Copper Ion

Bovine lens aldose reductase (ALR2) is inactivated by copper ion [Cu(II)] through an oxygenindependent oxidative modification process. A stoichiometry of 2 equiv of Cu(II)/enzyme mol is required to induce inactivation. While metal chelators such as EDTA or o-phenantroline prevent but do not reverse the ALR2 inactivation, DTT allows the enzyme activity to be rescued by inducing the recovery of the native enzyme form. The inactive enzyme form is characterized by the presence of 2 equiv of bound copper, at least one of which present as Cu(I), and by the presence of two lesser equivalents, with respect to the native enzyme, of reduced thiol residues. Data are presented which indicate that the Cu-induced protein modification responsible for the inactivation of ALR2 is the generation on the enzyme of an intramolecular disulfide bond. GSH significantly interferes with the Cu-dependent inactivation of ALR2 and induces, through its oxidation to GSSG, the generation of an enzyme form linked to a glutathionyl residue by a disulfide bond.

Physical and chemical modification on biochar is an interesting approach to enhance the properties and make them potential candidates in adsorption of heavy metals from water. Studies have shown that ultrasound treatments as well as alkali activations on biochar has positive impact on adsorption behaviour of the material. Base activation on biochar derived from ultrasound pre-treated woodchips were studied to understand the influence of ultrasound pre-treatment on chemical modification of biochar and the adsorption properties emerged from it. 40 and 170 kHz ultrasound pre-treated softwood woodchips were subjected to laboratory scale pyrolysis and the resulted biochars were treated with NaOH. The physicochemical properties were examined, and the adsorption experiments revealed that ultrasound pretreatment assisted biochars have better adsorption capacity as compared to untreated biochar samples after activation. 170 kHz pre-treated sample exhibited an equilibrium adsorption POSTPRINT VERSION. The final version is published here: Peter, A., Chabot, B. et Loranger, E. (2021) Enhanced activation of ultrasonic pre-treated softwood biochar for efficient heavy metal removal from water.

BACKGROUND: Chitosan membranes were formed through a phase inversion technique and then cross‐linked with epichlorohydrin (CHX). Heterogeneous graft copolymerization of itaconic acid (IA) onto membrane was carried out with different monomer concentrations (CHX‐g‐p(IA)). The membrane properties such as equilibrium swelling ratio, porosity, and contact angle were measured, together with analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.RESULTS: The Cu(II) ion incorporated membranes (i.e. CHX‐g‐p(IA)‐Cu(II)) were used for reversible immobilization of laccase using CHX‐g‐p(IA) membrane as a control system. Maximum laccase adsorption capacities of the CHX‐g‐p(IA) and CHX‐g‐p(IA)‐Cu(II) membranes (with 9.7% grafting yield) were found to be 6.3 and 17.6 mg mL−1 membrane at pH 4.0 and 6.0, respectively. The Km value for immobilized laccase on CHX‐g‐p(IA)‐Cu(II) (4.16 ...

Complexation properties of two phosphonic acids: nitrilotris (methylenephosphonic acid) and 1-hydroxyethane-1,1 0diphosphonic acid, with Cu(II) and Ca(II) have been previously determined by pH and ionic selective electrode titrations. These phosphonic acids are commonly added to washing powders as polyphosphate substitutes and are here studied in the presence of another detergent compound: tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED), a bleaching activator. Product concentrations were chosen in order to correspond to component concentration ratios encountered in washing powders. Potentiometric titrations were carried out to determine the possible TAED interferences; they indicate that TAED and its by-products have no action on phosphonic acid complexing behaviour. Under our experimental conditions, the action of TAED was modelled with acetic acid and ethylenediamine, the final by-products of TAED hydrolysis. If we take into account both phosphonic and acetic acids, speciation diagrams corresponding to representative fresh water systems showed that the acetic acid does not influence cation speciation.

Mankind quest for better life has led to advancements in modern technologies which include a number of manufacturing processes and methodologies. Some of these processes and methodologies often release harmful substances into the environment including heavy metals which lead to pollution. These heavy metals are non-biodegradable and therefore need to be removed. Attention has been devoted to emerging technologies which are relatively cheap, for the removal of heavy metal ions from contaminated waters. Adsorption of heavy metal ions using biological materials is one such technologies. As such, the adsorption of Cr(vi), Cd (ii), Zn (ii) and Ni(ii) from synthetic solution by activated carbon from Khaya senegalensis was studied in a batch experiment as a function of pH, metal concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time. Solutions after the batch experiments were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The result revealed dependency of adsorption process on pH. The optimal...

In 2015 India facing tremendous problem for removing Heavy metal from water and is becoming more important with the increasing of industrial activities. One of the most important environmental problems is water resources pollution by Heavy metals. Tea waste is good adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This study explores the adsorption potential of Cd (II) by Tea waste adsorbent in aqueous solution. The influences of several main parameters such as pH value, Dose, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time in batch experiments have been studied. The adsorption was depended on pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Maximum removals of Cd (II) were obtained 92%. The experimental data shows maximum removal of cadmium ions at 5 pH, 120min contact time and 0.5 grams adsorbent is

