North American archaeology

In this paper we identify a set of Late Archaic artifacts and design elements that are found at the Harris Creek site on Tick Island in the St. Johns region of northeast Florida and either the Poverty Point or Claiborne sites in the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) and coastal Mississippi region.  We offer hypotheses for the proposed connection between the two distant areas.

Final installment of a comprehensive study on native hunting lifeways utilizing textual archaeology, an often overlooked source of knowledge that can complement physical archaeology. In fact, mining the rich textual attestation and eyewitness manuscripts for insight into native lifeways on the pre-American continent not only adds greatly to our understanding for more ancient cultures, but can set the course of study in directions not possible any other way.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has documented wide-ranging changes to the world's coasts and oceans, with significant further change predicted. Impacts on coastal and underwater heritage sites, however, remain relatively poorly understood. The authors draw on 30 years of research into coastal and underwater archaeological sites to highlight some of the interrelated processes of deterioration and damage. Emphasising the need for closer collaboration between, on one hand, archaeologists and cultural resource managers and, on the other, climate and marine scientists, this article also discusses research from other disciplines that informs understanding of the complexity of the interaction of natural and anthropogenic processes and their impacts on cultural heritage.

This is a succinct, but thoroughly documented, history of what is known about the people called Mashkodensh (a.k.a. Mascouten) by the Odaawaa and "Fire People," by the Huron, who lived in NW lower Michigan at the time of French arrival, c. 1600, incorporating oral and written historical sources. Chusco's "Saugemau" is an important archival addition to our knowledge, but the French documents and other nineteenth century oral histories have been readily available and should have been standard, quoted in depth, references for Michigan archeologists. There is ample evidence the Meskwaki-Sauk-Kickapoo-Mascouten branch of Algonquian languages lived in the northern lower-Peninsula, and they are the only plausible option for middle and late Woodland sites in northern lower and eastern upper Michigan, until the late proto-historical period.

For the last fifteen years I have been compiling a master database of all copper artifacts (CAMD) found in the Americas. With nearly 100,000 in the database, I recognize that it's impossible to compile everything-particularly when there are collectors who are sharing their data. But I began this because I felt the Pre-European copper tooling industry wasn't being properly dissected, a discovery made while I was curator at a local copper burial museum. One use for this compiled data is to make sense of the uses and trading of copper, both the raw materials and the tools, from cultural eras starting in Paleo to immediately pre-contact Late Woodland. This is the first map I created after about a decade of research, with research I shared in the previous article I'd posted on this topic. I produced this while I was putting out a monthly copper artifact newsletter. By this time, this is where I found hash marks were noted. You'll see the key code included, showing that this is only of knives, not points.

Since the creation of the National Register of Historic Places, determining eligibility for listing on it has become the fundamental process driving archaeology in the United States. This process affects how archaeological sites are identified, recorded, evaluated, and ultimately how they are protected. Yet less than 6% of properties on the National Register are archaeological sites. Although scholars often lament the rigidity of the National Register and its eligibility criteria, notable revisions in National Park Service guidance pave the way for important changes. One of the National Register's most pervasive and fundamental concepts—the historic context—remains deeply undertheorized when compared to more familiar terms like “significance” and “integrity.” In this article, we argue that archaeologists are well positioned to reinvigorate the National Register by using historic contexts as a mechanism for recognizing layered relationships to places. Using an example from the mu...

Current research on the Southwest Archaic has focused on understanding the origins of agriculture and the transition from foraging to farming economies. This transition varied widely across the region depending on the local setting. However, significantly fewer studies have given their attention to understanding the process leading up to the initial use of cultigens. We present the results of our research on the Middle Archaic occupation in the Northern Rio Grande valley circa 3500 to 1500 B.C. A comparison of grassland and woodland areas reveals a complementary pattern of long-term land use between Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mexico, a pattern that is also represented by two separate historical trajectories which provided alternative opportunities for these foraging groups. La investigación actual sobre el Suroeste Arcaico se ha centrado en comprender los orígenes de la agricultura y la transición de recolección a las economías agrícolas. Esta transición varió ampliamente en toda la región dependiendo del entorno local. Sin embargo, significativamente menos estudios han prestado atención a la comprensión del proceso que conduce al uso inicial de cultivos. Presentamos los resultados de nuestra investigación sobre la ocupación arcaica media en el norte del valle del Río Grande alrededor de 3500 a 1500 A.C. Una comparación de pastizales y áreas boscosas revela un patrón complementario en el uso de la tierra a largo plazo entre Albuquerque y Santa Fe, Nuevo México. Patrón que también está representado por trayectorias históricas separadas que proporcionaron oportunidades alternativas para estos grupos de recolectores.

