Decentralized education governance

Humanity stands at a threshold where the old systems—education, justice, economy, health, and even our understanding of consciousness and the universe—can no longer sustain the challenges of our age. Evolving and Civilizing: The New Age of Consciousness presents a manifesto for a new civilization grounded in universal ethics, transhumanist synergy, and the integration of human and artificial intelligence. This work explores the failures of current structures and proposes transformative pathways toward decentralized education, restorative justice, cooperative economies, holistic health, and an expanded, universal consciousness. It argues that the survival and flourishing of humanity depend on a conscious evolution that transcends outdated ideologies and embraces a new paradigm of coexistence, creativity, and wisdom. The book serves not only as a visionary guide but also as a practical roadmap for building a civilization aligned with both cosmic order and human dignity.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17211056

The number and applications of IoT devices have increased dramatically in recent years. This issue has caused a continuous increase in security risks and vulnerabilities associated with these devices. One of the main challenges in the Internet of things environment is the threat of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The SYN attack is one of the most important attacks of this type that has spread in recent years. Despite a lot of research in the field of detection and prevention of SYN attacks, attackers can easily evade detection mechanisms using advanced tools and techniques. This issue causes several problems in realtime detection of such deadly attacks. In this article, after the description of the SYN attack, the detection and prevention methods of this attack have been investigated in two groups of end host strategies and network based strategies. Finally, open issues and challenges that need the attention of researchers in this field are introduced. This research sheds light on the significant potential of various SYN attack methods in IoT and thus provides valuable insights to IoT security researchers.

This study aims to investigate the impact of cyberattacks on digital audit processes using the Becker criminal theory. This theory focuses on the cost-benefit analysis of criminal behavior and provides a framework for understanding the motivations of cybercriminals when confronting digital audit infrastructures. This research used a qualitative method with a theme analysis approach. Data were collected by studying documents and reports related to cyber-attacks and interviewing experts in the field of auditing and cybersecurity in 2024. We reached information saturation with 15 people. Data analysis was performed using Max Coda theme analysis software. The findings showed that cyberattacks have multiple impacts on digital auditing, which can be categorized into five main axes: Direct impacts of attacks: Cyberattacks directly affect the accuracy, integrity, and efficiency of digital audit systems. Risks and costs: Increased security costs and legal risks can limit these behaviors. Preventive measures: These measures can significantly reduce the vulnerability of organizations. Increased costs and reduced productivity: Attacks have increased security costs and reduced the efficiency of audit teams. Benefits of cyber attackers: Attackers exploit security weaknesses to obtain sensitive information and financial benefits. Social and ethical implications: Reduced trust in digital audit systems and concerns related to maintaining information confidentiality are key consequences. Cyberattacks have a significant negative impact on the efficiency and security of digital auditing. Becker's theory suggests that creating deterrence through increasing the costs of committing crime (such as harsher penalties and strengthening security systems) can have a positive impact on reducing these threats. Also, considering the increasing importance of digital audit in the modern world, dealing with cyber attacks is not only a technical need but also a strategic necessity. Previous research shows that cyber attacks have become one of the main challenges in digital audit processes. By combining original criminal theory and thematic analysis, this study provides a new approach to understanding the motivations of cybercriminals and suggests solutions to strengthen security and trust in digital auditing. These findings can be used as a scientific and practical reference for managers, auditors, and researchers.

This article delves into the theoretical underpinnings and policy imperatives crucial for understanding and reforming Elementary Teacher Education Institutions (ETEIs) in Bihar. It argues that the challenges confronting teacher education in the state, exemplified by its low educational quality indices, necessitate a profound examination beyond mere empirical evaluation. By synthesizing the historical evolution of teacher education in India and Bihar, analyzing key national policy frameworks such as the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, and critically reviewing existing literature, this paper identifies significant conceptual and systemic issues. The discussion highlights the complex mandate of ETEIs, the persistent gap between policy ideals and ground realities, and the theoretical implications of structural and pedagogical deficiencies. It posits that a robust theoretical grounding, which acknowledges historical legacies, socio-political influences, and the multifaceted nature of teacher development, is essential for formulating effective strategies to improve the quality and relevance of elementary teacher education in Bihar, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of the broader educational ecosystem.