Bu çalışmada, Ni(II) ve Cr(VI) iyonlarının kimyasal olarak modifiye edilmiş kayısı (P. armeniaca L.) çekirdeği kabuğu materyali kullanılarak adsorpsiyonu incelenmiştir. Ağır metal gideriminde modifikasyon metotlarının adsorpsiyon kapasitesini arttırıcı etkileri arastırılmıstır. Modifikasyondan önce ve sonra kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu materyalinin yapısı FTIR ve SEM analizleri ile belirlenmiştir. Modifikasyon işlemleri için HCl, NaOH ve Fenton reaktifleri kullanılmıştır. Daha sonra, HCl, NaOH ve Fenton ile modifiye edilen kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu materyali ile kinetik, izoterm ve termodinamik çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Adsorpsiyon işlemlerinden sonra kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu materyalinin tekrar kullanılabilirliğini belirlemek amacı ile rejenerasyon çalışmaları da yapılmıştır. Uygulanan modifikasyon işlemlerinin neden olduğu ilave maliyetler hesaplanmış ve klasik yöntemlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Ham kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu materyali arıtımda suya verdikleri Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOI) 910-1430 mg/L aralığında iken, bu değer modifiye adsorbanlarda 10-90 mg/L seviyelerine düşmüştür. Giderim verimleri ağır metal konsantrasyonu ile değişmekle birlikte modifiye kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu icin %92'e kadar çıktığı görülmüştür. Adsorpsiyon kapasiteleri adsorban ve modifikasyon çeşidine göre 1 mg/g ile 90 mg/g arasında bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, kayısı çekirdeği kabuğu materyalinin adsorpsiyon kapasitelerinin klasik adsorbanlarla rekabet edebilecek ölçüde olduğu ve atık sulardan ağır metallerin arıtımında ekonomik olarak kullanılabileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Bu araştırmada, Lewatit MP 600 ve Lewatit Sybron Ionac SR 7 reçineleri kullanılarak Cr (VI)'nın sulu çözeltilerden giderilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu reçineler, Cr (VI)'nın sudan uzaklaştırılması için ideal bir tutucudur. Cr (VI) giderimi için temas süresi, başlangıç Cr (VI) konsantrasyonu, pH ve reçine miktarı gibi belirli parametrelerin denge çalışmaları üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Kısa sürede dengeye ulaşılarak sulu ortamdan hızlı Cr (VI) giderimi, reçinelerin Cr (VI)'yı tutma etkinliğinin yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Lewatit MP 600 ve Lewatit SR 7 reçinelerinin, Cr (VI) iyonlarını tutmasından önce ve sonrası için Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FT-IR) ile reçinelerin karakterizasyonu ve Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ile yüzey morfolojisi incelenmiştir. Cr (VI)'nın sulu ortamdan giderim miktarının bulunması ve reçinelerin kapasite tayini için dengede kalan Cr (VI) konsantrasyonuna karşı, reçine tarafından tutulan Cr (VI) grafikleri çizilmiştir. Grafiklere Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Raduskevich (D-R), Scatchard adsorpsiyon izoterm modelleri uygulanarak reçinelerin kapasite tayini yapılmıştır. Kullanılan reçineler için Langmuir izoterm modelinin Cr (VI) giderimi için daha uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Yalancı-ikinci-derece kinetik model, yalancı-birinci-derece kinetik modele göre Cr (VI) giderimi için daha uygun olmuştur. Yapılan deneylerden, bu ticari reçinelerin sulu çözeltilerden Cr (VI) uzaklaştırılması için uygun reçineler olduğu görülür ve arıtma tesislerinde kullanılması önerilir.

The adsorption of lead(II) on to activated carbon developed from an indigenous Ethiopian medicinal plant leaves namely Birbira (Militia ferruginea) was investigated to assess the possible use of this adsorbent. The influences of contact time, adsorbent dose, Pb(II) concentration, pH and temperature on adsorption were investigated. The maximum adsorption took place at 3 h. at a dose of 4.0 g of adsorbent, and 97.3 % of Pb 2+ adsorption at pH of 4.0. The amount of lead ion adsorbed per gram of the adsorbent increased with decreasing concentration of Pb 2+. The percentage of adsorption had increased with the increasing temperature. The positive value of ∆H indicated that the adsorption of lead ions on the adsorbent was an endothermic process. The values of free energy (∆G) were negative as expected for a spontaneous process. The decrease in ∆G value with increasing temperature revealed that adsorption of the ion on the adsorbent became favorable at a higher temperature. The calculated value of ∆H was 25.05 kJ mol-1 , ∆S was 135.48 JK-1 mol-1 and ∆G was also calculated for each temperature. The two theoretical adsorption isotherms, namely, Langmuir and Freundlich were used to describe the experimental results. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm best fits and adsorption capacity was calculated to be 3.3 mg of Pb(II) per g of adsorbent. The adsorption followed the first order kinetics and was found to be pH dependent being maximum at pH 4.0. The pH effect and desorption studies showed that ion exchange mechanism might be involved in the adsorption process. Reuse of the desorbed bio-adsorbent is possible. The effect of foreign ions on the removal of Pb(II) has been investigated. The removal of Pb(II) from industrial wastewater sample was also tested and showed that more than 97 % removal was possible. The results showed that activated carbon prepared from Birbira (Militia ferruginea) leaves could be used for the removal of Pb(II) from wastewater.

In 2015 India facing tremendous problem for removing Heavy metal from water and is becoming more important with the increasing of industrial activities. One of the most important environmental problems is water resources pollution by Heavy metals. Tea waste is good adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This study explores the adsorption potential of Cd (II) by Tea waste adsorbent in aqueous solution. The influences of several main parameters such as pH value, Dose, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time in batch experiments have been studied. The adsorption was depended on pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Maximum removals of Cd (II) were obtained 92%. The experimental data shows maximum removal of cadmium ions at 5 pH, 120min contact time and 0.5 grams adsorbent is

The world. The present study attempts to use waste material (eggshell) as adsorbent for salicylic acid removal and compare its activity with activated carbon. Many variables were studied to indicate their influence on removal efficiency. They have been included pH of solution were (2-11), salicylic acid concentration (10-50ppm) and adsorbent concentration (10g/l – 25 g/l) for eggshell while for activated carbon (1g/l -5g/l). From the experimental results, there were noticed that the percentage removal increased with increasing adsorbent concentration, acidic solution while decreased with increasing salicylic acid concentration. Also, the results indicated that eggshell gave lower removal compared with activated carbon. Therefore the best conditions are pH solution was 2, salicylic acid concentration 10ppm, activated carbon amount 5g/l while for eggshell 25g/l that achieved percent removal reached 97 % and 24% for activated carbon and eggshell respectively.

