Cultural Resource Management (Archaeology)

Since the creation of the National Register of Historic Places, determining eligibility for listing on it has become the fundamental process driving archaeology in the United States. This process affects how archaeological sites are identified, recorded, evaluated, and ultimately how they are protected. Yet less than 6% of properties on the National Register are archaeological sites. Although scholars often lament the rigidity of the National Register and its eligibility criteria, notable revisions in National Park Service guidance pave the way for important changes. One of the National Register's most pervasive and fundamental concepts—the historic context—remains deeply undertheorized when compared to more familiar terms like “significance” and “integrity.” In this article, we argue that archaeologists are well positioned to reinvigorate the National Register by using historic contexts as a mechanism for recognizing layered relationships to places. Using an example from the mu...

The federal archeological cm-Amity views public outreach programs as necessary for the continued preservation of archeological resources. This technical brief outlines ways to have archeology programs in the public schools. The efforts of the Arizona Archeological Council (AAC) to place archeological concepts and values within the context of the classroom by organizing an Archaeology for the Schools Committee in 1985 are recounted. Specifically, this brief describes the goals and motivations of the AAC's schools committee; summarizes what they learned about the "ethnography" of the Arizona school system; and highlights a strategy to get teachers to not teach archeology as much as they teach with archeology. A list of additional readings and curriculum materials is included. (DB) ****************************************x*************************,**** Reproductions supplied by EnRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************...

Beyond the export-driven Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector, Bangladesh’s Local Tailoring and Clothing Industry (LTCI) has grown quietly yet significantly supplying over 80% of the nation’s domestic apparel demand. Centered in Keraniganj (Aganagar, Suvadda), Dhaka, this informal sector produces a wide range of garments, including denim, shirts, and traditional panjabis. Despite its economic importance, the LTCI remains largely invisible in policy discourse. 

This study employs a mixed-methods approach including surveys of 295 workers across 28 production buildings, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and in-depth interviews (IDIs) to examine working conditions in the LTCI. Findings paint a stark picture: workers are predominantly young (average age 27.4), male (65.1%), and internal migrants from 43 districts, with very low levels of education. The sector operates without formal contracts, overtime compensation, or maternity benefits. Most workers (75.6%) are paid on a piece-rate basis, earning an average of BDT 22,223 per month while 89.9% earn below BDT 30,000, and over half receive less than BDT 20 per piece. 

Working hours are excessive, averaging 13.35 hours per day; 68.5% work 12+ hours, and nearly 30% exceed 15 hours daily. Health and safety conditions are dire: 96.6% of workplaces lack ventilation, 83.7% are unhygienic, 93.9% have no fire alarms, 89.2% lack fire extinguishers, and 98.3% provide no personal protective equipment (PPE). Alarmingly, 95.8% of workers report workplace accidents, yet no accident registers are maintained. Common health issues include respiratory illnesses, dehydration, and chronic stress. 

Gender inequality is pervasive: 82% of respondents note lower wages for women. Awareness of gender-based violence (GBV) is critically low—81.69% are unaware of the concept—and only 4.4% report experiencing GBV. Knowledge of Anti-Harassment Committees is virtually absent (just 2%), and no complaint mechanisms exist. Unionisation remains extremely weak, with only 5.8% of workers affiliated to unions, and no evidence of collective bargaining. 

These findings underscore the urgent need to formally recognise, regulate, and integrate the LTCI into national labour protection frameworks. Without policy intervention, this vital yet invisible workforce will remain trapped in cycles of exploitation, insecurity, and exclusion.

American Archaeology is currently faced with two interrelated problems: 1) the high demand for Cultural Resource Management (CRM) professionals to support efficient compliance with U.S. heritage management laws; and 2) the cuts to resources for Anthropology and Archaeology programs within institutions of higher education. This article, an outgrowth of the Airlie House Revisited: Visioning Future Directions in CRM Archaeology workshop (Banks et al. 2025), suggests that both of these problems can be addressed by creating or modifying existing education programs to be more CRM-focused, which was suggested by Altschul and Klein (2022). We argue that aligning programs with professional industry needs and standards ensures that archaeologists achieve relevant competencies, broaden their informed entry into archaeological professions, and meet the spirit and intent of disciplinary ethical standards, such as the Society for American Archaeology Principles of Archaeological Ethics. This article has two goals: 1) to arm proponents of CRM-oriented archaeological education with an argument for why these programs are needed within the current structure of higher education, and 2) to map various strategies to prepare students for careers in CRM.