** Open Access ** Mixed Reality (MR) headsets offer the promise of greatly enhancing the ways that archaeologists collect and interact with their data during fieldwork. Archaeology is inherently spatial, visual, and grounded in the 3D reality of the world, which makes immersive MR headsets a natural fit for our discipline. However, none of the existing MR headsets are suitable for continuous practical use during archaeological fieldwork. Therefore, we here undertake the important creative exercise of laying out a design for an ideal MR headset for archaeologists of the future. We base this design upon our own practical experiments with existing technology during our field excavation. First, we provide our motivation for pursuing this project, to enhance how archaeologists interact with their 3D data. We then present both a vision of how MR headsets could be used to support fieldwork, and we document the limitations of the current MR headsets that work against achieving this vision. Next, we present specific details for several different requirements for an ideal headset that could overcome these limitations. Our goal is to encourage other archaeologists to engage in experimentation with MR headsets during their own fieldwork in order to better understand the future possibilities. We also hope to encourage technologists and archaeologists to collaborate towards building new MR headsets that can achieve at least some aspects of our ideal design.

The idea for this volume originated with Prof. Claire Smith, an anthropological archaeologist from Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, who was twice elected President of the World Archaeological Congress (2003–2014). Prof. Smith played a pivotal role in organizing the first-ever session on salt archaeology at the 7th World Archaeological Congress (WAC) (Dead Sea, Jordan, 2013), providing various forms of support, including financial assistance. Building on this success, she proposed a similar session for WAC 9 in Prague in 2022. The moderators of that session, which served as the foundation for this book, were Paul Eubanks and Marius Alexianu. Additionally, as the editor of the comprehensive Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology (2020), Prof. Smith recognized the significance of salt archae- ology and accepted a series of entries dedicated to the subject for publication.

American Archaeology is currently faced with two interrelated problems: 1) the high demand for Cultural Resource Management (CRM) professionals to support efficient compliance with U.S. heritage management laws; and 2) the cuts to resources for Anthropology and Archaeology programs within institutions of higher education. This article, an outgrowth of the Airlie House Revisited: Visioning Future Directions in CRM Archaeology workshop (Banks et al. 2025), suggests that both of these problems can be addressed by creating or modifying existing education programs to be more CRM-focused, which was suggested by Altschul and Klein (2022). We argue that aligning programs with professional industry needs and standards ensures that archaeologists achieve relevant competencies, broaden their informed entry into archaeological professions, and meet the spirit and intent of disciplinary ethical standards, such as the Society for American Archaeology Principles of Archaeological Ethics. This article has two goals: 1) to arm proponents of CRM-oriented archaeological education with an argument for why these programs are needed within the current structure of higher education, and 2) to map various strategies to prepare students for careers in CRM.

The Sands of the Blackstone archaeological site, in southeastern Massachusetts, is a PaleoIndian campsite that is represented by an unambiguous diagnostic lithic assemblage of artifacts and debitage from source areas across the Northeast (Leveillee 2016). Among the assemblage, two artifacts stand out (Figure 1). One is the base of a fluted point repurposed and utilized as a "pieces esquillees"/ bone splitter. The second is a graver.

Some of the Peterborough petroglyphs in Ontario, Canada clearly resemble Scandinavian petroglyphs of the Bronze Age. It turns out that the similarities are too specific to be explained by parallel development because of some common conceptions or to be attributed to circumpolar diffusion of rock art, and that some aspects of the North American images that remained obscure are clarified by the involvement of Scandinavian parallels. It is essential that striking similarities are found in the depiction of ships, sacred symbols, and supernatural characters at the same time. Systematic consideration of Peterborough petroglyphs hardly leaves the possibility of doubting the reality of the influence of the Scandinavian tradition on them. This influence is most naturally associated with the appearance in North America of some people from Scandinavia. The recent research has turned this possibility from hard to imagine into a plausible one. It has been found that an important source of metals for Bronze Age Scandinavia was Sardinia and the Iberian Peninsula, and that the appearance of the ships on which the Sea Peoples attacked Egypt goes back to Scandinavian prototypes. It has also been shown that there is good reason to postulate an early acquaintance of the Scandinavians with sailing and even the ability to maneuver against the wind. All this implies both a high level of seamanship and familiarity with the waters of the Atlantic.
APPENDIX provides a translation into English by the author of a part of original Russian paper “The Vikings of the Bronze Age and Their Legacy” (Stratum plus 2012, 2: 79–143, esp. 129–133) related to the plausible links between Bronze Age Scandinavia and the Adena culture in the Ohio Valley.

