Consortium Blockchain

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The development of technology around us is going through a rapid and significant state that is almost causing a technological revolution, so one of the most important problems facing us in the current technological era is the management of warehouse data and the growth occurring in the volume of data that is dealt with on a daily basis, whether in terms of its storage or security, especially if the data is huge and large. Therefore, we developed a proposed model in our study that provides security in addition to storage/warehouse management. In our proposed model, the El-Gamal and GLUON functions address the security problem. In addition to supporting other security methods, such as GLUON, which is secure and fast, for encryption. Hybrid Blockchain technology is used in our proposed model to deal with the storage of this type of huge data, and also for the purpose of organizing warehouse storage. Data is exposed to intrusion or loss when using any traditional, centralized technology or when storing it in databases, so we chose the hybrid Blockchain to be an integrated fit with our proposed model, and also because it allows the distribution of data across public and private domains. Our proposed model, upon examination, shows that it effectively dealt with defending against attacks such as NotPetya, GoldenEye, WannaCry, Emotet, Trickbot, Conti, and DarkSide. In addition, the results of lightweight GLUON and El-Gamal showed that the performance analysis of our model was very successful, where the time it takes to create a block was between 0.01 ns and not more than 0.09 ns which is considered too fast for such a system that deals with a big data. As a result, we were able to gain an effective model for data repository control, security, performance, and management.

Blockchain technology represents a groundbreaking innovation in data management and security. By utilizing decentralized, transparent, and immutable ledgers, it eliminates the need for intermediaries and enhances trust across various sectors. This paper explores the scope, current and future applications, its transformative impact on financial systems and information security, participation pathways, and its technical underpinnings. Additionally, the document discusses its application in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and emerging domains, offering a comprehensive guide to understanding and leveraging blockchain technology.

While electronic signatures are widespread, there currently exists no viable signing solutions that can track amendments. We proposed VeriSign, a secure contract consensus platform where amendments to contracts can be tracked in a decentralized medium. We demonstrate a user-facing app where signatories can vote on original contracts and amendments, and incorporate a Blockchain where we store the transaction history of original contracts and amendments. This platform has possible applications in tracking the history of legislation, and amendments to legislation.

While electronic signatures are widespread, there currently exists no viable signing solutions that can track amendments. We proposed VeriSign, a secure contract consensus platform where amendments to contracts can be tracked in a decentralized medium. We demonstrate a user-facing app where signatories can vote on original contracts and amendments, and incorporate a Blockchain where we store the transaction history of original contracts and amendments. This platform has possible applications in tracking the history of legislation, and amendments to legislation.

Cryptocurrency mining has evolved from an underground activity into a mainstream enterprise that attracts investors, developers, and tech enthusiasts globally. With mining operations scaling up, cyber threats targeting these infrastructures have escalated. Crypto miners, decentralized by nature, often rely on distributed hardware and networks that remain susceptible to a wide range of cybersecurity threats, including malware, ransomware, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, and supply chain vulnerabilities. This whitepaper explores the advanced cybersecurity measures that can be optimally utilized to safeguard crypto mining infrastructures. Real-life examples of notable breaches and attacks are discussed to provide a concrete understanding of the risks involved. Finally, we outline five best practices and tools that mining operators can employ to secure their infrastructure effectively.

Government has numerous responsibilities of state and individual ministries in the country. The everyday working of government involves an enormous number of transactions of various operations that need to be carried out throughout the country. A major hurdle that the top government faces is the low-level corruption that is sometimes impossible to track which hinders the state progress. Tracking it is a very difficult task in the persistent modelling and structure of the government. Every detail is recorded either on paper or a simple database with first to second level authentication. A system that allows for a full proof, secure and authentic fund allocation and tracking is required to form an incorruptible government. It is the present requirement for transparent operations of the government. Blockchain technology is considered to be one among the many transformative technologies in present times with its prominent use case being the application in the crypto currency areas. It becomes very convenient to track the huge amount of data which is not possible in the current system. This makes the functioning of the government and fund flows transparent. Thus, might also prove to gain the trust of the citizens. The top-level government can track all the transactions that happen in the lowest levels. The vital objective of this project is to develop a smart system to track funds allocated to the state government as they traverse through the government process at each stage. This project leverage blockchain technology to secure the transactions at every stage while maintaining transparency in every transaction, sealing every transaction with proofs as the funds move ahead. The proposed system strives to achieve a more secure and an efficient system to maintain the transactional details of the government. Providing more efficient and user-friendly interface, this system allows every authorised individual to view the fund records and transaction details.

Blockchain has proven to be successful in decision making using the streaming live data in various applications, it is the latest form of Information Technology. There are two broad Blockchain categories, public and private. Public Blockchains are very transparent as the data is distributed and can be accessed by anyone within the distributed system. Private Blockchains are restricted and therefore data transfer can only take place in the constrained environment. Using private Blockchains in maintaining private records for managed history or governing regulations can be very effective due to the data and records, or logs being made with respect to particular user or application. The Blockchain system can also gather data records together and transfer them as secure data records to a third party who can then take further actions. In this paper, an automotive road safety case study is reviewed to demonstrate the feasibility of using private Blockchains in the automotive industry. With...

