Civial Aviation

The aim of the study was to investigate the Aviation English needs of ab-initio air traffic controllers by applying a needs analysis model from the field of English for Specific Purposes, which emphasizes three key dimensions: lacks, wants, and necessities. The participant group comprised 86 ab-initio air traffic controllers who were enrolled in course-based and university-based undergraduate education programs in Türkiye. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire employing a 5-point Likert scale. The results revealed that the highest average score was in the want dimension (M= 3.9163), indicating a strong internal motivation to improve Aviation English skills. The necessity dimension followed (M= 3.6964), showing that participants recognized the importance of meeting professional language requirements. The lack dimension received the lowest score (M= 3.5388), suggesting a moderate level of perceived language deficiencies. These findings point to the need for training programs that balance personal motivation with regulatory and operational standards. A well-designed Aviation English program should integrate learners' goals with the communication demands of the profession to enhance both language development and aviation safety.

The steadily increasing air traffic demand has highlighted a need to evolve existing Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) methodologies by increasing automation support in airborne and ground-based systems and more flexible modulation of air traffic controller workload. Dynamic Airspace Management (DAM) aims at optimising the demand-capacity balance in all airspace regions at all times with a particular focus on capacity modulation measures. In this paper, we propose a novel DAM approach supporting the dynamic morphing of airspace sector boundaries based on an optimal-control formulation. The Eulerian continuity principle is used to model the air traffic flow at a macroscopic scale and workload-based capacity constraints are considered to determine the optimal variations in sector volumes. The demand levels are determined and the traffic flow theory based on the principle of continuity is used to propagate the demand across airspace sectors, approximated as 2D polygons. The newly deve...

The continuous increase of air transport demand worldwide and the push for a more economically viable and environmentally sustainable aviation are driving significant evolutions of aircraft, airspace and airport systems design and operations. Although extensive research has been performed on the optimisation of aircraft trajectories and very efficient algorithms were widely adopted for the optimisation of vertical flight profiles, it is only in the last few years that higher levels of integration were proposed for automated flight planning and rerouting functionalities of innovative Communication Navigation and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) and Avionics (CNS+A) systems. In this context, the implementation of additional environmental targets and of multiple operational constraints introduces the need to efficiently deal with multiple objectives as part of the trajectory optimisation algorithm. This article provides a comprehensive review of Multi-Objective Trajectory Optimisation (MOTO) techniques for transport aircraft flight operations, with a special focus on the recent advances introduced in the CNS+A research context. In the first section, a brief introduction is given, together with an overview of the main international research initiatives where this topic has been studied, and the problem statement is given. The second section introduces the mathematical formulation and the third section reviews the numerical solution techniques, including discretisation and optimisation methods for the specific problem formulated. The fourth section summarises the strategies to articulate the preferences and to select optimal trajectories when multiple conflicting objectives are introduced. The fifth section introduces a number of models defining the optimality criteria and constraints typically adopted in MOTO studies, including fuel consumption, air pollutant and noise emissions, operational costs, condensation trails, current airspace and airport operations. A brief overview of atmospheric and weather modelling is also included. Key equations describing the optimality criteria are presented, with a focus on the latest advancements in the respective application areas. In the sixth section, a number of MOTO implementations in the CNS+A systems context are mentioned with relevant simulation case studies addressing different operational tasks. The final section draws some conclusions and outlines guidelines for future research on MOTO and associated CNS+A system implementations.

In an effort to allow to increase the number of aircraft and airport operations while mitigating their negative impacts (e.g., noise and pollutant emission) on near-airport communities, the optimal design of new departure routes with less noise and fuel consumption becomes more important. In this paper, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D), which recently emerged as a potential method for solving multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs), is developed for this kind of problem. First, to minimize aircraft noise for departure routes while taking into account the interests of various stakeholders, bi-objective optimization problems involving noise and fuel consumption are formulated where both the ground track and vertical profile of a departure route are optimized simultaneously. Second, in order to make the design space of vertical profiles feasible during the optimization process, a trajectory parameterization technique recently proposed is employed. Furthermore, some modifications to MOEA/D that are aimed at significantly reducing the computational cost are also introduced. Two different examples of departure routes at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands are shown to demonstrate the applicability and reliability of the proposed method. The simulation results reveal that the proposed method is an effective and efficient approach for solving this kind of problem.

In an effort to allow to increase the number of aircraft and airport operations while mitigating their negative impacts (e.g., noise and pollutant emission) on near-airport communities, the optimal design of new departure routes with less noise and fuel consumption becomes more important. In this paper, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (MOEA/D), which recently emerged as a potential method for solving multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs), is developed for this kind of problem. First, to minimize aircraft noise for departure routes while taking into account the interests of various stakeholders, bi-objective optimization problems involving noise and fuel consumption are formulated where both the ground track and vertical profile of a departure route are optimized simultaneously. Second, in order to make the design space of vertical profiles feasible during the optimization process, a trajectory parameterization technique recently proposed is employed. Furthermore, some modifications to MOEA/D that are aimed at significantly reducing the computational cost are also introduced. Two different examples of departure routes at Schiphol Airport in the Netherlands are shown to demonstrate the applicability and reliability of the proposed method. The simulation results reveal that the proposed method is an effective and efficient approach for solving this kind of problem.

