 2020. It contributes with a detailed examination of research papers to orient future research in the field of MAS. Hence, the applied literature review raises the question of what the proved capacities of MAS are and how future research can challenge it further to widen and develop the use of MAS in ADE and their possible capabilities when addressing building performances such as structural, functional, and environmental. The databases used for selecting these papers are Scopus, Web of Science, SAGE, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Connected Papers, CUMINCAD, IEEXplore, and ACM Digital Library. These studies are organized, analyzed, and compared to pinpoint key innovations in MAS's variable usage, study its applied methods, interesting results, important sources of data, implementation strategies, and shed the light on the gaps and shortcomings to draw a perspective of MAS in architecture. The examined studies are arranged chronographically. Then, each paper is analyzed and classified according to the aim of the methodology, domain, level, scale of application (experimentation level), model generation and optimization methods. Afterwards, a critical review is proposed.

Finland has its own version of a "makerspace": craft class. Originally, there was one craft class for boys and one for girls. Later, there were classes for different materials, especially for wood and textiles, which are deep-rooted concepts in the Finnish crafts mindset. To reclaim craft class for pupils, or "makers", we must determine teachers' and pupils' mindsets concerning collaboration, differing interests and sharing. Craft is a compulsory learning-by-doing subject for pupils in grades one through seven, with activities based on craft expression, design and technology (CDT). This research is part of a national endeavour to develop innovative CDT as a basic education subject. The paper explores two pilot case studies in which technical and textile work teachers taught together in a shared learning environment, rather than in traditionally separate learning environments. The aim was to develop criteria for a new kind of learning environment that would promote learning to develop innovations and pupil's innovation competencies. The first study used a mixed methods approach, including systematic observation, inquiry and pair interviews of five co-teaching teams in primary school, to test the new teaching culture. The second study used an experience sampling method in the form of a mobile application to reveal various parts of pupils' design and making processes in a school setting. The key finding is that collaborative teams can support teachers' and pupils' innovative learning activities when the work is supported by shared spaces, practices and new tools. The paper concludes by relating preconditions for implementing makerspaces in the context of formal comprehensive education to learning outcomes, traditional workshops, learner differences and pedagogical innovation processes.

Tactile graphics (TGs) are visual representations for individuals with visual impairments. Traditionally, the fabrication of TGs has been limited to specific production systems. However, low-cost additive manufacturing (AM) techniques now enable the rapid and economical production of TGs, allowing for broader applications. This study analyzes different AM techniques such as SLS (selective laser sintering), SLA (stereolithography), and FDM (fused deposition modeling), for manufacturing typical features found in TGs. The study's main goal is to identify the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each AM technique in the low-cost production of TGs by non-expert users. For this purpose, several TG designs including Braille notations and other symbols are prepared and the manufactured TGs are inspected using a digital microscope, a 3D scanner, a profile projector and a profilometer. The results show that FDM is a cost-effective AM technology for TGs when larger features are used; however, it has significant limitations in reproducing small, detailed tactile elements such as Braille dots or rounded corners. SLS can be a suitable AM technique for outdoor TGs but presents high surface roughness values, which reduces the tactile experience. Finally, SLA offered the best overall performance in terms of accuracy, feature definition, and tactile clarity, making it the preferred option for applications that require precise Braille reproduction. These experimental results aim to improve the design and manufacturing of accessible TGs, contributing to the development of inclusive tools for individuals with visual impairments.