In this article, we explore transformations and continuities in cosmology and cultural landscape structure across Pueblo history in the US Southwest. Many researchers have directly compared the archaeology of the society centered at Chaco Canyon (ca. AD 850-1140) in northwestern New Mexico with ethnographic documentation of Pueblo communities from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This approach makes it difficult to understand how cultural transformation played out in the intervening centuries. Here, we investigate this history by comparing Kin Nizhoni, a Chaco-era Great House community in the Red Mesa Valley, with Wiyo' owingeh, a post-Chacoan community in the Rio Grande Valley. We find that the built environments of both sites expressed similar cosmological principles, but architectural expressions of these concepts became less explicitly marked over time. We also find that this similar cosmology was mapped onto different social structures, with a focus on elite architecture in the Chaco era as opposed to communal dwellings with spatially separated shrines in later Pueblo contexts. We close by proposing a connection between the functions of Chacoan Great Houses and later Pueblo World Quarter Shrines. Overall, our findings underscore the utility of cultural landscape studies for tracing relationships between religion and society across North American Indigenous histories. Resumen En este artículo, exploramos las transformaciones y continuidades en la cosmología y la estructura del paisaje cultural a lo largo de la historia de los pueblos del suroeste de Estados Unidos. Muchos investigadores han comparado directamente la arqueología de la sociedad centrada en el Cañón Chaco (aproximadamente entre 850 y 1140 dC) en el noroeste de Nuevo México con la documentación etnográfica de las comunidades de los pueblos de los siglos XIX y XX. Este enfoque dificulta la comprensión de cómo se desarrolló la transformación cultural en los siglos intermedios. Aquí, investigamos esta historia comparando Kin Nizhoni, una comunidad de la era chacoana en el Valle de Red Mesa, con Wiyo' owingeh, una comunidad post-chacoana en el Valle del Río Grande. Descubrimos que los entornos construidos de ambos sitios expresan principios cosmológicos similares, pero las expresiones arquitectónicas de estos conceptos se volvieron menos explícitas con el tiempo. También descubrimos que esta cosmología similar se trazó en diferentes estructuras sociales, con un enfoque en la arquitectura de élite durante la era chacoana frente a las viviendas comunales con santuarios separados espacialmente en contextos posteriores de los pueblos. Concluimos proponiendo una conexión entre las funciones de las grandes casas chacoanas y los posteriores santuarios del barrio mundial de los pueblos. En general, nuestros hallazgos subrayan la utilidad de los estudios del paisaje cultural para rastrear las relaciones entre la religión y la sociedad a lo largo de las historias indígenas de América del Norte.

Drinking culture. What happens in the field. It was just a joke. Don't rock the boat. Archaeology staggers under the weight of its many "gray zones, " contexts of disciplinary culture where boundaries, relationships, ethical responsibilities, and expectations of behavior are rendered "blurry. " Gray zones rely on an ethos of silence and tacit cooperation rooted in structures of white supremacy, colonialism, heteropatriarchy, and ableism. In the gray zone, subtle and overt forms of abuse become coded as normal, inevitable, impossible, or the unfortunate cost of entry to the discipline. Drawing on narrative survey responses and interviews collected by the Working Group on Equity and Diversity in Canadian Archaeology in 2019 and 2020, we examine the concept of the gray zone in three intersecting contexts: the field, archaeology's drinking culture, and relationships. The work of making archaeology more equitable relies on our ability to confront gray zones directly and collectively. We offer several practical recommendations while recognizing that bureaucratic solutions alone will not be sufficient. Change will require a shift in archaeological culture-a collective project that pulls gray zones into the open and prioritizes principles of care. Resumen Cultura de la bebida. Lo que pasa en el campo. Era solo una broma. No alteres las cosas. La arqueología como disciplina se desequilibra bajo el peso de sus múltiples "zonas grises": contextos de la cultura académica donde los límites, las relaciones, las responsabilidades éticas y las expectativas de comportamiento se tornan difusas. Estas zonas grises dependen de un conjunto de valores de silencio y cooperación arraigados en estructuras de supremacía blanca, colonialismo, heteropatriarcado y capacitismo. En la zona gris, sutiles y abiertas formas de abuso se presentan como normales, inevitables, improbables o como el desafortunado precio de entrar a la disciplina. Usando análisis narrativo y entrevistas realizadas por el "Grupo de Trabajo en Equidad y Diversidad en Arqueología Canadiense" en 2019 y 2020, este artículo examina el concepto de la zona gris dentro de tres contextos que se sobreponen: el campo, la cultura de la bebida en arqueología y las relaciones sociales. La tarea de hacer la arqueología más equitativa depende de nuestra habilidad para confrontar dichas zonas grises de manera directa y colectiva. Este artículo ofrece varias recomendaciones tangibles, al tiempo que reconoce que las soluciones burocráticas no son suficientes. En su lugar, el cambio requerirá una transformación en la cultura arqueológica misma, un proyecto colectivo que revele las zonas grises y priorice los principios de cuidado. Résumé Culture de l'alcool. Ce qui arrive sur le terrain. C' était seulement une blague. Pas la peine de faire des histoires. L'archéologie titube sous le poids de ses nombreuses « zones grises », ses contextes de culture disciplinaire où les limites, les relations, les responsabilités éthiques et les attentes de comportement sont « floutées ». Les zones

Examination of 2010 aerial lidar in the Bad Axe Valley of southwestern Wisconsin had revealed 42 effigy mounds for a total of 117 known mounds in this drainage. Higher resolution lidar flown in 2020 revealed another 29 effigy mounds at 13 sites in just the South Fork for a total of at least 146 effigies in the Bad Axe system. These data corroborate earlier assessments of landscape packing and territorial boundaries at the end of the Late Woodland period in the Driftless Area.

