Coastal Morphology

Long-term prediction of sediment transport and of morphological behaviour in the coastal zone, in response to human interference or to change in environmental conditions (collectively global change) is an increasingly important issue in coastal zone management, especially in relation to the needs for environmentally compatible development. Having in mind those aspects of the response of the coastal system related to long term dynamics of coastal morphology, the paper briefly describes possible approaches to environmental modelling, particularly the modelling of coasts in a typical context of poor experimental information and process knowledge. These approaches will be of help in the impact and vulnerability assessment required for coastal zone management. Reference will mainly be made to long term modelling activities currently performed in the context of the MAST (Marine Science and Technology Program) morphodynamic project on coastal morphology and to possible approaches to "qualitative" modelling which may be used to define tendencies of evolution. lt is argued that significant progress in long-term modelling can be made by adopting an appropriate conceptual framework, particularly a top-down approach. This involves formalizing knowledge and experience and integrating data and available models.

This article has been adapted from the paper that won the IADC Young Author 2016 Award and it was published in the proceedings of IX PIANC-COPEDEC conference in October 2016. It is reprinted here with permission. An integrated analytical method was developed and applied to identify the optimal channel layout and dredging depth that allowed for safe navigation; enabled the operation of the required amount of ships per year; and at the same time reduced dredging costs. This method developed by CB&I included an integrated approach combining channel design, hydrodynamic and sedimentation modelling, ship manoeuvring simulations and static and dynamic port operation simulations. The results allowed reducing channel dredging depths up to 3m, causing decreases of capital dredging volumes of about 10 million m 3 . Based on the outcomes of the dynamic simulation tool, it can be concluded that the proposed integrated approach for channel design provides relevant information for the definition of the business model of the port. This is because it provides easy access to the impacts of changing vessel class or draft in both the cargo trade capacity and CAPEX/ OPEX. This in turn helps to identify the optimal configuration for commercial interests and internal rate of return (IRR) of the terminal.

The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

The rich geological heritage of India includes ancient rock formations, unique landscapes, and fossils. Past climate variations have shaped these sites over millions of years. Understanding these evolutions evolution provides valuable insights into climate change patterns. Due to changing weather conditions, infrastructure challenges such as bridges, dams, and buildings face stress. Erosion. landslides, and flooding impact engineering structures. Historical monuments and archaeological sites are vulnerable to decay. The present realities of the coastal zones of India make them susceptible to sea-level rise-storm surges, and coastal erosion. Engineering structures near the shoreline require adaptation. measures. Climate-induced challenges like extreme weather affect infrastructural stability, and sea level threatens coastal cities and heritage sites. The future projections on climate resilience include a focus on adaptation strategies for preserving coastal engineering and geo-heritage structures. Engineering designs must develop the latest techniques to preserve coastal zone structures. Integrated approaches require using numerical modelling and risk assessment guides for conservation efforts. Coloration between engineers, geologists, and conservators' experts is essential. Climate change challenges India's engineering projects, geo-heritage, and coastal regions. Remember, our actions today determine the legacy we leave for generations to come. Let us protect our planet's treasures and build a sustainable legacy.

Approximately 4.1 million people live in the three coastal states of the Yucatan Peninsula: Quintana Roo, Yucatan, and Campeche. With poverty far from eliminated, and economic development opportunities beckoning in agriculture, manufacturing and hydrocarbon development, the region is under growing risks to environmental hazards. Oil spills, hurricanes, coral bleaching, extreme flooding and erosion have all been experienced in this region over the past decade. Based on preliminary identification of environmental priorities, this report explores selected topics that aim to inform decision-making in the region. Economic studies provide insights into the economic impacts of extreme climate events and of economic losses from environmental degradation and pollution. The main environmental health risks in the peninsula result in more than 1,000 premature deaths every year and in more than 9.36 million days lost to illnesses. In addition to pain and suffering, these risks also generate subs...

The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

In the framework of the revision of Italian geomorphological legend (CARG Project) published in 1994 by the National Geological Service, the AIGeo-Working Group Coastal Morphodynamic (WGCM) dealt with the revision of the legend concerning the landforms of the coast. The aims of the work were the updating of the symbology on the basis of the post-1994 results in the geomorphological researches and creating a legend more vocated to the solution of the problems of applied geomorphology and more suitable to be managed in GIS environment. The WGCM started from the critical analysis of the classifications of coastal landforms proposed during the last century and it continued through a scientific discussion on the work that the members of the group performed by means of 12 case studies in which a correlation between landforms, processes and, dynamics was made. The geomorphological legend proposed by the WGCM has to be considered as a starting point and a work in progress. It remains, indee...

