CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design)

The human being and the environment in which they live are an integral whole. Security has always been one of the most basic human needs and also one of the most important factors influencing the efficiency of urban spaces throughout history. One of the most important factors threatening people's presence in public places is the feeling of insecurity in space. Insecurity in the urban environment prevents
people from doing their daily activities and makes them dissatisfied with their living places. Therefore, paying special attention to the feeling of security in urban spaces can be a subject of social and physical studies. This can be checked how designers and urban planners design the environment, also, proper design and effective use of space and environment, leading to reduced opportunities for crime, fear
of crime and improved quality of life.
The aims of the present study are to investigate and evaluate the factors affecting the security of space providing effective indicators for enhancing security and preventing crime.
The research method is descriptive-analytical using a combined strategy and the information collected in this study is reviewed through literature and resources and library and documentary studies. Also, the present research is in the field of applied research.
The research findings are presented by identifying the impact of the urban physical environment on a sense of security in the form of physical design indicators for urban space security.
The results show that the major insecurity of cities is related to the physical form of the city and the shape of structures and urban buildings, one of the types of mechanical preventive crime prevention strategies (CPTED), in which It has been exploited.

While the Nordics have long acted as champions of gender equality, there is still a need for a more nuanced understanding of gendered differences in safety and well-being. A large body of research on masculinity and fear has found men to express fear in public space to a lesser extent than women, perpetuating a notion of men as 'fearless'. In this study, we challenge this notion by seeking a better understanding of men's overall fear of victimization as well as how fear impacts their behavior where they live, in relation to places, people, and everyday routines. Using statistical methods, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression, we investigate the nature of men's fear and the effect fear has on their lives using 20,781 answers from the 2020 Stockholm Safety Survey. Findings indicate that while men are generally less fearful than women, intersections between respondents' gender, income level, and ethnic background show a complementary picture. Foreign-born and lowincome resident men expressed similar or even higher levels of neighborhood fear than women. Additionally, the drivers of men's general fear of crime and neighborhood-related fear were found to differ, where results for Swedish-born and foreign-born men show opposing patterns for each measure. Men who live in neighborhoods with more physical disorder and low social cohesion are also more likely to avoid places and engagement with people where they live, as well as changing routine activities. The paper finishes with recommendations for future research.

The fragmentation in Malacca's urban space largely stems from historical planning issues, initially driven more by external pressures than developmental guidance. Based on Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) theory, space syntax, topological modeling and Spatial Design Network Analysis (sDNA) methods, this study compares the spatial characteristics of Malacca during the Dutch period and the early years of Malaysian independence and analyzes the process by which the urban fabric was shaped and its relationship to the geopolitical context. The early compact and matrix street network of Malacca was designed to protect against risk. The change in economic and political focus was reflected in a linear shift in urban centrality from inland to port. The transition in spatial depth from "constrained" to "free" reflected a shift in urban structure from "intensive" to "diffuse". The results of the analysis of the sDNA and topological models in terms of urban centrality converge and reveal that Malacca already had a tendency towards polycentric development in 1958 and that the old network centers of 1764 still play a partial role. The study is consistent with the hypothesis that the main drivers of urban development in early Malacca were external pressures and were influenced by its colonial political and economic reconstruction. This study attempts to explain how spatial configurations responded to external risks, but the correspondence between certain historical events and the urban fabric remains unclear due to the scarcity of historical data.

The 16th goal of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development highlights the importance of developing capacities for crime prevention. Thus, the objective of this article was to verify whether in a Brazilian college entrance hall there are physical space components that reduce surveillance, encouraging unauthorized people to enter the building. At this college, a student was stolen inside their classroom by a supposed intruder. The method uses the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design approach for on-site observation and analysis (qualitative part),
the Space Syntax Theory using the DephtMapX software to produce the visibility map (quantitative part) and the Photoshop program for image processing. The results reveal that the large number of entry and exit points, the layout (control desk and turnstiles) and the positioning of the street access door, stairs and pillars are the elements of the physical space that reduce surveillance in the entrance hall. Finally, this work shows procedures for analyzing internal spaces with a focus on crime prevention, highlighting the role of Interior Architecture in achieving the 16th goal of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development.