Background and Purpose: Blockchain Technology has recently, with its disruptive force and revolutionising ways of improving security and data sharing, gotten a lot of attention in both academics and business. Blockchains can be separated into several configurations of blockchains, which all have different benefits and drawbacks. There is, however, a lack of consensus about these different configurations and the existing literature does not provide any comprehensive compilation. Moreover, blockchains are said to have an especially benefiting value in supply chain management. Despite this, the diffusion of the technology and use cases in the fast fashion industry, which is highly reliant on an efficient supply chain, are still near to non-existent. One of the most important factors affecting the diffusion of new technologies has been said to be compatibility. Hence, this study aims to investigate how compatible the different configurations of blockchains are in the supply chain management in the fast fashion industry. Methodology: The research builds on an extensive literature review of blockchain technology and its different configurations, resulting in a compilation of the characteristics distinguishing the configurations. The literature is then extended and built upon by conducting qualitative semi-structured interviews with blockchain experts about the different configurations. In addition to this, fast fashion companies are interviewed, also by semi-structured interviews, about their perception based on each of the characteristics identified in the literature review. Findings and Conclusions: One of the main findings is that the different configurations of blockchains can be distinguished by four clusters of characteristics and that there are tradeoffs evident between them that affect the compatibility of the different configurations. Based on this, a model has been constructed that was used to assess the compatibility of the blockchains configurations in supply chain management in the fast fashion industry. This resulted in the second main finding of the study, which is that even though it has been discussed that there is a lot of benefits achievable by blockchains, the result indicates that no configuration is fully compatible in this aspect studied. However, each configuration can be compatible to a certain extent and can consequently provide value in different settings. It is also identified that a consortium blockchain is adaptable and has the potential to overcome some of the trade-offs. Furthermore, the study provides four recommendations regarding the adoption of the different configurations of blockchains in supply chain management in the fast fashion industry.

Background and Purpose: Blockchain Technology has recently, with its disruptive force and revolutionising ways of improving security and data sharing, gotten a lot of attention in both academics and business. Blockchains can be separated into several configurations of blockchains, which all have different benefits and drawbacks. There is, however, a lack of consensus about these different configurations and the existing literature does not provide any comprehensive compilation. Moreover, blockchains are said to have an especially benefiting value in supply chain management. Despite this, the diffusion of the technology and use cases in the fast fashion industry, which is highly reliant on an efficient supply chain, are still near to non-existent. One of the most important factors affecting the diffusion of new technologies has been said to be compatibility. Hence, this study aims to investigate how compatible the different configurations of blockchains are in the supply chain manage...

Quantum computers pose a significant threat to blockchain technology’s security, which heavily relies on public-key cryptography and hash functions. The cryptographic algorithms used in blockchains, based on large odd prime numbers and discrete logarithms, can be easily compromised by quantum computing algorithms like Shor’s algorithm and its future qubit variations. This survey paper comprehensively examines the impact of quantum computers on blockchain security and explores potential mitigation strategies. We begin by surveying the existing literature on blockchains and quantum computing, providing insights into the current state of research. We then present an overview of blockchain, highlighting its key components and functionalities. We delve into the preliminaries and key definitions of quantum computing, establishing a foundation for understanding the implications on blockchain security. The application of blockchains in cybersecurity is explored, considering their strengths ...

Distributed ledgers using blockchain have gained traction in the supply chain industry due to their unique features of immutability and transparency. They have given people the abilities to solve business problems which were impossible using traditional systems. The US beef cattle industry lacks adequate traceability as most of the farm owners consider such data confidential; possibly harming their businesses if exposed. This article attempts to solve this problem by proposing a smart contract-based supply chain framework using a permissioned blockchain network. This system supports anonymity for the users to protect identities and lets every user store their data locally, while ensuring that the changes are recorded in the chain with cryptographic proofs (hashes). The proposed framework also has methods for the users to perform business transactions and transfer animal-related data to new owners as required. In addition to that, smart contracts have been added to conduct anonymous surveys for data aggregation. The technical contribution of this article is in the system design on how users, data, and communications are handled to maintain data ownership and user privacy while ensuring immutability and confidentiality at different levels of data aggregation. This article also contains an evaluation of the system using integration tests where the outcomes meet the expected design requirements. The framework can be applied to the US beef cattle industry as well as other supply chains with minimal modifications. INDEX TERMS Blockchain, smart contracts, animal tracing, proof of authority, supply chain management, data security, privacy.

The blockchain is generally defined as publicly disclosed and linked ledger of online transactions that are performed in peer to peer network. Also, all the transactions executed in this public ledger are verified by the majority of the participants. Blockchain has brought a different approach to the data sharing and management. It has come up with the solutions to a number of problems that the digital world has been facing since long. Blockchain technology is highly efficient to transform a number of industries such as financial and non-financial ones. This paper explores the blockchain technology as a thing like an internet i.e. the future of Internet and explains it's numerous scopes in different sectors for both the personal and professional purposes. But firstly, we will come across the basics of this technology, how did it come into existence and what's its current status. We will also study what can be the positive and negative impacts of using blockchain technology. And at last, we will explain the challenges along with the opportunities this latest technology brings in the digital world.