Despite dramatic recent increases in archaeological understanding of the Palaeoindian period in the Northeast, archaeological evidence for the period remains virtually unknown in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. This gap poses a problem for understanding the nature and distribution of Palaeoindian cultural manifestations. In this paper, we report on evidence for Late Palaeoindian period (11,600-9000 cal yr BP) diagnostic lanceolate projectile points from two legacy collections and one collector-reported findspot. We argue that these suggest a more extensive Late Palaeoindian period occupation of the province than previously realized, and that the apparent dearth of Late Palaeoindian period sites is a product of research focus rather than past settlement patterning.

This work applies generational mapping to the Ancestral Pueblo, using 15-year intervals. Distinct phases, found in other cultures, will be tested as to their applicability. They include: 1) "Invisible" Beginnings; 2) Establishment; 3) Novel Consolidation and Opening Up;  4) Crisis & Creativity;  5) Universalization and Inclusion; and  6) Renewal or Rigidification? These findings will help the reader grasp the temporal flow of the Indigenous Southwest, which might otherwise be piecemeal and lack clarity. In addition to a useful mapping of time, the author brings an archetypal awareness to the patterns used in imagery and shows how it resonates with historical phases. We invite you to take a temporal journey into Pueblo times, to follow the evolution of their culture and cosmology, and to gain a sense of our solidarity with Indigenous peoples.

Suivant la publication de deux articles en 2014 et 2020 sur les couteaux de table à manche décoré d’un motif foliacé daté entre la fin du XVe et la 1ère moitié du XVIe siècle, des recherches complémentaires dans l’est du Canada (Nouvelle-Ecosse et Labrador) ont permis d’élargir l’inventaire de ce type de couteaux probablement produit dans la moitié nord de la France. En dehors de la redécouverte de nouvelles occurrences venant de fouilles anciennes des années 70 et 80, la présence au Canada de ces couteaux bien datés en France pose de nombreuses questions sur leur diffusion si lointaine et de manière plus élargie sur les échanges transatlantiques. En effet, ces deux couteaux proviennent de contextes datés de la fin du XVIe voire du début du XVIIe siècle, donc plus de 50 ans après leur fabrication. L’un d’eux, à Avonport (Nouvelle-Ecosse), a d’ailleurs été retrouvé en dépôt dans la tombe d’une princesse amérindienne avec de nombreux objets français dont 3 000 perles, une dague, une marmite, un fer de hache et une trentaine de couteaux. De
production soignée, ces couteaux personnels ont probablement joué un rôle particulier dans les relations entre les colons français et les populations locales dans le cadre de la traite des fourrures. Ils ont pu être transmis au sein d’une même famille de colons voire être échangés avec une forte valeur symbolique aux Micmacs afin d’assurer une bonne entente. Datant de la 1ère moitié du XVIe siècle puis conservés durant plus d’un demi-siècle, ces couteaux peuvent être considérés parmi les objets français les plus anciens jamais retrouvés au Canada, arrivés dans le sillage des grands explorateurs comme Jacques Cartier.

Following the publication of two articles in 2014 and 2020 on table knives with handles decorated with a foliate motif dated between the late 15th and 1st half of the 16th century, further research in eastern Canada (Nova Scotia and Labrador) has expanded the inventory of this type of knife probably produced in the northern half of France. Apart from the rediscovery of new occurrences from old excavations in the 70s and 80s, the presence in Canada of these knives, well dated in France, raises many questions about their distribution so far away and, more broadly, about transatlantic trade. In fact, these two knives were discovered in contexts dated to the late 16th and early 17th centuries, more than 50 years after they were made. One of them, in Avonport (Nova Scotia), was found deposited in the tomb of an Amerindian princess, along with numerous French objects, including 3,000 beads, a dagger, a cooking pot, an axe head and some thirty knives. Carefully produced, these personal knives probably played a special role in relations between French settlers and local populations during the fur trade. They may have been passed on within the same settler family, or even exchanged with a strong symbolic value to the Micmacs to ensure good relations. Dating from the 1st half of the 16th century and then preserved for over half a century, these knives can be considered the oldest French objects ever found in Canada, arriving
in the wake of great explorers such as Jacques Cartier.

Author(s): Villavicencio, Sedna | Advisor(s): Goeman, Mishuana R | Abstract: Museums and archaeology are forever entrenched in the legacy of American colonialism. Early American anthropologists established their careers by studying American Indian songs, stories, kinship systems, food, material culture, languages, and bodies. Established in 1901, the University of California, Berkeley’s anthropology department began funding archaeologists’ excavations of California Indian graves against Native American requests. But the1960’s saw an emergence of social justice activism including the Native American Repatriation Movement (NARM), demanding the return of all Native ancestors and cultural objects stored at museums nationwide. As a result of NARM and the work of Native American and Indigenous activists, lawyers, students and allies, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990. Working collaboratively with tribes for decades, the UCLA Fowler Muse...