Background: Harbors provide shelter for vessels, whereas ports facilitate the docking of ships that transport passengers and cargo (Jellett 2024). The Port of Durban relies on steel sheet piles to protect quay walls from rising sea level and erosion. Understanding the corrosion rate is crucial for maintaining these structures. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the corrosion rates and estimate the remaining thickness of steel sheet pile walls at the Island View Berth 3 and Maydon Wharf Berth 12. Methods: Ultrasonic thickness (UT) gauges were employed to measure the remaining thickness of steel sheet piles. Corrosion rates were calculated using the formula icorr=(To-Ta)/t, where To is the original thickness, Ta is the actual thickness, and t is the exposure time in years. Additional laboratory analyses of chloride content and pH levels were conducted to evaluate the impact of the marine environment on corrosion. Results: At Island View Berth 3, the average corrosion rate was 0.0516 mm/year 28 years after installation. At Maydon Wharf Berth 12, the corrosion rates vary by zone: 0.0545 mm/year in the splash zone, 0.0485 mm/year in the tidal zone, 0.0345 mm/year in the low-water zone, and 0.0290 mm/year in the immersion zone, yielding an overall corrosion rate of 0.0466 mm/year. Conclusions: This study highlights the significant corrosion variability across different zones and emphasizes the need for a comprehensive maintenance plan to address deterioration. These findings provide essential insights for future design and preservation strategies of marine structures at the Port of Durban.

Connexions entre le Rhône et son delta (partie 1) : évolution du trait de côte du delta du Rhône depuis le milieu du XIX e siècle Connections between the Rhône River and its delta (part 1): changes in the Rhône delta coastline since the mid-19th century

Storms are one of the phenomena determining the short-term evolution of coasts by influencing the erosion and accretion patterns of the beaches. Some severe storms could cause loss of beach sediments, partial or complete destruction of coastal structures and even threaten human life and occupation. Bearing this in mind, it is essential to comprehend, which storms could evoke transient, although in some instances, significant morphological changes, and which could be considered as hazardous and result in catastrophic damage. This issue implies establishment of a set of critical thresholds for storm impact on coastal morphology. The paper presents a regional scale analysis of the near-shore morphological response of five beaches to storms of varying intensity. The analysis is accomplished by coupling of offshore wave and cross-shore profile data obtained for the Bulgarian Black sea coast. The historical storm pattern is reconstructed through hindcast using a coupled wave model system, while resulting morphological changes, such as shoreline alteration and cross-shore profile evolution, are estimated by analysis of long-term series of coastal measurements performed in 1970-1977 and 2008-2010. The storm impact thresholds are set in terms of integral wave energy taking into account both storm pattern and duration. It was found that the morphological response to storm impact is site specific and single-value thresholds are difficult to be established even at regional scale. Nevertheless, a range of critical storm thresholds is proposed. Thus, storms with integral wave energy varying within threshold values 0.4-0.7 × 10 6 J m -2 are regarded as capable of significant morphological changes, while less energetic events are supposed to influence predominately the seasonal beach dynamics. Furthermore, storms with integral wave energy higher than 0.7 × 10 6 J m -2 represent potentially destructive events that can change irreversibly the beach pattern or damage impact.

The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

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The development of a flexible operational system providing warning of a potential morphological storm impact requires a preliminary assessment if a given wave regime may produce considerable changes in the coastal system. This study aims to present an approach to the increasing of the efficiency of such a system. It is achieved by setting up combined thresholds of storm impact the exceeding of which would bring a morphological response of a certain scale. The wave climate at the study site is estimated on the basis of hindcast data. It serves as a boundary condition for a cross-shore profile model calculating the wave transformation in shallow water. The model also takes into account the sediment motion regime and the linear length of the zone in which a sheet flow regime could be expected. A methodology for clustering of the wave climate is proposed, the sediment motion corresponding to each wave cluster is analyzed and the boundary thresholds are established. The latter differenti...