The involvement of digital identity in almost all online services contributes to the growing reliance on Identity Management Systems (IDMS) that establish, verify, and manage digital identities. However, digital identities are still kept in central repositories. Which are controlled by a single authority that may have many vulnerabilities due to low security, leading attackers to exploit these vulnerabilities and causing various security breaches such as identity theft or disclosure of sensitive information. Additionally, powerful entities who have access to these repositories, could gather and abuse users' information without their knowledge or consent. The concept of Self-sovereign Identity (SSI) allows users to exert ownership of their identity and gain insight into how their data is being used. The development of Blockchain technology has made a breakthrough in achieving SSI by giving individuals the ability to be the final arbiter of who can access and use their own identit...

The current online charity system that works on a client-server architecture has many cons to it. One of the main disadvantages of the charity system in India is corruption. Many charitable organizations in India are not transparent about their funding, and there are often cases of embezzlement of funds meant for charitable purposes. There is also lack of accountability as many organizations are not audited regularly. To address these problems we are building a decentralized blockchain based system that will provide full transparency to the donors and increase their trust in the system. The system is based on a decentralized distributed ledger that enables tamper-proof record-keeping and automates processes through smart contracts. This ensures greater accountability and transparency, reducing the risk of fraud or misuse of funds.

Blockchain technology and cryptocurrency are continuously becoming more popular all over the world, especially with the rapid popularity of access to the internet. It appears to be one of the most significant trends of the modern era. It is difficult nowadays to spend a whole day without coming across issues of cryptocurrency in the news, or social networking sites, broadcasts channels and even legislations made by various governments. The debate surrounding the subject is highly polarized, with strong feelings on all sides of the multifaceted cryptocurrency. Some call it a bubble, while others believe it has the potential to destabilize the economy of the world. Blockchain technology, which is the heart of cryptocurrency, has been described as a major disruptor of the global business process. Many entrepreneurs have jumped on the initial coin offering (ICO) bandwagon, selling tokens to the general public and raising hundreds of millions of dollars. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the impact of cryptocurrency on the global economy risk and cyber threats and privacy issues with particular emphasis on a developing country like Nigeria.

Because of the confluence of fifth generation (5G) connectivity and the Internet of Things (IoT), network complexity is increasing significantly. This modification increases the effect and harm of cyber-attacks by diversifying the assault channels of the adversary. A proof-based security system, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) analyses and shares security-related data in order to respond proactively to these sophisticated cyber threats. However, if an attacker purposefully injects harmful data into the system, the performance of CTI systems can be severely impacted by establishing and distributing ineffective security policies. As a result of a Sybil assault, we offer a blockchain-based CTI architecture that enhances trust in the source and substance of data. Smart contracts validate a method for collecting CTI, which is then stored on a blockchain network. In addition, the suggested system provides a system model that can operate and handle CTI data in conformity with the de facto standard effectively. Attackers in terms of both reliability and cost as a proof of efficacy and Sybil-resistance, we offer simulated results that demonstrate the proposed framework's dependability and cost to attackers. Individuals and organisations get governmental services more effectively, efficiently, and openly through electronic government (e-government). Economically and socially, failure to implement e-government is one of the most complicated systems since it must be dispersed, guarded and protected from unauthorised access. E-government services such as websites and electronic identity management systems (eIDs) are centralised on servers and databases that have been replicated. Malware, denial of service attacks (DoS), and distributed denial of service assaults can be used to compromise a centralised administration and validation system (DDoS). Decentralized, highly secure, and privacy-preserving systems may be implemented using blockchain technology, in which transactions are not under the authority of third-party entities. When data is kept in a sealed compartment of blocks (a ledger), it is verified and unchangeable. The blockchain technology, which encrypts and distributes data throughout the whole network, improves information security and privacy. In this dissertation I have proposed the different ways to protect the system and data from cyber-attacks using the blockchain technology.

Because of the confluence of fifth generation (5G) connectivity and the Internet of Things (IoT), network complexity is increasing significantly. This modification increases the effect and harm of cyber-attacks by diversifying the assault channels of the adversary. A proof-based security system, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) analyses and shares security-related data in order to respond proactively to these sophisticated cyber threats. However, if an attacker purposefully injects harmful data into the system, the performance of CTI systems can be severely impacted by establishing and distributing ineffective security policies. As a result of a Sybil assault, we offer a blockchain-based CTI architecture that enhances trust in the source and substance of data. Smart contracts validate a method for collecting CTI, which is then stored on a blockchain network. In addition, the suggested system provides a system model that can operate and handle CTI data in conformity with the de facto standard effectively. Attackers in terms of both reliability and cost as a proof of efficacy and Sybil-resistance, we offer simulated results that demonstrate the proposed framework's dependability and cost to attackers. Individuals and organisations get governmental services more effectively, efficiently, and openly through electronic government (e-government). Economically and socially, failure to implement e-government is one of the most complicated systems since it must be dispersed, guarded and protected from unauthorised access. E-government services such as websites and electronic identity management systems (eIDs) are centralised on servers and databases that have been replicated. Malware, denial of service attacks (DoS), and distributed denial of service assaults can be used to compromise a centralised administration and validation system (DDoS). Decentralized, highly secure, and privacy-preserving systems may be implemented using blockchain technology, in which transactions are not under the authority of third-party entities. When data is kept in a sealed compartment of blocks (a ledger), it is verified and unchangeable. The blockchain technology, which encrypts and distributes data throughout the whole network, improves information security and privacy. In this dissertation I have proposed the different ways to protect the system and data from cyberattacks using the blockchain technology.