The city whatever its function and size is made up of housing, equipment’s, administrations activities and public spaces. Today we are witnessing a gradual emergence of new vision on urbanized spaces, in particular public space which is an evaluation criterion of the urban quality. In Algeria these spaces have long been marginalized and undergone profound transformation during the various phases of urbanization. They have often been poorly considered and their shares sometimes end up being reassigned for construction. The public spaces are not a priority, this reveals spaces that are too underdeveloped in comparison with housing. they have rarely been the subject of study and planning projects, or of urban project. Rapid urban sprawl and the race to achieve housing needs have reduced the minimal amount of manufacturing of public spaces to an essentially function approach without worrying about their uses. This article sheds light on urban development and its effects in the formation, transformation, and management of public spaces in the city of Mila

Crime prevention through environmental design theories focus on the relationship between crime and the environment. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the relationship between the design of urban green spaces and the perception of safety and to develop design impact criteria and indicators. The research applied multiple research techniques under the name of social impact assessment to measure the effect of spatial features on the perception of safety in Ankara-Dikmen Valley. At the same time, spatial features and design criteria put forward by ecological crime theories and K. Lynch's space and perception criteria were evaluated and these criteria were differentiated and grouped under five dimensions. These are; social profile, comfort, harmony, legibility and transparency. These five dimensions and the sub-headings created under them are defined as the design impact indicator set. In line with the results of the research and the set of indicators that have been developed, the conclusion is that the Dikmen Valley 2nd stage is perceived to be safer.

Öppna drogscener har upplevts utgöra ett betydande problem i Stockholms län och dessa platser är kopplade till otrygghet hos allmänheten, organiserad brottslighet och rekrytering av unga till kriminella miljöer. För att motverka detta inleddes 2022 ett samverkansprojekt med syfte att minska antalet öppna drogscener och att öka tryggheten på dessa platser. Forskarna fick i uppdrag att följa och utvärdera arbetet mellan 2022 och 2027. Denna rapport kartlägger de metoder och arbetssätt som hittills använts för att motverka öppna drogscener, samt identifierar upplevda framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar.

Den föreliggande deskriptiva rapporten bygger dels på en enkätundersökning om vilka metoder som använts, dels på en kvalitativ intervjustudie med yrkesverksamma inom polis, kommuner och andra relevanta aktörer i vilken de fått utveckla detaljer kring arbetet på dessa platser. Resultaten visar att formella kontrollinsatser, såsom polisiär närvaro, kamerabevakning och vistelseförbud, används brett och även upplevs som effektiva, särskilt i kombination med andra situationella och sociala insatser. Många kommuner har genomfört platsförändringar genom förbättrad belysning, röjning av sikthinder och aktiviteter för att stärka den informella sociala kontrollen. Samverkan mellan polis, kommun, fastighetsägare, näringsidkare och civilsamhället lyfts som en viktig del i arbetet, men formerna och hur systematiskt samverkan sker skiljer sig mellan områden. Olika sociala insatser genomförs för både ungdomar och socialt utsatta vuxna, i form av till exempel vård för substansberoende eller psykisk ohälsa.

Resultaten visar att insatser riktade mot öppna drogscener består av en kombination av repressiva och preventiva åtgärder, där polisens arbete kompletteras med fysiska förändringar av miljöer och sociala insatser. Polisens resursfördelning påverkas dock ofta av akuta händelser, såsom skjutningar, vilket kan försvåra det långsiktiga arbetet. Därtill tycks resurserna vara begränsade – för polisen när det gäller fysisk närvaro, för kommunen vad gäller platsaktivering och för centrumägare i fråga om fysiska förändringar. Normalisering av narkotikabruk i samhället i stort nämns under intervjuerna som försvårande i arbetet. Samtidigt har intervjupersonerna noterat att det skett en förflyttning av narkotikahandel, från öppna drogscener till handel via sociala medier, vilket ifrågasätter betydelsen av öppna drogscener för narkotikans tillgänglighet. Uthållighet i arbetet och samverkan mellan aktörer framhålls som centrala framgångsfaktorer, även om formerna för samverkan varierar. I samverkan lyfts särskilt en gemensam lägesbild, personliga kontakter, professionellas motivation och ansvarstagande fram som viktiga.