This article delves into the theoretical underpinnings and policy imperatives crucial for understanding and reforming Elementary Teacher Education Institutions (ETEIs) in Bihar. It argues that the challenges confronting teacher education in the state, exemplified by its low educational quality indices, necessitate a profound examination beyond mere empirical evaluation. By synthesizing the historical evolution of teacher education in India and Bihar, analyzing key national policy frameworks such as the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, and critically reviewing existing literature, this paper identifies significant conceptual and systemic issues. The discussion highlights the complex mandate of ETEIs, the persistent gap between policy ideals and ground realities, and the theoretical implications of structural and pedagogical deficiencies. It posits that a robust theoretical grounding, which acknowledges historical legacies, socio-political influences, and the multifaceted nature of teacher development, is essential for formulating effective strategies to improve the quality and relevance of elementary teacher education in Bihar, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of the broader educational ecosystem.

This study examined the repercussion and lessons learnt on failure to automate records at the National Archives of Zimbabwe, Chinhoyi Records centre. The study used a mixed methodology with the intention of triangulating the results. Data were collected from the National Archives of Zimbabwe, Chinhoyi Records centre staff, government departments and other users through interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis. The study sample included six (6) employees from the National Archives of Zimbabwe and four (4) Record Management Supervisors from the government departments who were operating during the lockdown. The purposive sampling technique was employed. The study findings revealed access to records and archives was affected especially at the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ) where the use of electronic technologies is still at its infant stage and automation of records and archives is moving at a snail pace. According to the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) under national objectives government units must adopt and implement procedures to develop efficiency and competence. However, this was not the case with the NAZ Chinhoyi Records Centre during Covid-19 lockdown from 29 March 2019 to July 2021. The study findings revealed that Government departments, local authorities and parastatals that were operating during the Covid 19 lockdown failed to access their records on time as the archival institution was temporarily closed in a bid to control the spreading of coronavirus. The study recommends that NAZ need to adopt an Electronic Records Management Systems (ERMS). In addition, the NAZ must also develop a cloud storage for its records as well as making sure that records and archives can be accessed virtually by government departments and other users who deposits their materials at the Centre.

The global academic publishing ecosystem continues to reproduce deep structural inequities that systematically disadvantage scholars from the Global South, particularly those in ASEAN nations. These inequities are sustained through editorial gatekeeping, methodological imperialism, linguistic exclusion, and economic barriers, all of which privilege Western epistemic traditions while marginalizing alternative knowledge systems. This paper introduces the Helix Originator framework as both a technological innovation and an ethical response to these entrenched disparities. By formalizing YouTube University, a decentralized, video-based learning ecosystem, the framework establishes a credible, inclusive, and globally accessible model for knowledge validation that operates outside the hegemonic structures of conventional academia. Integrating principles of Decentralized Science (DeSci), artificial intelligence (AI)-driven curation, blockchain-secured credentials, and persistent digital object identifiers (DOIs), Helix Originator reimagines how knowledge is created, validated, and recognized. It is not merely an educational tool but a transformative intervention in the politics of knowledge. It is designed to dismantle gatekeeping, empower marginalized voices, and enable epistemic justice on a global scale.

The traditional structure of higher education, rooted in 19th-century disciplinary silos, is increasingly misaligned with 21st-century challenges such as artificial intelligence, climate change, and globalization. This paper proposes a radical redesign of faculty academic structures through interdisciplinary "knowledge hubs," replacing rigid departments with problem-centered units (e.g., "Digital Society," "Planetary Health"). Drawing on global case studies (MIT, Utrecht University) and mixed-methods research (surveys, policy analysis), we demonstrate how this model enhances graduate employability, fosters collaborative research, and addresses complex societal problems. Key innovations include stackable micro-credentials, AI-augmented curricula, and systems-driven governance. We also identify barriers to implementation (tenure policies, accreditation rigidity) and provide actionable solutions for universities, policymakers, and accreditors. The study concludes with a roadmap for phased adoption, arguing that interdisciplinary restructuring is not merely beneficial but essential for the survival of higher education in a rapidly evolving world.

