Chaos Theory

It is not possible to speak of a single systems approach. There are rather of a number of systems approaches, each loosely drawing on different aspects of a family composed mainly of, general system theory, cybernetics, information theory, chaos theory, and complexity theory. Systems approaches have been used in most of the social sciences, particularly sociology and management, but their use has extended into the arts and humanities.Creativity researchers have used systems approaches drawing on very different sources and in very different ways. The main focus has been to highlight creativity as a phenomenon that occurs in the context of multiple systems, and therefore involves a network of interactions.

The paper provides a detailed theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between contingency and necessity, and applies it to major schools of thought in the social sciences.

Key words: social theory; cultural theory; political theory; legal theory; political economy;  historiography; social sciences; historical institutionalism; epistemology; gender studies;

How to cite:
Simandan, D. (2010) Beware of contingency. Environment and planning D: Society and Space, 28(3), pp. 388 - 396.

An ethnographically revised linguistic landscape study can be used as a sensitive methodological tool for detecting the complexities of urban space in superdiverse areas. The data used in this book are from an inner-city neighborhood in Antwerp (Belgium), which has become superdiverse over the past decade and a half. Rather than analyzing the contemporary patterns in terms of synchronically juxtaposed 'pluralities' of scripts as indexes of cultural 'belonging', this new methodology enables us to historicize individual signs and complexes of signs, so that they begin to inform us of the multiple histories that coincide in superdiverse space. Multiplicity is thus replaced by complexity: nonlinear, multifiliar and stochastic patterns of presence, entitlement and power in social space.

This paper argues that chaos theory provides a useful theorectical framework for understanding the dynamic evolution of industries and the complex interactions among
industry actors. It is argued that industries can be conceptualized and modeled as complex, dynamic systems, which exhibit both unpredictability and underlying order. The relevance of chaos theory for strategy is discussed, and a number of managerial implications are suggested. To illustrate the application of chaos theory, a simulation model is presented
that depicts the interactions between a manufacturer of computers, its suppliers, and its market. The resuhs of the simulation demonstrate how managers might underestimate the
costs of international production. The paper concludes that, by understanding industries as complex systems, managers con improve decision making and search for innovative solutions.

The differences between the transformational and servant leadership models have significant implications concerning organizational change management. First, transformational leaders have a stronger focus on intellectual stimulation than servant leaders. Servant leader emphasize developing their followers' personal potential and facilitating their personal growth whereas, transformational leaders emphasize enhancing employees' innovation and creativity. This concept is important because it illustrates the servant leader's focus on individual development and the transformational leader's focus on organizational development. Second, servant leaders place greater emphasis on behaviors associated with valuing individuals at an emotional level and learning from others. Third, transformational leader are more willing to take risks to attain organizational success and eliminate ineffective processes and systems. The servant leader is willing to take initiative but only in the sense of initial strategic planning, new programs for added efficiency, and ultimate responsibility for the company's success. The transformational leader's focus on risk taking as an essential component of leadership is significantly greater than that of the servant leader. Fourth, the servant leader is more will to forsake self-advancement and rewards toward the betterment of followers. These differing attributes are analyzed in this paper to determine which model promises to be more effective in implementing organizational change management.

The findings in the psychology of creativity are shown to be relevant to the study of self-organization and self-renewal in human systems. The characteristics of the creative person, and the nature of the creative process, particularly as they have been elaborated by Barron, are shown to be remarkably congruent with recent findings and theoretical elaborations by Abraham, Jantsch, Laszlo, Prigogine, and others in the fields of evolutionary and chaos theories. The broader and social implications of chaos and evolutionary theories are fleshed out through an understanding of their characteristics in human systems.

The causal relationship between cymatic pattern and Hindu-Yantra exposes the essential pattern underlying the universe. Phenomena that confirm this blueprint are convergent evolution, stigmergy (swarm-intelligence), chaos/complexity theory, exaptation, gestalt, Plato’s-problem and perhaps even sympathetic magic.
The unified-field and collective unconscious are the same; science explains the metaphysical. Ancient Yantra-Mandalas catalogue the morphology of the unified-field.
Cross-referencing quantum theory, biologist Rupert Sheldrake, Carl Jung and media-analyst Marshall McLuhan reveals this new Gestalt. Symbols are the keys to understanding reality. Systems Theory is an important new paradigm.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to present a review of recent risk management literature applied to projects, programs and project portfolios performed inside an organization with the aim of finding areas of opportunity to continue research and the development of current guides and methodologies. Design/methodology/approach -The paper uses a review of recent literature published by international organizations and journals specializing in the field of project, programs, and portfolios. Findings -The review shows that project risk management is a well developed domain in comparison to the program risk management and portfolio risk management fields, for which specifically written methodologies are difficult to find. The review also demonstrates the need to include better tools to perform a continuous control and monitoring process. Integrating a vulnerability approach is also necessary in order to consider the project, program or portfolio characteristics which mediate between consequences and the exposure to hazards and opportunities.

In much of the current literature on supply chain management, supply networks are recognized as a system. In this paper, we take this observation to the next level by arguing the need to recognize supply networks as a complex adaptive system (CAS). We propose that many supply networks emerge rather than result from purposeful design by a singular entity. Most supply chain management literature emphasizes negative feedback for purposes of control; however, the emergent patterns in a supply network can much better be managed through positive feedback, which allows for autonomous action. Imposing too much control detracts from innovation and flexibility; conversely, allowing too much emergence can undermine managerial predictability and work routines. Therefore, when managing supply networks, managers must appropriately balance how much to control and how much to let emerge.