Storms are one of the phenomena determining the short-term evolution of coasts by influencing the erosion and accretion patterns of the beaches. Some severe storms could cause loss of beach sediments, partial or complete destruction of coastal structures and even threaten human life and occupation. Bearing this in mind, it is essential to comprehend, which storms could evoke transient, although in some instances, significant morphological changes, and which could be considered as hazardous and result in catastrophic damage. This issue implies establishment of a set of critical thresholds for storm impact on coastal morphology. The paper presents a regional scale analysis of the near-shore morphological response of five beaches to storms of varying intensity. The analysis is accomplished by coupling of offshore wave and cross-shore profile data obtained for the Bulgarian Black sea coast. The historical storm pattern is reconstructed through hindcast using a coupled wave model system, while resulting morphological changes, such as shoreline alteration and cross-shore profile evolution, are estimated by analysis of long-term series of coastal measurements performed in 1970-1977 and 2008-2010. The storm impact thresholds are set in terms of integral wave energy taking into account both storm pattern and duration. It was found that the morphological response to storm impact is site specific and single-value thresholds are difficult to be established even at regional scale. Nevertheless, a range of critical storm thresholds is proposed. Thus, storms with integral wave energy varying within threshold values 0.4-0.7 × 10 6 J m −2 are regarded as capable of significant morphological changes, while less energetic events are supposed to influence predominately the seasonal beach dynamics. Furthermore, storms with integral wave energy higher than 0.7 × 10 6 J m −2 represent potentially destructive events that can change irreversibly the beach pattern or damage impact.

Coastal zone is among the fastest evolving areas worldwide. Ever increasing population inhabiting coastal settlements develops often conflicting economic and societal activities. The existing imbalance between the expansion of these activities, on one hand, and the potential to accommodate them in a sustainable manner, on the other, becomes a critical problem. Concurrently, coasts are affected by various hydro-meteorological phenomena such as storm surges, heavy seas, strong winds and flash floods, which intensities and occurrence frequency is likely to increase due to the climate change. This implies elaboration of tools capable of quick prediction of impact of those phenomena on the coast and providing solutions in terms of disaster risk reduction measures. One such tool is Bayesian network. Proposed paper describes the setup of such network for Varna Bay (Bulgaria, Western Black Sea). It relates near-shore storm conditions to their onshore flood potential and ultimately to relevant impact as relative damage on coastal and manmade environment. Methodology for setup and training of the Bayesian network was developed within RISC-KIT project (Resilience-Increasing Strategies for Coasts-toolKIT). Proposed BN reflects the interaction between boundary conditions, receptors, hazard, and consequences. Storm boundary conditions-maximum significant wave height and peak surge level, were determined on the basis of their historical and projected occurrence. The only hazard considered in this study is flooding characterized by maximum inundation depth. BN was trained with synthetic events created by combining estimated boundary conditions. Flood impact was modeled with the process-based morphodynamical model XBeach. Restaurants, sport and leisure facilities, administrative buildings, and car parks were introduced in the network as receptors. Consequences (impact) are estimated in terms of relative damage caused by given inundation depth. National depth-damage (susceptibility) curves were used to define the percentage of damage ranked as low, moderate, high and very high. Besides previously described components, BN includes also two hazard influencing disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures: re-enforced embankment of Varna Port wall and beach nourishment. As a result of training process the network is able to evaluate spatially varying hazards and damages for specific storm conditions. Moreover, it is able to predict where on the site the highest impact would occur and to quantify the mitigation capacity of proposed DRR measures. For example, it is estimated that storm impact would be considerably reduced in present conditions but vulnerability would be still high in climate change perspective.

In the framework of the revision of Italian geomorphological legend (CARG Project) published in 1994 by the National Geological Service, the AIGeo-Working Group Coastal Morphodynamic (WGCM) dealt with the revision of the legend concerning the landforms of the coast. The aims of the work were the updating of the symbology on the basis of the post-1994 results in the geomorphological researches and creating a legend more vocated to the solution of the problems of applied geomorphology and more suitable to be managed in GIS environment. The WGCM started from the critical analysis of the classifications of coastal landforms proposed during the last century and it continued through a scientific discussion on the work that the members of the group performed by means of 12 case studies in which a correlation between landforms, processes and, dynamics was made. The geomorphological legend proposed by the WGCM has to be considered as a starting point and a work in progress. It remains, indee...