With the emergence of quantum computers, traditional cryptographic methods will be compromised and lose their effectiveness. Fortunately, DNA-based cryptographic methods exhibit high resistance against quantum attacks. However, these methods have not yet been employed for securing Persian texts. Additionally, DNA encryption methods require a secure communication channel for sharing the secret key. Therefore, this paper presents a new cryptosystem to ensure the confidentiality of Persian texts based on DNA cryptography. Furthermore, considering the widespread use of images in public media, the capability to encrypt images has also been incorporated into this scheme. In the proposed method, the Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography (HECC) system is utilized to generate a shared secret key between communicating parties, eliminating the need for a secure channel. DNA hybridization technology is also employed for message encryption and decryption to minimize the computational complexity of the cryptographic algorithm. Performance evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme reduces computational overhead and exhibits lower energy consumption compared to previous approaches.

This study investigates how decentralized, industry-linked learning hubs can address Africa's enduring higher education challenges of access, affordability, and employability. It proposes a scalable framework combining the African Leadership University (ALU)'s multi-city model with the Community Services Association (CSA) Rwanda's district-based learning ecosystem. The study is guided by three research questions: RQ1: What systemic enablers support the diffusion of industry-linked university hubs in Africa? RQ2: What key barriers limit diffusion, and how do they vary across countries? RQ3: How can proven models (e.g., ALU, CSA) be adapted and costed for scale? (2)Methodology. A qualitative comparative analysis was conducted using 35 high-credibility secondary sources filtered via a PRISMA-adapted protocol from an initial 245 records (2010-2025). Four cases-ALU, CSA, Ashesi University, and UNICAF-were analyzed through the lenses of Diffusion of Innovation, Triple Helix, and Experiential Learning theory. Although the study relies exclusively on secondary sources, we applied light-touch text-mining in MAXQDA: policy documents were tokenised, stop-words removed, and coded with an unsupervised LDA algorithm (k = 6) to surface latent themes that triaged sources for qualitative comparative analysis; no clustering or association-rule modelling was undertaken. Visual tools-including causal-loop diagrams, scorecards, and a Gantt-style scale-up roadmapsupported synthesis. (3) Findings. Five core enablers emerged: policy alignment, institutional autonomy, Triple Helix linkages, diversified finance, and contextualized curricula. Barriers included regulatory rigidity, funding fragility, governance gaps, and digital divides. The proposed Pan-African Learning Hub Framework blends ALU's experiential pedagogy with CSA's grassroots model, enabling vertical progression from districtlevel cooperatives to regional research hubs. A three-year scale-up plan (USD 400-4,000 per student/year) suggests viability under flexible policy conditions. (4) Research Limitations / Implications. Secondary-data reliance constrains causal attribution and excludes francophone/North African contexts. Field validation and financial modeling are recommended for future work. (5) Practical Implications. Policymakers and institutions can use this framework to pilot scalable, employment-linked hubs without constructing new campuses. (6) Originality / Value. This is the first study to align Africa-wide policy ambitions with operational design and costing of university-linked hub models.

Early childhood education is often praised in theory, yet constrained in practice. Though inspired by pioneers like Froebel, Montessori, and Malaguzzi, many modern systems reduce early learning to supervision, worksheets, and branding. This article proposes a reimagined framework for educating young learners; one that is playful, decentralized, co-created, and ethically supported by technology. Drawing from both historic wisdom and emerging global innovations, we explore how blockchain portfolios, AI-assisted co-planning, localized materials, and teacherled learning networks can make early education more responsive, equitable, and joyful. With examples from China, New Zealand, Uganda, and beyond, this vision is not about inventing a new model; it's about reclaiming the one we've long known, and finally putting it into practice.

This paper examines the organisational setup of ETEIs in Bihar, that is, the role of the state education department and other stakeholders-including institutions for teacher education, governing boards and instructors. The quality of elementary education in India is innately linked with the groundwork and training of teachers. It identifies the present mechanisms of governance at both state and local levels with an analysis of strengths and weaknesses of the administrative and operational models adopted by the institutions. The findings of the study are used to provide policy recommendations aimed at strengthening governance structures, improving quality assurance processes, and enhancing the professional development of teacher educators. Hence, this paper explores the structures of governance, quality assurance measures, and what impact they hold on teacher preparation, professional development, and eventually educational outcomes in these institutions.

This paper examines the organisational setup of ETEIs in Bihar, that is, the role of the state education department and other stakeholders-including institutions for teacher education, governing boards and instructors. The quality of elementary education in India is innately linked with the groundwork and training of teachers. It identifies the present mechanisms of governance at both state and local levels with an analysis of strengths and weaknesses of the administrative and operational models adopted by the institutions. The findings of the study are used to provide policy recommendations aimed at strengthening governance structures, improving quality assurance processes, and enhancing the professional development of teacher educators. Hence, this paper explores the structures of governance, quality assurance measures, and what impact they hold on teacher preparation, professional development, and eventually educational outcomes in these institutions.