Engenheiro Químico pela UNICAMP, Mestre em Administração de Empresas pela EAESP/FGV e Profissional do Setor Fibras e Polímeros da Rhodia S.A. * RESUMO: Um dos desenvolvimentos mais importantes das últimas décadas foi a descoberta e estudo do chamado comportamento caótico de sistemas dinâmicos não lineares. Esta pesquisa procura sintetizar as principais aplicações da Teoria do Caos relacionadas a campos de estudos ligados à Administração de Empresas. São sucessivamente tratados estudos relacionados a Finanças, Economia e Gerenciamento. Os princípios, idéias e conceitos tratados pela Teoria revelam-se ferramentas úteis na evolução do conhecimento dos sistemas complexos. Relacionados aos desenvolvimentos ligados à Teoria dos Sistemas, ao Paradigma da Complexidade e aos sistemas auto-organizados, os conceitos da Teoria do Caos representam uma importante troca de paradigma nas ciências sociais e naturais: a superação da visão de um mundo determinista e previsível, sujeito a leis universais. 94 Revistade Administraçãode Empresas * PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Teoria do Caos, complexidade, Teoria Sistêmica, modelagem, sistemas auto-organizados. * ABSTRACT: One of the most important developments in the last decades has been the discovery and study of the so called chaotic behavior in dynamic, non-linear systems. This research summarises some theoretical and practical applications of the Chaos Theory in various fields of the Business Administration. Studies related to Finances, Economyand Management are treated. The principIes and ideas derived from the Chaos Theory are useful skills to enhance the knowledge of complex systems. These concepts are dose to those from Open Systems Theory, the Complexity Paradigm and the Self-organized Systems. They represent an important shift of paradigm in the natural and social sciences: the overcome of the vision of the world deterministic and predictable, subordinate to universal and controlled rules.

Lucretius was the first philosopher of immanence. It is he and not Democritus or Epicurus who holds this title. If we want to understand the historical emergence of the concept of immanence, we should start by distinguishing its precursors in Greek atomism from its first complete incarnation in Lucretius. This way, we can see exactly what first defined and distinguished immanence from its past. Therefore in what follows I would like to make three, perhaps controversial, claims about the emergence of philosophical immanence. 1) Lucretius was not an atomist, 2) Greek atomism reintroduced transcendence, and 3) It is the primacy of motion in Lucretius that defines his philosophical immanence. Lucretius was not an atomist This thesis is as counterintuitive as it is straightforward. The first major difference between Lucretius and the earlier Greek atomists is precisely that—the atom. For Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus atoms are always in motion, but the atom itself remained fundamentally unchanged, indivisible, and thus internally static—even as it moved. Thus instead of positing discrete atoms as ontologically primary as both ancient Greek and later modern theories do, one of Lucretius's greatest novelties was to posit the movement or flow of matter as primary. Lucretius did not simply " translate Epicurus, " as the Greco-centric story goes; rather, he introduced the first immanent kinetic materialism in the West. For example, although the Latin word atomus (smallest particle) was available to Lucretius to use in his poem, he intentionally did not use it, nor did he use the Latin word particula or particle to describe matter. The English translations of " atom, " " particle, " and others have all been added to the text in translation based on a certain historical interpretation of it. The idea that Lucretius subscribed to a world of discrete particles called atoms is therefore both a projection of Epicureanism, who used the Greek word atomos, and a retroaction of modern scientific mechanism of the fifteenth century onto De Rerum Natura. Lucretius rejected entirely the notion that things emerged from discrete particles. To believe otherwise is to distort the original meanings of the Latin text as well as the absolutely enormous poetic apparatus he summoned to describe the flowing, swirling, folding, and weaving of the flux of matter. Although Lucretius rejected the term atomus, he remained absolutely true to one aspect of the original Greek meaning of the word, τομος (átomos, " indivisible "), from-(a-, " not ") + τέμνω (témnō, " I cut "). Being is not cut up into discrete particles, but is composed of continuous flows, folds, and weaves. Discrete " things " (rerum) are composed of corporeal flows (corpora) that move together (conflux) and fold over themselves (nexus) in a woven knot work (contextum). For Lucretius, things only emerge and have their being within and immanent to the flow and flux of matter in motion. Discreteness is an apparent product of continuous folded matter, uncut, undivided, and in motion and not the other way around.

E’ con grande piacere che pubblichiamo questo saggio di microstoria di Edmund Berger redatto in prima stesura nel 2014 per l’antologia di area accelerazionista Dark Glamour. Poi, alcune dilazioni del progetto e cambi di editori e curatori, hanno fatto sì che «Underground Streams» non abbia mai visto la luce nella forma che qui presentiamo e dunque non abbia ricevuto l’attenzione che avrebbe meritato. Ora che il progetto Dark Glamour pare realizzarsi nel corso del 2017 con un nuovo editor, Amy Ireland, membro del collettivo xenofemminista Laboria Cuboniks, Edmund Berger ha giustamente deciso di ri-scrivere completamente, tre anni dopo, il saggio che risulterà ovviamente differente rispetto al testo che qui presentiamo. Underground Streams (2014) è stato dunque scritto un anno prima del classico Grungy Accelerationism (2015), e rappresenta a livello temporale il primo saggio in cui Berger si cimenta con il pensiero del primo accelerazionismo (Land e CCRU) e del secondo (Srnicek e Williams), «secondo accelerazionismo» che Berger definisce qui come Neo-Accelerazionismo. Autore Edmund Berger, traduzione di Letizia Rustichelli e Paolo Davoli, grafiche di Gabriele Fantuzzi (Delicatessen).

