Design of Leaf Spring

In this paper, Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) are coordinated to improve the transient stability of generator in power system. Coordinated design problem of AVR and PSS is formulated as an optimization problem. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is an advanced robust search method by the swarming or cooperative behavior of biological populations mechanism. The performance of PSO has been certified in solution of highly non-linear objectives. Thus, PSO technique has been employed to optimize the parameters of PSS and AVR in order to reduce the power system oscillations during the load changing conditions in single-machine, infinite-bus power system. The results of nonlinear simulation suggest that, by coordinated design of AVR and PSS based on PSO technique power system oscillations are exceptionally damped. Correspondingly, it's shown that power system stability is superiorly enhanced than the uncoordinated designed of the PSS and the AVR controllers.

The leaf spring is a fundamental component of heavy vehicle suspension systems, providing crucial support and stability under varying loads and road conditions. Designed to withstand the rigors of heavy-duty applications, such as trucks, buses, and trailers, the leaf spring plays a pivotal role in ensuring safe and comfortable transportation of goods and passengers. The design process of a leaf spring for heavy vehicle suspension involves a meticulous balance of engineering principles, material science, and practical considerations. Engineers must carefully consider factors such as load capacity, deflection characteristics, fatigue life, and manufacturability to develop an optimal design that meets performance requirements while adhering to cost, weight, and space constraints.
Throughout its evolution, the leaf spring has undergone continuous refinement and innovation to adapt to evolving industry standards, regulatory requirements, and technological advancements. From traditional multi-leaf configurations to modern parabolic and tapered designs, the leaf spring continues to evolve to meet the ever-changing demands of heavy vehicle applications.
In this context, this paper aims to explore the methodology, design specifications, constraints, and best practices associated with leaf spring design for heavy vehicle suspension. By delving into the intricacies of leaf spring design, we seek to provide insights and guidance for engineers, researchers, and industry professionals involved in the development and optimization of heavy-duty suspension systems.

1.1 Objective
The main objective of leaf spring design for heavy vehicle suspension is to provide effective support, stability, and ride comfort for the vehicle under varying loads and road conditions.
1.2 Methodology
Designing a leaf spring for heavy vehicle suspension involves several steps:
Determine Vehicle Requirements: Understand the weight, load distribution, and intended use of the vehicle to determine the suspension requirements.
Material Selection: Choose appropriate materials for the leaf spring based on factors like strength, durability, and weight.
Calculate Load and Deflection: Determine the maximum load the spring will bear and the desired deflection characteristics. This involves considering factors like vehicle weight, payload, road conditions, and desired ride quality.
Design Geometry: Determine the shape, dimensions, and number of leaves for the spring. This includes considering factors like thickness, length, and curvature of the leaves.
Stress Analysis: Perform stress analysis to ensure that the spring can withstand the anticipated loads without failure. This involves calculating stresses and deflections under various operating conditions.
Optimization: Iterate the design to optimize for weight, performance, and durability while meeting design constraints.
Prototype and Testing: Build a prototype of the leaf spring and subject it to various tests, including load testing, fatigue testing, and durability testing, to validate the design and ensure it meets performance requirements.

For the accurate design of some types of mechanisms, it is necessary to combine multibody dynamics computer simulations with finite element structural analysis. These types of mechanisms are the multibody mechanisms in which the body (frame) stiffness of some of the bodies have the same magnitude as some of their elastic elements. With this in mind, the traditional go-kart chassis design process is reviewed. The traditional approach to evaluate the structural properties of its frame consists of an iterative process in which FEM techniques are applied considering constant load cases. These load cases are defined according to the maximum stresses to which it will be subjected during its operation (circulation in a race circuit). However, as it will be proven in this work, the load case will depend on the design of the frame itself. Due to the stiffness of the frame, for the same driving conditions (vehicle trajectory and speed) the structural load condition varies significantly. A design methodology is proposed for this type of system that combines multibody simulation and finite elements.

In this study, four different types of helical composite springs were made of structures including unidirectional laminates (AU), rubber core unidirectional laminates (UR), unidirectional laminates with a braided outer layer (BU), and rubber core unidirectional laminates with a braided outer layer (BUR), respectively. It aims to investigate the effects of rubber core and braided outer layer on the mechanical properties of the aforementioned four helical springs. According to the experimental results, the helical composite spring with a rubber core can increase its failure load in compression by about 12%; while the spring with a braided outer layer can not only increase its failure load in compression by about 18%, but also improve the spring constant by approximately 16%. The helical spring with a BUR structure has the highest mechanical properties among those considered herein, its failure load in compression approximately equals 336.2 kgf, and the spring constant is almost 16.27 kgf/mm.

