Design Computation

This paper reports on an experiment to test the feasibility of using a diagramming tool to access an architectural knowledge base. Our hypothesis is that designers only use a small set o conventional elements to make diagrams of architect concepts. If this true, then a scheme for retrieving information from computer knowledge bases using diagrams would work. Therefore we asked designers to make diagrams from texts, to interpret'. diagrams into texts, to pair diagrams and texts, and to comment on existing pars from the case base. We found from the experiment that common features are shared between different designers' diagrams and texts.

Modularisation is a well-known method of reducing code complexity, yet architects are unlikely to modularise their visual scripts. In this paper the impact that modules used in visual scripts have on the architectural design process is investigated with regard to legibility, collaboration, reuse and design modification. Through a series of thinking-aloud interviews, and through the collaborative design and construction of the parametric Dermoid pavilion, modules are found to impact the culture of collaborative design in architecture through relatively minor alterations to how architects organise visual scripts.

The upcoming GNSS Galileo, with its new satellite geometry and frequency plan, will not only bring many benefits for navigation and positioning but also help to improve ionosphere delay estimation. This paper investigates ionosphere estimation with Galileo and compares it with the results from GPS-only and combined GPS-Galileo. The standard deviation of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) at a certain location can improve significantly by 40 per cent. Various Galileo configurations are considered to assess the differences in frequency plan and signals to be used. The IGS network, which is involved in producing the current IGS Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) is used in the simulation for more realistic results. A more accurate GIM will in its turn improve navigation and positioning performance.

The upcoming GNSS Galileo, with its new satellite geometry and frequency plan, will not only bring many benefits for navigation and positioning but also help to improve ionosphere delay estimation. This paper investigates ionosphere estimation with Galileo and compares it with the results from GPS-only and combined GPS-Galileo. The standard deviation of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) at a certain location can improve significantly by 40 per cent. Various Galileo configurations are considered to assess the differences in frequency plan and signals to be used. The IGS network, which is involved in producing the current IGS Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) is used in the simulation for more realistic results. A more accurate GIM will in its turn improve navigation and positioning performance.

This research paper presents a knowledge-based system for creative design tools (CDT). The main aim of the developed CDT system is to provide designers with a flexible creative design environment to enhance their creative design thinking. Several creative thinking tools are developed and integrated with constructive knowledge databases to widen the search space and expand the design domain. CDT incorporates: a user interface, creativity tools, knowledge databases and five design modules namely: preparation, concept generation, design development, evaluation, and detailed design. A case study is discussed and demonstrated to validate the developed system.

The upcoming GNSS Galileo, with its new satellite geometry and frequency plan, will not only bring many benefits for navigation and positioning but also help to improve ionosphere delay estimation. This paper investigates ionosphere estimation with Galileo and compares it with the results from GPS-only and combined GPS-Galileo. The standard deviation of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) at a certain location can improve significantly by 40 per cent. Various Galileo configurations are considered to assess the differences in frequency plan and signals to be used. The IGS network, which is involved in producing the current IGS Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) is used in the simulation for more realistic results. A more accurate GIM will in its turn improve navigation and positioning performance.

The upcoming GNSS Galileo, with its new satellite geometry and frequency plan, will not only bring many benefits for navigation and positioning but also help to improve ionosphere delay estimation. This paper investigates ionosphere estimation with Galileo and compares it with the results from GPS-only and combined GPS-Galileo. The standard deviation of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) at a certain location can improve significantly by 40 per cent. Various Galileo configurations are considered to assess the differences in frequency plan and signals to be used. The IGS network, which is involved in producing the current IGS Global Ionosphere Map (GIM) is used in the simulation for more realistic results. A more accurate GIM will in its turn improve navigation and positioning performance.

2,3,4 {jonas.runberger|malgorzata.zboinska|vladimir. ondejcik}@white.es In this paper we address the problem of knowledge management in architectural design computation practice, reflecting on our practice at Dsearch-a design computation network within White arkitekter. As a means to investigate relevant aspects of visual scripting, we introduce the notions of code, algorithm and note. We also introduce two different modes of operation within architectural practice: morphology and development-which help us distinguish the diverse knowledge types typically occurring in the structure of visual scripts. We describe two sets of tools developed by Dsearch to continuously integrate planning and documentation with design development work. The main conclusion from our practical experience of this approach is that it allows critical reflection into an efficient workflow. This constitutes a new kind of practice based and action oriented knowledge that can be curated in the form of design narratives.

DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

Fuzzy modeling provides methods and techniques for qualifying and quantifying imprecise and uncertain information. The main advantages of fuzzy design representation are fluency, abstraction and continuity, at a level similar to that of analogue techniques, as well as the possibility of local autonomy, i.e. segmentation of a representation into self-regulating and cooperating components. The paper investigates the applicability of fuzziness to digital architectural sketching of floor plan layouts. Based on an analysis of the paradigmatic dimension in analogue floor plan sketches three alternative forms are proposed: (1) Canonical objects with tolerances, (2) objects described by minimal and maximal values, and (3) point sets which decompose the form of an object into a number of discrete, autonomous particles that describe the object by their position and spatial or structural relationships.

DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal. If the publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the "Taverne" license above, please follow below link for the End User Agreement:

In order to develop appropriate tools for decision support in design processes, it is necessary to found them on an understanding of design. Analytical techniques of design processes that have a direct relationship with tool development can enhance design support systems development. The paper focuses on a design support system in the VR-DIS research program. The aim of this research program is to develop insight in the architectural design process and to establish design tools for architects working in Virtual Reality. The basic approach for data modelling in VR in this research is based on an extension of the Feature Based Modelling paradigm taken from design in mechanical engineering. The computer model of the design in the system is a Feature-based model. This paper describes design processes in terms of changes in the Feature-based model of the design. For this purpose, a case of a house design is used. Drawings in the conceptual design phase up to the preliminary design phase are studied. Each state of the drawings is described in terms of a Feature-model. Particular design actions such as creation of spaces, definition of architectural elements, and changes during the design process can be expressed in terms of changes in the Feature-model. Because of the use of Features, the changes can be formalised in the VR-DIS system. The description in terms of Features offers an analytical tool that leads to a functional brief for design support tools. The paper ends with a discussion of implications and future work. This definition reflects four important aspects of Feature modelling in the architectural context: (i) a Feature has high-level information with semantic meaning. (ii) Both physical and non-physical characteristics and concepts can be defined. (iii) Definition and use of emerging Features during design is supported, and (iv) A Feature relates to a particular view in the life-cycle of a building. (Van Leeuwen 1998a) provides a Feature modelling framework for the development of information modelling systems for support of architectural design.

A brief survey of the expressive power of Shape Machine, a new shape grammar interpreter, is presented. The work is presented in two parts: A brief presentation of a series of shape computations that have been routinely used as benchmarks for the design tasks a shape grammar interpreter should be able to accomplish; and a brief exploration of design applications in various domains, namely, product modeling, mechanical and architectural design to suggest possibilities for new design workflows and/or new trajectories in new domains too. Some speculations on the future of the technology pertaining to its potential usage in a new paradigm of programming with shapes (programming by drawing) and/or the envision of a new paradigm of a physical computer are presented in the end.

The shape grammar formalism has offered a visual, rulebased framework for interpreting architectural languages for over forty years. However, the ability to implement grammars within a technology that allows for direct engagement with shape rules and productions so that they can be dynamically simulated, shared, understood, modified, and brought into a more active theoretical dialogue is only partially achieved. The work here asks how a new technology that allows shape rules to be implemented by drawing shapes to specify scripts instead of writing code can reinvigorate shape computation to advance formal analysis and synthesis in architectural research. More precisely, a case study to implement an analog grammar on John Portman's domestic language with a new shape grammar interpreter, the Shape Machine, is presented to take on this question. The results are illustrated as a visual catalog of sample designs generated in the software. The results suggest further insights on Portman's language of the house prompted by the machine-based specification.

Two formal exercises in hotel composition are presented. In both, the hospitality work of the architect John Portman is the focus. His language of hollow forms is addressed following his unique claim on the organizing principles found in his 1964 house, Entelechy I. The first exercise outlines a generative specification for his atrium hotel language in a parametric shape grammar informed by the logic of the house that generates an atrium hotel prototype. The second exercise speculates with a sketch on how transformation grammars can yield various configurations to explore Portman’s atrium hotel language for a series of initial shapes. The overall goal of the research is to progress an ongoing effort to build a constructive theory on Portman’s architectural language as explored for a variety of scales and contexts.

A workshop in formal composition using machine-based specifications of parametric shape rules is presented. The workshop is structured along two different trajectories: one starting from existing grammars and one starting from scratch, and both in a rising complexity in the specification of the rules and the ways they affect design. Rules, productions and designs in corresponding languages illustrate the findings.

In arehíteetural design, sketehing is an important means to explore the first coneeptual developments in the design proeess. It is neeessary to understand the conventíons ojdepiction and eneoding in sketehes and dmwings ifwe want to support the arehiteet in the sketching aetivity.

The paper discusses the differences between teaching CAAD by using standard software ("off-theshelf"-software) and teaching the principles of CAAD ("principles-teaching"). The paper distinguishes four kinds of application for design systems in education: social systems, professional systems, educational systems, and innovative systems. The paper furthermore proposes to distinguish between computational issues and architectural issues relative to design systems. It appears that there is not a principled distinction between software-teaching and principles-teaching when it comes to computational issues of design systems. However, when the architectural content of CAAD systems is concerned, then principles of CAAD systems seem to be more appropriate for teaching. The paper presents work on generic representations as a specific case. Generic representations can be used to teach one particular kind of architectural content of design systems. The paper ends with conclusions.