This study aimed to investigate the need for adaptive post-flood housing solutions in South Kalimantan's peatland regions, where low soil bearing capacity and frequent flooding required innovative construction methods. To achieve this objective, parametric design and digital fabrication were combined to optimize vernacular structures, improving resilience, efficiency, and adaptability. A control-parameter workflow was developed, involving structural profile recommendations, parametric modeling, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations, design iterations, and prototype fabrication. Tools such as Rhinoceros 3D, Grasshopper, and Karamba3D supported structural simulations, while Computer Numerical Control (CNC) and laser-cutting technologies enabled precise prototype fabrication. The results showed that optimizing the Kacapuri foundation reduced deformation, minimized material use, and improved load distribution. Local materials, including ulin and galam wood, improved environmental compatibility, reinforcing structure's suitability for peatland conditions. Scaled prototypes confirmed the system's ability to withstand critical loads, showing structural stability under simulated flood pressures. The study emphasized the effectiveness of combining modern computational tools with traditional construction methods, though further field testing was needed to validate the system's real-world performance. Therefore, future studies should explore alternative materials and incorporate machine learning to improve design flexibility. These results also contributed to the development of sustainable, disaster-resilient housing for vulnerable, flood-prone communities.

This paper describes the experiments that are being developed to support an inclusive or accessible exposition of photographs. Physical three dimensional models are being developed using 3D printing technologies to allow tactile experience. The method being structured for this production is registered. It includes the use of the concept of games seeking to work with the purpose of decomposition of information which is recommended by the inclusive communication literature.

The centralized production of personal hygiene products ensures standardization and effectiveness for various consumer needs. However, these processes heavily rely on petroleum-based components and significant water content, contributing to global environmental challenges such as climate change. Additionally, when distributed as universal solutions, these products often fail to adapt to local habits, resources, and cultural practices. This study employs a Research through Design (RtD) methodology to explore sustainable, hyperlocal alternatives to mass-produced hygiene products. By leveraging indigenous production techniques and locally sourced biomaterials from four distinct Chilean bioregions, this research proposes a decentralized model for personal hygiene product development that considers local materials, heritage and communities, aligning with ecological and cultural sustainability.

An approach to Descriptive Geometry from digital graphic tools is presented, in which the form of graphic interaction that arises from these tools is analysed, and the importance of their associated automatisms and procedures is discussed. We review the classic idea of graphical thinking to introduce the concept of "augmented graphical thinking": this is linked to the new paradigm of simulation, which is understood as an evolution of the previous paradigm based on representation. Understanding this paradigm shift allows us to approach Descriptive Geometry with digital graphic tools from an in-depth gnoseological foundation, but not without observing certain contradictions that must be analysed and discussed. By focusing on the so-called digital automatisms, we demonstrate that these form part of a long tradition in the history of Graphic Expression, since, like other drawing mechanisms machines designed in the past, they involve the search for the "shortest way" to solve the problem of image construction. Lastly, in the conclusions we address the inevitable connection between Descriptive Geometry and Digital Fabrication.

In 2011, Forbes speculated that the gallery made 225m USD in revenue, although the gallerist told The New Yorker that the estimate was incorrect-and too low. By the early 2010s, David Zwirner Gallery was recognized as one of the most influential commercial institutions in the international art market-and indeed, the international art world. ArtReview's "Power 100," which ranks art world figures by influence, first added Zwirner in 2003 (at number 32). By 2010, he was ranked number 4, and by 2013 he was number 2-the highest rank of any gallerist that year.

This thesis is looking at analysis of current level of digital transformation in companies from two geographical areas: Catalunya and the rest of Spain. In order to compare data obtained in same way, a concept of simple digital index needed to be designed. This index was calculated and used on companies from both geographical areas, followed by further analysis of individual index determinants

An adjustable multi nut tighter or remover for car tyre (with 114.3 PCD) was developed. The need to loosen and tighten car wheel nuts with little application of force (torque) and time spent is of great importance to most car users. Operation with the existing common instruments like ratchet, socket and impact wrench is quite tedious and time consuming. This study was aimed at designing and fabricating a device that will remove and tighten four-wheel nuts of car tyre simultaneously. The design was done using Solidworks CAD software. The device was successfully fabricated, and performance evaluation was carried out. The tightening and loosening of nuts were done with ease as evident from the results obtained. From the performance evaluation of the developed machine, it took 65 seconds to loosen four nuts and 75 seconds to tighten the nuts and the loosening and tightening process were reduced by 41% and 38% respectively compared to using L shaped wrench. Ergonomics consideration was p...