This paper describes the methodology adopted at debis humaitá IT Services Latin America, for performing handling analysis commercial vehicles. Its application to an intercity bus with 3 axles is presented. The objective is to improve primary suspension characteristics alone, with respect to both comfort and handling and to study the behavior of the full vehicle with respect to handling and

Due to high strength to weight ratios, the automotive sector showed an increased interest in the composite fiberglass leaf spring as an alternative to steel leaf springs. Also, Composite materials in aeronautical, marine, and automotive industries are extensively accepted because of their outstanding mechanical properties, low density, and a production facility. The conventional leaf spring used is bulky so composite leaf spring should be used as a better alternative. The present study reviews the general study of design, analysis, and comparison of traditional and composite leaf spring. Leaf spring is commonly used in the suspension system of the automotive vehicle and is subjected to multiple stress cycles that lead to fatigue failure. That affects the significant behavior of the vehicle such as comfort in riding, stability, vibration characteristics, etc. A lot of studies and researches have been done to improve all these characteristics that are reviewed in this paper. ---------...

Suspension system is the word that is a combination of spring systems, shock absorbers and links, these all are connected to the wheels of vehicle. Whenever tire hits a bump, the reaction force will be developed and this reaction force is reduced by using suspension system.The rate how much the reaction force is generated is completely relies on the unsprung weight and these are situated at assembly of each wheel. If the ratio between sprung weight to unsprung weight is larger than the vehicle body and passengers present in the vehicle are affected less by obstructions on the road. In this manuscript helical spring of a car is designed. In suspension crucial part to design is spring. The present paper deals with the helical spring and it is 3D modelled using creo 2.0. Analysis is done using Ansys 14.5. Structural analysis has performed on helical spring by altering material for the spring, Beryllium Copper, Structural Steel, Titanium alloy and Phosphor bronze. This analysis is carried out by the consideration of load acting on the suspension system. Structural analysis has performed on different materials for strength validation and Compared stress values for these materials to know the best suitable material for the spring. IndexTerms-Suspension, helical spring, unsprung weight.

Vehicle suspension plays a vital role in maintaining the center of gravity to achieve perfect balancing of the vehicle to provide the comfortable ride. While designing the suspension system of automobile, vibration is the main aspect to be considered. This paper aims to analyze the automobile front and rear suspension for a four wheeler using analytical and numerical approach. Existing details of the suspension is collected using the concept of reverse engineering. Natural and forced frequency of the front and rear suspension system is calculated theoretically based on the collected data's. The natural frequency and forced frequency is numerically computed for front and rear suspension. The amplitude of vibration is reduced by replacing the spring material and its forced frequency is reduced by 1.18 % and 1.56 % for front and rear suspension system respectively. This result reveals that low carbon steel has ability to reduce the forcing frequency and can produce comfort ride.

Mechanical engineering is useful and strong of diligence. The product and manufacturing process involves transforming raw devices into final details that meet the required parameters while applying slice edge technology. Stiffness, gravitational and compression modulus measurements are performed on our structures using spring force testers. Various inspection machines are used in the spring processing industry. As the sector diversifies and grows, different types of services are deployed in a colorful process. Our concept spring roller machine is very easy to use by using microcontroller and digital display. This machine is used to perform various types of spring load tests on springs of various compasses and lengths. It is a set with a wide operating range. This machine is easy to set up and operate.

Conventional leaf spring made up of conventional materials like plain carbon steel are heavy and add weight to vehicle which reduces mileage. This necessitates new material which is light in weight and could provide adequate strength to leaf spring along with higher strain energy absorption to absorb shocks. The current research is intended to study the structural and vibrational characteristics of leaf spring made of P100/6061 Al, P100/AZ 91C Mg and structural steel materials. The investigation is carried out using ANSYS FEA software. The FEA results have shown that P100/AZ/ 91C generated lower stresses as compared to P100/6061 Al and structural steel material. The modal analysis of leaf spring aided to determine mass participation factor and mode shapes corresponding to each frequency.

A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. With increasing demands for higher productivity and lower production costs, helical compression spring have been widely utilized in the modern production facilities with proper placement in a frame system. Hollow Helical Compression Spring absorbs large deflections, dissipating energy and recentering the frame after a loading event. In the present work, solid helical compression spring was analyzed through FE software and validates through analytical result in order to validate the FE results then hollow spring was analyzed by same procedure and for different values of hollowness, models were analyzed for the better fatigue life and optimum weight and it is found that better performance can be achieved by this novel form of helical compression spring.