The aim of this paper is to discuss issues of precision and accuracy of radiocarbon dates when testing a specific archaeological hypothesis. Our case study is framed in the Argaric “marriage versus descent” debate (Bronze Age of southeast Spain), where a high chronological resolution is needed in order to interpret the time gap between the deaths of the two adults of opposite sex usually found in double burials. We have dated the time of death of an Argaric male by means of six different skeletal samples. The results of this multiple dating of a single event support the precision of the method but raises questions over the limits of its accuracy when the human life span is on the same scale as the chronological resolution. Múltiples dataciones por radiocarbono de un solo esqueleto. Evaluación de los problemas de precisión y precisión en la Edad del Bronce Argárico Resumen. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir los temas de precisión y exactitud de las fechas de radiocarbono al pr...

El objeto del artículo es presentar una actualización del inventario del megalitismo en la provincia de Granada, revisando de manera exhaustiva la historiografía clásica y pequeñas investigaciones dispersas. Se integran además los hallazgos recientes y se aplican metodologías de registro y análisis territorial . Se analiza tanto el inventario de sitios, como el estado de conservación general de las agrupaciones megalíticas, analizando su distribución geográfica a nivel regional.

Este artículo se centra en los proyectos de elaboración de catálogos sistemáticos de yacimientos arqueológicos (que en Andalucía comienzan a partir de 1984) en un momento histórico caracterizado por el proceso de transformación metodológica que supone las aplicaciones informáticas en este campo, y que constituye el punto de partida de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado en el Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, cuyo propósito principal es contribuir en el proceso de aplicación y diseño de soportes informáticos más eficaces para el tratamiento de los datos arqueológicos. Como los autores explican y describen en este texto, tal proyecto consiste en la aplicación experimental de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica a la gestión del inventario andaluz de yacimientos arqueológicos

Se relatan las primeras fases de implantación por parte del Centro de Documentación del IAPH, en colaboración con el Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla, del nuevo proyecto Elaboración de la Cartografía Digital del Patrimonio Arqueológico de Andalucía, una vez consolidado el proyecto Informatización del Inventario de Yacimientos Arqueológicos de Andalucía. Los principales objetivos de esta nueva línea de trabajo se concretaban en la necesidad de disponer de una cartografía propia referida al Patrimonio Arqueológico de Andalucía que permitiera analizar su dimensión espacial y elaborar propuestas dirigidas a su acrecentamiento cualitativo y cuantitativo. La previsión a medio plazo consistía en volcar una selección de campos de información contenidos en la base de datos ARQUEOS que se iría alimentando paulatinamente en un proceso planificado según las pautas detalladas en el artículo.

While David Malo's work "Moolelo Hawaii" is well known for its historical value in regard to early Hawaiian culture and history, his life as a Christian minister and apologist has received less review. This paper examines a seemingly forgotten sermon uncovered in an online Hawaiian archive in which Malo provides a defense of two primary tenets of Christian belief in the face of a growing Hawaiian atheistic culture of his day.

In this article I describe my teaching experience as an early-career instructor regarding misinformation about archaeological practice. Applying concepts from inoculation theory, I suggest a proactive and constructive approach to teach students to identify pseudoarchaeologies for themselves.

This report documents linguistic features that distinguish Olelo Niihau from other varieties of ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i, examines the historical development and contemporary use of the language within the community, and presents results from a sociolinguistic survey of 17 native speakers of Olelo Niihau regarding their language use patterns, attitudes, and intergenerational transmission practices. The study reveals that (i) Olelo Niihau is distinct in several respects from other varieties of ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i, (ii) there are apparent patterns of language shift toward English among younger generations, and (iii) there is strong community support for the development of language maintenance initiatives and (iv) there is a desire for more government services in Olelo Niihau.

Related podcast: https://theworld.org/stories/2016/07/28/last-native-speakers-hawaiian

Down through the years there has been a lack of evidence and explanation as to the cause of the burning of the church at Kailua in 1835 which led to the first stone church's construction. This paper provides key eye-witness accounts by two of the most trusted church ministers at the location, Thomas Hopu and Artemis Bishop, through the examination of articles discovered in the Ke Kumu Hawaii newspaper of that day.