Because of the confluence of fifth generation (5G) connectivity and the Internet of Things (IoT), network complexity is increasing significantly. This modification increases the effect and harm of cyber-attacks by diversifying the assault channels of the adversary. A proof-based security system, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) analyses and shares security-related data in order to respond proactively to these sophisticated cyber threats. However, if an attacker purposefully injects harmful data into the system, the performance of CTI systems can be severely impacted by establishing and distributing ineffective security policies. As a result of a Sybil assault, we offer a blockchain-based CTI architecture that enhances trust in the source and substance of data. Smart contracts validate a method for collecting CTI, which is then stored on a blockchain network. In addition, the suggested system provides a system model that can operate and handle CTI data in conformity with the de facto standard effectively. Attackers in terms of both reliability and cost as a proof of efficacy and Sybil-resistance, we offer simulated results that demonstrate the proposed framework's dependability and cost to attackers. Individuals and organisations get governmental services more effectively, efficiently, and openly through electronic government (e-government). Economically and socially, failure to implement e-government is one of the most complicated systems since it must be dispersed, guarded and protected from unauthorised access. E-government services such as websites and electronic identity management systems (eIDs) are centralised on servers and databases that have been replicated. Malware, denial of service attacks (DoS), and distributed denial of service assaults can be used to compromise a centralised administration and validation system (DDoS). Decentralized, highly secure, and privacy-preserving systems may be implemented using blockchain technology, in which transactions are not under the authority of third-party entities. When data is kept in a sealed compartment of blocks (a ledger), it is verified and unchangeable. The blockchain technology, which encrypts and distributes data throughout the whole network, improves information security and privacy. In this dissertation I have proposed the different ways to protect the system and data from cyberattacks using the blockchain technology.

Because of the confluence of fifth generation (5G) connectivity and the Internet of Things (IoT), network complexity is increasing significantly. This modification increases the effect and harm of cyber-attacks by diversifying the assault channels of the adversary. A proof-based security system, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) analyses and shares security-related data in order to respond proactively to these sophisticated cyber threats. However, if an attacker purposefully injects harmful data into the system, the performance of CTI systems can be severely impacted by establishing and distributing ineffective security policies. As a result of a Sybil assault, we offer a blockchain-based CTI architecture that enhances trust in the source and substance of data. Smart contracts validate a method for collecting CTI, which is then stored on a blockchain network. In addition, the suggested system provides a system model that can operate and handle CTI data in conformity with the de facto standard effectively. Attackers in terms of both reliability and cost as a proof of efficacy and Sybil-resistance, we offer simulated results that demonstrate the proposed framework's dependability and cost to attackers. Individuals and organisations get governmental services more effectively, efficiently, and openly through electronic government (e-government). Economically and socially, failure to implement e-government is one of the most complicated systems since it must be dispersed, guarded and protected from unauthorised access. E-government services such as websites and electronic identity management systems (eIDs) are centralised on servers and databases that have been replicated. Malware, denial of service attacks (DoS), and distributed denial of service assaults can be used to compromise a centralised administration and validation system (DDoS). Decentralized, highly secure, and privacy-preserving systems may be implemented using blockchain technology, in which transactions are not under the authority of third-party entities. When data is kept in a sealed compartment of blocks (a ledger), it is verified and unchangeable. The blockchain technology, which encrypts and distributes data throughout the whole network, improves information security and privacy. In this dissertation I have proposed the different ways to protect the system and data from cyberattacks using the blockchain technology.

Because of the confluence of fifth generation (5G) connectivity and the Internet of Things (IoT), network complexity is increasing significantly. This modification increases the effect and harm of cyber-attacks by diversifying the assault channels of the adversary. A proof-based security system, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) analyses and shares security-related data in order to respond proactively to these sophisticated cyber threats. However, if an attacker purposefully injects harmful data into the system, the performance of CTI systems can be severely impacted by establishing and distributing ineffective security policies. As a result of a Sybil assault, we offer a blockchain-based CTI architecture that enhances trust in the source and substance of data. Smart contracts validate a method for collecting CTI, which is then stored on a blockchain network. In addition, the suggested system provides a system model that can operate and handle CTI data in conformity with the de facto standard effectively. Attackers in terms of both reliability and cost as a proof of efficacy and Sybil-resistance, we offer simulated results that demonstrate the proposed framework's dependability and cost to attackers. Individuals and organisations get governmental services more effectively, efficiently, and openly through electronic government (e-government). Economically and socially, failure to implement e-government is one of the most complicated systems since it must be dispersed, guarded and protected from unauthorised access. E-government services such as websites and electronic identity management systems (eIDs) are centralised on servers and databases that have been replicated. Malware, denial of service attacks (DoS), and distributed denial of service assaults can be used to compromise a centralised administration and validation system (DDoS). Decentralized, highly secure, and privacy-preserving systems may be implemented using blockchain technology, in which transactions are not under the authority of third-party entities. When data is kept in a sealed compartment of blocks (a ledger), it is verified and unchangeable. The blockchain technology, which encrypts and distributes data throughout the whole network, improves information security and privacy. In this dissertation I have proposed the different ways to protect the system and data from cyber-attacks using the blockchain technology.