This study was conducted within the framework of the "Coastal Morphodynamics" Working Group (WG) of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), according to the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating of the legend for the "Geomorphological Map of Italy". The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

The Antarctic outer coastal margin (i.e., the coastline itself, or the terminus/front of ice shelves, whichever is adjacent to the ocean) is a key interface between the ice-sheet and terrestrial environments and the Southern Ocean. Its physical 10 configuration (including both length scale of variation and orientation/aspect) has direct bearing on several closely associated cryospheric, biological, oceanographical and ecological processes, yet no study has quantified the coastal complexity or orientation of Antarctica's coastal margin. This first-of-a-kind characterisation of Antarctic coastal complexity aims to address this knowledge gap. We quantify and investigate the physical configuration and complexity of Antarctica's circumpolar outer coastal margin using a novel, technique based on ~40,000 random points selected along a vector coastline derived from the 15 MODIS Mosaic of Antarctica dataset. At each point, a complexity metric is calculated at length scales from 1 to 256 km, giving a multiscale estimate of the magnitude and direction of undulation or complexity at each point location along the entire coastline. Using a cluster analysis to determine characteristic complexity 'signatures' for random nodes, the coastline is found to comprise three basic groups or classes: (i) low complexity at all scales; (ii) most complexity at shorter scales; and (iii) most complexity at longer scales. These classes are somewhat heterogeneously distributed throughout the continent. We also 20 consider bays and peninsulas separately and characterise their multi-scale orientation. This unique dataset and its summary analysis have numerous applications for both geophysical and biological studies and will contribute to Antarctic research requiring quantitative information on, and related to, coastal complexity and configuration. All these data are referenced by

This study was conducted within the framework of the "Coastal Morphodynamics" Working Group (WG) of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), according to the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating of the legend for the "Geomorphological Map of Italy". The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

The increasing rates of sea level rise caused by global warming within the 21st century are expected to exacerbate inundation and episodic flooding tide in low-lying coastal environments. This development threatens both human development and natural habitats within such coastal communities. The impact of sea level rise will be more pronounced in developing countries where there is limited adaptation capacity. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the expected impacts of sea level rise in three communities in the Dansoman coastal area of Accra, Ghana. Future sea level rises were projected based on global scenarios and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization General Circulation Models-CSIRO_MK2_GS GCM. These were used in the SimCLIM model based on the modified Bruun rule and the simulated results overlaid on near vertical aerial photographs taken in 2005. It emerged that the Dansoman coastline could recede by about 202 m by the year 2100 with baseline from 1970 to 1990. The potential impacts on the socioeconomic and natural systems of the Dansoman coastal area were characterized at the Panbros, Grefi and Gbegbeyise communities. The study revealed that about 84% of the local dwellers is aware of the rising sea level in the coastal area but have poor measures of adapting to the effects of flood disasters. Analysis of the likely impacts of coastal inundation revealed that about 650,000 people, 926 buildings and a total area of about 0.80 km 2 of land are vulnerable to permanent inundation by the year 2100. The study has shown that there will be significant losses to both life and property by the year 2100 in the Dansoman coastal community in the event of sea level rise.

Storms are one of the phenomena determining the short-term evolution of the coasts. Certain storm conditions can cause severe beach erosion, partial or complete destruction of coastal structures and human life and occupation. The majority of the unfavourable consequences could be ...

With a population of 245,000 spread mostly over six groups of islands and a total land area of 12,189 km 2 , Vanuatu is one of the larger Pacific Island countries. Compared to other Pacific Island countries of similar or larger size, mental health has received little attention from government until very recently. While systematic studies are lacking, the limited available data suggest that mental disorders and suicide are increasing. The first ever National Mental Health Policy and Strategic Plan were launched in October 2009. Key areas include formalization of the National Mental Health Committee established in 2007, financing, mental health legislation, service organization, human resources, essential medicines, information systems, quality, advocacy, and monitoring and evaluation. In 2010, mental health was inserted for the first time into the new Ministry of Health organizational structure. The Ministry of Health mandate is to work with partners to achieve sustainable progress in reducing all key risk factors to improve the wellbeing of everybody with mental illness. The country has commenced a program of mental health training for workers at primary and secondary health facilities and community awareness, with support from the World Health Organization Pacific Island Mental Health Network (PIMHnet) and others. A foundation for modern mental health services has been laid.

Parameters to Assess Natural, Living, and Hardened Shorelines along the Northern Gulf of Mexico. This article is base on the assessment of six different coastline sites, all containing a natural, living, and hardened shoreline across two different energy groups (low and high). The aim of the investigation is to see how hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative parameters affected shoreline processes.