Aviation terrorism represents one of the most persistent and evolving threats to global security, with far-reaching implications extending beyond immediate casualties to encompass economic disruption, political destabilisation, and psychological impact on societies worldwide. This study examines the evolution of aviation terrorism threats and India's regulatory framework response in the context of global developments and international best practices. Through comprehensive analysis of historical incidents, threat evolution patterns, and comparative regulatory mechanisms, this research identifies critical vulnerabilities in India's aviation security architecture. The findings reveal that aviation terrorism has transformed from symbolic acts of political communication to maximum-casualty operations designed for destruction, necessitating a paradigm shift from reactive security measures to proactive, intelligence-driven frameworks. The study proposes strategic recommendations including the establishment of a centralised cybersecurity authority, de-centralised information network, integrated threat assessment mechanisms, and enhanced international cooperation frameworks to strengthen India's aviation security resilience while maintaining operational efficiency and global competitiveness.

This case study investigates the impact of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) on cognitive and executive functions in a 60-year-old pilot. Using purposive sampling, the participant's executive function was assessed with the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), and memory was evaluated with the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). A quantitative approach employing paired with t-tests compared to cognitive performance before and after LNB diagnosis. Results showed a significant decline in memory function post-LNB (t (3) = 3.055, p = 0.028). Executive function also declined, particularly in visual scanning and inhibition, although these changes were not statistically significant (t (2) = 2.079, p = 0.087). These findings suggest that LNB may contribute to cognitive deterioration, especially in memory domains. The rapid cognitive decline observed within six months from superior to below-average performance highlights the aggressive progression of Lyme neuroborreliosis on cognitive function especially in memory. This swift deterioration underscores the urgent need for early and comprehensive cognitive assessments to enable timely intervention and support. Given the study limitation of a single participant and no control group, further research with larger samples is necessary. Comprehensive cognitive assessments are recommended for individuals with LNB to facilitate timely intervention and support.

Ogniwa fotowoltaiczne zamyka si w warstwach ochronnych, chroni cych je przed szkodliwym oddziaływaniem atmosferycznym. Proces umieszczania ogniw PV w warstwie ochronnej okre la si mianem laminowania modułu. Obecnie w procesie laminowania ogniw wykorzystuje si tworzywa sztuczne, polimery (termoplasty). Najcz ciej stosowany jest do tego celu kopolimer etylenu z octanem winylu (EVA), który wytwarzany jest w postaci cienkiej folii o grubo ci nieprzekraczaj cej kilkuset mikrometrów. Chroni on ogniwa przed szkodliwym oddziaływaniem czynników atmosferycznych. W celu przeprowadzenia recyklinguodzyskania i powtórnego zastosowania krzemu, z którego wytworzono ogniwa PV -nale y oddzieli je z warstw ochronnych. Przed recyklingiem ogniw PV konieczny jest zatem proces umo liwiaj cy delaminacj (oddzielenie) ogniw od kopolimeru EVA. W celu opracowania wydajnego i taniego procesu delaminowania wyeksploatowanych, uszkodzonych lub niespełniaj cych wymaga jako ciowych modułów PV przeprowadzono badania wła ciwo ci fizycznych, chemicznych i mechanicznych tego kopolimeru. Rozwa ono dwa sposoby usuwania warstwy EVA z ogniw PV: obejmuj ce procesy chemiczne oraz termiczne.

This paper describes some of the processes involved in balancing conflicting goals (e.g. between safety and operation) in a change-intensive environment. The objective has been to explore whether the balance between safety and production in a system becomes more complicated when changes, caused by either external or internal drivers, play a major part of the context in which the system operates. Loss of oversight over consequences becomes a prevalent challenge, and changes made at macro-level of the system might have unintended consequences on micro-level of the system and vice versa. The paper is based on data collected in the Norwegian civil aviation transport system. We have used two different frames, downwards and upwards resilience, to conceptualise processes of balancing safety and production in a change intensive complex socio-technical system such as aviation. Results show that there is a lack of commitment to downward resilience at a macro level of the Norwegian aviation transport system, mainly due to the tension that lies in the two-edged objective of being both safe and community-serving. The prioritization of regional policy (community-serving) and an unwillingness to develop distinct goal rules for balancing safe and community-serving air transport place downwards pressure on the aviation system. Despite deficiencies in the downward resilience, upward resilience traits at the micro level of the aviation system seem to counterbalance the picture by characteristics such as a clear commitment to safety, sacrificing decisions, and establishing resource buffers to handle safety in critical situations.