Helical compression springs are used generally in fuel injection system of diesel engines, where it undergoes cyclic loading for more than 10 8 numbers of cycles. In order to predict probable failure positions in helical compression springs, used in fuel injection system, along the length of the spring at inner side, finite element analyses was carried out, using ABAQUS 6.10. The simulation results show an oscillatory behaviour of stresses along the length at inner side. It was confirmed that the oscillation was due to bending involved with compression. It was also revealed that the bending was due to the geometry of springs. Shear stresses along the length of the spring were found to be asymmetrical and with local maxims at starting of each middle coil. The asymmetry was due to the end coil smaller than 360 degrees.

This is a computational study of the suspension spring of two wheeler's followed by modification suggestions. The current methods of calculations of the spring parameters fail to account for the role of the spring pitch in developing stresses. Stresses and deflections are critical factors for designing a sustainable spring and play critical roles in the performance. This paper suggests reducing the stresses developed by varying the pitch while proving the correlation between pitch variation and stress production. This is accomplished by geometric modeling of different models of spring and simulating it with applied boundary conditions. The study is further extending to propose ways to reduce stresses in the spring. Finally, the suggested changes can reduce the maximum stresses in the suspension spring components by as much as 50%, from 1963MPa in the original spring to 958MPa in a double coilspring.

The leaf springs are different spring styles used for automotive suspension systems. In addition to the use of energy absorption equipment, the ends of the spring can be pointed in a certain direction as it deflects as a structural function. Not primarily supporting vertical loads but isolating road-induced vibration is the principal feature of leaf spring. The present research aims at studying the safe load of the leaf spring, showing how easily an easy, safe driving speed is achieved. A standard TATA-407 light commercial vehicle leaf spring configuration is chosen. Finite element analysis for safe stresses and pay loads has been done. Conventional materials and alternative materials in spring construction used in the present work have been studied. Computer aided designing (CAD) is being widely used in different industries for product testing and manufacturing, this paper consist of design and analysis of leaf spring using ANSYS 19.2. Static structural tool has been used of ANSYS. Leaf springs are used in heavy load vehicle where load is much larger than in passenger vehicles, they are used in vehicles which are limited to varying cycles stress to millions thus eventually leads to failure of fatigue. High elastic material springs are used which possess maximum strength and fatigue effects. Weight reduction is one of the major concern while designing a vehicle as it helps in design optimization and fuel economy's three layer composite leaf spring with full length leave. E-glass/Epoxy composite material has been used and is compared with conventional steel leaf spring. After conducting various tests it is found that eglass/epoxymaterial is better in strength and lighter in weight as contrast with conventional steel leaf spring.

The leaf spring's purpose is to stabilize the vehicle because it's an essentially required element for the suspension systems and assists in supporting the entire load on the vehicle. Hence, the design and analysis of leaf springs are the main focus of this study. To that aim, the CATIA V5 software is used to construct the model, and Ansys Workbench is used to perform static structural analysis. First, the solution is verified using the analytical method and the finite element analysis for structural steel, and then the static structural analysis of structural steel and composite material (CFRP) is compared for the same design. Here, we find that the deformation and stress values of the Composite material are less than that of structural steel.

T his trilogy on the design of wire coil valve springs is meant to fill something of a vacuum on this topic in the international literature. It may well be that the modern manufacturer of such springs has distanced himself from his blacksmith origins and is now fully armed with computer design software which is either of his own creation or is the FEA outpourings as supplied by such as ANSYS [1]. If this latter assumption be true then these spring manufacturers are keeping their design ‘cards very close to their chest’ and are neither writing technical papers on the subject nor even posting their expertise on their websites. Even the latest textbooks written on the subject of ‘engine valvetrains’ provide no real design information for the reader and Wang [2], in a book of some 600 pages containing many hundreds of references, can only muster two with respect to valve springs and even those are dated from the fifties. We are not criticising Wang, merely using his book as an up-to-dat...

Helical compression springs are used generally in fuel injection system of diesel engines, where it undergoes cyclic loading for more than 10 8 numbers of cycles. In order to predict probable failure positions in helical compression springs, used in fuel injection system, along the length of the spring at inner side, finite element analyses was carried out, using ABAQUS 6.10. The simulation results show an oscillatory behaviour of stresses along the length at inner side. It was confirmed that the oscillation was due to bending involved with compression. It was also revealed that the bending was due to the geometry of springs. Shear stresses along the length of the spring were found to be asymmetrical and with local maxims at starting of each middle coil. The asymmetry was due to the end coil smaller than 360 degrees.