Coding and visual programming are becoming an important component of design education, with focus on algorithmic thinking, form finding, and generative design. Programming languages like Processing are increasingly explored within shape studies in architecture, thus opening unique possibilities for creative design exploration. Most pedagogical approaches that integrate coding in exploring heritage-inspired geometric patterns focus on shape grammars and rule-based design. This exploratory paper further examines the potential of traditional geometric patterns as inspiration sources for interactivity in architectural design. We discuss the process and outcomes of an undergraduate architectural computing course at the American University in Cairo, Egypt, where students implement visual programming using Processing to develop interactive architecture prototypes based on cultural heritage. Results demonstrated a variety of abstraction and translation strategies for both tangible and intangible heritage inspirations, and generation of emergent concepts for diverse architectural prototypes including urban grids, movable structures, and responsive façades.

A creative idea is always constrained with a lot of factors such as asthetics, material, fabrication, tools etc. With the introduction of the digital and robotic fabrication, some constrains can be denied and at the same time some new constrains are added. In this study, we discuss how to prototype a creative idea with different fabrication approaches in the framework of student studio course. The student groups compare two different digital fabrication technics using robots. The task of the students is to design and fabricate a full-scale textile concrete furniture. In order to cast respectively laminate the concrete, students need to build a formwork. Free form designs are complex and strenuous work. For this reason, an industrial robot is used for the fabrication of these molds. Due to the limitations of the robot hardware and process, not all the forms are feasible for fabrication. In this study the workflow, fabrication methods along with its limitations and the result of a ful...

A creative idea is always constrained with lot of factors such as aesthetics, material, fabrication, tools etc. With the introduction of the digital and robotic fabrication, some constrains can be denied and at the same time some new constrains are added. In this study, we discuss how to prototype a creative idea with different fabrication approaches in the framework of student studio course. The student groups compare two different digital fabrication technics using robots. The task of the students is to design and fabricate a full-scale textile concrete furniture. In order to cast respectively laminate the concrete, students need to build a formwork. Free form designs are complex and strenuous work. For this reason, an industrial robot is used for the fabrication of these molds. Due to the limitations of the robot hardware and processes, not all the forms are feasible for fabrication. In this study the workflow, fabrication methods along with its limitations and the result of a full-scale textile reinforced concrete furniture are discussed.

Over the past few years the term and notion of ubiquitous customization has entered the parlance and discourse of the design and architecture related research disciplines. However, whatever its guise, much of what this has entailed is usually explored and formulated through a language that still seems to persist with production processes that aren't much different than those utilized over the last half century -the 'tools of the trade', when it comes to actually implementing a building, are more or less the same, resulting in the modus operandi becoming a question of logistics rather than something more original and reflective of the digital processes we nowadays use to conceive our designs . Over the last few years, however, a number of potentially fundamentally pioneering fabrication techniques have entered the picture. One of these, Rapid Manufacturing (RM), has a number of factors that innately lend themselves for such parametrically variable production suggested by the title. This rapidly evolving branch of fabrication and means of conception, that has one foot firmly rooted in the digital realm, the other one in the analog world, is already in the process of instituting a paradigmatic shift in the way we envision and construct our built environment. The defining taxonomies and semantic patterns that allow for such pervasive variability of making and thinking about our built environment, and all that that entails, are still in the process of evolvement, however, preliminary suggestions of how such methods might operate and appear can already be observed. The projects included reflect and partake in the evolution of this still developing manufacturing discipline.

Construction has traditionally relied on specifications and 2D drawings to convey material properties, performance details and location information. Advanced 3D solid modelling and digital fabrication methods are growing in construction. Iconic building design is driving the industry towards a new era of the Building Information Model (BIM) where a building is modelled entirely using 3D solid CAD tools containing all the required information for construction. CNC machinery can utilise this information to manufacture components ...