This article applies chaos and complexity theory as a method of literary criticism to explicate the structure of Paul Auster's New York Trilogy, consisting of the novels City of Glass, Ghosts, and The Locked Room. The novels' plots comprise three iterations of a narrative of chaos whose underlying order is revealed in the final novel. Auster achieves a detailed, subtle, nuanced, and precise image of the spontaneous reorganization of a new system after it has reached its tipping point.

En el ámbito de las narraciones fantásticas, de terror, de ciencia ficción, de fantasía, a menudo se ha considerado los géneros que las componen como excluyentes, es decir, conformantes de espacios aparentemente incompatibles. Este hecho, debido fundamentalmente a los efectos que generan sobre el espectador, miedo, asombro o ciertos patrones narrativos compartidos, ha provocado que ciertas investigaciones concurran en los mismos presupuestos. En esta tesis doctoral hemos identificado este problema que lleva a considerar relatos aparentemente incompatibles bajo un mismo patrón narrativo. Nuestro objetivo fundamental ha sido abstraernos de ello, realizando una aproximación a lo que creemos, comparten los relatos extraordinarios: su propósito y estructura. Para ello nos propusimos encontrar el origen de los relatos tan caóticos y complejos que cada vez surgen con más frecuencia en la actualidad, bajo el prisma unificador de las narraciones extraordinarias: el resultado de unir lo misterioso o extraño, lo maravilloso o mágico y lo fantástico. Retrocedimos temporalmente buscando el momento y las causas por las que las narraciones extraordinarias cambiaban de tal manera que se transformaban en el siglo XX fracturándose y fragmentándose. Una vez se describió el proceso de cambio, llamado cotidianización de lo extraordinario, situamos el momento más o menos preciso en el que las narraciones convencionales comenzaban a fracturarse. Sus elementos, espacio, tiempo, personajes, tramas, comenzaban a verse alterados, en un principio fisicamente, explícitamente, mediante la introducción de montajes, mecanismos narrativos rompedores, etc. Y, después, se comprobó que a medida que el espectador se habituaba esta fractura generó una fragmentación que terminó por disolver dichos elementos en el universo de ficción creando una especie de engaño, de embuste basado en la distribución de los mismos mediante una atmósfera. El espectador y los personajes se presentaban como la audiencia de un mago observando mientras realiza un truco: asombrados, asustados pero sobre todo distraidos. Finalmente se encontró un patrón narrativo o modelo teórico que describía esta construcción contemporánea de lo extraordinario en gran parte de obras llamadas twist movies: relatos o películas que basaban su existencia en un giro final, un giro inesperado que desfragmentaba la historia, una historia dentro de otra. La clave se encontraba en que la historia o fabula correcta permanecía, no oculta, sino a la vista del espectador y los personajes, construida para este propósito dentro de una puesta en escena, trama o siuzhet. Es decir, el punto de vista recaía sobre una historia posible pero no exactamente representada, enfocada más hacia otro lugar, catalizado por la atmósfera del relato. El juego de desfragmentación final creó una catarsis simultanea en el espectador y los personajes que al descubrir la verdadera historia generó una nueva narración. Esta naturaleza caótica, de elementos narrativos que atraen y repelen la trama para el receptor, llevó a considerar estos relatos complejos como sistemas en constante cambio. De ahí que las conclusiones finales que llevó esta investigación supusieran encontrar consecuencias y efectos no deseados en el empleo de esta manera de contar historias extraordinarias e incluso nuevas perspectivas y campos de investigación. Ha supuesto una relectura del material ya propuesto por otros investigadores que abre muchos caminos para su análisis y estudio.

The contemporary use of the term ‘complexity’ frequently indicates that it is considered a unified concept. This may lead to a neglect of the range of different theories that deal with the implications related to the notion of complexity. This paper, integrating both the English and the Latin traditions of research associated with this notion, suggests a more nuanced use of the term, thereby avoiding simplification of the concept to some of its dominant expressions only. The paper further explores the etymology of ‘complexity’ and offers a chronological presentation of three generations of theories that have shaped its uses; the epistemic and socio-cultural roots of these theories are also introduced. From an epistemological point of view, this reflection sheds light on the competing interpretations underlying the definition of what is considered as complex. Also, from an anthropological perspective it considers both the emancipatory as well as the alienating dimensions of complexity. Based on the highlighted ambiguities, the paper suggests in conclusion that contributions grounded in contemporary theories related to complexity, as well as critical appraisals of their epistemological and ethical legitimacy, need to follow the recursive feedback loops and dynamics that they constitute. In doing so, researchers and practitioners in education should consider their own practice as a learning process that does not require the reduction of the antagonisms and the complementarities that shape its own complexity.