Material development that utilizes natural materials as a sustainable product, such as bio-composites, continues to be developed to become an economically valuable product as a substitute for steel. The bio-composites used in this research are sisal fibres with aluminium cores that are applied to a mono leaf spring to obtain equal mechanical properties or close to the mechanical properties of steel. The optimal value of mechanical properties has obtained by finite element methods with the aim of effectiveness and cost and time efficiency. This research was carried out through some procedure, such as selecting the mechanical properties of biocomposites, the design of models and directions of bio-composite fibres, and analysis of mechanical properties. Result of analysis is compare with 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring. Sisal fibre is designed as many as ten ply with a thickness of each ply equal to 0.15 mm, while the aluminium core is designed with a thickness of 0.8 mm. Analysis of mechanical properties was conducted by a force of 200 KN. The results revealed average equivalent stress equal to 2.30 x 10-3 MPa, average equivalent strain equal to 1.31 x 10-9 mm, and strain energy total equal to 9.1 x 10-3 mJ, while 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring have equivalent strain equal to 1.74 x 10-4 mm, equivalent stress equal to 33.14 MPa, and strain energy total equal to 3.96 mJ. Base on that results, this research can be concluded that composite mono leaf spring are more rigid than 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring, whereas the composite mono leaf spring is better reducing stress then 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring. Sisal fibre ply and aluminium core are able to apply to be composite mono leaf spring as a sustainable product.

This work presents a numerical investigation that correlates the stiffness changes of corroded suspension springs with the amount of spring wire's cross section loss, the degree of surface corrosion (DSC) and corrosion spatial distribution. The aim is to provide understanding of corrosion damage characteristics and subsequent effect on the load-deflection behaviour of a helical compression spring. A 3D non-linear finite element (FE) model was developed which is used to simulate the mechanical response of the spring and to determine its ageing behaviour. The changes in stiffness (percentage loss) in relation to corrosion depth, corrosion spatial distribution and DSC were studied in great detail. Mechanical tests were conducted using a specially designed spring testing machine and the data confirmed the validity of the FE model. To the authors' knowledge limited work has been reported, especially on corroded helical springs, that present stiffness loss diagrams as a function of time.

The suspension systems are designed to provide good performance in terms of comfort and maneuverability and to satisfy other requirements such as fatigue strength. This study focuses on the leaf springs, a classic mechanism; leaf springs are still being extensively used in several types of vehicles because of their high load capacity and low manufacturing and maintenance costs. Its dynamic behavior assesses stationary nonlinear preload state components to provide considerable added value to this suspension type. This assessment considers the contact condition of the suspension's components and the large deflections and tightening torques observed in the whole assembly. Furthermore, the components of the non-suspended mass subsystems, such as tires, shock absorbers, and stabilizer bars, are characterized according to the simplified models for reducing their computational cost. In addition, a commercial test vehicle is used for simulating the complete system using three-dimensional modeling for describing its most relevant components in terms of their mass and rigid connection. The vehicle is additionally analyzed using multibody system simulations (MBS) coupled with the finite element method (FEM) in an implicit nonlinear transient environment using the ANSYS APDL solver. This dynamic simulation is parameterdriven for obtaining the experimental design and determining the optimal suspension stiffness and damping features required for transporting suitable load sizes.

This paper deals with the design and manufacturing of shock absorbers for ATVs (All-Terrain vehicles). For this dual rate coil spring shock absorbers, we have considered an independent type double Wishbone arrangement for required off-road conditions. The purpose of designing and manufacturing this Shock absorber is to optimize the wheel assembly and to manufacture it less expensive, light in weight, and strong as per the off-road condition are addressed. This paper summarizes the design calculation, Analysis of components of shock absorbers, and manufacturing process required for this Suspension System of an ATV.

The main objective of this project is shape optimization and structural stability of the butterfly valve for metallic and non-metallic materials butterfly valve is mostly used in the engine carburettors need to make structural stability and shape optimization plays the main role for this component, design modifications and material comparative analysis done in ANSYS Structural modules and find the optimized shape through stress, strain and deformation results. Valves for hydro power projects are installed for safety, maintenance, and shut-off, as well as for flow and pressure regulation. A Butterfly valve is a type of flow control device, which is widely used to regulate a fluid flowing through a section of pipe. This type of valve is mainly used as safety valve, turbine inlet valve, and pump valve for low to medium design pressures. They are operated by oil hydraulic systems for opening and closing or by closing weight and hydraulic pressure for opening. For turbine inlet valves, o...

This paper describes our first research experience in designing and simulation of a mechanical model or a mechanical system to steer vehicles. As the vehicles is getting more and more autonomous. In this project we created a system or an assembly, The Linear Steering mechanism is designed to steer cars without steering wheels, The project is inspired by Merceries AVTAR vehicle model and aims to develop similar mechanism with concept's learned by us so far. The project can be divided in 3 major parts, First studying basic steering mechanism, second designing, drawing and making CAD model, And lastly Analysis of Model. The designing was done in AutoCAD and Fussion360. We even performed Multibody Dynamics (MBD) in Inspire to determine and analyse forces on system and further performed Finite Element Analysis to determine Factor of safety.