Most archaeological predictive models lack significance because fuzziness of data and uncertainty in knowledge about human behaviour and natural processes are hardly ever considered. One approach to cope with such uncertainties is utilization of methods, which base on approaches of the probability theory like Bayes Theorem or Dempster-Shafer-Theory. In our case study we analyze an area of 50 km² in southern Rhineland Palatinate (Germany) near the Celtic oppidum "Hunnenring" by use of Dempster-Shafer's theory of evidence for predicting spatial probability distribution of archaeological sites. This technique incorporates uncertainty by assigning various weights of evidence to defined variables, in that way estimating the probability for supporting a specific hypothesis (in our case the hypothesis presence or absence of a site). Selection of variables for our model relies both on assumptions about settlement patterns and on statistically tested relationships between known archaeological sites and environmental factors. The modelling process is conducted in a Geographic Information System (GIS) by generating raster-based likelihood surfaces with a cell resolution of 10 m for the six selected variables 'distance to water', 'distance to road network', 'distance to graves', 'slope', 'landforms' and 'geology'. The corresponding likelihood surfaces are aggregated to a final weight of evidence surface, which results in a likelihood value for every single cell of being a site or a non-site. Finally the result is tested against a database of known archaeological sites for evaluating the gain of the model. To address the high potential of soil erosion processes of the low mountain parts of our study area a model was developed which allocates erosion and deposition zones to those areas. The combination of this model with the predictive model yields a more differentiated estimation, especially with regard to the suspected potential of archaeological remains being conserved until present.

New Zealand's underwater cultural heritage is under increasing pressure from marine development activities such as seabed mining, offshore energy and dredging. Yet the country lacks a cohesive policy or legislative framework specifically tailored to protect submerged heritage. This paper reviews current heritage policy and legislation in New Zealand, identifying key gaps and limitations in how underwater cultural heritage is managed. Drawing on international best practices from countries like Australia and the UK and referencing the UNESCO 2001 Convention, the paper makes the case for why underwater heritage requires distinct treatment compared to terrestrial sites. It introduces draft guiding principles-the first of their kind in New Zealand-that aim to provide practical, culturally grounded guidance for developers, planners and heritage agencies. These principles advocate for the early integration of heritage into development processes, enhanced inter-agency coordination and the inclusion of Mātauranga Māori. While grounded in the New Zealand context, the approach offers wider relevance for jurisdictions grappling with similar governance and protection challenges.

Will Brouwers (MSc Radboud University Nijmegen) is an independent historian-archaeologist who has contributed to the accuracy of the shipwreck data in this publication. He is working on the website Maritime Stepping Stones of the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. Lesa la Grange (MPhil University of Cape Town) is the archaeologist and commercial diver who manages the South African Heritage Resources Agency's Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage unit. Briege Williams (MSc University of Southampton) is a maritime archaeologist and commercial diver who works as a heritage officer in the South African Heritage Resources Agency's Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage unit. John Gribble (MA University of Cape Town) is a maritime archaeologist and Director of TerraMare Archaeology (Pty) Ltd, a Cape Town-based archaeological consultancy. Martijn Manders (PhD Leiden University) is a maritime archaeologist and professor in underwater archaeology and maritime cultural heritage management at Leiden University. He also coordinates international maritime heritage management for the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands.

In the 1978 case of United States v. Wheeler,15 the Supreme Court recognized Indian tribes to be "unique aggregations possessing attributes of sovereignty over both their members and their territory. "16 The Wheeler Court also emphasized that the sovereignty of native peoples is not something granted by the federal government, but rather is an attribute that they have always possessed: at 561, 562. 10 !d. at 557. II Id. at 560-61. 12 !d. at 561. "!d. at 560-61. Tribal sovereignty may, however, be limited by the federal government, through congressional statutes, treaties, and by restraints inherent in the protectorate relationship itself. See FELIX COHEN HANDBOOK OF FEDERAL INDIAN LAW 235 (Rennard Strickland et al. eds., 2d ed., 1982). 14 /d. at 561. " 435 U.S. 313 (1978). 16 !d. at 323.

The stone circles of Britain attract due to their impressive size, dramatic siting in the landscape, and sense of permanence. Their appeal for modern Pagans is established, particularly for Stonehenge and Avebury. There is little research on the appeal of Neolithic stones for “spiritual” people, and less on responses to modern stone circles in countries that have no such archaeology (America and Australia). I argue building such monuments is a re-enchantment of landscape which creates an experience that is aesthetic, feels “special” or “numinous,” and has the capacity to influence the identity and wellbeing of people who frequent the stones. The Stonehenge replica at Maryhill, Washington was the site of the 26 February 1979 Pagan solar eclipse gathering coordinated by Oberon Zell of the Church of All Worlds (CAW) and attended by more than three thousand. The Australian Standing Stones at Glen Innes is a heritage site that attracts Pagans and spiritual tourists, especially those oriented to Celtic traditions. These circles are “genuine fakes” that acquire authenticity from their resemblance to “real” Neolithic monuments, and in the twenty-first century they contribute powerfully to the re-enchantment of the landscapes in which they are situated.