Efektywne zarządzanie surowcami wtórnymi pochodzącymi z budowy, remontu i prac wyburzeniowych pozwala oszczędzić pieniądze i ograniczyć destrukcję środowiska. W artykule omówiono, ile odpadów budowlanych wytwarza się w Polsce porównując do innych krajów zrzeszonych w Unii Europejskiej. Wskazano hierarchię postępowania z odpadami i podano proporcje zagospodarowania uzyskiwanych z rozbiórek materiałów. W artykule poddano analizie odpady z rozbiórki obiektu sportowego określając, na podstawie danych zawartych w Kartach Przekazania Odpadów i dostarczonych od firmy rozbiórkowej, jakich surowców i ich proporcji w stosunku do siebie można spodziewać się po rozbiórce konstrukcji o podobnej technologii wznoszenia i przeznaczenia. Zebrane informacje pozwoliły wskazać, że największa ilość wywożonych w tym przypadku odpadów to gleba i ziemia, a dalej odpowiednio gruz betonowy, ceglany i zmieszany, którego proporcje znacząco różnić się mogą w zależności od rodzaju rozbieranej konstrukcji. Określono przewidywaną masę odpadów z podziałem na poszczególne frakcje odpadów dla obiektów o identycznej technologii wznoszenia. Słowa kluczowe: odpady budowlane i rozbiórkowe (C&DW), budownictwo zrównoważone, sektor budowlany a środowisko Effective management of secondary raw materials from the construction, renovation and demolishing buildings site saves money and reduces environmental destruction. The article discusses how much construction waste is generated in Poland compared to other countries associated in the European Union. The waste hierarchy is indicated and the proportions of materials obtained from demolition are given. In the article, an analysis was conducted on the waste generated from the demolition of a sports facility, determining the types of materials and their proportions based on the data contained in the Waste Transfer Notes provided by the demolition company. The collected information enabled the identification of predominant types of waste expected from the demolition of structures with similar construction technologies and intended purposes. The findings indicated that the largest volume of waste removed in this instance comprised soil and earth, followed by concrete rubble, brick debris, and mixed materials, the proportions of which may vary significantly depending on the type of structure being demolished. The expected weight of waste was determined, broken down into individual waste fractions for facilities with identical construction technology.

Strengthening security is always an asset that improves operational efficiencies within an organization, improve the relationship between airports, airlines and aviation authorities as well as enhance customer satisfaction besides increased business. Despite the fact that air travel is highly controlled on a global scale, there has been limited domestication of international and regional standards at national level as a result there have been several lapses in the country. This  study, therefore, sought to address this knowledge gap by studying the influence of domestication of international standards on the security performance of JKIA. The study was grounded on chaos theory. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted. The quantitative data was obtained through self-administered questionnaires while qualitative data was collected using informative interview guide. The target population included 960 security personnel involved in security operations at JKIA. A sample size of 87 was determined using the Yamane formula. Data collected was analyzed by descriptive statistics. Data analysis tools were generated by SPSS. The study results showed that implementation of domestication of international standards has significant influence on security performance of Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The study concludes that all regulated agencies implement a security program consistent to the NCASP and that the country has developed monitoring tools to ensure compliance to the NCASP. The study recommends that international standards should be fully domesticated at JKIA so as to enhance performance.

This study investigates the integration of generative AI into airline crisis management, with a primary focus on how AI-augmented creativity can be harnessed to generate practically viable recovery solutions. The research addresses the critical balance between creative novelty and strategic feasibility, aiming to delineate effective human–AI team compositions as well as communication strategies that enhance passenger trust during operational disruptions. A mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining quantitative data from controlled experiments and simulation studies with qualitative insights gathered through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Findings reveal that while human-AI collaborations tend to yield outputs with lower raw novelty, these solutions demonstrate substantially higher financial, environmental, and operational value than human-only outputs. Moreover, evidence indicates that mixed teams achieving an optimal human-to-AI ratio and leveraging diverse expertise significantly improve decision-making and situational responsiveness. Transparent and empathetic communication emerges as vital to restoring and maintaining passenger trust in AI-driven responses. The study contributes to digital transformation and human–AI collaboration theories, offering actionable recommendations for airline managers and policymakers to optimize crisis management protocols. In particular, strategic investments in training, robust KPI dashboards, and phased AI deployments are advised to foster both innovation and long-term operational excellence.

The impact of cities and urban areas on the quality of natural magnetic field measurements ZENON NIECKARZ* Zarys treści. W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach, dynamiczny rozwój miast i powiększanie się powierzchni terenów zurbanizowanych wymaga m.in. zwiększonych dostaw energii elektrycznej. W efekcie nastąpił wzrost natężenia promieniowania elektromagnetycznego we wszystkich pasmach częstotliwości. Tymczasem w wielu dziedzinach badań m.in. w astronomii, geofizyce, fizyce atmosfery, meteorologii wykonywane są obserwacje pól i fal elektromagnetycznych jako narzędzie badawcze. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ zakłóceń magnetycznych pochodzenia antropologicznego występujących w zakresie ekstremalnie niskich częstotliwości (poniżej 3000 Hz) na podstawie wyników pomiarów zgromadzonych przez stację Hylaty w latach 2004-2015. Przedstawiono także widma dynamiczne z odwzorowanymi w nich sygnaturami, których źródłem są naturalne zjawiska i procesy zachodzące w atmosferze, jonosferze i magnetosferze Ziemi. Przeanalizowano również zasięg przestrzenny negatywnego oddziaływania miast i terenów zurbanizowanych jako głównej przyczyny wzrostu poziomu zakłóceń elektromagnetycznych w paśmie ELF. W pracy wskazano potencjalnie czyste elektromagnetycznie obszary nadające się do zainstalowania nowych stacji pomiarowych w Polsce.