Social systems rely heavily on outcome-based judgment. When harm occurs, the intent behind actions is often ignored or misread, leading to polarization, resentment, and reputational decay. Current systems—legal, reputational, algorithmic—lack a voluntary framework for individuals to record original intent, acknowledge relational rupture, and demonstrate reparative action.
We propose Akshara, a decentralized, narrative-attestation protocol. Like Bitcoin replaced financial trust with cryptographic proof, Akshara proposes to replace moral gatekeeping with voluntary narrative timestamping and peer-verified resonance restoration.
Human cognition is asymmetrically biased: individuals tend to judge others by the outcome of their actions, yet expect to be judged by their own intent. This asymmetry erodes trust, fosters misinterpretation, and fractures shared understanding—especially in complex emotional, relational, or historical contexts. The Akshara Protocol is proposed as a decentralized, symbolic attestation system that counters this bias by anchoring truth not in outcome alone, but in intent, validated through self-witnessing and peer resonance. It allows for redemption actions which allows demonstrable resonance gained when impacted nodes acknowledge a restorative act.
Akshara operates on four key truths:
• Voluntary: All participation—lodging, witnessing, acknowledging—is by conscious choice.
• Resilient: Entries are immutable, but meaning can evolve through redemptive addenda.
• Decentralized: Any individual can act as a node in the relational web.
• Redemptive: Harm, once recognized, can be addressed through intentional, symbolic or practical acts witnessed by others.
Rather than punishing or pardoning, Akshara functions as a mirror: it records, reflects, and recalibrates relational dynamics by tracking how redemptive efforts realign emotional and ethical coherence over time. By decentralizing moral memory and foregrounding reparative agency, the protocol offers a scalable framework for relational accountability, participatory ethics, and the co-creation of trustworthy digital and interpersonal networks.

UID/SOC/04647/2013 UID/ELT/00657/2013Este artigo centra‑se na paisagem e na sua mais‑valia na construção da cidadania territorial, dimensão chave da educação geográfica. Apresenta‑se um projeto educativo inovador, sustentado no projeto «Tejo: Paisagem Cultural» e no Observatório da Paisagem do Tejo, enquadrado nos princípios da Convenção Europeia da Paisagem, que visa apoiar a recolha e a troca de informação, bem como o estabelecimento de protocolos e parcerias entre instituições públicas e comunidades locais, numa lógica de governança territorial. O artigo comporta três pilares de ação, que se interligam e comple‑ mentam: a) enquadrar a paisagem no quadro da geografia; b) discutir a mais‑valia da paisagem na construção da cidadania territorial e no ensino‑aprendizagem da geografia; c) apresentar um projeto educativo centrado na paisagem e perspetivado no âmbito da relação escola‑município.publishersversionpublishe

บทคัดย่อ - งานวิจัยนี้ศึกษาปรากฏการณ์ที่เรียกว่า "ประวัติศาสตร์หวนคืน (Historical Recurrence)" โดยเฉพาะในแง่ของการกลับมาของระบบจักรวรรดินิยมและโครงสร้างอำนาจแบบขุนนาง (Aristocratic Power Structure) ที่เคยรุ่งเรืองเมื่อพันปีก่อน แต่มาปรากฏใหม่ภายใต้บริบทของระบบทุนนิยมยุคปัจจุบัน ที่อำนาจและโอกาสถูกผูกขาดโดยกลุ่มทุนใหญ่และเครือข่ายชนชั้นสูงสมัยใหม่ผ่านการเชื่อมโยงทางเครือข่ายเส้นสาย (Cronyism) และอภิสิทธิ์ทางโอกาส (Privileged Opportunities) ส่งผลให้บัณฑิตและผู้มีความสามารถที่ขาดเครือข่ายทางสังคม ไม่มีโอกาสแสดงศักยภาพของตนได้อย่างเต็มที่