CrypToken is a transaction system based on Blockchain technology. This transaction system has been designed in order to overcome the drawbacks and the challenges faced by the current transaction system. By making use of the MultiChain technology of blockchain as well as parallel decentralized networks called meshnets, we have designed a transaction system which can perform transactions sans internet. By doing so, this concept can be extended to rural areas as well as areas with low cellular connectivity. This transaction system expedites the confirmation and validation of transactions which reduces the validation rate exponentially. The current system requires a maximum of 3 hours to confirm the transaction, whereas CrypToken achieves the same within 7 minutes. Being lightweight and environment friendly, it brings mining to the community as each transaction can be mined in an individual computer be it a home laptop or PC. Thus, reducing costs astronomically.

The advancement of technology brings an extensive use of Internet of things (IoT) devices in our daily life. IoT primary used for data collection and provide real-time management information in the network paradigms such as Edge Computing and Fog Computing. However, assuring the reliability of data delivered via Edge Computing is a challenging task. Blockchain has been a technology that has gained traction in recent years. Using Blockchain with IoT allows Smart Cities (SC) applications to spread security information, which protects against Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks. IoT devices in a SC can have a lengthy life, increasing the possibility of security flaws caused by obsolete firmware. This paper will highlight the significance of the implementation considering the SC and demonstrate a testbed made up of Blockchain Ethereum and actual IoT devices. The effects of transmission time, memory, and CPU use on the sending also processing of these messages were demonstrated. The proposed Application Programming Interface (API) sign, identify, and validate the messages before collecting them for an IoT data management application.

This report was commissioned to outline applications, limitations, costs, and benefits related to the use of blockchain technology in the food industry, and in particular to evaluate the pros and cons of having a blockchain-based food traceability system compared to a traditional electronic traceability system. The key concepts relating to traceability, and the components of a food traceability system are outlined in this report, as well as an indication of how traceability relates to other methodologies and approaches for ensuring food product authenticity. The core principles of blockchain technology are outlined, including different types of blockchain implementations, their characteristics, and some examples of solution providers and existing applications in the food industry. The last part of the report compares the

Due to their unique qualities, including data integrity, security, decentralization, and dependability, blockchain technologies have drawn a lot of interest from both academia and business. In order to effectively handle the adoption problems of blockchain technologies, it is important to identify what influences their use and adoption. In order to protect the exam sheet (as image format) for the baccalaureate examination in Iraq. This paper article sought to construct a private blockcahin powered by a variety of algorithms, After that, with this concern about privacy and fear of private information leaking, and in order to ensure that that image will only be seen by the specific person you want, the technology is full of many encryption features that achieve this end, we encrypt the image before sending it as a transaction in the Blockchain network. Also, we obtained speed smart contact verifications compared with traditional systems due to the proposed system is private and has si...

Deployment of optical network infrastructure and network services is growing exponentially for beyond 5G networks. Since the uptake of e-commerce and e-services has seen unprecedented serge in recent months due to the global COVID-19 pandemic era, the security of such transactions in optical communication has gained much importance. Optical fiber communication networks are vulnerable to several types of security threats, such as single point failure, wormhole attacks, and sybil attacks. Therefore, blockchain is a promising solution to protect confidential information against attacks and helps in achieving trusted network architecture by creating a distributed ledger platform. Recently, blockchain has received much attention because of its decentralized and distributed ledger technology. Hence, blockchain has also been employed to protect network against such attacks. However, blockchain technology's security relies on the platform of computational complexity, and because of the ...

The Block-chain technology contain multiple blocks are interconnected to each other with help of previous hash and current hash. The Block-chain is technology which is used to enable for moving some coin, data and assets from one user to another user. Where using hash algorithm, cryptographic algorithm and block-chain maintenance/updating. Block-chain technology contain the previous hash of first block is always zero that is called genesis block and current block will generate according to the data. In block-chain technology after complete the first block system automatically generated new block. Second block contain the previous hash will be always current hash of first block for interconnect the blocks and chain will formed ahead. According to this chain automatically detect there some transparency and this transparency says that block chain is very secured technology. This block-chain technology with transaction is very safe for companies, colleges and business. It is layered fra...