Streszczenie. Gminny Zakład Energetyki Cieplnej (ZEC), to przedsiębiorstwo budżetowe na własnym rozrachunku, służące zaspokajaniu potrzeb społecznych w zakresie produkcji i do-stawy energii cieplnej dla potrzeb centralnego ogrzewania i ciepłej wody, zimnej wody oraz przyjmowania ścieków. Energia cieplna produkowana przez ZEC to ciepło pochodzące ze spalania biomasy, w postaci zrębków drzewnych, które wytwarza na podstawie umowy z nadleśnictwem. Spalanie zrębków odbywa się w kotłach firmy Compte R., o mocy nomi-nalnej 5000kW. Po spalaniu biomasy powstaje mała ilość popiołu – ok. 1% wsadu, który wy-korzystywany jest przez ZEC do nawożenia plantacji wierzby energetycznej. Taryfy cenowe za ciepło, ustalane przez radę gminy, mieszczą się w zakresie 31,38 – 38,69 zł·GJ -1 . Każda grupa odbiorców posiada jednak inną kalkulacyjną cenę za ogrzewanie 1 m 2 budynku, w za-leżności od izolacji cieplnej budynku, który określa rzeczywiste zużycia ciepła. Cena za cie-pło wzrosła jedynie o 4,88%, w ...

The aviation industry, a critical component of the global economy, has historically faced numerous challenges, ranging from natural disasters to geopolitical tensions. However, the COVID-19 pandemic presented an unprecedented crisis, disrupting air travel on a scale never seen before. The pandemic's impact on aviation was profound, leading to a dramatic decline in passenger numbers, financial instability for airlines, and significant operational challenges. This thesis explores the crisis management strategies employed by the aviation industry during the COVID-19 pandemic and examines the lessons learned to enhance future resilience.
The onset of the pandemic in early 2020 brought the aviation industry to a near standstill. Governments worldwide imposed travel restrictions and lockdowns, leading to a sharp decline in air traffic. Airlines faced severe financial strain, with many seeking government bailouts or filing for bankruptcy. Airports, too, had to adapt quickly to new health and safety protocols, ensuring the safety of passengers and staff while maintaining essential operations.
Crisis management in aviation during the COVID-19 pandemic involved a multifaceted approach, encompassing financial strategies, operational adjustments, and health and safety measures. Airlines had to navigate complex regulatory environments, implement cost-cutting measures, and innovate to maintain connectivity. Airports and regulatory bodies played a crucial role in coordinating responses and ensuring compliance with evolving health guidelines.
This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the crisis management strategies adopted by the aviation industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. By examining case studies and industry reports, it seeks to identify best practices and areas for improvement. The lessons learned from this crisis will be invaluable in preparing the aviation industry for future disruptions, ensuring that it can respond swiftly and effectively to protect passengers, staff, and the broader economy.
In the following chapters, we will delve into the specific challenges faced by the aviation industry during the pandemic, the strategies employed to mitigate these challenges, and the outcomes of these efforts. By understanding the successes and shortcomings of the industry's response, we can develop a framework for more robust crisis management in aviation, ensuring resilience in the face of future crises.

Słowa kluczowe: efektywność energetyczna, mieszkalnictwo, energetyka rozproszona, polityka energetyczna, odnawialne źródła energii (OZE) Streszczenie. Poprawa efektywności energetycznej jest jednym z głównych celów obowiązującej polityki energetycznej Polski. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań potencjału efektywności energetycznej w sektorze mieszkalnictwa w Polsce. Na potrzeby niniejszej publikacji wykorzystano macierz reprezentatywnych grup budynków (4 grupy-budynki jednorodzinne, wielorodzinne oraz bloki do ośmiu pięter i powyżej ośmiu pięter). Analiza obejmuje lata 2012-2030 i opiera się na założeniach, że w tym okresie utrzymany będzie określony dla danej grupy budynków stały spadek wartości sezonowego zapotrzebowania na ciepło, a dla obiektów nowobudowanych będzie on na poziomie klasy obiektów energooszczędnych. Otrzymane wyniki potwierdzają zasadność wprowadzonych instrumentów poprawy efektywności energetycznej w sektorze budownictwa mieszkaniowego.

The impact of contamination of photovoltaic panels is significant to designers and users of photovoltaic systems, as it
causes a decrease in their efficiency, suggesting that the placement of panels has a crucial impact on their
performance. During the literature review, no studies were found regarding the impact of contamination of
photovoltaic panels by grass or leaves, which motivated this study. This study investigates the effect of grass
contamination on the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. It was conducted by covering photovoltaic panels with a layer
of grass to simulate the effect of shading. The experiment aimed to demonstrate how shading affects the efficiency of
solar energy conversion. The results of the analysis indicate significant changes in panels performance and highlight
the differences between two types of panels: Full Black and Standard.

The systematics of threats to collective water supply systems requires multidirectional divisions. Technical risk is an
increasing function of negative impact. Technical safety is a decreasing function of possible harm. Both of these
measures can be identified with the risk of negative impact and the risk of harm. As a result of the solutions introduced
in this work, two new indicators for assessing risk to the security of collective water supply were proposed: the system
resilience index (Ir) and expected water production efficiency index (EWPEI). The paper gives examples of
applications of the method for determining EWPEI.