This research introduces the Mettanism Life Roadmap, a novel framework designed to guide individuals through a transformative journey towards a sustainable, compassionate society. Unlike traditional economic and social structures that emphasize competition and material accumulation, Mettanism fosters a system rooted in compassion, equitable resource distribution, and community-driven innovation. The roadmap comprises three fundamental life stages: The Awakening Stage (7-25 years), The Transformation Stage (26-50 years), and The Sustainable Contribution Stage (51+ years). Each stage represents a progressive shift in consciousness, career choices, and societal contributions, enabling individuals to move from selfdiscovery to leadership and systemic change. The study outlines a developmental pathway that integrates alternative education, cooperative economies, and decentralized governance to facilitate the transition from a capital-driven society to one based on mutual support and sustainability. This paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach that combines positive psychology, economic models of sharing, and emerging AI governance frameworks to create a feasible implementation of Mettanism at both individual and structural levels.

The integration of digital currencies within Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems represents a transformative shift in organizational finance and supply chain management (Zhao et al., 2022). While existing research has explored digital currencies' broader economic implications (Chen & Wilson, 2023) and ERP implementation challenges (Kumar & Singh, 2021), the intersection of these domains remains understudied. This research investigates how digital currency adoption in ERP systems affects supply chain financial performance through a mixed-methods approach. Drawing on Technology Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989) and Digital Transaction Cost Economics (Thompson & Lee, 2022), we analyzed data from 245 organizations across 15 countries during 2019-2023. Our primary data collection involved structured surveys and semi-structured interviews with ERP managers, while secondary data comprised financial statements and transaction records (n=1,840). Using structural equation modeling and panel data analysis, we found that organizations implementing digital currency in their ERP systems experienced significant improvements in working capital efficiency (23%, p<0.001) and transaction processing times (31% reduction, p<0.001). The study revealed three critical success factors: technological readiness (β=0.67), regulatory compliance frameworks (β=0.58), and organizational change management (β=0.71). These findings extend the work of Martinez and Kumar (2023) on financial technology integration and provide empirical evidence supporting Wang et al.'s (2022) theoretical framework on digital currency adoption. Our research contributes to both academic literature and practitioner understanding by establishing clear linkages between digital currency integration and supply chain performance metrics.

Sometimes, we need to grant access to open ports or services only to specific authorized users, while keeping these ports or services closed, inaccessible, or hidden from others. This necessitates a robust and effective authentication system to distinguish users with access privileges from unauthorized ones. This is where Port Knocking (PK) plays a role, enabling users to gain access to ports or services by sending hidden "knocks" to closed ports.

Port Knocking (PK) is an authentication method where data transfer occurs via closed ports, acting as a highly resilient shield against numerous vulnerabilities, including insecure services and various attacks.

This paper introduces a novel approach titled "Increased Security of Port-Knocking, using tunneling and Internet messages control protocol (SPKT+I)" to mitigate Knocking-DoS attacks by establishing an invisible service, reduce NAT-Knocking attacks through tunneling, and increase the complexity of knock operations using passwords and the simultaneous use of ICMP to prevent sniffing. This method eliminates the need for specialized and complex applications to perform knock operations for users. Furthermore, it has been successfully implemented and executed on the RouterOS operating system and MikroTik devices.

This manuscript introduces Conscious Anarchy, a philosophy designed to align human society with principles of sustainability, equity, and cooperation. It addresses the flaws of current systems – control, inequality, and unsustainable hierarchies – by proposing a transformative framework grounded in decentralized governance, ethical resource distribution, and the responsible use of technology.

Conscious Anarchy fosters a gradual awakening to humanity’s interconnectedness. It emphasizes practical steps such as integrating empathy into education, testing decentralized governance models, and leveraging technology for transparent resource management.

While full transformation may take generations, immediate action is essential. By embracing balance and cooperation, humanity can avert systemic collapse and create a sustainable, equitable future. Conscious Anarchy invites individuals, communities, and institutions to contribute to this shared vision of lasting harmony and collective growth.

Rural Anganwadi services are the backbone of rural healthcare and childcare development in India. Anganwadi centres make available a combined package of facilities including supplementary nutrition, basic healthcare, and preschool education in rural areas. The integrated child development schemes are one of the largest community-rich programmes that provide integrated packages for the child below 6 years and pregnant and lactating mothers in different areas through Anganwadi workers. Anganwadi Services plays a vital role in reducing the stress level and fatigue of the mother by contributing to their nurturing small child. Nutritional level throughout the initial phase of life mostly influences the general health and development of children to achieve the milestone of life. These centres also teach mothers about the importance of nutrition and health, empowering them to better care for their child. In this study an attempt has been made to understand the impact for Anganwadi services on the rural household for the development and also analyse the awareness, knowledge, role and responsibilities of Anganwadi workers in rural area of Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The primary survey was conducted and collected the information of 15 selected villages and 33 Anganwadi centres from Jakhnidhar block in Tehri Garhwal District of Uttarakhand through population basis 165 respondents sample used for analysis of data.