Thepresent article givesinformation on design of steel and composite coil spring for two-wheelerapplication. The reason to develop the composite coil spring is to minimize the weight of coil spring. In this article, study has been done on a two-wheeler vehicle. Dimensions of the exiting steel coil spring are measured. The load on the spring has been calculated mathematically. Deflection, shear stress, weight and stiffness are calculated using dimensions of existing steel coil spring https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150480

Helical compression springs are used generally in fuel injection system of diesel engines, where it undergoes cyclic loading for more than 10 8 numbers of cycles. In order to predict probable failure positions in helical compression springs, used in fuel injection system, along the length of the spring at inner side, finite element analyses was carried out, using ABAQUS 6.10. The simulation results show an oscillatory behaviour of stresses along the length at inner side. It was confirmed that the oscillation was due to bending involved with compression. It was also revealed that the bending was due to the geometry of springs. Shear stresses along the length of the spring were found to be asymmetrical and with local maxims at starting of each middle coil. The asymmetry was due to the end coil smaller than 360 degrees.

A great deal of work is put into decreasing the fuel consumption of automotive vehicles, which may be accomplished by reducing the bulk of the vehicles. One component that may be explored is the leaf spring, which is extensively utilized in many sorts of cars, including electric ones. For the leaf spring, four distinct materials are considered: standard steel, Epoxy/E-Glass UD composite, Epoxy/E-Glass Wet composite, and Epoxy/S-Glass UD composite. The FEA study executed with the help of the ANSYS finite element code. Firstly, the 3-D model of the leaf spring with different thickness varying from 15mm to 65mm is designed using SolidWorks software which is then imported to the ANSYS software for the static analysis. Along with this, the finite element analysis under full load on 3-D composite multi leaf spring model is executed using ANSYS 2020 R1 by taking three different materials and then the result for the different static behaviour of the leaf spring are compared for all the mate...

Material development that utilizes natural materials as a sustainable product, such as bio-composites, continues to be developed to become an economically valuable product as a substitute for steel. The bio-composites used in this research are sisal fibres with aluminium cores that are applied to a mono leaf spring to obtain equal mechanical properties or close to the mechanical properties of steel. The optimal value of mechanical properties has obtained by finite element methods with the aim of effectiveness and cost and time efficiency. This research was carried out through some procedure, such as selecting the mechanical properties of biocomposites, the design of models and directions of bio-composite fibres, and analysis of mechanical properties. Result of analysis is compare with 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring. Sisal fibre is designed as many as ten ply with a thickness of each ply equal to 0.15 mm, while the aluminium core is designed with a thickness of 0.8 mm. Analysis of mechanical properties was conducted by a force of 200 KN. The results revealed average equivalent stress equal to 2.30 x 10-3 MPa, average equivalent strain equal to 1.31 x 10-9 mm, and strain energy total equal to 9.1 x 10-3 mJ, while 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring have equivalent strain equal to 1.74 x 10-4 mm, equivalent stress equal to 33.14 MPa, and strain energy total equal to 3.96 mJ. Base on that results, this research can be concluded that composite mono leaf spring are more rigid than 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring, whereas the composite mono leaf spring is better reducing stress then 55Si7 steel mono leaf spring. Sisal fibre ply and aluminium core are able to apply to be composite mono leaf spring as a sustainable product.

Decreasing weight while expanding or keeping up quality of items is getting the chance to be very imperative research issue in this present day world. Composite materials are one of the material families which are pulling in analysts and being arrangements of such issue. In this paper we depict outline and investigation of composite leaf spring. The goal is to think about the stresses and weight sparing of composite leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring. The plan requirement is firmness. The Vehicle Industry has awesome enthusiasm for supplanting of steel leaf spring with that of composite leaf spring, since the composite materials has high quality to weight proportion, great consumption resistance. The material chose was glass fibre fortified polymer (E-glass/epoxy), carbon epoxy and graphite epoxy is utilized against regular steel. The outline parameters were chosen and dissected with the goal of limiting weight of the composite leaf spring when contrasted with the steel leaf spring. The leaf spring was displayed in catiav5r20 and the investigation was finished utilizing ANSYS 17.02 programming.