In 2015 India facing tremendous problem for removing Heavy metal from water and is becoming more important with the increasing of industrial activities. One of the most important environmental problems is water resources pollution by Heavy metals. Tea waste is good adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This study explores the adsorption potential of Cd (II) by Tea waste adsorbent in aqueous solution. The influences of several main parameters such as pH value, Dose, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time in batch experiments have been studied. The adsorption was depended on pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Maximum removals of Cd (II) were obtained 92%. The experimental data shows maximum removal of cadmium ions at 5 pH, 120min contact time and 0.5 grams adsorbent is

In 2015 India facing tremendous problem for removing Heavy metal from water and is becoming more important with the increasing of industrial activities. One of the most important environmental problems is water resources pollution by Heavy metals. Tea waste is good adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This study explores the adsorption potential of Cd (II) by Tea waste adsorbent in aqueous solution. The influences of several main parameters such as pH value, Dose, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time in batch experiments have been studied. The adsorption was depended on pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Maximum removals of Cd (II) were obtained 92%. The experimental data shows maximum removal of cadmium ions at 5 pH, 120min contact time and 0.5 grams adsorbent is

An alternative spectrophotometric method was optimized and validated for the estimation of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), a common reagent, widely used for the preconcentration and isolation of metal ions in complex matrices followed by their estimation by varied techniques. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms yellow Cu(DDTC) 2 with copper and white Hg(DDTC) 2 with mercury (having d 10 system) which are extracted in CCl 4. The UV-visible spectrum of Cu(DDTC) 2 is very stable at pH 5.0 and has a maximum absorption (λ max) at 435 nm. Hg(DDTC) 2 is more stable than Cu(DDTC) 2. Estimation of mercury is based on a quantitative displacement of Cu(II) of Cu(DDTC) 2 with the addition of mercury followed by the measurement of reduced absorbance. Primarily, method was optimized and validated for the estimation of copper. Therefore, simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in mixture is proposed fractionating the extract. The molar specific coefficient (ε) for the mercury was 1.4 × 10 4 mol −1 •L•cm −1 and for copper was 3.16 × 10 5 mol −1 •L•cm −1 at 435 nm. The detection limits of Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ were 0.023 µg•mL −1 and 0.029 µg•mL −1 , respectively. The calibration curve shows good linearity of 0.02-12.0 and 0.02-15.0 µg•mL −1 for the Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ determination, respectively. Proposed technique was applied to food, biological and pharmaceutical samples for the determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II).

An alternative spectrophotometric method was optimized and validated for the estimation of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), a common reagent, widely used for the preconcentration and isolation of metal ions in complex matrices followed by their estimation by varied techniques. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms yellow Cu(DDTC) 2 with copper and white Hg(DDTC) 2 with mercury (having d 10 system) which are extracted in CCl 4. The UV-visible spectrum of Cu(DDTC) 2 is very stable at pH 5.0 and has a maximum absorption (λ max) at 435 nm. Hg(DDTC) 2 is more stable than Cu(DDTC) 2. Estimation of mercury is based on a quantitative displacement of Cu(II) of Cu(DDTC) 2 with the addition of mercury followed by the measurement of reduced absorbance. Primarily, method was optimized and validated for the estimation of copper. Therefore, simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in mixture is proposed fractionating the extract. The molar specific coefficient (ε) for the mercury was 1.4 × 10 4 mol −1 •L•cm −1 and for copper was 3.16 × 10 5 mol −1 •L•cm −1 at 435 nm. The detection limits of Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ were 0.023 µg•mL −1 and 0.029 µg•mL −1 , respectively. The calibration curve shows good linearity of 0.02-12.0 and 0.02-15.0 µg•mL −1 for the Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ determination, respectively. Proposed technique was applied to food, biological and pharmaceutical samples for the determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II).

This study aimed to develop Thai silk fibroin/gelatin (SF/GA) films incorporating various concentrations of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and to investigate the effects of SSD and metallic ions (Ag(I) and Cu(II)) on chemical conformation of the SF/GA films. We found that the incorporation of SSD in the films changed the conformation of silk fibroin protein by increasing β-sheet content. The same phenomena was also observed with the other 2 metallic ions, Ag(I) and Cu(II), incorporated in the SF/GA films. This effect of metallic ions on the SF conformation transition in the SF/GA films may be similar to the phenomenon occurred during natural spinning process of the Bombyx mori silkworm. The SF/GA films incorporating SSD had therefore more stability, less water-insoluble fraction and extended degradation rate than the SF/GA films without SSD due to the higher content of stable β-sheet conformation. When cultured with L929 mouse fibroblast cells according to ISO 10993 part 5 standard, the SF/GA films incorporating SSD at all concentrations showed no cytotoxicity. The SSD released from the films also showed obvious anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) bacteria. We suggested that the SF/GA films incorporating SSD may be useful for some medical applications in which anti-bacterial effect was required.

An alternative spectrophotometric method was optimized and validated for the estimation of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), a common reagent, widely used for the preconcentration and isolation of metal ions in complex matrices followed by their estimation by varied techniques. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms yellow Cu(DDTC) 2 with copper and white Hg(DDTC) 2 with mercury (having d 10 system) which are extracted in CCl 4. The UV-visible spectrum of Cu(DDTC) 2 is very stable at pH 5.0 and has a maximum absorption (λ max) at 435 nm. Hg(DDTC) 2 is more stable than Cu(DDTC) 2. Estimation of mercury is based on a quantitative displacement of Cu(II) of Cu(DDTC) 2 with the addition of mercury followed by the measurement of reduced absorbance. Primarily, method was optimized and validated for the estimation of copper. Therefore, simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in mixture is proposed fractionating the extract. The molar specific coefficient (ε) for the mercury was 1.4 × 10 4 mol −1 •L•cm −1 and for copper was 3.16 × 10 5 mol −1 •L•cm −1 at 435 nm. The detection limits of Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ were 0.023 µg•mL −1 and 0.029 µg•mL −1 , respectively. The calibration curve shows good linearity of 0.02-12.0 and 0.02-15.0 µg•mL −1 for the Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ determination, respectively. Proposed technique was applied to food, biological and pharmaceutical samples for the determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II).