Resumen
Es mediante la apelación a algunos críticos relevantes de la modernidad – Freud, Simmel, Adorno, Horkheimer, Shestov, Müller-Hill, Kafka, etc.– que Bauman se esfuerza por construir una auténtica ontología de la modernidad, así como una fenomenología crítica de sus implicaciones culturales, morales y políticas, y de sus límites –perfilados por la presencia infranqueable de la ambivalencia–, con las que su texto adquiere el rango de una aportación señera a esta misma tradición moderna de la sospecha.2 Bauman, apoyado en autores como Horkheimer y Adorno, quienes realizan una crítica demoledora de la Ilustración y dejan entrever un influjo de desconfianza y pesimismo sobre buena parte de la literatura filosófica europea de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Es Horkheimer, uno de los miembros fundadores de la Escuela de Frankfurt, quien desarrolla la “teoría critica”3, a partir del predominio de una racionalidad procedimental a partir de la cual el conocimiento humano no opera según presupuestos jerárquicos-metafísicos (teoría tradicional) sino pragmático-procedimentales (teoría crítica) al interior de las comunidades científicas y de los contextos socio-culturales del mundo. Esto significa que todo modo de conocer es interesado y, que sólo conocemos por el interés. Con lo que sienta las bases de la Ecuela de la Sospecha. De allí que Bauman en Modernidad y ambivalencia4 pretendiera, como bien lo apunta Wellmer, complementar la tarea emprendida por los pensadores más destacados de la primera generación de la Escuela de Frankfurt. Bauman “intenta envolver con carne histórica y sociológica el esqueleto de la Dialéctica de la Ilustración”.6 Lo que dota a Bauman de una particular originalidad a la vez que de una filiciación a tradiciones filosóficas reconocibles y contrapuestas: “por un lado, la que originándose en Schopenhauer, pasa por Nietzsche para acabar alcanzando a Klages y, por otro, la que desde Hegel, pasando por Marx y Weber, arriba hasta el joven Lukács”.

The Influence of the Frankfurt School in Zygmunt Bauman and Richard Rorty: From Theory Criticism of Liquid Modernity and Pragmatism

Abstract
It is by appealing to some important critics of Freud, Simmel, Adorno, Horkheimer, Shestov, Müller-Hill, Kafka, etc. Bauman strives to build a real ontology of modernity modernity, and a critical phenomenology cultural, moral and political implications, and its limits -perfilados by the impassable presence of ambivalence with which the text acquires the status of a landmark to this very modern tradition of sospecha.1 Bauman contribution, based on authors as Horkheimer and Adorno, who made a devastating critique of the Enlightenment and glimpse an influx of mistrust and pessimism over much of European philosophical literature in the second half of the twentieth century. It Horkheimer, one of the founding members of the Frankfurt School, who developed the "critical theory" from the predominance of a procedural rationality from which human knowledge does not operate as hierarchical-metaphysical assumptions (traditional theory) but pragmatic-procedural (critical theory) within scientific communities and socio-cultural contexts of the world. This means that every mode of knowing is concerned, and we know only the interest. Thus the basis of Ecuela of Suspicion. Hence Bauman in Modernity and ambivalencia pretend, as well as pointing Wellmer, complement the work undertaken by the leading thinkers of the first generation of the Frankfurt School. Bauman "try wrapping with historical and sociological flesh the skeleton of the Dialectic of Enlightenment". What Bauman gives a particular originality while a filiciación a recognizable and competing philosophical traditions: "first, which originating from Schopenhauer, passes Nietzsche6 to finish reaching Klages and, secondly, that from Hegel, Marx and Weber through, up until the young Lukács".

Palabras clave
Modernidad, individualismo, sociedad, miedo, posmodernidad, globalización, Escuela de Frankfurt, Teoría crítica, Dialéctica de la Ilustración, pragmatismo, ironismo, contingencia.
Keywords
Modernity, individualism, society, fear, postmodernism, globalization, Frankfurt School Critical Theory, Dialectic of Enlightenment, pragmatism, ironism, contingency.

Introducción:

El influjo del pensamiento de Nietzsche, en los varios niveles de la cultura occidental, se insertó en un ambiente espiritual acompañado de otros movimientos, enraizados en el proyecto de una nueva moralidad y religiosidad postcristianas. Movimientos contemporáneos y ligados muchas veces al nietzscheanismo han sido el wagnerismo, el espiritismo y el ocultismo, las sectas antroposóficas y teosóficas, algunas formas de socialismo o de anarquismo, y grupos análogos, que buscaban en este tipo de filosofías, y en las ciencias contemporáneas, la justificación de su visión del mundo y de sus prácticas heterodoxas neopaganas. En este contexto Nietzsche influyó de modo notable en la praxis de la psicología en sus mismos orígenes, aún antes y más fuertemente que en filosofía. Un ejemplo claro de ello es Ludwig Klages, uno de los fundadores de la caracterología y de la grafología. La psicología klagesiana se funda en su pensamiento filosófico nietzscheano que inspiró su militancia en círculos teosóficos y ocultistas pro-arios y antisemitas -algunos lo consideran como uno de los fundamentos teóricos del nacionalsocialismo-. La "psicología del futuro", si quiere ser fecunda, afirma Klages, debe inspirarse en las intuiciones nietzscheanas. Sobre todo, el psicólogo debe, como Nietzsche, superar su misma humanidad, poniéndose más allá del bien y del mal, descubriendo la malicia esencial del corazón humano. Para Klages, finalmente, el psicoanálisis es una versión vulgarizada de la psicología de Nietzsche. Klages es hoy un autor casi olvidado, tal vez por su vinculación con el nacionalsocialismo, y fue vencido por el psicoanálisis. Sin embargo, su influjo fue grande en sus contemporáneos, sobre todo en aquellos dedicados al estudio del carácter. Además de su discípulo Hans Prinzhorn, podemos nombrar entre los autores que se inspiran enormemente en el caracterólogo alemán a Philipp Lersch, tercer sucesor de Wundt en Leipzig, y después profesor en Munich.