Decreasing weight while expanding or keeping up quality of items is getting the chance to be very imperative research issue in this present day world. Composite materials are one of the material families which are pulling in analysts and being arrangements of such issue. In this paper we depict outline and investigation of composite leaf spring. The goal is to think about the stresses and weight sparing of composite leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring. The plan requirement is firmness. The Vehicle Industry has awesome enthusiasm for supplanting of steel leaf spring with that of composite leaf spring, since the composite materials has high quality to weight proportion, great consumption resistance. The material chose was glass fibre fortified polymer (E-glass/epoxy), carbon epoxy and graphite epoxy is utilized against regular steel. The outline parameters were chosen and dissected with the goal of limiting weight of the composite leaf spring when contrasted with the steel leaf spring. The leaf spring was displayed in catiav5r20 and the investigation was finished utilizing ANSYS 17.02 programming.

In today's generation, fossil exploitation and fuel consumption has resulted to effects like global warming and pollution. And Bicycles are the best favorite choice when it comes to issues like health, environment and pollution. Several researches have been done in order to ride for the passenger comfortable over the years. Different variants have been developed for various applications like mountain bikes, commuter bikes and racing bikes. This paper presents the in-wheel suspension which is designed such that the suspension is integrated within the wheel for better comfort and higher shock-absorption purpose. Smooth ride is offered to you. Loop wheel springs are usually made up of a composite material carefully developed to offer optimum compression and lateral stability as well as strength and durability. The three loops in every wheel work along as a self-correcting system. This spring system between the hub and the rim of the wheel provides suspension that continuously adjusts to uneven terrain cushioning the rider from abnormalities in the road wheel. The spring configuration permits the torque to be transferred smoothly between the hub and the rim. For this paper the loopwheel is designed using C10 and C20 material in CATIA and the analysis is carried on in ANSYS Workbench 14.5 to determine the force acting in the wheel, the principle stresses and maximum deflection.

Thepresent article givesinformation on design of steel and composite coil spring for two-wheelerapplication. The reason to develop the composite coil spring is to minimize the weight of coil spring. In this article, study has been done on a two-wheeler vehicle. Dimensions of the exiting steel coil spring are measured. The load on the spring has been calculated mathematically. Deflection, shear stress, weight and stiffness are calculated using dimensions of existing steel coil spring https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20150480

The present paper having a work on Design and analysis of composite leaf spring. The analysis has been conducted by using ANSYS-14.5 workbench software with the help of static structural tool. Two composite leaf springs with full length leave made of E-Glass fiber and Carbon fiber composite material has been used. The results of Conventional steel leaf spring have been compared with the present results obtained for composite leaf spring. Carbon fiber material is better in strength and lighter in weight as compared to the conventional steel leaf spring as well as Glass fiber leaf spring. We worked on different loading condition to validated UTM result with hand calculation and ANSYS result.

Corbels are the structural members that transfer the horizontal and vertical load from beams to wall or column element. Corbels projecting from the faces of reinforced concrete columns are extensively used in precast concrete construction to support the primary beam and girders. Corbels are structural members characterized by a shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d), generally lower than unity. Arc corbel has better stress performance than other shaped corbel and also bear the crane loads. It is provided to support rails and support the end spans of the double cantilever balanced reinforced concrete bridges. Corrugated Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (CSFRC) is a concrete with short, discrete lengths of steel fibers which are randomly dispersed. This paper illustrates the effect of shear span-to-depth ratio on load deformation behavior of Corrugated Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete arc corbel. The structure that generates comparatively small deformation within the applied load can be considered as relatively safe. Corrugated Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with 1% steel fiber is used in the current study. The shear span-todepth ratios adopted for the study are 0.1, 0.15, 0.2. The analysis of the structure has been carried out using ANSYS Software.

Helical compression springs are used generally in fuel injection system of diesel engines, where it undergoes cyclic loading for more than 10 8 numbers of cycles. In order to predict probable failure positions in helical compression springs, used in fuel injection system, along the length of the spring at inner side, finite element analyses was carried out, using ABAQUS 6.10. The simulation results show an oscillatory behaviour of stresses along the length at inner side. It was confirmed that the oscillation was due to bending involved with compression. It was also revealed that the bending was due to the geometry of springs. Shear stresses along the length of the spring were found to be asymmetrical and with local maxims at starting of each middle coil. The asymmetry was due to the end coil smaller than 360 degrees.

The paper handles the fatigue and failing analysis of serial shot-peened leaf springs of cumbersome vehicles emphasizing on the impact of shot peening on fatigue life, coping with automotive leaf springs, the shot peening method turns into an important step in production.In the situation of leaf spring suspensions, however, asystematic research of the effect of shot peening about fatigue life isstill required. Experimental stress-life curves are determined with the aid of the usage of investigating clean specimen subjected to shot peening. those test consequences are as compared to corresponding ones identified from cyclic three-point test on shot peened serial leaf springs in order to show the influence of applied heat treatment and shot peening approach on fatigue existence of high-strength used to get leaf spring manufacturing, reliant on the load level. Analyses are performed to explain the effects resulting from shot peening practice on the surface features of the high-strength...