The paper takes the analysis of thermal studies TG/MS of different types of solid fuels. It allowed diversification of fuels depending on their composition and origin. Consideration of coal, biomass and sewage sludge as fuel is nowadays an important aspect of energy in our country. It should be emphasized that Poland power engineering is based up to 95% on coal as the primary fuel. However, commonly increasing awareness state of the environment and the need to reduce CO2 emissions energy industry have committed to implement alternative solutions in order to gain power, through, i. a.: development technologies use of biomass, which is one of the most promising renewable energy sources in Poland. For reasons of legislative, environmental and technical-economic extremely important become also the method of thermal disposal waste, which could include also sewage sludge. The paper presents the results of TG/MS research of hard coal, sewage sludge and biomass (energetic willow), in a He atmosphere and air. Each of these fuels has a definite specificity of pyrolysis and combustion, affecting on the kinetics and mechanism of the process. In explanation for behavior of fuels during high-temperature physicochemical process really helpful becomes their technical analysis, elemental and petrographic fuels.

Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ eksploatacji linii napowietrznych wysokich napięć WN na użytkowanie terenów, które są przeznaczone pod zabudowę. Występowanie w pobliżu budynków mieszkalnych stacji rozdzielczych i linii napowietrznych WN to obecność w ich otoczeniu szeregu czynników fizycznych i chemicznych, które w pewnych warunkach i przy odpowiednio dużych poziomach mogą być uciążliwe dla środowiska. Oddziaływanie na środowisko tych czynników to złożone zagadnienia, które są analizowane zarówno pod kątem technicznym, jak i biologiczno-medycznym. Słowa kluczowe: linie napowietrzne, pole elektryczne i magnetyczne, linie sił

Streszczenie W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki bada pól elektrycznych i magnetycznych, z zakresu cz stotliwo ci od 5 Hz do 100 kHz, przy wybranych urz dzeniach w stacjach radiolokacyjnych. Przedstawiono wyniki bada charakterystyk widmowych tych pól. Szczególn uwag zwrócono na wytwarzane przy wska nikach radiolokacyjnych pola elektromagnetyczne, które uwa ane s za istotny czynnik wp ywaj cy na warunki pracy operatorów. S owa kluczowe: pola elektryczne i magnetyczne, widma, stacje radiolokacyjne. DIAGNOSTICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN CHOSEN RADAR STATIONS Summary In the elaboration there were presented the results of measurements of electric and magnetic fields in the 5 Hz-100 kHz range. The research was carried out near selected devices of radar stations. Besides, there were presented the results of the measurements of the splittings of the spectrum. Electromagnetic fields induced near the radar displays, regarded as an important factor, which influences the working conditions of crew, were especially taken into consideration.

The paper describes the possibility of using highefficiency motors to fans mill drives. Criteria for economic analysis of replacing standard motors by e nergy-saving ones are quoted. The results of this a nalysis are presented. Mathematical models of induction mot ors for dynamic tests are briefly described. Simula tion and measurement results of start-up for standard an d energy-saving motors used in fans mill drives are giv n. Advisability of such a replacement is presented in the paper conclusion.

W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak pandemia COVID‑19 wpłynęła na praktyczną stronę kształcenia, tj. na nabywanie i doskonalenie umiejętności lotniczych przez trening latania w wybranych aeroklubach. Temat jest ważny w ujęciu teoretycznym i praktycznym. Istnieje ryzyko, że pandemia będzie negatywnie wpływać na poziom kompetencji pilotów, co z kolei może mieć negatywne konsekwencje, zarówno w krótkiej, jak i w długiej perspektywie czasowej. Skutki te mogą odczuwać otoczenie biznesowe i środowisko akademickie. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi case study. Do jego przygotowania wykorzystano metodę desk research oraz metodę wywiadu pogłębionego. W pracy postawiono następujące pytanie badawcze: jak pandemia COVID‑19 wpłynęła na praktyczną stronę nauki, czyli na nabywanie i doskonalenie umiejętności lotniczych w badanych aeroklubach. Przyjęta w pracy hipoteza, że okres pandemii wpłynął na zmniejszenie liczby nalotów (w stosunku do okresu przed pandemią), została w dużej części odr...

*Badania zrealizowane jako część projektu pt. "Zastosowanie pulsacyjnego pola elektrycznego oraz kombinowanej metody z wykorzystaniem pulsacyjnego pola elektrycznego oraz ultradźwięków do wspomagania procesu suszenia tkanki roślinnej" (LIDER/017/497/L-4/12/NCBR/2013) w ramach programu LIDER finansowanego przez Narodowe Centrum Badań i Rozwoju.

This paper presents the concept of an autonomous measuring instrument powered by a locally accessible source of heat with a contact surface area of over a dozen or several dozen cm 2 and a temperature higher or lower than the ambient temperature. The design and construction of the measuring device will be based on two modules developed and constructed in the course of previous work: a dedicated low-power thermoelectric generator and luminescent fiber-optic detector. The system can be additional equipped with a wireless transmission module. The studies show that, due to the power supply and photoluminescent measurement system with high stability of the operating point, this device will be capable of continuous operation without maintenance for many months.