Thomas Hopu was one of several Hawaiians who had traveled to America as a teenager in 1809 (A Narrative of Five Youths from the Sandwich Islands, eventually converted to Christianity and attended the Cornwall Foreign Mission School with Henry Obookiah and John Honoli'i in Connecticut in 1815 (www.punahou.edu). Hopu would in due course return to Hawaii, after Obookiah's unfortunate death, along with the first missionaries to Hawaii, to share Christ with his homeland. While Hopu penned his personal memoir before he returned to the Islands, there have been no known writings published by him after he arrived and throughout his Hawaiian ministry. However, recently while researching the Great Hawaiian Revival, I discovered three articles in the Ke Kumu Hawaii newspaper which appear to have been written by Hopu. This article presents one of the articles and presents evidence for its provenance.

I wrote this report in the hope that we could work with the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission in a collaborative way. They the AG&FC gave Toby a contract to excavate part of the famous Schaeffer's Eddy site north of Pocahontas Arkansas which is now considered a sacred site within the Dave Donaldson Wildlife Management Area  because of the significance of  materials dating to the Mississippian occupation. The site is now partially protected by concrete and asphaltum, a gazebo, and several explanatory and memorial plaques erected by the AG&FC. The Schaeffer's Eddy case is used by the University of Arkansas Law School to teach students about proscriptive easments.

In the nineteenth century, foreigners to Hawaiʻi put forth many theories about the origin of Kānaka Hawaiʻi (Native Hawaiians). Rather than accept these theories, which often advanced colonial aims, Kānaka developed counternarratives that repurposed ideas brought from foreign lands. Some of these ideas came from the Bible, particularly the narratives of creation in its opening pages. The nineteenth-century Kanaka historian Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau recounts some of these narratives. In one of them, the entire world is patterned after Hawaiʻi, and all humanity originates from Hawaiʻi. Thus, rather than being on the margins of the known world, Hawaiʻi is positioned as the center; and rather than Kānaka simply being the first settlers of Hawaiʻi, they are instead literally made from its land. Other Kānaka, such as Joseph Nāwahī, used similar accounts to galvanize Kanaka political consciousness in the wake of the overthrow of the Hawaiian kingdom. These are examples of hoʻokuʻi, or 'combinations' of new ideas with familiar ones, which served important political functions in the intellectual landscape of the time.

Machine topsoil stripping on March 7, 2017 was conducted in a strip paralleling State Street at the southeastern edge of the property at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, MA. This area is slated to be further excavated and landscaped to create a swale to help retain water on the site. The construction of the Springfield Armory in 1777 making the location a strategic area of military importance during the Revolutionary War. The arsenal was later converted to a Federal Armory in 1794. Stripping to the southwest of the original armory location revealed a complex of 13 additional soil stains that appear concentrated within a 6 x 8 m (20 x 22') area . Troweling further defined the features, which appear to consist of linear stains on the north, south and east sides, a amorphous stain that extends to the northeast towards State Street from the approximate center of the eastern linear stain, a series of dark circular to amorphous shaped stains within the perimeter of the linear stains, and two larger cobbles within a medium colored stain on the western edge of the complex. The linear stains and the rocks at the western edge appear to form a 15 x 15' square. The only artifacts found within the stains when they were being troweled were hand wrought nails (pre 1820), creamware sherds (1762-1820), a piece of melted lead, a piece of flat lead scrap, and unidentified iron pieces. Charcoal was found within the linear stains and slag was scattered across the area, but it is not known if the latter is associated directly with the features or represents later fill (as slag was encountered above the features during machine topsoil stripping). It is hypothesized that the stains represent the earthfast remains of a small, temporary military housing built during the American Revolution.