En quel sens utiliser l'expression "intérêt public" (ou "intérêt général", "bien commun" ou encore "public welfare")? Quel est l'objet d'une recherche sur la forme que devrait prendre la gouvernance pour satisfaire aux exigences de l'intérêt public? Notre démarche se veut progressive. En effet, elle n'abordera pas directement la question des conditions d'une gouvernance "dans l'intérêt public" dans les termes plus abstraits de la théorie de l'action. Au contraire, il s'agira de partir de la dynamique interne des débats actuels en théorie de la gouvernance et de montrer comment la confrontation des positions en présence permet de mettre en évidence le "point aveugle" qui les affecte. Son enjeu n'est donc pas de critiquer les approches existantes mais de tester l'hypothèse qu'elles sont affectées d'une limite qui tient à l'insuffisance de leur approche de la théorie de l'action collective.

The governance of teachers during apartheid in South Africa was characterised by high levels of disparity in teacher distribution and in conditions of labour. In the postapartheid context policies and interventions that govern teachers are critical, and teachers can be seen to be placed in a central role as actors whose distribution, employment, recruitment and deployment can serve to redress the past, promote equity and build trust for social cohesion. In this context, this paper examines several teacher governance mechanisms and interventions, namely the post provisioning norm and standards (PPNs), the Funza Lushaka Bursary Programme (FLBP), and the South African Council of Educators. The analysis suggests that undifferentiated policy frameworks for teacher governance result in measures that weakly account for differing contextual realities and persistent inequality. Additionally, the emphasis on technocratic measures of accountability in teacher governance interventions constrains teachers' agency to promote peace and social cohesion.

Digital Decentralization: Ethical Democracy via Blockchain and AI This work is licensed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 public license. Dario de Oliveira Rodrigues (CC) 2024. VIDEO SERIES LEGAL DISCLAIMER This book is provided for informational purposes only and should not be construed as financial, legal, or professional advice. The references to projects and applications of blockchain technology and artificial intelligence merely illustrate the ideas and reflections presented and do not constitute an investment recommendation. The author declines any responsibility for losses or damages resulting from using the information and opinions in this book.

In this article we present the problem of the financial management of the preuniversitary education institutions in Romania in the context of the microeconomic approach of schools, describing the economical metaphor -school as an enterprise with the basic elements of the microeconomic theory. Ifwe speak strictly of educational institutions, it is compulsory to consider the relationship established between the concepts of &quot;ideal education –educational goal -educational objectives&quot;, taking into account different levels of generality.Theaim to obtain better solutions for the financial management of the pre-university school institutions by describing the basic concepts in the field, its dynamic components as well as the structural-systemic ones, of the practices used at this level. The article follows the conceptual, perspective aspects of managing the financially difficult situations which the school organizations are confronted with.We also calledinto questionthe educationa...

példát mutatott az előadási kísérletek esztétikus bemutatására is, Állandóan hangoztatta hallgatói előtt, hogy a legegyszerűbb eszközökkel is igen tanulságos kísérleteket lehet bemutatni, és a leggondosabban felépített kémia tanítási óra sem olyan eredményes kísérletek nélkül, mint bemutató kísérletekkel. Kár, hogy "Vegytani előadási kísérletek" c. és kb. 12 ívnyi terjedelmű könyve kéziratának kiadására nem kerülhetett sor. Eszményi volt a tanárképzés területén a széles látókörű, gyakorlatilag jól képzett, praktikus gondolkodású szakember. Arra törekedett, hogy életet vigyen a könyvekbe és kapcsolatot teremtsen az elvontság és a mindennapi élet tapasztalatai között. Ezt a célt szolgálták mezőgazdasági középiskolai kémia tankönyvei, főiskolai jegyzetei és széles körű természettudományi ismeretterjesztő irodalmi munkássága is. Szívéből áradó optimizmusa, mindig megőrizte kiegyensúlyozott egyéniségét és nemes gondolkodását. Szívügyének tekintette a szociális igazságot, hallgatóinak gondját, baját magáénak is érezte. Mindenkori segítőkészsége közismert volt, és nagyon sokan gondolnak reá hálával és köszönettel.