2015 TxA EMERGING DESIGN + TECHNOLOGY 9 8 MACHINE derstandings of matter, new ways of organizing, and new complex and irregular relationships that expand material processes to create new non-linear workflows and can lead to a new language characteristic of the robotic era in architecture. Using a new material technology within a pop-up process, based on patterns that embed the shape into the material rather than prescribe it, requires an experimental approach, as the material exhibits probable but not certain behavior. Thus, a new path, based on feedback loops, is proposed toward the design of curved, thin, flexible structures in concrete without the need for complex formwork that would be otherwise required (Kotnik and Weinstock 2012). Our shaping system allows for complex curves to be created through a combination of the concrete sheet material and the embedded pattern. In the context of robotic fabrication of concrete, projects to date have been divided into four major areas of exploration, each with a unique set of limitations: 1. Concrete 3D printing: Over 10 years ago, researchers at the universities of Southern California

8 MACHINE derstandings of matter, new ways of organizing, and new complex and irregular relationships that expand material processes to create new non-linear workflows and can lead to a new language characteristic of the robotic era in architecture. Using a new material technology within a pop-up process, based on patterns that embed the shape into the material rather than prescribe it, requires an experimental approach, as the material exhibits probable but not certain behavior. Thus, a new path, based on feedback loops, is proposed toward the design of curved, thin, flexible structures in concrete without the need for complex formwork that would be otherwise required (Kotnik and Weinstock 2012). Our shaping system allows for complex curves to be created through a combination of the concrete sheet material and the embedded pattern.

The research presented in this paper utilizes industrial robotic arms and new material technologies to model and explore a different conceptual framework for ‘robotic-aided fabrication’ based on material formation processes, collaboration, and feedback loops. Robotic-aided fabrication as a performative design process needs to develop and demonstrate itself through projects that operate at a discrete level, emphasizing the role of the different agents and prioritizing their relationships over their autonomy. It encourages a process where the robot, human and material are not simply operational entities but a related whole. In the pre-actual state of this agenda, the definition and understanding of agencies and the inventory of their relations is more relevant than their implementation. Three test scenarios are described using human designers, phase-changing materials, and a six-axis industrial robotic arm with an external sensor. The common thread running through the three scenarios ...

The research-prototype is a 4 x 5 x 2m, "topologically optimized" concrete shell that was designed and built in ten days. The prototype and this ensuing paper aim to extend the rich legacy of form-finding to adequately represent the complexities of scale, digital design systems and delivery mechanisms of contemporary architectural practice. They explore synergies in early design between architecture, structural engineering, and manufacturing.

The paper presents aspects from a multidisciplinary research program to develop an application of free-form type, using smart digital design tools as generative design (GD) and modern manufacturing processes-digital fabrication (DF), by exploiting the deformation properties of conventional metallic materials. At international level, the idea of incorporating the material behavior into generative design is at the beginning, so the paper objective of developing free-form type architectural modules by considering the material properties quantification is a current priority, having direct applicability. The authors investigated curved folded structural elements made of sheet metal, focusing on free-form columns that evoke the classical architectural orders. The structural issues were addressed by implementing both digital and physical load simulation, which in turn influences the process of finding the optimal shape of the object.

This paper describes the discovery, development, and geometric configuration of a novel structural system in an interplay of seemingly conflicting forces. While some geometric configurations result in an aesthetically pleasing form, have a structurally robust outcome, enjoy easy assembly, or easily permit standardised components, a structural system that embodies all these factors simultaneously is rare. Our design system, which we call "vve construct," developed through nine years of teaching and research-based design development at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, highlights a unique configuration: a structurally robust form that enables contemporary design values such as circularity, adaptability, and design for disassembly at the scale of furniture and single-story installations.