Denna rapport bidrar med viktiga kontextuella aspekter som kan ligga till grund för analyser i kommande effektutvärderingar av varför vissa öppna drogscener varit mer framgångsrika än andra i sitt arbete. Vidare understryker resultaten behovet av fortsatt forskning av arbetet på och kring dessa platser och av långsiktig systematiserad uppföljning av insatsernas effekter.

The fundamental sense of security of humans is manifested in the physical environment. During the establishment of our physical environment, we are striving for reducing dan-ger and exposure. We are aimed at establishing areas, where it is good live, to work, to be together, to celebrate, to relax, to shop, to play, to study without guarding ourselves with thick walls from the outside world. The aspects of safety and crime prevention receive more and more attention in the area of architecture and also in urban planning and the interface, entitled crime prevention through environmental design located in the inter-section of architecture and criminology has become more important than ever.
The general idea behind crime prevention through environmental design is that during the designing of our built environment, with the help of experience-based knowledge and creativity, the frequency of criminal acts are reduced. Our related knowledge has been continuously extended in the last decades thanks to experience and research. The goal of the SafeCity conference series was to widely promote among the professional  audience the principles, which are modifying our environment in a purposeful manner and from various aspects. The goal of the conference series is to promote this interface in Hungary, which is generating more and more interest.
The architectural and environmental design related tools of crime prevention and its principles are practically unknown to the Hungarian urban planning and architecture profession, despite of the fact that the CPTED internal standard has been in existence since the beginning of the 1990s, which has been successfully applied in the last two decades in the Anglo-Saxon world and also in Europe. The toolkit of CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design), which includes lighting, plants, aesthetic design and the involvement of the community, could offer practical help for the establishment of safe buildings, spaces and towns. This toolkit system focuses at the same time on the prevention of crime and on the reduction of (subjective) sense of fear. During conference series the most prestigious international CPTED experts shared the sofar existing experience related to the area and the recommendation and future development directions, which can be drafted based on the existing knowledge and experience. But through the conference programme we have also tried to convey the message that CPTED is only one tool for establishing safe cities, spaces and buildings and for establishing the general sense of safety. Safety is an extremely complex phenomena and the establishment of safety can only be truly successful if the aspects and methods of various disciplines prevail and if both the community and the individuals take responsibility. Therefore, we have worked through the topic of safe cities in a more widely interpreted way. Therefore, during the conferences, the establishment of child-friendly cities and towns was also discussed, alongside the community-development activities by civil organizations, school-based prevention programmes and the aspects of urban management. Besides the urban planners, architects and criminologist also sociologists, pedagogues, lecturers, political decision-makers, civil activists, fire safety experts could also raise their voice, who do their outmost for the establishment of a safe environment within their own area of expertise and by using the tools and methods of the given area.
The goal of the conference series was besides the introduction of the knowledge related to crime prevention through environmental design also the establishment of a professional forum, which creates the opportunity for discussing the topic from various scientific- and disciplinary aspects, for exchanging knowledge between experts and networking, furthermore for sensitizing experts.
The conference series consisted of four events with various emphasis. This publication contains the extracts of selected lectures presented during the event series.

OPENING CONFERENCE- Safety. City. Community
The goal of the opening conference of the conference series was to establish a common ground. Crime prevention through environmental design was discussed from various aspects, such as environmental psychology, architecture and urban development, sociology and criminology during the lectures and presentations of the outstanding experts of the given fields. Besides the theoretical approaches the results and best practices so far achieved in our country were also presented, similarly to the questions and issues arising, which could be discussed by the experts in the frame of thematic workshops.