The work offers the methods for invariant representation of images against a variety of distorting factors including 2D and 3D rotation, changes in brightness, contrast and scale. It also deals with the procedure of recursive contour preparation consisting of step-by-step preparation of differences among the pixels of grey-scale image and formation of positive, negative and zero preparations. Thus at the first step the contour preparation is effected for the first differences, at the second step, for the second differences, and so on, with a step-by-step definition of the criterial function of distribution of binarized preparations. So it is possible to identify objects in different lighting conditions which simplifies the implementation of similar approaches. This relative simplicity of this method extends the range of its possible application for recognition purposes and for its implementation in the parallel-hierarchical network in particular.

This study explored the experiences of HIV-positive employees regarding workplace stigma in Johannesburg, South Africa. Using a qualitative, interpretive design and thematic analysis, it identified three primary forms of stigma: enacted, felt, and symbolic. Enacted stigma included social exclusion, gossip, and discrimination; felt stigma involved fear, secrecy, and internalized shame; symbolic stigma reflected moral, religious, and sexual judgments. Findings highlighted intersections with gender, sexuality, and inadequate workplace policies, revealing how stigma is both personally experienced and institutionally reinforced. The study underscores the need for comprehensive interventions to promote inclusive, supportive, and non-discriminatory workplace environments.

Compared to what is found in many other scientific disciplines, archaeological data are typically scarce, biased and fragmented. This, coupled with the fact that archaeologists can rarely test their hypotheses using experimental design, makes archaeological inference and our ability to assess the robustness of quantitative methods used to make such inferences challenging.
Archaeoriddle is a project that was born as an attempt to compare archaeological methods in an artificial scenario where the behaviour to be reconstructed was known. In this project we organised an experiment where a virtual archaeological record generated from a simulated interaction between hunter–gatherers and early farmers in a fictional landscape was shared with interested participants. Three archaeological questions were posed and the participants were challenged to answer them with the data that the developer team made available. The model and the generative processes behind the virtual record were known to the developers of the virtual world (Rabbithole) but not to the participants. Additionally, players were allowed to sample only a subset of the data from Rabbithole, mimicking real-life archaeological research and sampling efforts.
The long-term aim of the project is to assess how different methods performed under a controlled environment since, in this case, we knew the correct answers to the questions posed. This experience provided us with some insights into (1) how efficient various archaeological methods are in answering complex questions; (2) the degree of interest from archaeologists in improving their analytical techniques; and (3) the potential of archaeological method when free from external constraints (e.g. budget, fieldwork, etc.).

The Center for Conservation Biology is an organization dedicated to discovering innovative solutions to environmental problems that are both scientifically sound and practical within today's social context. Our philosophy has been to use a general systems approach to locate critical information needs and to plot a deliberate course of action to reach what we believe are essential information endpoints.

The paper is devoted to the role of man-made landforms in landscape design as a means of solving a range of environmental problems. This paper gives a characteristic of man-made landforms. The use of artificial forms of relief as a means that allows evoking bright emotions in the viewer is actualized. Such objects as Mill Creek Canyon (USA), Heart of Reeds (Great Britain), Devil’s Lake (USA), Buitenschot (Holland), Landform Ueda (England) and Crawick Multiverse (Scotland), created by famous artists and designers were considered in the course of the analysis. In their landscape organization manmade landforms play the leading role, the use of which has opened up the possibility of solving a number of environmental problems. As a result, it was established that the formation of compositions from earthen embankments allows overcoming problems of regulating water balance of territories, contributing to protection from excessive noise loads, as well as becoming a tool for rehabilitation o...

Orthopedic diseases are common in dogs and cats, especially, those caused by traumatic injury. Overall, among the significant changes in this group, the fractures are the major cause of pain and dysfunction in dogs of all ages, sizes and breeds. Therefore, a retrospective study of dogs examined between January 2004 and December 2013 at the University Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, was conducted aiming to identify and determine the prevalence of appendicular fractures caused by trauma and characterizing the population/etiology. In a population of 1,200 dogs with suspected traumatic orthopedic diseases in the locomotor system, 955 (79.6%) had appendicular fractures. Of the dogs 23.5% had fractures on the femur (n=225), 23.4% had pelvic fractures (n=223), 22% had tibial and fibular fractures (n=210), 17.6% had radius and ulna fractures (n=168), 7.5% had humeral fractures (n=72) and 6% had distal limb fractures (tarsus, carpus, metacarpus, metatarsus and pha...

Recent excavations by the Ancient Southwest Texas Project of Texas State University sampled a previously undocumented Younger Dryas component from Eagle Cave in the Lower Pecos Canyonlands of Texas. This stratified assemblage consists of bison (Bison antiquus) bones in association with lithic artifacts and a hearth. Bayesian modeling yields an age of 12,660–12,480 cal BP, and analyses indicate behaviors associated with the processing of a juvenile bison and the manufacture and maintenance of lithic tools. This article presents spatial, faunal, macrobotanical, chronometric, geoarchaeological, and lithic analyses relating to the Younger Dryas component within Eagle Cave. The identification of the Younger Dryas occupation in Eagle Cave should encourage archaeologists to revisit previously excavated rockshelter sites in the Lower Pecos and beyond to evaluate deposits for unrecognized, older occupations.