The nature of human activities has remain that one thing will always complement the other. Today the world is moving so fast and but the maritime industry from issue of cybernation of ship to environmental has been quite at low frequency with development. This nitigrity is due to so called conserve nature of the industry and of course, because concerned people are blithely unaware of frequency deviation of the new generation ULCC vessel and in relation with existing channel and port situation, likewise, the international organization, focus too much of their proceedings on vessels in the deep sea, and less on port status or waterway issue. This paper will address environmental, human, and reliability factors affecting our channel in relation to ships operations, channel design, ship design and ship maneuverability in restricted channel, the need for periodic cost benefit risk assessment of restricted channel against new generation of larger class of ships that are coming to the market. The need to generate maritime environment awareness in maritime curriculum through evaluative simulation and assessment of fictitious situation that reflect real life for our channels, deduce actionable alterative options, mitigation measure and recommendation for improving the safety of navigation and protection of the marine environment by enhancing cost effective channel maintenance and controllability of ship in shallow water and restricted water.

Favignana island is a historical and environmental attraction site frequented by tourists during the long warm season of the year. For several centuries the calcareous sandstone outcropping in the east side of the island has been extracted and used as building stone. Actually the quarries and the caves are undergoing to erosional and gravitational processes that are influencing the touristic use. As well as putting at risk the safety of people attending the area, the diffused rock falls are likely to jeopardize sites of great anthropological value that, once destroyed, can no longer be reconstructed. An integrated monitoring project of the cliffs is aimed to identify the most active areas and to provide support to the local government's policies in the implementation of mitigation measures. If adequate measures will be taken in the future, operators and users of the tourist circuit will have the opportunity to enjoy these amazing areas with lower level of landslide risk.

Favignana island is a historical and environmental attraction site frequented by tourists during the long warm season of the year. For several centuries the calcareous sandstone outcropping in the east side of the island has been extracted and used as building stone. Actually the quarries and the caves are undergoing to erosional and gravitational processes that are influencing the touristic use. As well as putting at risk the safety of people attending the area, the diffused rock falls are likely to jeopardize sites of great anthropological value that, once destroyed, can no longer be reconstructed. An integrated monitoring project of the cliffs is aimed to identify the most active areas and to provide support to the local government's policies in the implementation of mitigation measures. If adequate measures will be taken in the future, operators and users of the tourist circuit will have the opportunity to enjoy these amazing areas with lower level of landslide risk.

The responses of marsh elevation in four National Parks affected by Hurricane Sandy were examined using empirical data from surface elevation tables (SET) and modeling. The parks examined were Fire Island National Seashore and Gateway National Recreational Area in New York; Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts; and Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland. Observed vertical accretion rates were compared with calculations made with the Marsh Equilibrium Model (MEM). MEM predicts vertical accretion resulting from the accumulation of organic material in soil and the capture of suspended inorganic material at the marsh surface. MEM simulations of a decade or more of marsh elevation change at 52 SET stations were generally consistent with observations. Park-specific averages of observed vertical accretion ranged from 0.16 ± 0.33 (± 1 SD) to 0.51 ± 0.21 cm/year, while the range of calculated rates was 0.15 ± 0.03 to 0.22 ± 0.05 cm/year, depending on the park. Grand means of observed and calculated rates were 0.36 ± 0.34 and 0.19 ± 0.06 cm/year, respectively. We defined a novel metric termed normalized elevation capital (NEC) that incorporates information about tide range and elevation capital. All but 2.3% of biomass collections from all the parks fell within 0 < NEC < 1. Consistent with marsh equilibrium theory, long-term vertical accretion rate tended to be greatest, 0.4 ± 0.2 cm/year, in the range 0.4 < NEC < 0.6 where vertical accretion is dominated by organic production. Average episodic accretion during the storm from mineral deposition also was greatest and positive, 0.6 ± 0.9 cm in the range 0.4 < NEC < 0.6. Finally, one marsh in Gateway NRA, restored by an application of sediment to NEC = 0.55-0.68, had post-treatment vertical accretion rates of 0.36 ± 0.31 cm/year, not statistically different from SET stations elsewhere in Gateway, 0.57 ± 0.54 cm/year. The sediment amendment placed restored sites in the range of NEC where theory predicts that biogenic accretion should dominate vertical accretion. Model simulations suggest that current rates of vertical accretion in the parks are close to their theoretical limits, and in the absence of new sediment, extant marsh communities in these parks are unlikely to survive continued acceleration of sea-level rise in the absence of periodic sediment renourishment.