En el contexto colombiano reciente, el manejo del patrimonio arqueológico en obras de infraestructura se ha constituido como uno de los principales campos de actividad profesional. El desarrollo de los proyectos de arqueología preventiva debe enfocarse en el desarrollo tanto de tareas de investigación como de gestión y conservación de los bienes patrimoniales. El presente artículo desarrolla la idea de que la valoración científica del patrimonio arqueológico que puede verse involucrado en cualquier obra de infraestructura debe ser el objetivo y el pilar que justifique a la arqueología preven-tiva. El texto resalta la importancia de la implementación de proyectos de investiga-ción y gestión que sean coherentes con la escala espacial y temporal de las obras, y el estado actual del conocimiento arqueológico donde se desarrollan. Como eje de aná-lisis se presentan el planteamiento y los resultados preliminares de dos programas de arqueología  preventiva  que  se  desarrollan  actualmente  en  el  Magdalena  Medio  del  departamento de Santander y las sabanas inundables del departamento de Arauca

The institution of the waterfowl hunting club is uniquely American.  These clubs have played an
important part in the conservation of American waterfowl.  They were the first to impose bag
limits, bar automatic guns, limit shooting seasons and shooting hours, and the first to create
waterfowl rest areas and waterfowl rest days.
Waterfowl hunting was and still is a major form of recreation along the Mid-Atlantic seaboard
from the Canadian Maritime Provinces to the Everglades of Florida.  Starting as subsistence
hunting and commercial or “market gunning,” it reached its peak as a recreational sport in 1939
with over 44,000 waterfowl sportsmen and nearly 3,000 waterfowl hunting clubs and privately
owned hunting marshes. 
Waterfowling evolved from subsistence to sport after the Civil War brought prosperity and
affluence to broad segments of the Northern population.  The cities of Boston, New York, and
Philadelphia became centers of commerce and finance.  Wild waterfowl, considered a delicacy
by many, was in great demand in the finer restaurants.  With the rapid expansion of the industrial
North, increasing numbers of people found themselves with the means and leisure to engage in
waterfowling as recreation.  The construction of the railroads made the transportation of
waterfowl to northern markets faster; while at the same time made travel for sport hunters easier. 
Market gunners and guides welcomed and needed the additional income provided by the arrival
of the northern sportsmen.
Many local families of limited means depended upon work related to sport hunting for seasonal
employment.  Entire families were often employed; sometimes over several generations. 
Individuals were needed to guide, carve decoys, pick feathers, cook, clean and do laundry, build
boats, provide transportation to and from blinds, and maintain and manage the lodges and clubs. 
Sadly, waterfowl populations were decimated by market gunners and sportsmen using live
decoys, bait, battery guns, spotlights, sink boxes and sneak boxes.  The Federal Migratory Bird
Act of 1918 outlawed market hunting and helped to regulate the sport hunter as well.  Federal
Regulations in 1937 prohibited sink boxes, bait, live decoys, and limited repeating guns to 3
shells.  The loss of eelgrass due to blight in the 1920s, the Great Depression, and severe storms
along the Mid-Atlantic in the 1930s also contributed to the decline of traditional waterfowl
hunting and their associated clubs and lodges.
Most sport hunting clubs were private membership entities owned by the wealthy.  Other
establishments were commercial lodges available to the more modest hunter.  The eleven
Assateague Island “hunting lodges” identified in this historic context study can be separated into
three distinct groups: 1) private hunting membership clubs and commercial lodges 2) private
non-membership residences where hunting was practiced and 3) private beach houses where
hunting was rarely if ever conducted.  The George Gibb’s “hunting shack,” not identified for this -i-
study should be included in this inventory as it was used for waterfowl hunting purposes.  These
resources are so grouped below:
Private Hunting Membership Clubs and Commercial Lodges 
Bob-O-Del Gun Club (corporate)
Bunting’s Gunning Lodge
Green Run Lodge (Jackson Brothers)
High Winds Gun Club (partnership)
Pope’s Island Gun Club (Black Duck)
Private Non-membership Residences Where Hunting Was Practiced 
Gibb’s Shack (now naturalist’s shack)
Hungerford’s
People & Lynch
Valentine’s
Private Beach Houses Where Hunting Was Rarely If Ever Conducted.
Clements’ Beach House
Clements’ Boat House
Musser’s   
The significance of shantyboats to waterfowl hunting has been largely overlooked.  All five
gunning lodges on Assateague Island that are a part of this study either began as and/or
incorporated shantyboats into their construction.  At Bob-O-Del Gun Club and High Winds Gun
Club two shantyboats were brought up on dry land, expanded, and used as lodging for waterfowl
gunning parties.  Bunting’s Gunning Lodge, Green Run Lodge, Pope’s Island Gun Club, and
Egging Beach Gunning Club started by using floating shantyboats before land based clubhouses
were built.  A shantyboat was also incorporated into the first land-based lodge built at Green Run
Lodge.