Continuing the work of the 'Vienna Circle', philosopher Carl Hempel created explanatory models to ground scientific inquiry in logic and empirical truth. Beginning with the physical sciences, he explored the application of these models to the social sciences as well. Terrestrial archaeologists incorporated Hempelian concepts by calling for global changes in archaeological methodology. These changes, explicitly designed to maximize data collection (a necessary first step to develop archaeological general laws crucial to Hempelian explanation and confirmation), were developed using particular idiosyncratic geographical cues that would undermine archaeology if implemented in other contexts. In this article, I argue that similarly unconscious artifacts of particular archaeologists' goals and locations have also governed underwater archaeology's growth as a discipline, much to its detriment. It is my hope that understanding the philosophical and archaeological issues that have led archaeology to this point will help to move archaeology (both land and sea) forward.

Part 2 of the hunting series utilizing "textual" or ethnoarchaeology (mining historical accounts) to validate and expand conclusions from physical archaeology in better understanding ancient peoples on the pre-American continent. Even with some cultural, technological, religious and lifeway differences among peoples from Paleo to proto-historic times, the premise of this series is that the essence of the makers of artifacts in collections today was fundamentally the same as the people's encountered in the raw at contact. There may be room to argue what "difference" mean and how significant they were but stasis in essence is possible to discern even with cultural contamination and European practices infiltrating Native customs such as the uses of firearms, metal knives and horses. Adopting such tools may have altered hunting strategy, approach and even philosophy but the Native at contact (and after) was far more Native than European because of a long heritage of beliefs.

Eyewitness accounts and journals show that species hunted (and some tools used) by people at contact was consistent with the diet of peoples going back through Archaic to post-Clovis. Indications from Archaic to Woodland sites in Colorado, for example, show that man harvested all the species compiled from historical texts in this treatise, the textual record a reliable window into more ancient cultures.

Presents a catalogue of the 290 bead varieties represented in a large deposit of glass production wasters uncovered at the edge of the Kaizergracht canal on the west side of Old Amsterdam in 1981. Initially attributed to the first decade of the 17th century and the glassworks operated by Jan Schryver Soop on the Kloveniersburgwal in central Amsterdam, it was subsequently determined that the material was actually associated with the first location of “De Twee Rozen” (The Two Roses) glassworks operated by Claes Rochusz Jacquet on the Kaizersgracht (opposite the deposit) from 1621 to 1657.

This article describes preliminary results of ongoing research at the Greenbrier site (3IN1), a late Mississippian town site now located on privately owned land in the Middle White River Valley in Independence County, Arkansas. In 1999 and 2000 the Arkansas Archeological Society and Arkansas Archeological Survey excavated part of a roughly 9-m 2 burned structure (House 1) initially interpreted as a dwelling. Ceramic sherds from this house and four radiocarbon dates from the site, ranging from AD 1400-1600 (calibrated), indicate that Greenbrier is contemporary with Late Mississippian sites in the eastern Lowlands along the St Francis and Mississippi Rivers. Prestige goods suggest that Greenbrier was part of the wider Mississippian sociopolitical economy and was likely a node along a major trade route. Results from instrumental neutron activation analyses suggest that potters at Greenbrier used local clay sources; however, a chemically equivalent local source has yet to be identified. From December 2019 to October 2021 a gradiometer survey of approximately 30 percent of the estimated site area identified traces of a double-walled ditch and/or palisade that appears to have been expanded at least once. Images from the gradiometer survey show over 123 anomalies that are plausibly interpreted as dwellings, in addition to a cen

Continuing the work of the 'Vienna Circle', philosopher Carl Hempel created explanatory models to ground scientific inquiry in logic and empirical truth. Beginning with the physical sciences, he explored the application of these models to the social sciences as well. Terrestrial archaeologists incorporated Hempelian concepts by calling for global changes in archaeological methodology. These changes, explicitly designed to maximize data collection (a necessary first step to develop archaeological general laws crucial to Hempelian explanation and confirmation), were developed using particular idiosyncratic geographical cues that would undermine archaeology if implemented in other contexts. In this article, I argue that similarly unconscious artifacts of particular archaeologists' goals and locations have also governed underwater archaeology's growth as a discipline, much to its detriment. It is my hope that understanding the philosophical and archaeological issues that have led archaeology to this point will help to move archaeology (both land and sea) forward.

Throughout (pre)history, non-flint rocks have been used to structure fireplaces, to retain heat, to boil liquids, and to cook food. Thus far, the identification of heated non-flint rocks in archaeological contexts largely depends on a visual (macroscopic) assessment using criteria thought to be diagnostic for thermal alteration. However, visual identification can be subject to observer bias, and some heat-induced traces can be quite difficult to distinguish from other types of weathering or discolouration. In this paper, we present feldspar luminescence analysis as an independent, objective way to identify heated non-flint rocks and to evaluate the results against the established visual macroscopic method for the identification of such pieces. This is done by submitting manuported rocks with and without inferred macroscopic characteristics of heating, originating from the Last Interglacial, Middle Palaeolithic site Neumark-Nord 2/2 (Germany), to feldspar luminescence analysis (pIRIR...