In steel construction, cold-formed structural members are becoming more popular and have growing importance. Its growing popularity in building construction is due to its advantages over other construction materials such as lightness and consequent ease of erection and installation, the economy in transportation and handling. They are mostly used in the construction field as both primary and secondary structural members due to their advantageous features such as high strength to weight ratio, easy handling, fast construction, etc. Cold-formed steel is the common term for steel products shaped by cold working processes carried out near room temperature. The objective of this study is to examine the performance of CFS column subjected to loading. Numerical investigations are carried out by using finite element analysis software ANSYS. Using the ANSYS software the bucking behavior of CFS lipped and unlipped columns with different configurations are examined.

Deep drawing is popular sheet metal forming process. Deep drawing process is the most common metal forming process frequently used in automobile industry, the packaging industry and the house hold appliances industry to manufacture products with more complicated shapes and curvatures. Any metal that can be processed into sheet form by a rolling process should be sufficiently ductile to be capable of deep drawing. Both hot and cold rolled sheet products are used in deep drawing processes. The basic theories governing the deep drawing are based on application of theory of plasticity to the deep drawing process. It is very difficult to apply these theories and arrive at a general solution which can handle any arbitrary geometry. The idea of finite element analysis is to find the solution of complicated problem in relatively easy way. The finite element analysis has been a powerful tool for the numerical solution of a wide range of engineering problem. There are some possible failures likely occur during the process, like wrinkling, necking, scratching and surface defects. As thinner materials tend to be used in automotive industry, wrinkling has become the most important problem among the other defects. The study also aims to investigate wrinkling and its prevention. For this purpose, the commercial finite element analysis code Explicit Dynamic FEM model will be used.

Suspensions are the important machine element of rail road vehicle which absorb the shocks and vibration during tracking, curving and also protect the axle movement. The helical compression type of spring is used to allow axial deformation and als o provide some lateral deformation at curvature. A freight rail vehicle has the frequent failure of primary suspension with major emphasis on the failure of composite spring of central axle of both frames. The failure investigation starts with the material analysis by experimentation for chemical composition for different failed specimen of springs using spectrometer. It is continued to the stress analysis with respect to the mechanical properties of material by analytical and finite element analysis at var ious loading conditions. The material and stress analysis revealed that the failure occurs due to design incompetency by increase of stresses at curvature and at maximum tractive efforts at various speed.

A suspension system is a crucial part of the vehicle system which assists in handling the vehicle and safety of the occupants. From leaf spring type suspension to multi-link suspension and modern adaptive suspension systems, different modifications and researches are practiced to enhance dynamic characteristics of suspension optimizing drivability and ride comfort. The presented study focuses on the analysis of double wishbone suspension system. The components used and working of this suspension are also explained as well as the numerical calculation for creation of the spring is presented. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is carried out using Simscale software. The suspension is analyzed through static analysis and results show acceptable values.

The Federation Internationale de L'Autobile (FIA) has been working on improving safety of drivers in open wheel racing series. Numerous incidents caused serious impacts on drivers' lives. The car-to-car collision, car to environment collision and injuries due to flying debris are common threats to these drivers. In 2016 the introduction of Halo surrounding the cockpit was appreciated by the FIA. The following study includes the analysis of this Halo system using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The dynamic, static and modal analysis is carried out with the help of Simscale software and the results obtained showed the values under permissible levels.

The proposed concept in this project is to use vibrations to replace human labor of eliminating air bubbles from concrete blocks with the help of a vibrating motor arrangement. Concrete is made up of aggregate, water, and cement in a composite form. They generate a mass fluid that can be easily molded into different shapes for varied functions when combined in certain ratios. Concrete must be free of entrapped air and voids to achieve the appropriate strengths. Concrete consolidation is used to accomplish this. The process of eliminating entrapped air from a concrete mold is known as consolidation. Unbalanced eccentric assembly, stand frame, top plate as platform, springs, spring suspension system, and electric motor are the primary components. A lot of mistakes should be made when a person works by hand. It also required lots of workers and production does not come in required amount during that day so the vibrating table will save time as well as money. The removal of these spaces enhances the exterior surface of the molded concrete, allowing for the use of less water with cement, resulting in a considerably stronger finished product, and this was accomplished using a vibrating table. The goal of this project is to build a concrete vibrating table that efficiently ensures concrete consolidation for a better product. These concrete molds can be used to make concrete roof tiles and concrete paving bricks. Although there are various existing vibrating tables, our job was to develop and maybe manufacture an improved vibrating table using locally available materials.