The aim of this dissertation is to explore the short and medium term effects of two breathwork techniques, Holorenic Breathwork (HrncB) and Holotropic Breathwork (HtrpB), and the subjective effects of HtrpB. The dissertation is divided in two blocks. In the theoretical part, systems thinking, complexity sciences and transpersonal psychology are introduced, describing the relationship of this school of psychology with complexity sciences, from which adopts different concepts and principles, focusing in the concepts of chaos and self-organization. In the experimental part, the results of the empirical research carried out are presented. This research is divided in two studies. In the first study, the effects of HrncB on levels of distress, meaning of life and certain personality properties are explored. A total of 153 subjects, aged 18-35 years, were compared using a repeated measures design. The experimental group (N=71) participated for the first time in a workshop were HrncB was used. Measures were taken before and after the workshop (one week, and one and 6 months later). The control group (N=52) did not receive any alternative treatment. The tests used were the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-R-90), the Purpose in Life Test (PIL) and the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised. (TCI-R). In the second study, the effects of HtrpB on levels of distress, meaning of life, death anxiety, certain personality properties, and the subjective effects of HtrpB were explored. A repeated measures, single group design was used (N=27). The tests used were the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) the PLT, the TCI-140 (a reduced version of the TCI-R), the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and the States of Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ). Measures were taken before and after the workshop (two weeks, and 4 months later) for the BSI, PLT, TCI-140 and DAS, and during the workshop, for the SCQ. In the first study, there was a reduction in the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the SCL-R-90, and an increase in the meaning of life (PIL), Self-directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (CO) and Self-transcendence (ST) dimensions of the TCI-R, one week, one month and 6 months after the workshop for the experimental group. The experimental group also shown higher scores on the GSI and ST, and lower scores on the PLT, SD and CO before the workshop, compared with the control group. In the second study, there was a significant reduction in the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the BSI and in the DAS total score, and an increase in the total score of the PLT and SD, two weeks and for months after the workshop. Participants shown moderately high scores on the GSI, AT and Novelity Seeking (NS), and low scores on Harm Avoidance (HA) before the workshop. HtrpB can also occasionally produce mystical-type or peak experiences. 12 months after the workshop, the HtrpB experience is frequently considered as having substantial personal and spiritual significance, and an incresease of personal weelbeing and life satisfaction is attributed to it.

RESUMEN: La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo principal explorar los efectos a corto y medio plazo de dos técnicas de respiración, la Respiración Holorénica (RHrnc) y la Respiración Holotrópica (RHtrp), así como lo efectos subjetivos de la RHtrp. La tesis está dividida en dos bloques. En el bloque teórico se presentan el pensamiento sistémico, las ciencias de la complejidad y la psicología transpersonal, describiendo la relación de esta corriente de la psicología con las ciencias de la complejidad, de las que adoptan diversos conceptos y principios, y en especial los conceptos de caos y autoorganización. En el bloque experimental se presentan los resultados de la investigación empírica y está dividida en dos estudios. En el primer estudio se exploran los efectos que produce la RHrnc en el contexto de un taller residencial de fin de semana, en una muestra de adultos menores de 35 años, sin experiencia previa con la RHrnc, en el nivel de malestar subjetivo, percepción de sentido en la vida y ciertas características de personalidad. Los instrumentos empleados fueron el Inventario de Síntomas SCL-90-R, el Purpose in Life Test (PLT) y el Inventario de Temperamento y Carácter-Revisado (TCI-R). La muestra está constituida por 71 participantes en un taller de RHrnc y 52 controles. En el segundo estudio se exploran los efectos que produce la RHtrp en el contexto de un taller residencial de una semana en una muestra de adultos en el nivel de malestar subjetivo, percepción de sentido en la vida, ansiedad ante la muerte, y ciertas características de personalidad, así como los efectos subjetivos que produce la RHtrp. Los instrumentos empleados fueron el Brief Sympom Inventory (BSI), el PLT, el TCI-140), la Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) y el State of Consciousness Questionnaire (SCQ). Los resultados del primer estudio muestran que los participantes en el taller de RHrnc inicialmente presentan puntuaciones superiores a las del grupo control en el Índice de Severidad Global (ISG) del SCL-90-R y Autotrascendencia (AT), y menores en el PLT y las dimensiones de Autodirección (AD) y Cooperación (CO) del TCI-R. Por otro lado, se encontró una disminución en la puntuación del ISG, y un aumento en las puntuaciones del PLT, AD, CO y AT para el grupo experimental, una semana, un mes y 6 meses después del tratamiento. Los resultados del segundo estudio muestran que los participantes en el taller de RHtrp inicialmente presentan puntuaciones moderadamente altas en el ISG, AT y Búsqueda de Novedades (BN), y bajas en Evitación del Daño (ED). Por otra parte, se encontró un descenso significativo en la puntuación total del ISG y el DAS, y un aumento en la puntuación total del PLT y la dimensión de AD, dos semanas y cuatro meses después del taller. También se encontró que la RHtrp puede en ocasiones producir experiencias de carácter místico o experiencias cumbre. Asimismo, 12 meses después del taller, la experiencia de la RHtrp es frecuentemente valorada como personal y espiritualmente significativa, y se le atribuye un aumento del bienestar personal y la satisfacción vital.