Conventional ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys typically have a maximum depth of penetration of 1/2 to 1 m in the basin-fill sediments of the southwestern United States. Although this depth of penetration is too limited for many engineering and environmental surveys, it is often suitable for archaeological investigations in this region. We have found a center frequency of 500 MHz to be optimum. Radar signals having a center frequency of about 80 MHz produce records with much lower resolution and only slightly greater maximum depth of penetration. Successful GPR surveys have imaged buried plaster and adobe walls, roasting pits, canals, trash pits, plastered floors, and artifacts such as pot sherds and knives. We have found that GPR is a valuable tool for archaeological studies in this area. GPR can provide some of the detailed survey information that has been provided in the past by extensive excavation, but without the high cost of excavation, without the dangers of vandalism when artifacts are exposed, and without disturbing sensitive areas.

This article addresses the growing influence of pseudoarchaeology in popular culture, particularly in the wake of Netflix’s Ancient Apocalypse hosted by Graham Hancock. The authors—professional archaeologists—critique the series for promoting unscientific claims, recycling discredited ideas, and undermining public trust in archaeology. They argue that pseudoarchaeology perpetuates harmful myths, including white supremacist narratives, and poses threats to science and democracy. Drawing from recent examples and scholarly engagement, the paper explores how archaeologists can respond through public outreach, education, and media engagement. Ultimately, it calls for a reinvigorated commitment to science communication to combat misinformation and defend the integrity of archaeology.

I ka wā kahiko, he mau ʻano ānuenue i ʻike ʻia, a he mau hōʻailona ʻano nui ia mau ʻano ānuenue no ka poʻe Hawaiʻi o kēia pae ʻāina nei. Ua unuhi ʻia nā hōʻailona e nā kāhuna kilokilo, nā kāula, a me nā makaʻāinana kekahi. ʻO nā pahuhopu o kēia papahana nei, ʻo ia ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona ānuenue, nā pōʻai lewa a me nā manawa o nā ʻano ānuenue e ʻōʻili ai, ko lākou mau hōʻailona/ʻōuli, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻike Hawaiʻi kuʻuna me ka ʻike ʻepekema komohana e pili ana i ke ānuenue. Ua noiʻi ʻia nā nūpepa ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi kahiko, nā moʻolelo Hawaiʻi kuʻuna, nā puke a nā mea ʻimi naʻauao Hawaiʻi kaulana, nā lola o kekahi mau nīnauele o kauwahi kūpuna i hala, a me kauwahi nīnaulele o kekahi mau kumu e ola ana i kēia au. Ua noiʻi ʻia nō hoʻi nā ʻike ʻepekema komohana e pili ana i ke kupu ʻana i ke ānuenue. Ua hoʻākāka ʻia nā hopena noiʻi no nā ʻano ānuenue like ʻole. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kanakolu ʻano ānuenue, a me iwakāluakūmākahi hōʻailona. Ua hohonu loa nō ka ʻike Hawaiʻi kuʻuna e pili ana i nā hōʻailona ānuenue a me nā ʻano ānuenue a pau. Ua hohonu loa nō ka ʻike ʻepekema komohana e pili ana i ke kālaikūlohea ānuenue. Waiwai nō ka ʻike o ka lāhui Hawaiʻi a me ka lāhui ʻepekema. Hiki ke hoʻopuka ʻia ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi no ka wehewehe ʻana i ia mau kuanaʻike he ʻelua.

In the past, different types of rainbows were known, and they were signs for the Hawaiian people of this archipelago. They were interpreted by the priests, prophets, and the commoners alike. The goals of this project are to explain the rainbow features, the vertical strata and the times that the types of rainbows appear, their signs/omens, and to compare the traditional Hawaiian knowledge to the western scientific knowledge concerning rainbows. The research sources include the old Hawaiian language newspapers, traditional Hawaiian stories, books of famous Hawaiian scholars, recordings of interviews of elders that have passed, and interviews of some people that are living today. Western scientific sources were also researched concerning rainbows. The research results are explained for all of the rainbow types. Thirty types of rainbows were identified along with twenty one signs/omens. The traditional Hawaiian knowledge about signs/omens and types of rainbows is very deep. The western scientific knowledge about rainbow physics is very deep. The knowledge of the Hawaiian people and the scientists are both very valuable. The Hawaiian language can be used to explain both perspectives.