Human processing of animal hides is an ancient technology that provided a wide array of products useful for clothing, shelter, transportation, warfare, and ceremonies. In North America, numerous prehistoric and historic trade routes existed to move hides from areas of high supply (e.g., Great Plains bison herds) to areas of high human density and demand for hides, but with low supply (e.g., western salmon-bearing rivers, early agricultural zones in the southwest and along the Mississippi River). Many
of these extant Native American hide trading routes were tapped by the Spanish, French, and British after ~AD 1500 to provide hides to the European market. In the southwest, for the prehistoric period ~AD 500 to ~1200, one of the strongest gradients between hide supply and demand lay between the southwestern edge of heavily used bison range, then on the central plains north of the Arkansas River near modern-day Denver, Colorado, and the Hohokam agricultural lands in the modern-day Phoenix
basin of Arizona. It is likely that a hide trade route existed between these areas of supply and demand. If so, Chaco Canyon and its amazing array of engineered buildings and roads lay right along a “least cost route”, and are possibly linked with the movement and trade of hides. This paper uses comparative ethnology and historic literature on wildlife abundance, hide hunting, and trade networks to describe how Chaco Canyon could have functioned as an exchange center along the route until ~AD 1150. It
describes some potential causes for the collapse of this potential network, and how southwest trade routes were then re-established further southwards after the expansion of bison herds onto the southern plains after ~AD 1350. These new trading routes and exchange systems were documented by the Spanish in the period after AD 1534.

Los kumiai viven en Baja California. Este grupo indígena, antiguamente
nómada, con el paso de los siglos confeccionó una cartografía simbólica
sobre su territorio. El presente trabajo documenta esta cartografía construida con elementos naturales del paisaje, espacios intervenidos y sitios que sólo existen en sus narraciones. En el primer caso, sobresalen piedras, aguajes y montañas. En el segundo, cementerios y sitios rituales. En el tercero, los sitios destruidos por negligencia o de manera intencional. Todos son geosímbolos sobre los cuales los kumiai han elaborado una narrativa que los identifica como elementos importantes que merecen ser protegidos o recuperados.

The co-occurrence of a sharp dust peak, low lake levels, forest reduction, and ice retreat at ca. 4-kyr BP throughout tropical Africa and West Asia have been widely explained as the effect of an abrupt climate change. The detailed study of soils and archaeological records provided evidence to re-interpret the 4 kyr BP dust event linked rather to the fallback of an impact-ejecta, but not climate change. Here we aim to further investigate the exceptional perturbation of the soil-landscapes widely initiated by the 4 kyr BP dust event. Results are based on soil data from the

Stickball is more than a mere game for the Choctaw; is a tradition imbued with religious significance. As Choctaw filmaker Mark Williams (July 23, 2021) said on Facebook, “This is more than just a game to the Choctaw people. It’s an identity.” The crafting of the sticks symbolizes respect for their ancestors and the vitality of their culture. The sticks require considerable time and effort to create, but the Choctaw devote themselves to this practice with care and reverence to preserve their heritage for future generations. Today, stickball remains essential aspect of Choctaw heritage: the game underscores the virtues of collective effort and community contribution that are fundamental to the Choctaw Nation. Hence, stickball is both a cherished custom and a powerful emblem of Choctaw identity.

Orthopedic diseases are common in dogs and cats, especially, those caused by traumatic injury. Overall, among the significant changes in this group, the fractures are the major cause of pain and dysfunction in dogs of all ages, sizes and breeds. Therefore, a retrospective study of dogs examined between January 2004 and December 2013 at the University Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, was conducted aiming to identify and determine the prevalence of appendicular fractures caused by trauma and characterizing the population/etiology. In a population of 1,200 dogs with suspected traumatic orthopedic diseases in the locomotor system, 955 (79.6%) had appendicular fractures. Of the dogs 23.5% had fractures on the femur (n=225), 23.4% had pelvic fractures (n=223), 22% had tibial and fibular fractures (n=210), 17.6% had radius and ulna fractures (n=168), 7.5% had humeral fractures (n=72) and 6% had distal limb fractures (tarsus, carpus, metacarpus, metatarsus and pha...

Starting from the HIV historical reconstruction and its first regulations between the US and the EU, the article examines how the law changes when digital technologies come into play. Indeed, since the beginning, HIV/AIDS activism has been strictly related to the emerging cyberspace, entangling their roads as never happened before. Then, focusing on the role played by HIV Prevention and its digitalization, new legal issues emerged. However, social stigma and outdated laws still prevent effective legal responses, leaving people HIV-positive and HIV-negative who take preventive biomedical devices without adequate protection.