Zinc Oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by two simple routes using Aloe vera (green synthesis, route I) or Cassava starch (gelatinization, route II). The XRD patterns and Raman spectra show that both synthesis routes lead to single-phase ZnO. XPS results indicate the presence of zinc atoms with oxidation state Zn2+. SEM images of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Cassava starch show the presence of pseudo-spherical nanoparticles and nanosheets, while just pseudo-spherical nanoparticles were observed when Aloe vera was used. The UV-Vis spectra showed a slight difference in the absorption edge of the ZnO particles obtained using Aloe vera (3.18 eV) and Cassava starch (3.24 eV). The ZnO nanoparticles were tested as adsorbents for the removal of copper in wastewater, it is shown that at low Cu2+ ion concentration (~40 mg/L) the nanoparticles synthesized by both routes have the same removal efficiency, however, increasing the absorbate concentration (> 80 mg/L) the ZnO na...

Vis, EXAFS, XANES, and Raman techniques have been used to study the removal of water molecules coordinated to the Cu(II) framework atoms of the novel HKUST-1 metal-organic framework. The dehydration process preserves the crystalline nature of the material, just causing a reduction of the cell volume due to the shrinking of the [Cu 2 C 4 O 8 ] cage. The removal of adsorbed H 2 O molecule makes the framework Cu(II) sites available for interaction with other probe molecules. In situ IR spectroscopy has evidenced the formation at liquid nitrogen temperature of labile Cu(II)‚‚‚CO adducts characterized by a ν(C-O)) 2178 cm-1 and at 15 K of Cu(II)‚‚‚H 2 adducts characterized by a ν(H-H)) 4100 cm-1. To the best of our knowledge, we have observed for the first time a clear signal of Cu(II) carbonyl and dihydrogen complexes formed inside a crystalline microporous hosting matrix. The sinking of the oxygens of the carboxyl units, undergone by the Cu(II) framework ions in the dehydration process, is responsible for the rather low coordinative unsaturation of Cu(II). The important shielding effect of the four oxygen framework atoms is testified by the low polarization factor of the Cu(II) site probed by both CO and H 2 molecules.

Basic Yellow ve Basic Blue' nun aktif karbon üzerine adsorpsiyonu tekli ve ikili bileşenler halinde incelenerek adsorpsiyon hız sabitleri hesaplanmıştır. Denge değerleri Langmuir ve Freundlich eşitliği kullanılarak yorumlanmış ve bu izotermlerin sabitleri herbir boyarmadde için hesaplanmıştır. Giles sınıflandırma sistemine göre adsorpsiyon H tipi olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca adsorpsiyona sıcaklığın etkisi incelenmiş ve termodinamik parametreler hesaplanmıştır. Entalpi değişmesinin pozitif değeri adsorpsiyon prosesinin endotermik olduğunu göstermiştir. Serbest enerji değişiminin negatif değerleri adsorpsiyon prosesinin çalışılan sıcaklıklarda kendiliğinden olduğunu göstermiştir. Karışımlardan adsorbe edilen miktarın boyarmaddenin tek başına adsorbe olduğu durumdan daha az olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Kolon çalışmaları yapılmış ve herbir madde için diğer maddenin varlığında ve yokluğunda kolon kapasiteleri hesaplanmıştır.

Bitkisel yan ürünlerden iyon değiştirici ve aktif karbon yapımı son zamanlarda üzerinde yoğun araştırmaların yapıldığı bir konudur. Bu çalışmada hipotetik olarak hazırlanan bakır (II) sülfat çözeltisinden bakırın, açık haldeki çam kozalağının (Pinus nigra) sitrik asitle modifikasyonu ile elde edilen iyon değiştirici reçine kullanılarak sürekli bir sistemde tutulmasının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Belirli mesh aralığına öğütülen modifiye çam kozalağından 25 cm3 yatak hacmi oluşturacak şekilde 7 g tartılarak bir kolon oluşturulmuştur. Kolona hassas besleme amaçlarıyla kullanılabilen bir yüksek basınç pompası yardımıyla farklı konsantrasyonlarda (100-300-600-1000 mg/l) bakır çözeltileri 3,3 ml/dk hızla çözelti beslenmiştir. Sürekli sistem çıkışından alınan 2 yatak hacmine eşit ölçüdeki örneklerin pH’ları ölçüldükten sonra çözeltiler için bakır analizleri yapılmıştır. Farklı konsantrasyonlarda Cu2+ çözeltileriyle sürekli bir kolon sisteminde temas ettirilmesi sonucu elde edilen yatak hacim sayısına karşı bağıl konsantrasyon değerleri 100, 300, 600 ve 1000 mg/l Cu2+ konsantrasyonları grafiklerle gösterilerek iyon değiştirici kolon doygunluğa ulaşıncaya kadar bakır iyonunu tutma yeteneği değerlendirilmiştir. Lignoselülozik bir materyal olan çam kozalağından sitrik asit modifikasyonuyla, elde edilen iyon değiştiricinin sulu çözeltilerden bakırın kazanılabilmesi amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Bakırın yatakta tutulması gerçekleştirildikten sonra, düşük konsantrasyonlu düşük hacimli asit çözeltileriyle bir rejenerasyon işlemi gerçekleştirilerek, oldukça yüksek konsantrasyonlarda bakır içeren ve doğrudan elektroliz ile metalin kazanılmasına uygun bir çözeltinin elde edilmesi ve yatağın tekrar bakırın tutulması amacıyla kullanılabilir hale getirilmesinin mümkün olduğu görülmüştür. En yüksek verimi %80.4 ile 100 ppm konsantrasyondaki sulu bakır çözeltisinden sonra yapılan rejenerasyon işleminden elde edilmiştir.