Permissioned blockchain can facilitate assurance and trust for business use cases that face risks of collusion practices and fraudulent transactions. Merkle Hash Tree has been a robust mechanism to provide adequate assurance to blockchain applications in terms of integrity and immutability of operations, but lacks traceability of tampered transaction and computational time complexity is also a matter of concern. Many attempts have been made to improvise on how merkle hash tree computations can be optimized to make blockchain systems more efficient. This paper compares the performance of Merkle Tree, its variant and proposed alternative. Algorithm for computation has been discussed and finally results have been presented. Proposed alternative approach of hash computations can make blockchain based systems more efficient along with traceability of altered transaction.

The universal blockchain consensus mechanism was then examined, consists of a review of its features, highlighting benefits and drawbacks. Following that, we offered a taxonomic taxonomy as well as a detailed evaluation of previous approaches and approaches that employ machine learning (ML) approaches to address common security issues and abnormal behaviours in Bitcoin systems and cryptocurrencies. Furthermore, researchers discussed several unanswered research questions and potential research areas, as well as some closing thoughts. This paper evaluates the present degree of awareness on the many types of cryptocurrency crime that persist today or may occur in the future, as well as full explanations of the scams found. It is unknown how useful cryptocurrencies will be in the long term as terrorist techniques and cryptocurrencies evolve. Unfortunately, some recent advancements in cryptocurrency will make it easier for the most skilled terrorist groups to utilise them to attack Developed democracies, and cryptocurrencies will be incredibly beneficial for people who currently participate in overseas fundraising and illegal operations. Machine learning mechanism is developed for detecting raising threats in cryptocurrency. The suggested approach comprises of a detection technique that is integrated into many Bitcoin entities. Prior to creating the initial analysers, the suggested method employs a capture mechanism to extract an antigen symbol from the activity. To collect data, survey or primary quantitative data is conducted.

Blockchain technology has the capacity to make digital goods immutable, transparent, externally provable, decentralized, and distributed. Besides the initial experiment or data acquisition, all remaining parts of the research cycle could take place within a blockchain system. Attribution, data, data postprocessing, publication, research evaluation, incentivisation, and research fund distribution would thereby become comprehensible, open (at will) and provable to the external world. Currently, scientists must be trusted to provide a true and useful representation of their research results in their final publication; blockchain would make much larger parts of the research cycle open to scientific selfcorrection. This bears the potential to be a technical solution to the current reproducibility crisis in science, and could 'reduce waste and make more research results true'.

This paper focuses on an extensive review of Blockchain Smart contract applications in real-world scenarios and challenges in it. As in today's world, Blockchain has got tremendous importance in different types of services, so it will be beneficial to analyze the loopholes in the cybersecurity aspect as well as other technical issues in privacy and governance. A smart contract is the software code that comprises a self-executed set of rules and regulations that runs on Blockchain. To implement various real-world services over different decentralized platforms, a lot of research work is going on. In this paper, a detailed review is done on more than 100 latest published documents based on the Blockchain Smart contract and applications. By following the systematic mapping research methodology first, we have identified paper relevant to our research domain, and then by applying various filters, we extracted relevant information. At last, the article highlighted the challenges and research gaps that have to be addressed in the future.

Blockchain technology is a distributed electronic ledger of digital records, events or transactions that are cryptographically secure, extremely hard to forge, and updateable through a consensus protocol agreeable to all connected nodes. [1] The technology uses decentralized consensus algorithms to control database consistency. The database is purely distributed in nature and is shared to all nodes connected to the network. Transactions in the databases are bundled together for specified period of time to form a block of certain number of transactions. These blocks are linked cryptographically through hash pointers to form a chain of blocks with transactions (Figure 1) [1-3].

Providing transparency and trust among participants and stakeholders and ensuring an efficient operation are current supply chain challenges. These challenges are difficult to resolve because the records of supply chains may be exposed to alterations by participants. Blockchain technology has been identified as a promising solution to resolve these challenges. In this paper, we introduce blockchain and survey recent blockchain frameworks that address some of the supply chain challenges. We describe the components and operation of these blockchain frameworks. We identify the objectives and motivation in each of the surveyed use cases and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each adopted framework. We analyze how the reported blockchain frameworks address different supply chain challenges. We present a comparative summary of existing literature on blockchain for supply chain. We also summarize the properties of a blockchain framework for its successful adoption in future supply chains and discuss several remaining challenges and opportunities.

Centralized server systems have been popular in the industry of modern IT services. It allowed the deployment of various large-scale applications to aid the needs of the modern society. However, centralized systems have been common targets for cyberattacks and the need to explore novel ways to secure our systems has always been of utmost importance. As a response, this paper explores the applications of Blockchain Technology to the Cybersecurity paradigm specifically on Phishing attacks. A simulation has been conducted to test the effectiveness of an application that implements a blockchain. A combination of 998 randomly generated phishing messages has been fed to a simulation environment for the application. The results of the simulations show that out of 998 randomly generated phishing messages, a prevention rate of 100% has been performed by the application that implements a blockchain. Therefore, the study implies that the blockchain technology is a very viable option to improve...