The introduction of the notion of chaos – derived from the chaos theory as developed in
mathematical and physics sciences – into the study of socio-political phenomena allows
us to better understand the dynamic evolution of these non-linear systems. This paper
intends to review the still embryonic literature regarding the application of the chaos
theory in political science, particularly into the fields of public policies and international
relations. The modelling and prediction attempts made using non-linear tools (such as
the mathematical transformations, the fractal objects and other graphic and quantitative
methods applicable to the specificities of the socio-political data) reveal the original
asset of the chaos for social sciences. Using examples and cases studies, this paper
attempts to develop and shows the pertinence of these original concepts (such as the
bifurcations, the strange attractors, or the sensitivity to initial conditions) as well as the
analysis and prediction tools associated to them in order to apprehend and understand
political phenomena whose behaviour seem to be, at first sight, random or at least
unpredictable.

This work proposes an enhanced particle swarm optimization scheme that improves upon the performance of the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm is based on chaos search to solve the problems of stagnation, which is the problem of being trapped in a local optimum and with the risk of premature convergence. Type 1" constriction is incorporated to help strengthen the stability and quality of convergence, and adaptive learning coefficients are utilized to intensify the exploitation and exploration search characteristics of the algorithm. Several well known benchmark functions are operated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The test performance of the proposed method is compared with those of other popular population-based algorithms in the literature. Simulation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits faster convergence, escapes local minima, and avoids premature convergence and stagnation in a high-dimensional problem space. The validity of the proposed PSO algorithm is demonstrated using a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking control model for a standalone solar photovoltaic system.

In a recent "Eco-Preacher" blog post, "Religion and Science Can be Besties," (http://www.patheos.com/blogs/ecopreacher/2017/04/religion-science-besties/), pastor, professor, and activist Dr. Leah Schade claims that "the narrative of Christianity opposing science is neither helpful nor true." She argues that "[i]nsights from science inform Christian ethics, and Christian ethics can help us understand the implications of science." She then proposes to utilize Dynamic Systems or "Chaos" Theory as a lens through which to examine and thereby support these claims--leading the reader to believe she understands both the science of dynamic systems and the moral substance and motives of Christianity. 

Unfortunately, however, Rev. Schade makes it clear she understands neither science nor ethics. If she did, she'd see that science no more needs Christian ethics to show us the mechanics of physics, chemistry, or biology than being a moral person requires having faith, as Bertrand Russell put it, in an "ally in the sky." Indeed, if we're going to mount a successful campaign against the "starvation" budgets proposed by the Trump regime for the National Institute of Health (cuts of 20%), the Department of Energy's Office of Science (20%), the Environmental Protection Agency (50%), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ($250 million dollar budget cut), and the $100 million from NASA, there could be no better time to make an uncompromising defense of reason unmuddied by the efforts of religion to imprison us in the very fear and uncertainly autocratic charlatans like Trump and his mercenary cronies are all too eager to exploit.

It's time, in other words, to not be suckers.

In this dissertation I invite you to explore a sentient, participatory universe. I am exploring a worldview and its implications: What it means to look at the world from within it, to become aware of our individual and collective participation in the process of the whole transforming. I discuss the philosophical, as well as the historical and scientific foundations of this dynamical way of seeing, thinking and participating. The concept of appropriate participation - at appropriate spatial-temporal scales - in the emergence of a healthy whole is introduced as a new participatory approach to the increasingly important issue of sustainability. Ecological design is identified as an interdisciplinary and community based approach to appropriate participation. I emphasize the importance of participation at the appropriate spatial-temporal scales, making a strong argument for empowered communities, bioregional self-reliance and a power structure based on the political concept of subsidiarity. The participatory understanding of the relationship between the whole and its parts and insights gained from complexity theory and chaos theory serve as the basis for identifying
resilience and diversity, self-reliance and interconnectedness as important indicators of the health of the whole, appropriate participation and sustainability.

An account of Deleuze's late philosophy, especially in the age of neoliberalism and our "society of control." Includes discussions of (1) the marketplace of idea and the emergence of the "New Philosophers"; (2) the relation between thought and opinion (doxa); (3) chaos and cosmology; (4) the problem and politics of life; (5) modern philosophy as an institution of capitalism; and (6) Deleuze and Guattari's late recourse to the concept of utopia.

"The wound is the place where the light enters you." 1 -Rumi "…The movement to make fear the problem is also dangerous. What is needed is courage to resist the oppressive causes for unnecessary suffering 2 , and fearlessness in actions [on] behalf of children at risk [,] and we can only do this by teaching courage and fearlessness to act according to our courageous choices without hesitation." (Four Arrows 2018)

Can one be a true revolutionary without being as a vulgar revolutionary? Can one pursue revolutionary thought, behavior and conception of being-an idealism of 'what should be', which is to say 'what IS'-within the academy without being drawn into a binary struggle with 'what is'? Can we recognize that 'what is' is wrong and pursue 'what should be' without being drawn into a state of thought, behavior and conception of being that is articulated in opposition to 'what is'? Can one do their part to bring about revolution without being as a revolutionary?