Metal ions play an important role in biological systems, and without their catalytic presence in trace or ultratrace amounts many essential co-factors for many biochemical reactions would not take place. However, they become toxic to cells when their concentrations surpass certain optimal (natural) levels. Copper is an essential metal. Catalytic copper, because of its mobilization and redox activity, is believed to play a central role in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O 2 − and OH radicals, that bind very fast to DNA, and produce damage by breaking the DNA strands or modifying the bases and/or deoxyribose leading to carcinogenesis. The chemistry and biochemistry of copper is briefly accounted together with its involvement in cancer and other diseases.

Zinc Oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by two simple routes using Aloe vera (green synthesis, route I) or Cassava starch (gelatinization, route II). The XRD patterns and Raman spectra show that both synthesis routes lead to single-phase ZnO. XPS results indicate the presence of zinc atoms with oxidation state Zn2+. SEM images of the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Cassava starch show the presence of pseudo-spherical nanoparticles and nanosheets, while just pseudo-spherical nanoparticles were observed when Aloe vera was used. The UV-Vis spectra showed a slight difference in the absorption edge of the ZnO particles obtained using Aloe vera (3.18 eV) and Cassava starch (3.24 eV). The ZnO nanoparticles were tested as adsorbents for the removal of copper in wastewater, it is shown that at low Cu2+ ion concentration (~40 mg/L) the nanoparticles synthesized by both routes have the same removal efficiency, however, increasing the absorbate concentration (> 80 mg/L) the ZnO na...

Heavy metal removal from wastewater can be carried out by various chemical, physical and biological methods. The presence of heavy metal can affect man and environment adversely. The heavy metal treatment by using adsorption can be carried out by using low cost adsorbents. In the present research, the bagasse and groundnut shells are used as low cost starting materials for adsorbent preparation. Batch studies are carried out for studying removal of iron and chromium from synthetic wastewater for bagasse adsorbent (BA) and groundnut shell adsorbent (GSA). It was observed that optimum adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g/100 ml and 1.5 g/100 ml were sufficient for adsorption of almost 90% of the initial metal concentration for iron and chromium respectively. The amount of the metal removed at optimum pH increased with increase in adsorbent dosage. The optimum pH for the removal of chromium (VI) and iron (III) was in the range of 2 to 4 for both, BA and GSA.

In 2015 India facing tremendous problem for removing Heavy metal from water and is becoming more important with the increasing of industrial activities. One of the most important environmental problems is water resources pollution by Heavy metals. Tea waste is good adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This study explores the adsorption potential of Cd (II) by Tea waste adsorbent in aqueous solution. The influences of several main parameters such as pH value, Dose, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time in batch experiments have been studied. The adsorption was depended on pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Maximum removals of Cd (II) were obtained 92%. The experimental data shows maximum removal of cadmium ions at 5 pH, 120min contact time and 0.5 grams adsorbent is

Natural and synthesis apatites represent a cost effective soil amendment, which can be used for in situ reduction of lead bioavailability and mobility. In our previous work, we selected Tunisian Phosphate Rock (TPR) and Hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) as promising minerals for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (DRX), Infra Red (IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize TPR and CaHAp. CaHAp was prepared from TPR and employed for the removal of Pb 2+ ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of CaHAp and compare them with those of a TPR. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of lead ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio of 1.69. The maximum adso...

Removal of heavy metals from industrial effluent is major part of research carried out by researchers to improve the environment and protect human population from adverse effects of industrialization. Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Lead are few of the major heavy metal which finds application in pharmaceutical, paint, catalyst, piping, battery, insecticides and many other industries. Various physical, chemical and biological methods can be used for their removal. Selection of suitable treatment method depends on the concentration of effluent, composition of effluent, available resources, desired final concentration and end use of effluent, disposal method and economic viability. Groundnut husk (GH) and Rice husk (RH) were used as adsorbents to remove Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu (II), Ni and Pb2+ ions from industrial wastewater. Continuous adsorption experiment was conducted to examine the effect of adsorbent mass, pH, temperature and adsorbent combination on adsorption of Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu (II), Ni an...

Removal of heavy metals from industrial effluent is major part of research carried out by researchers to improve the environment and protect human population from adverse effects of industrialization. Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Lead are few of the major heavy metal which finds application in pharmaceutical, paint, catalyst, piping, battery, insecticides and many other industries. Various physical, chemical and biological methods can be used for their removal. Selection of suitable treatment method depends on the concentration of effluent, composition of effluent, available resources, desired final concentration and end use of effluent, disposal method and economic viability. Groundnut husk (GH) and Rice husk (RH) were used as adsorbents to remove Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu (II), Ni and Pb2+ ions from industrial wastewater. Continuous adsorption experiment was conducted to examine the effect of adsorbent mass, pH, temperature and adsorbent combination on adsorption of Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu (II), Ni an...

Heavy metal intrusion into the water systems is a global environmental problem. Rivers, lakes, and ponds are usually contaminated by direct discharge from industries and these contaminants may leach into groundwater systems via the transport mechanisms. While some of the heavy metals are essential for the metabolic activities of living organisms but their presence in high concentrations in water may be very hazardous. The present study deals with the removal of trace metals including chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) using electrocoagulation and adsorption techniques. The removal of Cr, Cu, and Zn was found to increase with the increase in electrocoagulation time, sodium chloride concentration and applied an electric current. The optimum conditions evaluated were pH around 4, applied electric current 2 A, and 60 min of electrolysis time. This experimental study showed that under the optimal conditions, 87.6% Cr, 100% Cu and 99.2% Zn were successfully removed. The adsorption percentages of these ions by TiO 2 :AC increased sharply by increasing adsorbent dose. The results show that an optimum dose of 5 and 4 g/L of TiO 2 :AC can remove about 97% Cr(VI), 97.45% Cu, and 96% Zn from the wastewater sample containing initially 50 mg/L concentration of each heavy metal. Electrocoagulation and TiO 2 :AC exhibited a high degree of Cr, Cu, and Zn removal and therefore they can be utilized for the treatment of industrial effluents.