Blockchain technology is a distributed electronic ledger of digital records, events or transactions that are cryptographically secure, extremely hard to forge, and updateable through a consensus protocol agreeable to all connected nodes. [1] The technology uses decentralized consensus algorithms to control database consistency. The database is purely distributed in nature and is shared to all nodes connected to the network. Transactions in the databases are bundled together for specified period of time to form a block of certain number of transactions. These blocks are linked cryptographically through hash pointers to form a chain of blocks with transactions (Figure 1) [1-3].

A typical analytical lifecycle in data science projects starts with the process of data generation and collection, continues with data preparation and preprocessing and heads towards project specific analytics, visualizations and presentations. In order to ensure high quality trusted analytics, every relevant step of the data-model-result linkage needs to meet certain quality standards that furthermore should be certified by trusted quality gate mechanisms. We propose “blockchain-backed analytics”, a scalable and easy-to-use generic approach to introduce quality gates to data science projects, backed by the immutable records of a blockchain. For that reason, data, models and results are stored as cryptographically hashed fingerprints with mutually linked transactions in a public blockchain database. This approach enables stakeholders of data science projects to track and trace the linkage of data, applied models and modeling results without the need of trust validation of escrow sys...

Data provenance refers to records of the inputs, entities, systems, and processes that influence data of interest, providing a historical record of the data and its origins. Secure data provenance is vital to ensure accountability, forensics investigation of security attacks and privacy preservation. In this paper, we propose Prov-Trust, a decentralized and auditable SGX-based data provenance system relying on highly distributed ledgers. This consensually shared and synchronized database allows anchored data to have public witness, providing tamper-proof provenance data, enabling the transparency of data accountability, and enhancing the secrecy and availability of the provenance data. Prov-Trust relies on Intel SGX enclave to ensure a trusted execution of the provenance kernel to collect, store and query provenance records. The use of SGX enclave protects data provenance and users’ credentials against malicious hosting and processing parties. Prov-Trust does not rely on a trusted t...

The governance of data used for biomedical research and clinical trials is an important requirement for generating accurate results. To improve the visibility of data quality and analysis, we developed TrialChain, a blockchain-based platform that can be used to validate data integrity from large, biomedical research studies. We implemented a private blockchain using the MultiChain platform and integrated it with a data science platform deployed within a large research center. An administrative web application was built with Python to manage the platform, which was built with a microservice architecture using Docker. The TrialChain platform was integrated during data acquisition into our existing data science platform. Using NiFi, data were hashed and logged within the local blockchain infrastructure. To provide public validation, the local blockchain state was periodically synchronized to the public Ethereum network. The use of a combined private/public blockchain platform allows fo...

The healthcare industry is continuously reforming and adopting innovative technologies that allow the digitalization of health information and automation of clinical processes. Some of the crucial requirements in these adaptations and implementations are interoperability across different departments and the security of a patient's sensitive data, mainly when data exchange. The provisioning of confidentiality, integrity, consistency of data and data quality management is vital to ensure the best healthcare service delivery. The blockchain technology is a revolutionary invention, which ensures data integrity and confidentiality inside any system. The blockchain technology with application layers built on it, promise a mechanism that provides data integrity and privacy, most privacy, and security in healthcare services. In this paper, we propose an e-referrals model with the main focus on supporting authentication and authorization of entities in the process of issuing referrals to...

Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT) are seen as data bases of the future, which reduce the cost of trust and revolutionize transactions between individuals, companies and governments. They are considered as one of the main drivers of future applications, especially in field of Machine to Machine (M2) communications which are one of the basic technologies for Internet of Things (IoT). Therefore, Distributed Ledger Technologies with their inherent property to provide security, privacy and decentralized operation are engine for todays and future reliable, autonomous and trusted IoT platforms. For this reason, IoT using DLT can be considered as "Internet of Trusted Things". This paper considers tree basic DLT technologies according to their architecture: blockchain, tangle and hashgraph. Their characteristics are compared considering number of criteria, with the aim to find a proper architecture for a specific M2M application.

Data provenance refers to records of the inputs, entities, systems, and processes that influence data of interest, providing a historical record of the data and its origins. Secure data provenance is vital to ensure accountability, forensics investigation of security attacks and privacy preservation. In this paper, we propose Prov-Trust, a decentralized and auditable SGX-based data provenance system relying on highly distributed ledgers. This consensually shared and synchronized database allows anchored data to have public witness, providing tamper-proof provenance data, enabling the transparency of data accountability, and enhancing the secrecy and availability of the provenance data. Prov-Trust relies on Intel SGX enclave to ensure a trusted execution of the provenance kernel to collect, store and query provenance records. The use of SGX enclave protects data provenance and users’ credentials against malicious hosting and processing parties. Prov-Trust does not rely on a trusted t...

Traceability and auditability are key structures that are vital in supply chain management and construction. However, trust is the most important aspect of customers in these systems. Also, we have to rely on third parties to trade in centralized systems. Although current exist frameworks for these solutions in the supply chain, these have work poor traceability and lack of real-time information, and especially lack of privacy-preserving. In this paper, we propose a privacypreserving framework for supply chain traceability that using smart contracts. Development processes, model implementation, and smart contracts are presented in detail and we show cryptographic techniques in these technologies to address the aforementioned. Finally, thanks to traceability and auditability, customers and other parties can view with a single product ID and also verified with digital signature the claims of the actors in the system.