Early research on new product development (NPD) has produced descriptive frameworks and models that view the process as a linear system with sequential and discrete stages. More recently, recursive and chaotic frameworks of NPD have been developed, both of which acknowledge that NPD progresses through a series of stages, but with overlaps, feedback loops, and resulting behaviors that resist reductionism and linear analysis. This article extends the linear, recursive, and chaotic frameworks by viewing NPD as a complex adaptive system (CAS) governed by three levels of decision making - in-stage, review, and strategic - and the accompanying
decision rules. The research develops and presents propositions that predict how the configuration and organization of NPD decision-making agents will influence the potential for three mutually dependent CAS phenomena: nonlinearity, selforganization, and emergence. Together these phenomena underpin the potential for NPD process adaptability and congruence. To support and to verify the propositions, this study uses comparative case studies, which show that NPD process
adaptability occurs and that it is dependent on the number and variety of agents, their corresponding connections and interactions, and the ordering or disordering effect of the decision levels and rules. Thus, the CAS framework developed within this article maintains a fit among descriptive stance, system behavior, and innovation type, as it considers individual NPD processes to be capable of switching or toggling between different behaviors - linear to chaotic - to produce corresponding innovation outputs that range from incremental to radical in accord with market expectations.

İnsan bilgisizliğinden dolayı merak eder, en temel ihtiyaçlarından biridir merak; ayrıca zayıflığından dolayı da güçlenmek, çevresine hakim olmak, biçim vermek ister. Özellikle batı toplumlarındaki bu güçlenmeci, hakimolucu, kullanıcı ve tüketici tutum; çevresiyle uyum içinde yaşayan pasif toplumları yutmuş ve dünyanın şu anki tablosunu ortaya çıkarmış görünüyor.

The study presented here investigates the possibility of teach and learn the limited predictability of deterministic chaotic systems to preservicenteachers. The teaching sequence developed used a commercial chaotic pendulum interconnected with a data acquisition interface.
Eighteen pre-service teachers of primary education took part in the investigation. In order to collect the data, experimental interviews, a so called “teaching experiment”, were used. The analysis of the data shows that it is possible to guide teachers-students to the idea of the limited predictability of deterministic chaotic systems. Conceptions about the connection of determinism and predictability as well as of chance and non-predictability cause some difficulties.

C . ( 2 0 0 2 ) Journal of Advanced Nursing 37(5), 462±469 Using chaos theory: the implications for nursing Aims of the paper. The purpose of this paper is to review chaos theory and to examine the role that it may have in the discipline of nursing. Background. In this paper, the fundamental ingredients of chaotic thinking are outlined. The earlier days of chaos thinking were characterized by an almost exclusively physiological focus. By the 21st century, nurse theorists were applying its principles to the organization and evaluation of care delivery with varying levels of success. Whilst the biological use of chaos has focused on pragmatic approaches to knowledge enhancement, nursing has often focused on the mystical aspects of chaos as a concept.

The idea for this dissertation has been incubating in my mind for many years. Since 1994, I have been involved in creative pursuits that have given me enormous joy, delight, and satisfaction. I used to spend every weekend in the Rocky Mountains observing, sketching, and photographing, and after each of these escapades I would return home feeling happy, full of energy, and ready to deal with the challenges of my daily life.

This paper presents a comparative study of the Colpitts oscillator circuit using circuit simulations and experimental results. Different techniques of dynamical systems theory like time series plots, phase portraits and Lyapunov exponents were employed. The time series plots and phase portraits for different state variables of Colpitts oscillator circuit, obtained from PSpice simulation and experimental implementation, were compared with each other. This comparison showed that both the results are identical. It is evident that chaotic Colpitts oscillator exhibited periodic and aperiodic behavior for different values of the circuit parameters.

—Everything in this universe is, to some extent, nonlinear in nature. For certain parameter values, a nonlinear dynamical system exhibits erratic behavior called chaos. In this paper, a novel yet simple method is presented for implementing nonlinear systems using operational amplifiers (op-amps) based circuits like integrators and subtractors. The non-linear function sin 2 (x) has been written in terms of polynomial equation using Taylor series expansion and that polynomial equation has been implemented using op-amps. The transition to chaos has been observed by varying the control parameters in simulations and in experiments.

In animal cells, mitochondria are unique organelles in that they contain a genome of their own. There are small circular chromosomes in each mitochondrion that have genes for some of the mitochondrial proteins. But the mitochondrial chromosomes do not have genes for all the proteins found in mitochondria. The genes for the remaining proteins are found in the cellular genome which is found in the nucleus. So to get some functional mitochondria requires gene expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes. By the Evolutionary Metabolic Hypothesis of Cancer (EMHC), the main reason behind the cause of cancer, is increasing the amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species and intracellular inflammation which cause damage to the mitochondria. Increasing the inflammation will cause chaos in normal cells and causes the nucleus to send wrong messages instead of apoptosis, that means turning the oxida-tive phosphorylation into fermentation in cytosol. Therefore, by three-year study over cancer and normal cells, we have come to the conclusion that the real reason behind the cause of cancer is the increasing of ROS above the normal limits that causes butterfly effect inside the normal cells.