Heavy metal from waste water can be removed by various physical, chemical and biological treatment methods. Nickel is one of the important heavy metal emitted from electroplating, battery, and catalyst industries. Biosorption of Nickel is effective and low cost treatment technique. It uses agricultural waste and there by reduces solid waste problem to a considerable extent. The method has unique advantage in its ability to adopt for different geographical areas according to availability of agricultural waste. The investigations show that the agricultural waste such as banana, mosambi peels, ground nut, coconut shells and rice husk has been used for Nickel removal with satisfactory to excellent results. By using these materials the percentage Nickel removal to the extent of 99 percent was observed by investigators. Also aspects such as isotherms, kinetics, modeling of this process are area of study for researchers because of the role of these aspects in optimum and effective removal of Nickel. Present review summarizes studies and research on biosorptive removal of Nickel from waste water.

Understanding complex cellular functions requires study and tracking of biomolecules such as proteins, glycans, and lipids in their natural environment. Herein, we report the first supramolecular nanocatalyst for bioorthogonal click reaction to label live cells. This biocompatible and biodegradable nanocatalyst was formed by self-assembled peptide nanofibers complexed with copper ions. The supramolecular nanocatalyst enhanced azide−alkyne cycloaddition reaction rate under physiological conditions and was shown to be useful for efficient bioorthogonal labeling of live cells.

The uranium mining deserves attention with regard to environmental impacts and water pollution in Brazil. The research objective was to enable the use of biomass as cheap and available adsorbents for uranium removal from acid mine drainage. Three types of biomass were tested: banana peel, residual coffee powder, and moringa seed. Synthetic uranium solution (SS) and acid mine drainage (AMD) were used in the equilibrium adsorption experiments. Remarkable total uranium removal efficiencies were observed for moringa (96.8 ± 2.2 [SS] and 86.5 ± 0.8% [AMD]), coffee (89.4 ± 11.2 [SS] and 73.7 ± 2.2% [AMD]), and banana (48.2 ± 14.0 [SS] and 55.9 ± 4.8% [AMD]). The highest experimental adsorption densities were 18.7, 19.1, and 6.3 mg•g-1 , respectively. Quantitative curves were described for each adsorbent and can be used for practical applications. Design and operating parameters for uranium removal from AMD as a post-treatment, polishing method can be determined beforehand.

In 2015 India facing tremendous problem for removing Heavy metal from water and is becoming more important with the increasing of industrial activities. One of the most important environmental problems is water resources pollution by Heavy metals. Tea waste is good adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. This study explores the adsorption potential of Cd (II) by Tea waste adsorbent in aqueous solution. The influences of several main parameters such as pH value, Dose, initial metal ion concentration, and contact time in batch experiments have been studied. The adsorption was depended on pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. Maximum removals of Cd (II) were obtained 92%. The experimental data shows maximum removal of cadmium ions at 5 pH, 120min contact time and 0.5 grams adsorbent is

Heavy metal intrusion into the water systems is a global environmental problem. Rivers, lakes, and ponds are usually contaminated by direct discharge from industries and these contaminants may leach into groundwater systems via the transport mechanisms. While some of the heavy metals are essential for the metabolic activities of living organisms but their presence in high concentrations in water may be very hazardous. The present study deals with the removal of trace metals including chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) using electrocoagulation and adsorption techniques. The removal of Cr, Cu, and Zn was found to increase with the increase in electrocoagulation time, sodium chloride concentration and applied an electric current. The optimum conditions evaluated were pH around 4, applied electric current 2 A, and 60 min of electrolysis time. This experimental study showed that under the optimal conditions, 87.6% Cr, 100% Cu and 99.2% Zn were successfully removed. The adsorption percentages of these ions by TiO 2 :AC increased sharply by increasing adsorbent dose. The results show that an optimum dose of 5 and 4 g/L of TiO 2 :AC can remove about 97% Cr(VI), 97.45% Cu, and 96% Zn from the wastewater sample containing initially 50 mg/L concentration of each heavy metal. Electrocoagulation and TiO 2 :AC exhibited a high degree of Cr, Cu, and Zn removal and therefore they can be utilized for the treatment of industrial effluents.

Abstract. The results are presented of investigating temporal and spatial development of electrical glow discharge in a neon filled tube under 4mbar pressure. Linear increasing voltage (at 5 V/s increasing voltage rate) is applied to the gas diode. Time dependence of 585.2 nm line light emitted from negative glow is observed from various positions in the diode during formation of electrical discharge. The results show that the development of glow discharge starts in the gap, and propagates to the cathode and in the space around and behind the cathode. An unexpected two-step current rise is found. In the stationary regime, most of the emitted light occupied the cathode carrier rod. This indicates the position where the secondary electron emission is intensive. It corresponds to the second step in the current increase app. 3 ms after the breakdown has already taken place. It is assumed that this step originates from different surface characteristics of the rode material. The analysis ...

The Fava Beans were used in this work as low cost adsorbent material for removal of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The samples were prepared without farther treatment and sorted according to the particles diameter by standard sieves 250-500 µm. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to study the adsorption process, several parameters such as Initial pH of adsorbent, effect of contact time, effect of adsorbent amount and effect of metal concentration were conducted in these experiments. The effects of any one of those previously mentioned parameters on the adsorption capacity were studied while the other parameters were kept constant. It was found that the obtained maximum adsorption capacities of Fave beans for the removal of selected heavy metals were very high. This provide us to use Fava beans as a low coast adsorbent material to clean up the water in the environment from toxic heavy metals such as Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions.