The increased availability of data and recent advancements in artificial intelligence present the unprecedented opportunities in healthcare and major challenges for the patients, developers, providers and regulators. The novel deep learning and transfer learning techniques are turning any data about the person into medical data transforming simple facial pictures and videos into powerful sources of data for predictive analytics. Presently, the patients do not have control over the access privileges to their medical records and remain unaware of the true value of the data they have. In this paper, we provide an overview of the next-generation artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies and present innovative solutions that may be used to accelerate the biomedical research and enable patients with new tools to control and profit from their personal data as well with the incentives to undergo constant health monitoring. We introduce new concepts to appraise and evaluate persona...

The increased availability of data and recent advancements in artificial intelligence present the unprecedented opportunities in healthcare and major challenges for the patients, developers, providers and regulators. The novel deep learning and transfer learning techniques are turning any data about the person into medical data transforming simple facial pictures and videos into powerful sources of data for predictive analytics. Presently, the patients do not have control over the access privileges to their medical records and remain unaware of the true value of the data they have. In this paper, we provide an overview of the next-generation artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies and present innovative solutions that may be used to accelerate the biomedical research and enable patients with new tools to control and profit from their personal data as well with the incentives to undergo constant health monitoring. We introduce new concepts to appraise and evaluate personal records, including the combination-, time-and relationship-value of the data. We also present a roadmap for a blockchain-enabled decentralized personal health data ecosystem to enable novel approaches for drug discovery, biomarker development, and preventative healthcare. A secure and transparent distributed personal data marketplace utilizing blockchain and deep learning technologies may be able to resolve the challenges faced by the regulators and return the control over personal data including medical records back to the individuals.

Blockchain has swiftly become one of the most dominant and promising technologies of the past couple of years. The information security is the key to the development of contemporaneous Internet technology. The distributed mechanism, scripted mechanism, password mechanism and decentralized mechanism of the Blockchain present a perfectly new perspective for the development of Internet information security technology. Blockchain is a distributed database that maintains a successively increasingly list of records called blocks that are secured from any kind of interfere with and revision endeavor. A word that often emerges when talking about Blockchain is Bitcoin. The numerous people still confuse Blockchain with Bitcoinal though, they are not the same. Bitcoin is just one of several applications that use Blockchain technology. In Blockchain every block contains a time stamp and a link to the previous block. Blockchain extant level of security of a system and data perspective for both private and public ledgers. Alternatively, uploading data to a cloud server or storing it in a single location, as well as breaking everything into small chunks and distributes them across the whole network of computers. In this paper, we try to conduct a comprehensive survey on the Blockchain security as well as the challenges and opportunities for the prospective of security and privacy of data in Blockchain. In its present state, several leading companies and governments detect demonstrations of the Blockchain integrated into identity management, credential validation, finance, supply chain, property exchange recording, and other territory.

Blockchain has swiftly become one of the most dominant and promising technologies of the past couple of years. The information security is the key to the development of contemporaneous Internet technology. The distributed mechanism, scripted mechanism, password mechanism and decentralized mechanism of the Blockchain present a perfectly new perspective for the development of Internet information security technology. Blockchain is a distributed database that maintains a
successively increasingly list of records called blocks that are secured from any kind of interfere with and revision endeavor. A word that often emerges when talking about Blockchain is Bitcoin. The numerous people still confuse Blockchain with Bitcoinal though, they are not the same. Bitcoin is just one of several applications that use Blockchain technology. In Blockchain every block contains a time stamp and a link to the previous block. Blockchain extant level of security of a system and data perspective for both private and public ledgers. Alternatively, uploading data to a cloud server or storing it in a single location, as well as breaking everything into small chunks and distributes them across the whole network of computers. In this paper, we try to conduct acomprehensive survey on the Blockchain security as well as the challenges and opportunities for the prospective of security and privacy of data in Blockchain. In its present state, several leading companies and governments detect demonstrations of the Blockchain integrated into identity management, credential validation, finance, supply chain, property exchange recording, and other territory.

In today’s digital age, a sizable data handling is a foremost concern topic for researchers. The several applications like big data, data analysis, Image processing, data mining are required processing of large amount of data. The Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that stores information across various systems securely to enable peer-to-peer transactions by creating a reliable source of truth dig out mediating the so-called intermediaries of trust. A Blockchain is a technology for constructing distinguished types of distributed databases composed of unswerving blocks of data, each containing a list of transactions and a peerless reference to its predecessor block. The Blockchain based applications are springing up, covering a lot of fields, including reputation system, Internet of Things (IoT,) big data, and financial services, and so on. This technique is a shared, distributed ledger that makes easier the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network. In this paper, we aimed to demonstrate a close-up view about Blockchain technology. We also provide an overview of Blockchain architecture, differentiate different Block chain and how Blockchain works. With the swiftness of its growth and development, we trust that Blockchain will soon become a very common and prominent phenomenon.