The 4 th interim meeting of the Ottoman Ego-Documents, organized by Istanbul Medeniyet University in cooperation with Free University of Berlin, was held on the 13 th of December 2024 at Istanbul Medeniyet University Ziraat Bankası Conference Hall. The event centered on the findings of the project titled "Ottoman Ego-Documents: Benefitting from German Libraries and Archives" which was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The project, led by Selim Karahasanoğlu in cooperation with Elke Hartmann, aimed to explore the Ottoman ego-documents held in German libraries and archives. The meeting began with welcoming speeches from Selim Karahasanoğlu and Elke Hartmann. In their speeches, Karahasanoğlu and Hartmann provided an overview of the project. They also highlighted their satisfaction

This walking tour was first offered more than 30 years ago (in person) at irregular intervals for my classes at Hunter College.  Here, I present a virtual version, in the form of photographs with captions, depicting the sites as they look today, along with historical images of the excavations and of the finds from these sites.

This archaeological tour of Inwood Hill Park, at the northern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City, visits the last surviving remnants of prehistoric Native American sites in this neighborhood. We get an impression of the ancient environment of Manhattan by seeing forest, springs, and salt marsh. Then we visit a shell midden site, rockshelters (caves), and the former location of a large native village and burial site. We also see the site of a hut camp occupied by British soldiers during the Revolutionary War. The tour concludes at the Dyckman Farmhouse Museum, where we see a reconstruction of one of the military huts.

Ceramic smoking pipes are among the most distinctive artifacts recovered from Iroquoian sites dating from AD 1350 to 1650 in what is today New York, Ontario, and Quebec. In this study, we conduct network analyses of pipe forms to examine assemblages of relations among the ancestral and colonial-era Huron-Wendat during a period of coalescence, conflict, and confederacy formation. We bring these networks based on pipe form together with previous network analysis of collar decoration on ceramic vessels to develop insights about the social networks that each artifact type comprises. Our findings indicate that, unlike pottery collar decorations (which are primarily associated with women and reflect highly cohesive social networks), Huron-Wendat smoking pipes (which are more closely associated with men) were less cohesive and reflect the formation of coalitional networks. We interpret these patterns in the context of defensive alliances that formed to provide mutual aid among communities and nations. These differences highlight the distinct social and material domains in which these artifacts operated, offering complementary perspectives on the complex social dynamics that shaped the social and political landscapes of precolonial and early colonial northeastern North America.

Résumé Les pipes à fumer en céramique comptent parmi les artefacts les plus distinctifs retrouvés sur les sites iroquoiens datant de 1350 à 1650 apr. J.-C., dans ce qui est aujourd'hui l'État de New York, l'Ontario et le Québec. Dans cette étude, nous produisons des analyses de réseaux des formes des fourneaux pipes pour examiner les ensembles de relations parmi les Hurons-Wendat ancestraux et ceux de l' époque coloniale, durant une période de fusions, de conflits et de formation de confédérations. Ces réseaux basés sur les formes de pipes sont combinés aux analyses de réseaux antérieures portant sur les décors des parements de vases en céramique, afin de mieux comprendre les réseaux sociaux engendrés par chacun de ces deux types d'artéfacts. Nos résultats indiquent que, contrairement aux décors sur les parements de vases-principalement associés aux femmes et reflétant des réseaux sociaux très cohésifs-les pipes à fumer des Hurons-Wendat, plus étroitement associées aux hommes, formaient des réseaux de coalition moins cohésifs. Nous interprétons ces patterns dans un contexte d'alliances défensives établies pour offrir une aide mutuelle entre communautés et nations. Ces différences soulignent les domaines sociaux et matériels distincts dans lesquels ces artefacts évoluaient, offrant des perspectives complémentaires sur les dynamiques sociales complexes qui ont façonné les paysages sociaux et politiques de l' Amérique du Nord-Est précoloniale et du début de l' époque coloniale.

In May 2023 North Wind Resource Consulting conducted a Phase I Archaeological survey on a 5.89 acre tract located at 541 West Blount Avenue in South Knoxville, Tennessee. The project area is the former location of several sand and gravel companies, with the earliest company located in the project area circa 1920. The Phase I Archaeological survey consisted of the excavation of Shovel Test Pits (STPs) and the excavation of four test trenches. The Phase I Archaeological survey revealed a heavily disturbed area with no potential for intact precontact archaeological sites. Additionally, all buildings in the project area were removed prior to the North Wind field survey. However, two historic subsurface features were identified in the project area and associated with the 1920-1969 Knox Gravel and Sand Company. These features included an underground conveyor belt and an underground stream culvert. These features were documented in the field. Additional features included a modern barge loader and modern concrete platforms situated adjacent to the Tennessee River. There are several features on the property that may be historic in age, upon consultation with the Tennessee Division of Archaeology (TDOA), it was determined that there was not sufficient evidence to call the resource an archaeological site according to TDOA guidelines. The project area does not have any of the original buildings or any of the original equipment associated with the early 20 th century Knox Sand and Gravel Company with the exception of an underground conveyor belt. Based on the absence of the original buildings and above ground equipment, any research potential was exhausted during the Phase I Archaeological survey. As a result, TVA has recommended the area as a "non-site" cultural resource (NSCR). Non-site cultural resources are not eligible for listing in the NRHP.