Bridging the digital and Physical As we continue to embrace the digital the physical becomes increasingly unknown to beginning design students. The university design studio may be a student's first introduction to physical means of making or representation. How are students to understand the eventual translation of their designs into the physical if they don't become practiced at it? One bridge between digital and physical is digital fabrication. Although most things "digital" have become synonymous with speed and convenience, the translation of a digitally produced design into physical material is not magic. It takes time and understanding of the process to achieve desired results consistently. Working with any tools or processes require patience and consistency. Learning this process is not about the expedient execution of a product. If expediency is the focus students will learn expediency and lack understanding, leading to outcomes that lack craft and refinement. Courses in fabrication should allow for a slow and deliberate process of observing and learning from mistakes. 1 Through a series of fabrication based classes taught over six years at South Dakota State University Department of Architecture, SDSU DoArch, a set of guidelines were developed for introducing ways of physical making to students.

Tactile graphics (TGs) are visual representations for individuals with visual impairments. Traditionally, the fabrication of TGs has been limited to specific production systems. However, low-cost additive manufacturing (AM) techniques now enable the rapid and economical production of TGs, allowing for broader applications. This study analyzes different AM techniques such as SLS (selective laser sintering), SLA (stereolithography), and FDM (fused deposition modeling), for manufacturing typical features found in TGs. The study’s main goal is to identify the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each AM technique in the low-cost production of TGs by non-expert users. For this purpose, several TG designs including Braille notations and other symbols are prepared and the manufactured TGs are inspected using a digital microscope, a 3D scanner, a profile projector and a profilometer. The results show that FDM is a cost-effective AM technology for TGs when larger features are used; however, it has significant limitations in reproducing small, detailed tactile elements such as Braille dots or rounded corners. SLS can be a suitable AM technique for outdoor TGs but presents high surface roughness values, which reduces the tactile experience. Finally, SLA offered the best overall performance in terms of accuracy, feature definition, and tactile clarity, making it the preferred option for applications that require precise Braille reproduction. These experimental results aim to improve the design and manufacturing of accessible TGs, contributing to the development of inclusive tools for individuals with visual impairments.

Image produced by Felipe Baeza, reworked by the editorial staff The Proceedings of the International Conference "Prosperity Fashion" have undergone a rigorous peer-review process to ensure the scholarly quality of the contributions contained herein. The Editors extend their sincere appreciation to the following Scholars who served as Reviewers for this Digital Special Issue. Francine Barancourt, École des hautes études en sciences sociales

Este artículo propone un análisis de A House of Dust (1967) de Alison Knowles, así como de las construcciones que, a modo de «poema en proceso», fueron situadas primero en Nueva York y luego en las instalaciones de CalArts en California. Esta obra, además de constituir uno de los primeros poemas generados por ordenador de la historia, cobra interés a la luz de los cambios que se estaban produciendo en el entorno de la contracultura de la época. Las ideas subyacentes a la publicación Whole Earth Catalog, editada por Stuart Brand, sirven para rastrear una nueva concepción utópica de la tecnología que, adoptada por el entorno artístico de Knowles, va a desembocar en el desarrollo de los primeros ordenadores personales. Se revisarán algunos de los aspectos de la teoría de los medios de Marshal MacLuhan, así como de las ideas de Richard Buckminster Fuller, autores cuya influencia Knowles pudo compartir con John Cage. Asimismo, se analizará la estructura del poema como red descentralizada.