The presence of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) ions in aqueous solution has become a major problem today due to its chronic health effects. Adsorbent prepared from agriculture waste based was introduced to replace the existing activated carbon which is costly. The purpose of this study is to develop activated carbon from Bouea Macrophylla Husk (BMH) and determine the adsorption capability of Cu (II) and Cr (VI) for the prepared adsorbent. Adsorbent produced was prepared via physical and chemical treatment. For physical method, raw materials undergo drying process by using an oven and furnace for 1 hour at 105 (C and 500 (C respectively. Whereas, activating agent potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used in preparing the adsorbent by chemical treatment. The adsorption study was done using standard solution Cu 2+ and Cr 6+ at different concentration and various contact times. All samples were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) to determine adsorption capability. Results showed that the highest percentage of metal removal was achieved at an initial concentration 100ppm metal ion and 0.7g of adsorbent dosage. Removal of Cu (II) was higher compared to Cr (VI) ions. Hence, adsorbent prepared from Bouea Macrophylla Husk was found to be a promising adsorbent for the removal of metal cations from mixed metal ion solution

A fully developed hollow cathode discharge in which the negative glows from opposite walls coalesce to form full column is observed from the measured radial profile of the spectral line emission intensity from within the cathode space. The occurrence of this fully developed hollow cathode discharge is found to depend on the pressure of the working gas p, the discharge current IA and the hollow cathode configuration. The results obtained agrees with those deduced from the optimum pressure range defined in the VA versus p (IA fixed) curves. HeI triplet and singlet lines are detected under most of the discharge conditions and hollow cathode configuration investigated but the singly charged ionic line HeII 468.57 nm is detected only at conditions under which the fully developed hollow cathode discharge is defined. The radial distribution of the ionic HeII line emission is indicative of the radial distribution of the high energy (~10² eV, close to the cathode fall potential) electron den...

Contaminated groundwater influences the health of human beings directly or indirectly because of the presence of different chemical components in the water. The main important considerable constituent in water is fluoride. Fluoride has both valuable and perilous effect for human wellbeing. Hence, there is a necessity for fruitful fluoride removal from water. In this work, the Rice husk activated carbon @ Al composite material is used as a bio-adsorbent for fluoride removal. Rice husk is a bio-waste; choosing rice husk is a good choice because of the more availability, economic feasibility, less biodegradation, the existence of surface groups as well as no discharge of soluble pollutants into the water. On batch mode studies, the percentage removal of fluoride depends on the variation of some parameters for example pH, bio-adsorbent dosage, and contact period and fluoride concentration. 89% of fluoride adsorption occurs under optimum conditions. The possible mechanism might be a strong columbic interaction among Al 3+ and Fas well as fluoride exchange with the surface hydroxyl groups of rice husk activated carbon @Al composite. The application of the bio-adsorbent is to successfully reduce the fluoride content in groundwater samples to below the desirable limits according to WHO and BIS. The desorption studies demonstrated that sodium hydroxide is a regenerating agent and adsorbent is reused for several adsorption-desorption cycles. Hence, the prepared bio-adsorbent in this work is confirmed to be one of the alternative materials as it is economically doable and readily executed in water treatment technology.

Heavy metal from waste water can be removed by various physical, chemical and biological treatment methods. Nickel is one of the important heavy metal emitted from electroplating, battery, and catalyst industries. Biosorption of Nickel is effective and low cost treatment technique. It uses agricultural waste and there by reduces solid waste problem to a considerable extent. The method has unique advantage in its ability to adopt for different geographical areas according to availability of agricultural waste. The investigations show that the agricultural waste such as banana, mosambi peels, ground nut, coconut shells and rice husk has been used for Nickel removal with satisfactory to excellent results. By using these materials the percentage Nickel removal to the extent of 99 percent was observed by investigators. Also aspects such as isotherms, kinetics, modeling of this process are area of study for researchers because of the role of these aspects in optimum and effective removal of Nickel. Present review summarizes studies and research on biosorptive removal of Nickel from waste water.

Design considerations for stable trouble-free operation of a 100 W copper vapour laser are described. Implementation of laser head and modulator design principles result in a laser that meets these goals. The laser is switched by a single small thyratron that operates below all its maximum ratings.

Heavy metal intrusion into the water systems is a global environmental problem. Rivers, lakes, and ponds are usually contaminated by direct discharge from industries and these contaminants may leach into groundwater systems via the transport mechanisms. While some of the heavy metals are essential for the metabolic activities of living organisms but their presence in high concentrations in water may be very hazardous. The present study deals with the removal of trace metals including chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) using electrocoagulation and adsorption techniques. The removal of Cr, Cu, and Zn was found to increase with the increase in electrocoagulation time, sodium chloride concentration and applied an electric current. The optimum conditions evaluated were pH around 4, applied electric current 2 A, and 60 min of electrolysis time. This experimental study showed that under the optimal conditions, 87.6% Cr, 100% Cu and 99.2% Zn were successfully removed. The adsorption percentages of these ions by TiO 2 :AC increased sharply by increasing adsorbent dose. The results show that an optimum dose of 5 and 4 g/L of TiO 2 :AC can remove about 97% Cr(VI), 97.45% Cu, and 96% Zn from the wastewater sample containing initially 50 mg/L concentration of each heavy metal. Electrocoagulation and TiO 2 :AC exhibited a high degree of Cr, Cu, and Zn removal and therefore they can be utilized for the treatment of industrial effluents.

Rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the discharge of various toxic pollutants into the water bodies. Heavy metals constitute the major part of toxic waste let out by many industries. These metals are toxic to both human beings and aquatic life when they exceed their permissible limits. There are several methods used for the removal of heavy metals in the wastewater such as chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis, ultra filtration and phytoremediation. But these methods are either expensive or inefficient for the removal when the metals are at high concentration. The search for new technologies involving the removal of toxic metals from wastewaters has attracted attention to adsorption. The present study aims at the removal of zinc from electroplating industrial wastewater using a cheap adsorbent, cork powder. 98% of zinc removal was found in synthetic wastewater whereas the removal percentage for the electroplating industrial wastewater was observed to be 91%.