Opłacalność ekonomiczna zmiany wielkości powierzchni kolektorów słonecznych płaskich w instalacji c.w.u. budynku jednorodzinnego-studium przypadku Streszczenie: Kolektory słoneczne są głównymi elementami solarnych systemów grzewczych. Praca tych urządzeń polega na konwersji energii promieniowania słonecznego na ciepło czynnika roboczego. Czynnikiem tym może być zarówno ciecz (glikol lub woda), jak i gaz (powietrze). Ze względu na konstrukcję wyróżnia się kolektory płaskie, próżniowe, próżniowo-rurowe i skupiające. Kolektory płaskie są stosowane przede wszystkim w budynkach, w których potrzeby cieplne są niskie lub średnie, czyli na przykład w gospodarstwach domowych. Rozwój kolektorów został ukierunkowany na zwiększenia wydajności oraz poprawy efektywności ekonomicznej inwestycji. W artykule oceniono wpływ zmiany powierzchni płaskich kolektorów słonecznych na opłacalność ekonomiczną inwestycji. Do analizy wytypowano dom jednorodzinny, zlokalizowany w województwie małopolskim, w którym instalacja przygotowania ciepłej wody użytkowej została rozbudowana o system solarny. System ten składa się z płaskich kolektorów, o łącznej powierzchni absorberów 5,61 m 2. Jako czynnik roboczy w instalacji stosowany jest glikol. W celu poprawy efektu ekonomicznego zaproponowano zwiększenie powierzchni absorberów. Na podstawie trzyletnich pomiarów nasłonecznienia oraz efektów cieplnych instalacji, stworzono model ekonomiczny służący do oceny opłacalności zwiększenia powierzchni kolektorów słonecznych. Obliczenia z użyciem modelu promieniowania HDKR wykonano w środowisku Matlab dla lokalizacji Tarnów (najbliższej instalacji). Ponadto na podstawie rzeczywistych pomiarów z tej instalacji, odzwierciedlających wpływ wielu niemierzalnych czynników na efektywność przetwarzania energii słonecznej, wykonano symulacje efektu ekonomicznego dla różnych wielkości zapotrzebowania na ciepło. Otrzymane wyniki uogólniono, co daje możliwość ich wykorzystania w procesie doboru wielkości powierzchni kolektorów w przypadku podobnych instalacji. Słowa kluczowe: ciepła woda użytkowa (c.w.u.), kolektory słoneczne, promieniowanie słoneczne, opłacalność ekonomiczna, NPV, Monte Carlo The economic profitability of the changing size of solar collectors surface in the case study of the household domestic hot water installation Abstract: Solar collectors are the main components of the solar heating systems. This devices convert radiation from the sun into the heat of distribution medium. The medium can be either (water, glycol) or gas (air). Two types of solar panels can be distinguished on the basis of the construction criterion: flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. Solar collectors development progresses towards improving their efficiency and economic profitability. Flat plate collectors are popular for low and medium heating applications, i.e. in households. In this paper, flat plate collectors with glycol as a distribution medium are investigated. The authors evaluate the impact of changing the size of the solar collectors on the heating economic profitability. A detached house, located in the Malopolskie Province was selected for the analysis. The house was fitted with domestic hot water installation which was extended with the solar system. At present, the collector area amounts to 5.61 m2. In order to improve the economic effect, the authors propose to increase their area. The radiation from the sun, sun exposure and thermal results were collected and calculated for three years. The authors prepared an economic model on the basis of the collected data. This model was created to assess the economic effect in relation to increasing the collector area. Calculations were made with the HDKR radiation model using Matlab software. The authors chose Tarnow as location because the city is the nearest to the tested installation. In addition, the authors created a simulation that allowed the economic effect for different detached houses with different heat demands to be assessed. By using real data an impact of many non-measurable factors on the efficiency of solar energy conversion could be taken into account in the simulation. The obtained results have been generalized and thus can be applied in a similar installation during the process of choosing an appropriate collector area size.

Background: Occupational noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) occurs among workers exposed to excessive amounts of noise for long durations. The average level of noise in some locations at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) was above the safe limit of 85dB hence workers were thought to be at risk. Objective: To determine the occurrence and socio demographic attributes for NIHL at JKIA.

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane charakterystyki promieniowania niezamierzonych źródeł pola elektromagnetycznego z zakresu małych częstotliwości. Przedstawiono metodykę pomiaru poszczególnych składowych pola elektromagnetycznego-natężenia E pola elektrycznego i indukcji B pola magnetycznego. W artykule zaprezentowano przykładowe wyniki badań dla wybranych źródeł pola elektromagnetycznego oraz przeprowadzono analizę otrzymanych wyników według obowiązujących unormowań prawnych.

Artykuł jest kolejną publikacją z serii "Historia techniki" drukowanej co dwa miesiące w czasopiśmie Przegląd Techniczny które ma podtytuł Gazeta Inżynierska. Inżynierowie z reguły znają aktualny stan techniki oraz interesują się techniką przyszłości, ale niewiele wiedzą o historii. W prezentowanym artykule opisano etap rozwoju elektrotechniki jaki nastąpił  na przełomie XIX i XX wieku na skutek rozwoju konstrukcji prądnic.