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Recibido: 15 de febrero de 2016 / Aceptado: 28 de junio de 2016 Resumen. La aparición de espacios en los que se utilizan técnicas de fabricación digital para convertir ideas en diseños digitales, y éstos en productos reales mediante la impresión 3D ofrecen una gran oportunidad para el desarrollo de la creatividad, competencia contemplada en entornos educativos. Las impresoras 3D se están incorporando en los centros de enseñanza, por lo que es preciso el diseño de actividades en torno a estas tecnologías para el desarrollo de competencias curriculares. La creatividad capacita a las personas a alcanzar distintas soluciones a un mismo problema: en este artículo se propone una actividad didáctica diseñada para el estímulo de la competencia creativa en la que se utilizan tecnologías accesibles y de bajo coste para realizar el diseño personalizado de un objeto articulado, donde los alumnos pueden elegir entre distintas opciones para la consecución del objetivo. Los resultados obtenidos de una experiencia piloto llevada a cabo con un grupo de 44 estudiantes universitarios muestran que actividades con herramientas de edición digital e impresión tridimensional son válidas para el desarrollo de la competencia creativa.

A nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO 2 ) powder, with Zr (0.5-1 %) and Nb (0.5-1 %) impurities, is fabricated using a modified hydrothermal method, with lowgrade mineral precursors. Samples were then sintered at 600, 800, and 1,000 • C, then analysed using XRD (crystallite size and phase conversion temperature), scanning electron microscope (SEM) (morphology), N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (surface area), and UV-vis-NIR (absorbance and optical transmission) to study the effects of sintering on the structural and optical properties of the synthesized nanopowders. It was discovered that sintering to 1,000 • C reduces the surface area by 99 %, and increases the crystallite size by almost 2,000 %. Meanwhile, the phase conversion temperature of this sample is 33.3 % higher than that reported in the literature for 600 • C. SEM shows an extensive agglomeration and uneven distribution of nano-TiO 2 particles before sintering. However, the sintered sample shows uniformity in particle size and distribution, and even though it is reduced significantly, agglomeration is still present. The absorbance of the samples is red-shifted towards the visible region (i.e., 380-700 nm), with the optical band-gap reduced by 10 %,

The mismatch between the profiles of graduates and profiles required by the labour market has led the Politecnico di Torino to experiment with new forms of project's teaching able to train professionals with markedly interdisciplinary profiles. Master's Degree Programme Architecture Construction City gives shape to this interdisciplinary approach through the design units, which coordinate two to four disciplines around a single project. The experience of the Design Unit Architecture and Structural Forms is presented here as an example of this approach to the project through the recognition of the interrelation between the architectural and structural types and the coordinated use of physical and virtual models as a teaching tool.

Interest in innovative construction processes such as 3D concrete printing (i.e. digital construction), is growing rapidly both in academia and industry. Processing conventional geopolymer mixes, in which alkaline solutions are used for activation, could be troublesome in concrete printing due to the high viscosity of the alkaline solution. One-part geopolymers offer one possible solution to this challenge as they involve the use of a solid activator with solid aluminosilicates precursors. In this work, a printable one-part geopolymer mix was developed, which could be extruded through the nozzle of a 3D printer and stacked together without deforming the bottom layers. Flow properties such as yield stress, viscosity and thixotropy of the developed geopolymer were assessed along with its strength development curve. Printed specimen showed anisotropic behaviour in mechanical properties when compared to the mould casted samples. Microstructural characterization revealed the formation of alumino-silicate gel with high tetrahedrally coordinated Al and interlayer K ions in its structure. When compared to OPC-based mixes, the developed geopolymer mixes revealed a lower environmental impact, which could be even further reduced with the use of alternative activators.

This paper discusses ways for designers to reconnect their design methodologies with the process of making. The paper takes a critical standpoint on the way architects have integrated digital tools and computational processes in their design over the past three to four decades. By scrutinising the support designers can derive from their virtual design-space it is debated in how far this may be complemented by sensory information-feedback from the physical design-space. A studio-based design project is used to illustrate how students have approached this issue to address aspects of building performance in a post-digital way. Moving between digital and physical models without difficulty, the students were able to study the effects geometrical changes on sustainability-performance in real time. Decades after its initial use in the media and its adoption in everyday life, the description 'digital' still maintains a notion of newness, correctness or even 'betterness'. The idea that every little piece of information we use, the medium that carries it and even the tools that process it can be based on a binary logic of ones and zeros adds the notion of order and control. In addition to that we associate 'digital' with speed, precision and unlimited possibilities of sharing standarised information with others.