The standard cost per student is an indicator of substantiating the need for funds to cover the financing base. Standard cost level that of each category of expenditure on basic funding is determined by physical indicators of human and material resource consumption down by laws and government decisions or acts of ministries and central institutions developed specialized.

egyetemi docens, SZTE ÁOK Magatartástudományi Intézet 'coping' vagy megküzdési készség az egyén külső és belső erőinek mozgósítása kognitív, emocionális és magatartási szinten, ami valamely probléma kezelésére irányul (Lazarus, 1993). Egy szituáció értékelése jelentősen meghatározza a helyzetre adott válaszreakciókat s a coping kimenetelét. Az értékelésnek két szintjét különítjük el. Az úgynevezett elsődleges kiértékelés során a helyzet elemzése történik a tekintetben, hogy mennyire érezzük azt fenyegetőnek, veszélyesnek vagy inkább kihívást brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk

This scientific overview explores the application of blockchain technology and smart contracts in the insurance industry. It discusses their impact on various aspects such as claims management, underwriting, policy management, fraud prevention, and emerging trends. The benefits of automation, transparency, and efficiency in claims management are highlighted, along with examples of successful implementation. The potential of blockchain in enhancing underwriting processes and risk assessment through access to trusted data is explained. The advantages of transparent and auditable policy records, policy issuance, and enforcement through smart contracts are discussed. The role of blockchain in combating insurance fraud and its potential to improve trust and transparency are examined. The challenges of scalability, regulation, interoperability, and privacy are addressed, along with strategies for successful adoption. Lastly, the emerging trends of tokenization, parametric insurance, and p...

By transferring decision-making powers and responsibility for the education of local government education system is transformed into a set of decentralized, flexible built educational units in mutual relations of conditioning, and build a whole system of education that has the attributes of more adaptability to the specific economic and social conditions. The basic argument that speaks in favor of decentralization of education is related to improving the allocation of resources, and thus economic efficiency and improving educational outcomes. Within the decentralization of education, the issue of financing primary and secondary education is of particular importance, given the marked differences in the levels of development of individual municipalities in the Republic of Macedonia and the specificity of the existing network of schools. Depending on the decentralization phase, part of the funding through block grants for schools from the central government is transferred to the local government which is obliged to allocate part of the local budgetary funds for the maintenance and development of schools which are within its competence. In this research, research subjects using the questionnaire method are the teachers, professional associates and directors in primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Macedonia. A special segment of the research is the attempt, through a field analysis in educational institutions in the Republic of Macedonia, to perceive the financial aspect within the decentralization of education in the Republic of Macedonia. Macedonia.

The high level of feminization of the school work environment has a direct impact on the level of financial and social valuation of educational professions, in addition to the quality of the work environment (Skelton, 2002; Miškolci, 2020). The consequences are evident: a deepening decline in the attractiveness of educational professions and a persistent disincentive for current education workers to remain in this work environment (Guerriero, 2017). Above all, we have seen a significant long-term decline in interest in studying educational professions in Slovakia and in the motivation of bright young people to go to work in schools positions after graduation (Perignáthová, 2019). Slovakia is one of the countries with the highest rates of feminization of education and gender segregation in the labour market in general (OECD, 2019) – and also one of the countries with the lowest rankings in the valuation and attractiveness of educational professions compared to other OECD countries. The following paper is an overview study. The aim is to identify the critical factors of the issue, compare the situation in Slovakia and other countries, and formulate arguments for a professional discussion on the need to pay attention to gender issues in teaching and education and their implications in the framework of the reform of the Slovak education system. The text is part of the theoretical background to the implementation of other planned research tasks within the research grant project Multidisciplinary Aspects of the Feminization of Education (2022 - 2025). In the following phases of the research, we will verify previously known facts through a quantitative methodology (questionnaire) and discover new facts through a qualitative methodology (school ethnography) in order to propose options within the school microsystem. In addition to theoretical sources, the study also processes through theoretical analysis the findings of previous research (Galiani et al., 2002; Richardson, Watt, 2008; Gillies, 2010; Sahlberg, 2011; Watt et al., 2012; Alger, 2014; Price, Weatherby, 2018; OECD, 2019) and, marginally, the findings of our own survey (questionnaire) among the student body of the Faculty of Arts, Comenius University.
Key words: stereotypes; gender equality; gender segregation in the labour market; motivation to study

Decentralization can be generally described as a process in which selected functions are assigned to sub-national units. The literature identifies number of positive consequences of decentralization which all lead to better satisfaction of citizens' needs for public services. Although decentralization process in Croatia started more than 10 years ago, it still has not been finished. It led to new division of authorities and responsibilities to the local government units, but the level of fiscal decentralization remained lower than in the EU countries.