The challenges associated with managing systems of shallow coastal lagoons along a rapidly evolving coastline are illustrated in a case study of small lagoon systems in Ghana where these important structures are relied on by a range of different stakeholders for a variety of different purposes including fishing, tourism and salt production. Results of some water quality measurements are presented, showing that these lagoons have poor ecological status where they experience either a lack of flushing by the tide, or large amounts of anthropogenic inputs, or both. A vulnerability assessment is applied to the lagoons in question and this reveals a varying degree of threat from climate change to the operation and use of the lagoons. Our understanding of these systems suggests that a set of 1D hydrodynamic models, underpinned by an understanding of the local coastal sediment transport in each case, is appropriate, and could then be used to inform stakeholders and management in decision making. Integrated, broad-ranging management strategies must adapt to the realities of climate change in order to allow the sustainable use of these lagoons in providing economic benefits, ecosystem services, and elements of coastline protection for the benefit of the local and regional population and its economy.

This study was conducted within the framework of the "Coastal Morphodynamics" Working Group (WG) of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), according to the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating of the legend for the "Geomorphological Map of Italy". The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

This study was conducted within the framework of the "Coastal Morphodynamics" Working Group (WG) of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), according to the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating of the legend for the "Geomorphological Map of Italy". The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

Abstract: The increasing rates of sea level rise caused by global warming within the 21st century are expected to exacerbate inundation and episodic flooding tide in low-lying coastal environments. This development threatens both human development and natural habitats within such coastal communities. The impact of sea level rise will be more pronounced in developing countries where there is limited adaptation capacity. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the expected impacts of sea level rise in three communities in the Dansoman coastal area of Accra, Ghana. Future sea level rises were projected based on global scenarios and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization General Circulation Models—CSIRO_MK2_GS GCM. These were used in the SimCLIM model based on the modified Bruun rule and the simulated results overlaid on near vertical aerial photographs taken in 2005. It emerged that the Dansoman coastline could recede by about 202 m by the year 2100 ...

The increasing rates of sea level rise caused by global warming within the 21st century are expected to exacerbate inundation and episodic flooding tide in low-lying coastal environments. This development threatens both human development and natural habitats within such coastal communities. The impact of sea level rise will be more pronounced in developing countries where there is limited adaptation capacity. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the expected impacts of sea level rise in three communities in the Dansoman coastal area of Accra, Ghana. Future sea level rises were projected based on global scenarios and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization General Circulation Models-CSIRO_MK2_GS GCM. These were used in the SimCLIM model based on the modified Bruun rule and the simulated results overlaid on near vertical aerial photographs taken in 2005. It emerged that the Dansoman coastline could recede by about 202 m by the year 2100 with baseline from 1970 to 1990. The potential impacts on the socioeconomic and natural systems of the Dansoman coastal area were characterized at the Panbros, Grefi and Gbegbeyise communities. The study revealed that about 84% of the local dwellers is aware of the rising sea level in the coastal area but have poor measures of adapting to the effects of flood disasters. Analysis of the likely impacts of coastal inundation revealed that about 650,000 people, 926 buildings and a total area of about 0.80 km 2 of land are vulnerable to permanent inundation by the year 2100. The study has shown that there will be significant losses to both life and property by the year 2100 in the Dansoman coastal community in the event of sea level rise.

Global climate change drives sea level rise and changes to extreme weather events, which can affect morphodynamics of coastal and estuary systems around the world. In this paper, a 2D process-based numerical model is used to investigate the combined effects of future mean sea level and storm climate variabilities on morphological change of an estuary. Morphodynamically complex, meso-tidal Deben Estuary, located in the Suffolk at the east coast of the UK is selected as our case study site. This estuary has experienced very dynamic behaviors in history thus it might be sensitive to the future climate change. A statistical analysis of future storms around this area, derived from a global wave model, has shown a slight increase of storm wave heights and storm occurrences around the estuary in future as a result of global climate variations under medium emission scenario. By using a process-based model and by combining the forecast ‘end-of-century’ mean sea level with statistically deriv...

Sea level rise constitutes a serious threat to countries whose coastal areas have high population densities. However, it should be noted that sea-level rise is not the only cause of increased vulnerability. Other factors, such as storms, wave climate, and the lack of sediments supply to the coast imply a current need for more appropriate strategies and major adaptation measures. This is the case of Portugal, where two-thirds of the population currently lives less than 50 km from the coastline. This work presents a discussion on the applicability of approaches based on equilibrium beach profiles for estimation of retreat, using beach profile measurements at two different locations of the Portuguese coast. A sound methodology to face the actual threats to the Portuguese coast is also suggested. This methodology is mainly based on coastal monitoring and available morphodynamic modelling tools.