In this work methods for performing time series prediction on complex real
world time series are examined. In particular series exhibiting non-linear or
chaotic behaviour are selected for analysis. A range of methodologies based
on Takens’ embedding theorem are considered and compared with more
conventional methods. A novel combination of methods for determining the
optimal embedding parameters are employed and tried out with multivariate
financial time series data and with a complex series derived from an
experiment in biotechnology. The results show that this combination of
techniques provide accurate results while improving dramatically the time
required to produce predictions and analyses, and eliminating a range of
parameters that had hitherto been fixed empirically. The architecture and
methodology of the prediction software developed is described along with
design decisions and their justification. Sensitivity analyses are employed to
justify the use of this combination of methods, and comparisons are made
with more conventional predictive techniques and trivial predictors showing
the superiority of the results generated by the work detailed in this thesis.

Tras dejar constancia de las revolucionarias consecuencias filosóficas del nuevo paradigma (que harían torcer el gesto al gran Inmanuel Kant), ofrecemos una panorámica histórica sobre la constitución de la Teoría del Caos en Física y Matemáticas a partir del campo de la Mecánica (Newton, Laplace, Poincaré), de los Sistemas Dinámicos (Smale) y, en especial, de la Meteorología (Lorenz), hasta llegar a las modernas aplicaciones interdisciplinarias (Thom y Prigogine). A continuación, nos centramos en el problema nuclear de la definición del caos, que compromete el mismo cierre de la disciplina, y que ha hecho albergar dudas a múltiples epistemólogos sobre la virtualidad de la Teoría del Caos. Ilustrando matemáticamente los conceptos fundamentales, concluiremos que esta nueva clase de ciencia induce una lectura novedosa del viejo dilema epistemológico predecir/explicar. Nada más práctico que una buena teoría.

Interview with Nobel Prize-winning physicist, Ilya Prigogine, which I had extraordinary difficulty publishing in the notoriously conservative and philosophically hide-bound Anglo-Saxon media, also rejected by Metascience, as clearly too controversial for then-editor, Jon Forge!

This paper demonstrates four different ways to posit the concept of ONE, and proposes that our mistaken assumption of the simplicity of ONE as the building block of numbers can be considered the riddle underlying complexity theory (the ultimate riddle).  Those wishing to get to the meat quickly may turn first to pp.11-12, which begins the transition from our concepts of ONE to the four complementary ways to posit ZERO. After starting there, you can decide whether you want to go back for an expanded explanation.
      An outline of the Flux Logic (stated as draft of an actual LOGIC) is included in the Appendix. The new 2nd appendix (YOUR HOTKEYS) has been added to show a possible application of the Flux Logic to interesting problems, in this case, appetite and attention. 
    Version 1 of this article was an expansion of a chapter in my book "Thick," (posted on Academia.edu) explaining William James’ extreme stance on Pluralism.  The section on HOTKEYS is taken from a book on humanism which has since been re-titled "Bellybuttons."(also on Academia.edu).

Il presente testo è stato redatto da due filosofi, Paolo Vignola e Sara Baranzoni, ricercatori presso la Universidad de Investigación de Tecnología Experimental Yachay, Ecuador. Si tratta di una riflessione filosofica e di una risposta politica al «Manifesto per una politica accelerazionista» di Williams e Srnicek, pubblicato in Italia nel volume curato da Matteo Pasquinelli «Gli algoritmi del capitale» (Ombre Corte, 2014). Nello spirito di ricerca pura che contraddistingue il nostro modus operandi, offriamo il testo per una riflessione comune, aperta a tutti. Il testo di Paolo Vignola e Sara Baranzoni confluirà nel 2016 in un e.book curato da Obsolete Capitalism intitolato «Moneta, rivoluzione e filosofia dell'avvenire" che proporrà una rilettura deleuziano-nietzscheana dell'accelerazionismo.

This article presents the Chaos Theory of Careers with particular reference to the concepts of ''attraction'' and ''attractors''. Attractors are defined in terms of characteristic trajectories, feedback mechanisms, end states, ordered boundedness, reality visions and equilibrium and fluctuation. The identified types of attractors (point, pendulum, torus and strange) and their relevance to career development are described. The attractor concept is then applied to major barriers in career development and life transition by a consideration of closed and open systems thinking. It is contended that ultimately the context of human experience is an open system and that career development difficulties arise when closed systems thinking is used in an open systems reality. The practical counseling applications and counseling research evidence using attractors are briefly reviewed. The additional potential contributions of the Chaos Theory of Careers to the career development field are also outlined.

This qualitative study examines the role of clients in petty corruption by analyzing actual corrupt exchanges between ordinary citizens and low level public and private employees in post-communist Hungary. Using a grounded theory approach, interviews reveal how clients from different social strata deal with low-level agents in corrupt situations. Findings suggest two contrasting forms of low-level corruption: transactions where the client and the agent do not have a prior relationship and where external factors dominate the relationship; and cases with stronger social ties between the actors, where the client has more freedom to structure the transaction. However, a client's social background frequently determines the form of corrupt transaction and the form of resources illegally exchanged in the deal.