Heavy metal intrusion into the water systems is a global environmental problem. Rivers, lakes, and ponds are usually contaminated by direct discharge from industries and these contaminants may leach into groundwater systems via the transport mechanisms. While some of the heavy metals are essential for the metabolic activities of living organisms but their presence in high concentrations in water may be very hazardous. The present study deals with the removal of trace metals including chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) using electrocoagulation and adsorption techniques. The removal of Cr, Cu, and Zn was found to increase with the increase in electrocoagulation time, sodium chloride concentration and applied an electric current. The optimum conditions evaluated were pH around 4, applied electric current 2 A, and 60 min of electrolysis time. This experimental study showed that under the optimal conditions, 87.6% Cr, 100% Cu and 99.2% Zn were successfully removed. The adsorption percentages of these ions by TiO 2 :AC increased sharply by increasing adsorbent dose. The results show that an optimum dose of 5 and 4 g/L of TiO 2 :AC can remove about 97% Cr(VI), 97.45% Cu, and 96% Zn from the wastewater sample containing initially 50 mg/L concentration of each heavy metal. Electrocoagulation and TiO 2 :AC exhibited a high degree of Cr, Cu, and Zn removal and therefore they can be utilized for the treatment of industrial effluents.

An alternative spectrophotometric method was optimized and validated for the estimation of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), a common reagent, widely used for the preconcentration and isolation of metal ions in complex matrices followed by their estimation by varied techniques. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms yellow Cu(DDTC)2 with copper and white Hg(DDTC)2 with mercury (having d10 system) which are extracted in CCl4. The UV-visible spectrum of Cu(DDTC)2 is very stable at pH 5.0 and has a maximum absorption (λmax) at 435 nm. Hg(DDTC)2 is more stable than Cu(DDTC)2. Estimation of mercury is based on a quantitative displacement of Cu(II) of Cu(DDTC)2 with the addition of mercury followed by the measurement of reduced absorbance. Primarily, method was optimized and validated for the estimation of copper. Therefore, simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in mixture is proposed fractionating the extract. The molar specific coefficient (ε) for the mercury was 1.4 × 104 mo...

This paper reports the design procedure and experimental study of a sealed o CO2 laser. Simple algorithms for threshold and steady state excitation voltage calculation, resonator design and its temperature dependent operation are presented. The sealed o CO2 laser was operated both in CW and pulsed modes and found stable both thermodynamically and optically. Frequency limits for pulsed operation regarding maximum and minimum output energy ranges are determined. Di erent aspects of CO2 laser studied include threshold excitation voltages, temperature dependent e ciency, optical power saturation limitations, pulsed and steady state discharge currents for optimum gases mixture combinations. The laser has successfully been constructed, operated and tested for di erent applications within the limits of its maximum output power of 14 W.

There is a great interest in evaporative deposition systems with simultaneous self-ion bombardment for manufacturing high quality thin films for electronics, optics and mechanics. In these systems, ions are generated in different kinds of low pressure plasma discharges (e.g. RF inductive discharge) that are excited in the flow of deposited material vapor. Continuous discharges are often used but the pulsed mode of ones is attractive too [1,2]. It allows to improve the characteristics of thin films, increase the instantaneous plasma density with reducing the treatment temperature, stimulate chemical reactions on coated surfaces. The present work deals with the study of the pulsed RF inductive plasma discharge in the low pressure metal vapor. The pulsed discharge was generated by the five-turn inductor placed above the crucible with evaporated material in a vacuum chamber. The e-beam (1-10 kW) was used for heating the evaporated metal, the metal vapor pressure inside the inductor was 10-2-10-4 Torr. The thyratron pulser (see Fig. 1) was used for impact-excitation of the free dying sine oscillations with frequency f = 0.4-4 MHz in the inductor L and capacitor C. The latter was connected in parallel with the inductor to create the oscillating contour. Also in Fig. 1, VL is the thyratron of TGI-1000/25 type, C s-energy storage capacitor. The repetition frequency of thyratron firing was 1-20 kHz. Electrostatic probes were placed in several points in the vicinity of the inductor. Above the inductor there was the ion collector with the negative DC or RF (13.56 MHz) bias of 100-1000 V. It was used as the substrate holder too. An ionization of vapor occurs after energizing the inductor L above some critical level by discharging C s through L-C and VL. Yet, the ionizing process has a delay that is several half-waves of the inductor current. Then the plasma discharge continues until oscillations in the inductor die down.

An alternative spectrophotometric method was optimized and validated for the estimation of mercury using diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC), a common reagent, widely used for the preconcentration and isolation of metal ions in complex matrices followed by their estimation by varied techniques. Diethyldithiocarbamate forms yellow Cu(DDTC) 2 with copper and white Hg(DDTC) 2 with mercury (having d 10 system) which are extracted in CCl 4. The UV-visible spectrum of Cu(DDTC) 2 is very stable at pH 5.0 and has a maximum absorption (λ max) at 435 nm. Hg(DDTC) 2 is more stable than Cu(DDTC) 2. Estimation of mercury is based on a quantitative displacement of Cu(II) of Cu(DDTC) 2 with the addition of mercury followed by the measurement of reduced absorbance. Primarily, method was optimized and validated for the estimation of copper. Therefore, simultaneous determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II) in mixture is proposed fractionating the extract. The molar specific coefficient (ε) for the mercury was 1.4 × 10 4 mol −1 •L•cm −1 and for copper was 3.16 × 10 5 mol −1 •L•cm −1 at 435 nm. The detection limits of Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ were 0.023 µg•mL −1 and 0.029 µg•mL −1 , respectively. The calibration curve shows good linearity of 0.02-12.0 and 0.02-15.0 µg•mL −1 for the Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ determination, respectively. Proposed technique was applied to food, biological and pharmaceutical samples for the determination of Cu(II) and Hg(II).