Wytwarzanie odpadów jest integralną cechą aktywności gospodarczej człowieka, natomiast ich zagospodarowanie jest dużym problemem wszystkich rozwijających się gospodarek. Istnieje konieczność, aby nie spowodować szkód w środowisku naturalnym. Konieczność ta wynika z potrzeby oszczędzania zasobów, ograniczenia przestrzeni niezbędnej do ich unieszkodliwiania, przetwarzania oraz składowania. Istotą działalności przedsiębiorstw zajmujących się zbieraniem i utylizacją odpadów jest realizacja misji ekologistyki, jednakże podstawą działalności każdego przedsiębiorstwa jak najbardziej efektywna jego działalność. Efektywność tą można również podnosić wdrażając nowoczesne technologie. W pracy podjęto próbę oceny wpływu wdrożenia systemu RFID w jednej z wybranych komórek firmy i analizę zysków uzyskaną z tego wdrożenia. WSTĘP Każdy produkt niezagospodarowany nabywa właściwości odpadu. Każdy odpad staje się możliwym surowcem do wtórnego wykorzystania lub zagospodarowania. Każdy surowiec pozyskiwany, przetwarzany przez człowieka może posiadać cechy przydatne i stać się zasobem bądź produktem lub odpadem materialnym o zróżnicowanej uciążliwości dla otoczenia [2]. Kierunki przepływu produktów i odpadów w logistyce przedstawiono na rys. 1.

STRESZCZENIE. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie przeglądu najważniejszych zagadnień związanych z emisją zanieczyszczeń przez sektor transportu oraz dostępnej wiedzy na temat wy ceny kosztów zewnętrznych emisji zanieczyszczeń. Opisano podstawowe kategorie zanieczyszczeń oraz przeanalizowano udział sektora transportu w globalnych oraz krajowych emisjach. W ramach artykułu opisano także zagrożenia i rodzaje kosztów zewnętrznych związanych z tymi emisjami. Praca zawiera przegląd metodologii szacowania zewnętrznych kosztów emisji dla poszczególnych kategorii zanieczyszczeń oraz prezentuje dostępne wyniki szacunków dotyczących wysokości tych kosztów wykonywane w ostatnich latach w Europie.

The paper aims to present a review of the most important issues related to air pollution emissions from the transport sector and an accessible knowledge of their external costs assessment. The main categories of pollution are described, and a contribution of the transport sector to global and domestic emissions is analysed. Additionally, as a part of this paper, various threats and types of external costs related to those emissions are discussed. The paper also contains the review of methodologies for evaluation of emissions external costs for individual categories of pollution. Furthermore, it demonstrates available results of estimations concerning those costs performed over recent years in Europe.

This research paper examines the variables that impact airline service quality for post-flight services provided to passengers at their destination. The study identifies factors like delayed baggage, poor baggage handling, inadequate customer service, lack of information, and confusing airport layouts as critical variables that significantly affect customer satisfaction. The paper emphasizes that airlines and airports must address these service-related issues to provide passengers with a positive travel experience, particularly during disruptions. To improve post-flight service quality, airlines should focus on reducing delayed bags and enhancing baggage handling procedures. Clear communication with customers, prompt updates on baggage status, offering compensation for poor handling, efficient problem resolution, staff training, clear signage, straightforward layout, easy access to baggage information, and implementing baggage tracking systems can significantly improve post-flight service quality. Airlines can provide a better customer experience by addressing these variables, leading to increased loyalty and positive word of mouth.

Keywords: Post­flight services, Service quality, Delayed baggage, Customer service, Airport layout, Baggage handling and misrouted baggage

Objective: To observe manual load handling using an extendable roller track conveyor (ERC) in a kneeling posture in narrow-body aircrafts.Methods: At Brussels South Charleroi Airport, we filmed 58 workers with different levels of experience, experienced and novices, loading and unloading aircrafts.Results: The sequences showed different strategies of the handlers and were sorted according to ergonomic criteria. Conclusions: Video observation can be useful to analyse and improve posture at work, especially when comparing experienced and novices. A more specific training, using videos would be more effective to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and to allow safer and improved use of an ERC.

Aircraft movements on taxiways at busy airports often create bottlenecks. This paper introduces a mixed integer linear program to solve a Multiple Route Aircraft Taxi Scheduling Problem. The outputs of the model are in the form of optimal taxi schedules, which include routing decisions for taxiing aircraft. The model extends an existing single route formulation to include routing decisions. An efficient comparison framework compares the multi-route formulation and the single route formulation. The multi-route model is exercised for east side airport surface traffic at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport to determine if any arrival taxi time savings can be achieved by allowing arrivals to have two taxi routes: a route that crosses an active departure runway and a perimeter route that avoids the crossing. Results indicate that the multi-route formulation yields reduced arrival taxi times over the single route formulation only when a perimeter taxiway is used. In conditions where the departure aircraft are given an optimal and fixed takeoff sequence, accumulative arrival taxi time savings in the multi-route formulation can be as high as 3.6 hours more than the single route formulation. If the departure sequence is not optimal, the multi-route formulation results in less taxi time savings made over the single route formulation, but the average arrival taxi time is significantly decreased.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is developing automation for managing flight traffic on the airport surface to reduce taxi times and increase traffic throughput, without compromising safety. The scheduler is the part of the automation that calculates the advisories that assist the controller with clearing, holding, and sequencing flights. The Surface Operations Simulator and Scheduler (SOSS) is a fast-time airport surface operations simulator that connects to schedulers. SOSS is used to develop and test schedulers to determine if they can produce benefits. To show that schedulers developed with SOSS are credible, a validation of SOSS was performed to demonstrate that it is an accurate model of real operations. Surveillance and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) operational performance data recorded from real operations at Charlotte Douglas International Airport were used to build a SOSS traffic scenario. The traffic scenario was run through SOSS to create simulated flight tracks. The flight tracks were analyzed to generate simulated taxi time and runway throughput metrics. Actual taxi time and runway throughput metrics were generated from the surveillance and FAA operational performance data. The simulated and actual metrics were compared. After the initial simulation, the average difference between simulated and actual taxi times on a flight by flight basis was not zero. A model tuning was performed by running the SOSS simulation multiple times while varying SOSS parameters to drive the average difference between the simulated and actual taxi times to zero. The SOSS parameters used were the pushback duration times and the taxi and ramp target speeds. Results show that the average difference between the simulated and actual taxi times was driven to zero. In addition, the standard deviations of the simulated taxi times and the actual taxi times were almost the same. However, the standard deviation of the flight by flight taxi time differences was large. This is because SOSS cannot simulate on an individual flight basis the exact actions taken by each flight in reality, which is an issue for all simulators. Despite this issue, SOSS was found to be a statistically accurate simulation of real airport operations, and schedulers developed and tested using SOSS have potential for producing benefits in real airport traffic management automation systems.