The increased proliferation of computational tools for building performance evaluation during conceptual design has led to a fundamental transformation in architectural education over the past decade. Morphological exploration and form-finding in the studio setting now gets more and more enriched by environmental performance feedback that allows students to test their design in unprecedented ways. This paper contextualises the underlying developments leading to this changed context that results in greater convergence of information from various software applications, facilitated via digital means. The author presents the process and the outcomes of a recent architectural design studio as an example of how this convergence unfolds in an academic setting. The studio example highlights how the fluid interaction between parametric design techniques and environmental performance feedback enriches the students' abilities to engage with their design processes in innovative ways.

The investigation presented in this paper focuses on the following questions: How can engineering and architectural expertise guide a process of digital optimisation and add structural 'awareness' in real time to aesthetic considerations (or vice versa)? How can building geometry be set up computationally in order to render it 'sensitive' to structural input? Which tools are required to foster this interaction? The authors of this paper form a team of researchers and practitioners from architectural and engineering background who combine their efforts to address the issue of interconnecting design intelligence across disciplines and advancing work methodologies in practice assisted by academic research. A live case study project is presented as a test scenario in order to find answers the above questions.

This paper presents an approach for familiarizing architecture students with concepts of environmental performance in the early design stages. A design studio was run at the University of Technology Sydney by Leena Thomas and the author where students were applying building performance analysis to inform their design process from the very beginning of the semester. Students were using parametric design and evolutionary structural optimization in conjunction with environmental performance optimization. Michael Hensel and Defne Sunguroglu (Ocean North) joined the studio at half time for a workshop to investigate how processes occurring in nature can be mapped to inform the morphological design process. In spite the multitude of challenges put to the students during the semester in regard to their design methodology and techniques, they were able to produce highly performative and aesthetically pleasing design outcomes.

This paper discusses ways for designers to reconnect their design methodologies with the process of making. The paper takes a critical standpoint on the way architects have integrated digital tools and computational processes in their design over the past three to four decades. By scrutinising the support designers can derive from their virtual design-space it is debated in how far this may be complemented by sensory information-feedback from the physical design-space. A studio-based design project is used to illustrate how students have approached this issue to address aspects of building performance in a post-digital way. Moving between digital and physical models without difficulty, the students were able to study the effects geometrical changes on sustainability-performance in real time.

This paper describes the usage of parametric design and evolutionary optimisation techniques in architect-engineer collaborations. It discusses the apparent challenges in setting up a trans-disciplinary working-platform that cuts across profession-specific boundaries and negotiates between the otherwise distinct work-methodologies through the use of intelligent CAAD applications. Two approaches to architectural form finding have been combined in this research. The first, parametric design, uses a proprietary package as a key element to the organisation and reorganisation of architectural design. By doing so, it is providing it with intrinsic flexibility allowing designers to go beyond form and accommodate performance data for versioning. The second, ESO (Evolutionary Structural Optimisation), is an engineering tool based on the use of finite element analysis (FEA) capable of optimising the formal geometry of an object to obtain minimum volume under even stress-distribution through a...

This paper presents an approach for familiarizing architecture students with concepts of environmental performance in the early design stages. A design studio was run at the University of Technology Sydney by Leena Thomas and the author where students were applying building performance analysis to inform their design process from the very beginning of the semester. Students were using parametric design and evolutionary structural optimization in conjunction with environmental performance optimization. Michael Hensel and Defne Sunguroglu (Ocean North) joined the studio at half time for a workshop to investigate how processes occurring in nature can be mapped to inform the morphological design process. In spite the multitude of challenges put to the students during the semester in regard to their design methodology and techniques, they were able to produce highly performative and aesthetically pleasing design outcomes.