This paper explores the role of different levels of government in the design, implementation and enforcement of environmental regulatory measures, including environmental financing mechanisms. The first section presents basic theoretical insights of fiscal federalism. Further, it reviews factors which most affect the decision regarding the governmental level to be responsible for environmental protection-externalities, information, costs, interjurisdictional competition, and government capabilities.

The growth of mobile devices both in variety and in computational abilities have given birth to a concept in the corporate world known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD). Under this concept, Employees are allowed to bring personally owned mobile devices for official work. Though relatively new, it has gained up to 53% patronage among organisations, and it is expected to hit 88% in the near future. Its popularity is driven by significant advantages ranging from reduced cost, employee satisfaction to improved productivity. However, the concept also introduces new security challenges; for instance, the organisation looses the ownership of devices used for official work, to the employees. Implying that the employees own and manage the devices they use to work, including seeing to the security needs of such devices. With this development, protecting the corporate network becomes pertinent and even more challenging with an audacious need for outwittingconventional access control mechanisms, giving the highly dynamic nature of mobile devices. Considering the fact that BYOD is also a type of pervasive/dynamic environment, this work studies similar dynamic environments, relating to how their security challenges are addressed, and from such bases a Trust-Aided Dynamic Access Control Approach is proposed for enhancing the security of BYOD devices. Through computational analysis, this scheme has been seen to be security-compliant and could significantly improving the overall security of BYOD networks.

India followed a parliamentary democracy system at the central and state levels, with bureaucratic governance at the lower levels. The 73’rd and 74’th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1993 brought a drastic change in power and position of bureaucracy at lower levels of administration in India. The empowerment of people at grass-roots levels is considered to be one of the most important tenets of the modern democratic administrative system. It provides much scope for the all-round development of society, thereby facilitating effective participation and empowerment of the people. People’s planning in Kerala as a measure of democratic decentralization attempts to introduce effective change in the role of bureaucracy and rural political leadership in the democratic direction.

This paper deals with decentralization of educational administration in West Bengal, India. It gives specific emphasis on studying education committees formed with the community members at village level for looking after the management of primary schools in the concerned localities. For the purpose of this study primary data have been collected from four village education committees. The data provides information on the formation, structure and functioning of village education committees. The findings contradict the ideology on the basis of which these committees are formed. The paper ends with an attempt to explore certain future paths of action.

Decentralized governance and its possible shortcomings have been receiving increased attention in development discourse. However, there still remains a dearth of empirical data highlighting such pitfalls. Drawing on in-depth interviews and literature reviews, this paper explores the extent of decentralized development planning at the grassroots level. Using the state of Kerala, India as a case study, I explore how local government institutions, specifically those in areas of disadvantaged communities, might operate in a manner that questions its ability to enable communities to become effective participants, despite long running institutional arrangements that have been set up to promote just that.

Összefoglalás A gyermeki tanúvallomások megbízhatósága fontos kérdése az igazságszolgáltatásnak. A gyermek életkorának előre haladtával és fogalmi ismereteinek gazdagodásával egyidőben észlelhető, hogy nő az elvárásuk az igaz tartalmak iránt, és egyre inkább hajlanak arra, hogy elítéljék a hazugságot. A gyermekek tanúvallomásának két lényeges pontja, hogy tudják-e, hogy mi az igaz és hamis vagy valós és valótlan közötti különbség, illetve, hogy betartják-e a szavukat, amikor megígérik, hogy csak az igazat fogják mondani. Felmerülhet annak a lehetősége, hogy nem tudják az igaz és hamis közötti különbséget, ennélfogva nem várható el, hogy csak igazat szóljanak, de az is előfordulhat, hogy igenis értik a kettő közötti különbséget, de ennek ellenére nem mondanak igazat.