Safecity 1.0 - The Role of Conscious Architectural and Environmental Design in Crime Prevention
At the two-day international conference prestigious international and Hungarian experts were lecturing. The presentations were organized around the following topics: safe cities, child-friendly cities and towns and academic training and research. In the safe city session, the successfully applied practical tools of crime prevention through environmental design and the related international experience were discussed. In the child-friendly cities and towns session, several good examples were discussed, which answered the following question: how can children’s perspective be integrated into the conscious and safety-orientated establishment of public areas and cities/towns. In the frame of the higher education session, university lecturers from various disciplines discussed how can the topic of crime prevention through environmental design be integrated into education and research.

Safecity 2.0 Role of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in Urban Planning
The third event of the conference series discussed the topic of crime prevention through en-vironmental design from the aspect of the cities. The principles of crime prevention throughenvironmental designare known mainly on the scale of buildings: fencing, well cut shrubs,lighting of the entrance areas clearly serve the purposes of safety. However, creatinga safe environment is more complex and is a relevant approach also at city level.The Safecity 2.0 conference explored in terms of various professional aspects how it is possible to create safer and liveable urban spaces and cities with the help of architectural and environmental design tools. The presentations focused on: who are the stakeholders in the cities, how can urban planning contribute to the reduction of criminal opportunities and to the improvement of the sense of safety, furthermore what tools and regulations are available for the practice of crime prevention through environmental design in Hungary. The event offered practical reference points to the local governments, city leaders and planners and for the leaders of local communities.

Safecity 3.0 - Crime Prevention through Environmental Design from School to University
The last event of the SafeCity conference series discussed the topic of crime prevention through environmental design from the aspect of education. The aspect of safety is also relevant and crucial during the creation of the spaces of education, the organization of education and the training of experts. In the frame of the SafeCity 3.0 conference teachers, professors, and architects presented their own aspects and experience, and discussed jointly the multi-lateral points of connection of safety and education, starting from safe school buildings through prevention programs and to the role of crime prevention through environmental design in higher education. After the theoretical presentations, innovative methods - applicable in learning environments - were put to the test in the frame of two parallel workshops.

Over 400 experts participated at the conference series, representing several ministries, authorities, local governments, higher education institutions, professional and non-governmental organizations. The goal of the conference series was to promote crime prevention through environmental design and provide comprehensive information, and to support a long-term discourse and to establish a professional forum. The publication of the conference material aims to contribute to the above by making available a selection of the lectures of the conference series, which introduces the recent questions and issues of crime prevention through environmental design. We hope that this publication will be useful for experts, who can insert this experience in their everyday work and can contribute to the development of safer environments and also for those, who can enforce and transfer this knowledge base in the areas of research and education.
Eszter Tóth
Chairwoman, kultúrAktív Association

Chairwoman, kultúrAktív Association

Forensic science plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system by providing scientific analysis and expert testimony in legal proceedings. Over the years, forensic science tests in India have undergone significant transformations due to technological advancements, judicial interpretations, and evolving legal frameworks. This study explores the changing dimensions of forensic science tests in India from a socio-legal perspective. It examines the impact of emerging forensic techniques, such as DNA profiling, digital forensics, and narco-analysis, on the administration of justice. Additionally, the research highlights the challenges related to admissibility, reliability, and ethical concerns surrounding forensic evidence in Indian courts. The study also evaluates the legal and legislative developments shaping forensic science practices and their implications for law enforcement, the judiciary, and society at large. By analyzing landmark case laws and policy reforms, this paper aims to provide insights into the dynamic interplay between forensic science and the legal system in India.

Forensic science plays a crucial role in the criminal justice system by providing scientific analysis and expert testimony in legal proceedings. Over the years, forensic science tests in India have undergone significant transformations due to technological advancements, judicial interpretations, and evolving legal frameworks. This study explores the changing dimensions of forensic science tests in India from a socio-legal perspective. It examines the impact of emerging forensic techniques, such as DNA profiling, digital forensics, and narco-analysis, on the administration of justice. Additionally, the research highlights the challenges related to admissibility, reliability, and ethical concerns surrounding forensic evidence in Indian courts. The study also evaluates the legal and legislative developments shaping forensic science practices and their implications for law enforcement, the judiciary, and society at large. By analyzing landmark case laws and policy reforms, this paper aims to provide insights into the dynamic interplay between forensic science and the legal system in India.