Archaeology has long been recognized as a critical field for understanding human history and cultural evolution. However, its relevance extends far beyond uncovering ancient artifacts and reconstructing the past. In contemporary society, archaeology plays a vital role in shaping national identities, influencing political narratives, informing public policy, and preserving cultural heritage amidst globalization and conflict. This paper explores how archaeological findings and methodologies intersect with contemporary societal structures and ideologies. It examines the ways in which archaeological research contributes to environmental sustainability, cultural preservation, and technological innovation. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study highlights key developments in the field of archaeology and its applications in modern society. The paper also includes an analysis of how archaeology informs identity, political power, and cultural narratives, alongside data visualization to underscore trends and key insights.

Creswell Crags, managed by Creswell Heritage Trust (CHT), is an enclosed limestone gorge on England’s Derbyshire/Nottinghamshire border and includes caves occupied during the Late Pleistocene. In 2023, the Creswell Volunteer Archaeology Project (CVAP), a collaboration between the University of Sheffield Department of Archaeology and CHT, successfully
enacted a model of community-engaged archaeological fieldwork. One of the aims of the community project was to bridge the gap between Creswell Crags and the local community, particularly in the closest villages of Creswell and Whitwell, which are within the top 10% to 30% of the most socioeconomically deprived areas in England. The project involved recruiting a cohort of local residents to participate in the excavations and
process excavated material, implementing pre- and post-excavation interviews and disseminating a public survey to community members to better understand and include their views on archaeology and Creswell
Crags. This work culminated in an exhibition coproduced between Creswell Crags, the University of Sheffield and the local community participants. Overall, the 2023 CVAP work provides insights on
good community engagement and co-production practices, democratising archaeology and museum practices and making archaeology more inclusive for socioeconomically deprived communities.

The scientific dissemination plan for San Esteban archaeological site (Murcia) is developed within the framework of the site’s research project. This article presents the activities developed in that plan and presents the results of the site’s first public study. The obtained data demonstrate society’s interest in the archaeological site and allow us to approach a tourist product in development.

This article details Nancy Oestreich Lurie's contributions to the history of the western Great Lakes through her research on the life and career of the French explorer Jean Nicolet. Through her research, Lurie uncovered numerous errors of fact and interpretation that obscured not only the early French history of the western Great Lakes but also the Ho-Chunk people who lived there.

Ceramic smoking pipes are among the most distinctive artifacts recovered from Iroquoian sites dating from AD 1350 to 1650 in what is today New York, Ontario, and Quebec. In this study, we conduct network analyses of pipe forms to examine assemblages of relations among the ancestral and colonial-era Huron-Wendat during a period of coalescence, conflict, and confederacy formation. We bring these networks based on pipe form together with previous network analysis of collar decoration on ceramic vessels to develop insights about the social networks that each artifact type comprises. Our findings indicate that, unlike pottery collar decorations (which are primarily associated with women and reflect highly cohesive social networks), Huron-Wendat smoking pipes (which are more closely associated with men) were less cohesive and reflect the formation of coalitional networks. We interpret these patterns in the context of defensive alliances that formed to provide mutual aid among communities and nations. These differences highlight the distinct social and material domains in which these artifacts operated, offering complementary perspectives on the complex social dynamics that shaped the social and political landscapes of precolonial and early colonial northeastern North America.

Résumé Les pipes à fumer en céramique comptent parmi les artefacts les plus distinctifs retrouvés sur les sites iroquoiens datant de 1350 à 1650 apr. J.-C., dans ce qui est aujourd'hui l'État de New York, l'Ontario et le Québec. Dans cette étude, nous produisons des analyses de réseaux des formes des fourneaux pipes pour examiner les ensembles de relations parmi les Hurons-Wendat ancestraux et ceux de l' époque coloniale, durant une période de fusions, de conflits et de formation de confédérations. Ces réseaux basés sur les formes de pipes sont combinés aux analyses de réseaux antérieures portant sur les décors des parements de vases en céramique, afin de mieux comprendre les réseaux sociaux engendrés par chacun de ces deux types d'artéfacts. Nos résultats indiquent que, contrairement aux décors sur les parements de vases-principalement associés aux femmes et reflétant des réseaux sociaux très cohésifs-les pipes à fumer des Hurons-Wendat, plus étroitement associées aux hommes, formaient des réseaux de coalition moins cohésifs. Nous interprétons ces patterns dans un contexte d'alliances défensives établies pour offrir une aide mutuelle entre communautés et nations. Ces différences soulignent les domaines sociaux et matériels distincts dans lesquels ces artefacts évoluaient, offrant des perspectives complémentaires sur les dynamiques sociales complexes qui ont façonné les paysages sociaux et politiques de l' Amérique du Nord-Est précoloniale et du début de l' époque coloniale.