Global climate change over the 21 st century will result in rising sea levels, rising ocean temperatures, and may intensify and cluster atmospheric events such as storm surges, storm waves, and river flows. As such, climate change will have a great impact at the land-ocean interface: on estuarine environments. In the UK, of serious concern is adaptation to changing estuarine functioning and services. This paper reviews historic observations and current anthropogenic climate change projections for the 21 st century, and summarises the expected impacts to UK estuarine systems, including both physical and environmental changes. Complex interactions between tidal and wave and surge dynamics, freshwater-seawater mixing, sediment transport, habitat composition, biodiversity, and the fluxes of nutrients, pollutants, pathogens, and viruses are likely to be modified due to climate change and affect the total estuarine environment. The long-term morphodynamic response to climate change is unk...

This study was conducted within the framework of the "Coastal Morphodynamics" Working Group (WG) of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), according to the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating of the legend for the "Geomorphological Map of Italy". The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

We use the results of a one-dimensional morphodynamic model and the basis of the "Lagrangian equilibrium state" (Maan et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003311) to derive a quantitative relationship between the progradation speed of tidal flats and the suspended sediment concentration in their adjacent waters and show that the speed increases more than linearly with the concentration. We also show that horizontally prograding flats rise vertically with sea level rise at the expense of their horizontal speed via a linear relationship. If accretion rates are insufficient to keep up with sea level rise, however, the intertidal flat submerges and retreats landward at the same time. We apply the obtained relationships to the Yangtze Estuary to estimate the critical sediment concentration level below which a shift from progradation to retreat can be expected. Plain Language Summary The combination of sea level rise, decreasing sediment availability, and human fixation of the coastline results in large stresses on coastal areas worldwide. Extremely sensitive are the intertidal wetlands, lying in-between the low and the high water line. Loss of coastal wetlands increases the coastal vulnerability to extreme events and sea level rise and undermines the coastal defense. We need a better understanding of the complex dynamics of the seabed to effectively interfere and stimulate its rise. System theory can be used to express system variables in terms of external system drivers. In this paper, the basis of the "Lagrangian equilibrium state" (Maan et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003311) is used to derive quantitative relationships between the expansion rate of intertidal flats and three external drivers: the suspended sediment concentration in their adjacent waters (i.e., in the tidal channels), the "wave-induced erosion," and the rate of sea level rise. Wave-induced erosion and sea level rise lead to the existence of a critical sediment concentration level below which the intertidal system shifts from expansion to retreat. We apply the obtained relationships on the expanding flats in the Yangtze Estuary to estimate the critical shrinkage factor for the suspended sediment concentration in the estuary.

Abstract. This research aims to explore coastline alterations and changes to the beaches of Varna Bay, North Bulgarian Black Sea coast, between 1908 and 2007. A large number of different types of port and coast-protection structures have been constructed along the coast of the study area, over a 100-year period. As a result of human activities i.e. building of harbour, navigational channels, coastal dike and solid groin system, the coastline of study area and adjacent beaches have been significantly modified. Various sources of shoreline position data were used to detect long-term coastal changes: the historical map of Varna Bay at a scale of 1:10 000, from 1908; and the modern satellite image from 2007. Data processing and analysis were performed in GIS environment, as both map and satellite image were preliminary geo-referenced. An indicative segmentation by landform units (beaches/cliffs) and technogenous units (port/coast-protection structures) of both historical and current coa...

Coastal morphological changes are of increasing concern today. Among the studied aspects are the effects of climate change and sea level trends (IPCC, 2013); coastal variability (Morton et al., 2005); coastal hazards (Froede, 2006; Márquez et al., 2010); coastal vulnerability (Boruff et al., 2005; Thomas-Bohorquez, 2013); beach regeneration (Hernandez and Reyes, 2002); municipal coastal management (Moreno et al., 2005); morphodynamic changes at the national, regional and local levels (Juanes-Martí, 1996), and the management of the coastal areas (Barragán, 2003). In Mexico there are studies on the dynamics of the coastline in relation to sediments, and the extent of the morphodynamic variations along both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coastlines (Ortiz and Mendez, 2000; Hernández-Santana et al, 2008). This work deals with the historical morphodynamic changes of beaches on the southern Mexican Pacific coastline, along the eastern side of the municipality of Acapulco. Through the ...