The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with fiberglass composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. In this paper reducing weight of vehicles and increasing or maintaining the strength of their spare parts is considered. As leaf spring contributes considerable amount of weight to the vehicle and needs to be strong enough, a single E-glass/Epoxy leaf spring is designed following the design rules of the composite materials considering static loading only. The constant cross section design of leaf springs is employed to take advantages of ease of design analysis and its manufacturing process. And it is shown that the resulting design stresses are much below the strength properties of the material, satisfying the maximum stress failure criterion. The designed composite leaf spring has also achieved its acceptable fatigue life. This particular design is made specifically for light weight vehicles.

Recently the automobile industries are showing profound interest in the replacement of steel springs with composite leaf springs. The objective of this paper is to study and compare the load carrying capacity and weight savings of mono leaf composite spring with that of steel leaf spring and hence obtain the suitable spring of minimum weight proficient of bearing a given static load without failure. The design constraints are stress and deflection. Employing the results of the steel leaf spring, a hybrid composite spring composed of E-glass/Epoxy and Carbon/Epoxy is designed and analyzed using ANSYS. The finite element results displaying stresses and deflections are plotted. Compared to the conventional steel spring, the hybridized composite spring experience far lower stresses and the spring weight without eye units is nearly 55% lower, 70% lesser stress.

The main objective of this work was to investigate the influence of graphene reinforcement on natural frequency and mode shapes of epoxy / glass fibre / graphene hybrid composites. The graphene of 3, 4 and 5 wt.% were dispersed in the epoxy resin by ultra-sonication, then the hybrid composite laminates were fabricated by hand layup technique Damping characteristics of the developed hybrid composite laminates were determined experimentally using Model test rig and numerical method using ANSYS workbench. The natural frequencies of the first three modes for the hybrid composites were increased by 8.05, 6.64 and 1.09% due to the presence of graphene leading to higher global stiffness. On the other hand, the damping ratio of the first three modes for the hybrid composites decreased by 35.29, 57.63 and 49.25%, respectively, because of the decrease in surface area available for energy dissipation caused by the graphene reinforcement. The numerical validation revealed that the deviation for the first mode is higher as compared to the other two modes

The present work is to emphasizing the reduction in weight of suspension system by using composite materials instead of customary leaf springs. Also improve the level of suspension by using of composite materials. The leaf spring is one of the potential items for weight reduction in automobiles as it accounts for 10%-20% of the unsprang weight. The process is beginning with the selection of composite materials. The selection process is focused to the checking of property of the material be chosen. After the verification, the manufacturing is done by the proper methods. Then the design calculation is done for both ordinary and novel spring system. Based on the results, the design calculation for deflection and weight of springs is compared.

A suspension system or compression coil spring is designed to reduce shock impulse, and generate kinetic energy. The coil spring operation is to dissipate or absorb energy. it also absorbs the shock generated by road irregularities in a vehicle, results in enhanced ride quality, and an increase in ride comfort due to reduction of disturbances. In a movement of a vehicle on a road when the wheels meet with a bump, the spring undergoes compression load. This load compresses the spring and try to return to its original loaded length which in the process of rebounding go past its normal height, results in lifting the body. The extended length of the coil due to rebound tries to contract which way past its normal length and again rebound occurs with lower amplitude. This bouncing process of the coil occurs repeatedly until it finally stops. If this bouncing process occurs without any control, it causes uncomfortable ride and also leads to difficult handling of the vehicle. Therefore, designing of spring in the suspension system is very important. In this work, a coil spring is designed and a 3D model is created using CATIA V5. The model is also changed by geometrical modification of the coil. Structural analysis is carried out on the different geometries of coil spring. Structural analysis is done to analyse the strength through stress calculation using ANSYS. The results are compared for the designed coil spring geometries. CATIA is the standard 3D product design software and ANSYS is a general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into very small pieces (of user-designated size) called element.

This paper reviews some of the general study on the design, analysis and fabrication of composite leaf spring. Leaf springs are one of the oldest suspension components they are still frequently used, especially in commercial vehicles. The literature has indicated a growing interest in the replacement of steel spring with composite leaf spring.The suspension system in a vehicle significantly affects the behavior of vehicle, i.e. vibration characteristics including ride comfort, stability etc. Leaf springs are commonly used in the vehicle suspension system and are subjected to millions of varying stress cycles leading to fatigue failure. A lot of research has been done for improving the performance of leaf spring. Lot of materials are used for leaf spring .but it is found that fiberglass material has better strength characteristic and lighter in weight as compare to steel for leaf spring. In this paper the author is reviewed few papers on use of alternate materials and effect of material on leaf spring performance.