North Wind Resource Consulting, LLC (North Wind), under the direction of Whaley Construction, conducted a Phase II archaeological testing at Site 40KN397. Site 40KN397 was identified by North Wind during a Phase I investigation for a 23.19-acre (0.036234375 square mile) tract in support of the proposed Irwin Acres Housing Development. Site 40KN397 was identifiA total of six 1 meter (m) by 1 m test units were placed at the site and excavated to the culturally sterile subsoil. Test unit excavation revealed a deposit of nondiagnostic lithic debitage, small pottery fragments (including a cord marked sherd) and a Candy Creek PPK, circa 1,000 B.C. to 200 B.C. Based on the artifacts, the site is dated to the Early Woodland period (1,000 B.C. to 200 B.C.) and to the Middle Woodland period (200 B.C. to A.D. 400).

Desde finales de los ochenta se han ido incorporando progresivamente las tecnologías de la información geográfica en el ámbito de la gestión del patrimonio cultural. Inicialmente desde el terreno de la Arqueología, por influencia de la escuela anglosajona de Arqueología espacial, extendiéndose luego hacia la documentación de otros tipos de patrimonio. Las nuevas posibilidades de análisis que se derivan de la aplicación de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica a la gestión del patrimonio han generado en apenas 15 años importantes avances que han contribuido no sólo a una mejora en la gestión de la información, sino que incluso han llegado a influir de forma decisiva en la evolución del propio concepto de patrimonio cultural. El salto cualitativo se ha producido al hacerse posible la ponderación de variables de orden territorial que ponen de relieve relaciones entre bienes, espacios, lugares, manifestaciones, etc., que anteriormente pasaban desapercibidas con los métodos de análisis ...

Abstract
Perhaps no other Hawaiian Christian preacher from the early missionary period and beyond is as well known as Batimea Puaaiki (Blind Bartimeus). From his early conversion after the arrival of the Protestant missionaries, to his rapid growth and incredible ministry before, during and after the Great Hawaiian Revival, Batimea was an amazing testament to Christianity. Multiple biographies as well as a multitude of articles and essays have been written about his wonderful life story. However, up until this point there were no known published works by his hand. But recently, in April 2025, while researching the Great Hawaiian Revival this writer stumbled upon three articles in an online Hawaiian archive which listed three articles which appear to have been authored by by Batimea. The discovery of these articles gives additional insight into the man and his ministry and are significant in both Hawaiian and Christian history as well as provides the opportunity for additional research to be done in his regard.

Este artículo examina una parte de los contextos funerarios presentes en los sitios cercanos al vaso del Lago de Cuitzeo, al norte del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo México. Se retoman aquellos sitios que han sido explorados por diversos proyectos arqueológicos, teniendo como principal referencia La Nopalera, Tres Cerritos, La Barranquilla Grande, intervenidos dentro del Proyecto Cuenca de Cuitzeo desarrollado entre los años de 1979 y 1996, así como aquellas exploraciones llevadas a cabo en Copándaro de Galeana y La Mina, los cuales se realizan como parte resultado de actividades de rescate. Estos asentamientos tienen un periodo de ocupación que abarcan desde el Clásico (200-600 d.C.) hasta el Postclásico Tardío (1200-1521 d.C.). La investigación se centra en comprender los patrones funerarios y sus variaciones temporales, particularmente aquellas que pudieron haber surgido con la influencia de la dominación tarasca hacia el postclásico en este entorno lacustre. Metodológicamente, el análisis se basa en información recabada de fuentes primarias y secundarias, que es examinada bajo el enfoque de la Arqueología de la Muerte, el cual permite identificar prácticas funerarias, como los gestos asociados a la disposición de restos, los tipos de ofrendas y la arquitectura mortuoria. Adicionalmente, se integra una revisión detallada de estudios previos y se emplean técnicas de análisis contextual que profundizan en la comprensión de los rituales funerarios de la región. Al abordar las prácticas funerarias en el Lago de Cuitzeo, este trabajo contribuye a la comprensión más amplia de los rituales mortuorios en el Occidente de México, destacando tanto sus constantes como las transformaciones ocurridas en el tiempo y espacio.