The aim of this study is to examine the airport service quality of some selected airports in the northern Nigeria. The study focuses on experienced passengers traveling through the domestic and international wing of each airport in the study area. The study is carried out on both the airports and the airlines as service providers. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used in measuring the operational performance, quality and level of service as regards to customers' perspective. Domestic and international travels are studied. Data were obtained from well-structured questionnaires to evaluate performance and perception of the airports as well as airlines. 400 questionnaires were administered during the study, SEM path is drawn using the analysis method of mean, percentage, and the standard deviation. The result shows that there is a statistically significant relationship between customer satisfaction and level of service. Policy implications were made to help the managers of the airports and airlines on economic regulation of the aviation industry, and how to regulate the industry to accommodate more passengers and as well get them satisfied.

rok 16, nr 6 Z chemicznego punktu widzenia woda wystepująca w przyrodzie stanowi roztwor substancji nieorganicznych i organicznych wystepujących na Ziemi. Substancje zawarte w wodzie są pochodzenia naturalnego lub są wprowadzane do wod na skutek dzialalności czlowieka. Obecnośc w wodzie soli i zanieczyszczen powoduje wytrącanie sie osadow na ściankach instalacji, przez ktore przeplywa woda oraz procesy korozyjne metali i betonow. Obecne w wodzie sole wapnia i magnezu oraz krzemionka, po przekroczeniu iloczynu rozpuszczalności w danej temperaturze, wytracają sie w postaci osadu kamienistego lub szlamu. Proces ten zaczyna sie juz w strefie podgrzewania wody. Osady powstające ponizej temperatury wrzenia stanowią glownie osady twarde. Osady powstające w strefie odparowywania wody, czyli powyzej temperatury wrzenia mają charakter szlamu, ktory tworząc zawiesine gromadzi sie w cześci dennej ukladu wodnego (zbiornika, instalacji). Powoduje to ogolne zanieczyszczenie instalacji, ale usuwani...

The aircraft industry has a significant role in country’s economic and sufficient investment in that, guarantees the long-term economic growth. This industry has facilitated the connection of local industry to global industry and will affect the country productive and economic performance. Due to the importance of aircraft industry, conducting various studies to design its development pattern seems essential to provide appropriate as well as efficient financial and support policies for absorptive capacity development of this industry. In the present study, first, those industrial patterns that are implemented in different countries have been examined in general. In addition, financial and support policies of different countries in aircraft industry are taken into consideration and the course of these supports have been drawn. Then, regarding the experiences of other countries as well as the economic, industrial and political conditions of Iran through field studies and interview wit...

This paper presents the concept of an autonomous measuring instrument powered by a locally accessible source of heat with a contact surface area of over a dozen or several dozen cm 2 and a temperature higher or lower than the ambient temperature. The design and construction of the measuring device will be based on two modules developed and constructed in the course of previous work: a dedicated low-power thermoelectric generator and luminescent fiber-optic detector. The system can be additional equipped with a wireless transmission module. The studies show that, due to the power supply and photoluminescent measurement system with high stability of the operating point, this device will be capable of continuous operation without maintenance for many months.

The resulting sludge in sewage treatment plants is a troublesome waste that can be disposed of in various ways. However, the choice depends on many factors including: ecological, economic, technological or technical. Due to the fact that sewage sludge is a waste, none of the methods is not ideal from the standpoint of a friendly operation in relation to the environment. However, you can extract methods which are gaining in importance due to the tightening, the relevant legislation in this regard.

W artykule przedstawiono modele procesu zaopatrzenia elektrociepłowni w węgiel opałowy. Pierwszy model powstał na podstawie rzeczywistych procedur stosowanych w wybranej elektrociepłowni podczas procesu zaopatrzenia w węgiel opałowy. Pokazuje on sposób planowania zużycia opału, a także zasady planowania i zamawiania opału na podstawie dokumentów uzyskanych z elektrociepłowni. Drugi przedstawiony model to model symulacyjny, który zakłada możliwość reakcji elektrociepłowni na różne stany zapotrzebowania na energię dzięki procedurom modyfikacji ilości zakontraktowanego węgla. Model ten został stworzony do przeprowadzenia symulacji komputerowych, pozwalających zoptymalizować procedury zaopatrzenia elektrociepłowni w węgiel.