Sea level rise constitutes a serious threat to countries whose coastal areas have high population densities. However, it should be noted that sea-level rise is not the only cause of increased vulnerability. Other factors, such as storms, wave climate, and the lack of sediments supply to the coast imply a current need for more appropriate strategies and major adaptation measures. This is the case of Portugal, where two-thirds of the population currently lives less than 50 km from the coastline. This work presents a discussion on the applicability of approaches based on equilibrium beach profiles for estimation of retreat, using beach profile measurements at two different locations of the Portuguese coast. A sound methodology to face the actual threats to the Portuguese coast is also suggested. This methodology is mainly based on coastal monitoring and available morphodynamic modelling tools.

The Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP) was a 10-year multi-investigator project funded by the Department of Defense to improve understanding of ecosystem processes and their interactions with natural and anthropogenic stressors at the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCBCL) located in coastal North Carolina. The project was aimed at facilitating ecosystem-based management (EBM) at the MCBCL and other coastal military installations. Because of its scope, interdisciplinary character, and duration, DCERP embodied many of the opportunities and challenges associated with EBM, including the need for explicit goals, system models, longterm perspectives, systems complexity, change inevitability, consideration of humans as ecosystem components, and program adaptability and accountability. We describe key elements of this program, its contributions to coastal EBM, and its relevance as an exemplar of EBM.

A number of techniques for non-linear analysis of time series data have been developed in recent years and applied in many environmental sciences. In this paper, some of these techniques are reviewed and their usefulness for coastal morphological data assessed, with examples in coastal morphology and related fields where these are available. The methods reviewed are time-delay embedding techniques, singular spectrum analysis, forecasting signatures, fractal analysis and neural networks. It is expected that readers from diverse backgrounds such as statistics, environmental modeling, and data measurement would be interested in this subject. Accordingly, introductions have been provided for some concepts and background material. These include the general purposes of data analysis, the approaches traditionally used by statisticians and physical scientists, the general nature of coastal morphological data, and the distinction between linear and non-linear analysis methods. It is concluded that the information potentially provided by these techniques is essential in understanding the generic behavior of coastal morphology on yearly and decadal timescales, and hence in constructing models and making forecasts of future morphological evolution. However, for these purposes, non-linear data analysis techniques usually require longer data series, and higher spatial and temporal resolution, than is available in present coastal morphological data sets. Data from remote sensing sources have the potential to meet these requirements.

Estimates of future beach evolution in response to sea-level rise are needed to assess coastal vulnerability. A research gap is identified in providing adequate predictive methods to use for platform beaches. This work describes a simple model to evaluate the effects of sea-level rise on platform beaches that relies on the conservation of beach sand volume and assumes an invariant beach profile shape. In closed systems, when compared with the Inundation Model, results show larger retreats; the differences are higher for beaches with wide berms and when the shore platform develops at shallow depths. The application of the proposed model to Cascais (Portugal) beaches, using 21st century sea-level rise scenarios, shows that there will be a significant reduction in beach width.

This study was conducted within the framework of the "Coastal Morphodynamics" Working Group (WG) of the Italian Association of Physical Geography and Geomorphology (AIGeo), according to the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research (ISPRA) for the updating of the legend for the "Geomorphological Map of Italy". The WG deals with the legend for the coastal areas, focusing its work on marine, lagoon and aeolian landforms, processes and deposits. In particular, the legend aims to classify coastal landforms in order to contribute to hazard and risk assessment, for supporting land-use planning and management. The legend allows the mapping of each landform in function of its genesis as well as its evolution and present dynamics, providing information about morphological characteristics at small and large scales. The relict morphological features and the active ones are reported along with the quantitative parameters useful for the description of the present wave/climate conditions and morphodynamics. As a result of the activities and experiments carried out by the "Coastal Morphodynamics" AIGeo WG during the last years, some examples of coastal geomorphological mappings at different scales (1:5,000 and 1:25,000) have been developed and are presented in this paper. The maps focus both on littoral plains and rocky coast dynamics as well as on the interactions with anthropic modifications.

Chittagong Port is the main port Bangladesh which handles almost 95 percent of the export-import of the county. Besides Bangladesh, it is also used by its neighboring countries, Nepal, Bhutan and India and makes it the second busiest port in the Bay of Bengal region and 58th globally. With the economic growth of the country, exportimport also increases and all that pressure comes in the Chittagong Port. But it has not seen that much development accordingly. As a result, congestion problem has become a common issue here which on the process is disrupting the economic progression of the country resulting in huge economic loss every year. This paper conducts a study in finding the solution of this problem. In that process, numbers of jetties on the port, container terminal capacity, crane requirement per berth were calculated needed to withstand the problem.