Shootings typically occur in neighbourhoods marked by high crime rates and broader socioeconomic challenges, but little is known about the characteristics of the places where they occur. Using the concept of the rez de ville, a fieldwork protocol was created to evaluate seventy shooting locations in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. In this article, we identify when and where most shootings occur and assess whether the inspection of the rez de ville as a unit of analysis helps explain the nature of places of violence. The records are from the official Swedish Police database
containing information on the date of the shooting, time of day, type of injury, and geographical coordinates for cases from November 2016 to March 2020. Combining insights from environmental criminology theory and the idea of shootings as acts of public performance, we search for clues as to why and how these settings become
places of aggressive behaviour. Shootings can be seen as acts of public performance because they are intentional, dramatic actions intended to convey a specific message to an audience. These incidents mostly feature young men deliberately harming or killing others in conflicts stemming from personal differences and/or criminal disputes. Our findings both support and challenge widely accepted principles in environmental criminology. Shootings happen in the evening, often during the
weekend. They occur in visible core areas of poorer but well-maintained deprived peripheral neighbourhoods. These settings may play a role in the stage setting for the shootings, which become acts of public performance used to reinforce their status within criminal groups. We conclude by reflecting on these findings and establishing an agenda for future research.

According to urban experts crime and fear of crime have long been recognized as a major challenge to sustainable cities. It also has a significant impact on quality of life. In Malaysia the crime index has risen significantly over the last few decades. Local authority plays a role in building cities that are safe for people where effective implementation of CPTED will assist in reducing and preventing crime from occurring. Effective implementation of CPTED can help reduce public expenditure in keeping the city safe. The article concludes that the successful implementation of the CPTED concept in Malaysian cities can be achieved by increasing the awareness and understanding of implementers of the concept. Thus, professionals and policy makers should have an awareness of the importance of CPTED in reducing both the fear of crime and crime rates in the urban environment and thus contribute to urban sustainability. 2013 Am. Trans. Eng. Appl. Sci.

This study investigates the efficacy of CCTV as a crime control and management apparatus in commercial premises. Shopping malls and storage facilities with closedcircuit television systems as part of security arrangements were identified at different locations across the state. A total of 171 copies of structured questionnaires were administered, and a response rate of 77.2 percent was achieved. Data on safety and security breaches, as well as CCTV footage between 2018 and 2023, were obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistics from Excel analytics tool packs were used for the analysis. Results were presented in tables and figures, followed by a robust discussion. The study observed that CCTV has not been able to completely deter the incidence of criminal acts and that CCTV was found to be more effective in shopping malls than the warehouses, although the difference is statistically insignificant. The study further showed that power and technical issues are the top two challenges of CCTV usage in shopping malls, while personnel and power are the top two challenges at the warehouse. The study suggested an alternative power supply for the CCTV and the use of experts for acquisition, installation, and operation.

On the level of quality of life in the cities, street crimes play a relevant role because the safety of citizens is involved. It is a world-wide problem that is now increasing in relation to a number of factors, among them the new migrations, the level of maintenance of the towns, the level of community policing. The solution is of course a town designed on the basis of crime prevention through environmental design, and on this direction are acting some towns, for a limited part of them, due to the costs of the intervention. The "Urbino 2" district lays at about 15 km from the town (and University) of Urbino, and was originated from planning mistakes of private builders and public administrations as well. As a consequence the only residents became non Cee people who could rent the apartments for very cheap prices, commonly living in greater number than allowed for the apartment or renting a part of it to other poorer people, thus reducing the value of the building, and putting the owners in the condition of being unable to pay for maintenance, and perhaps not willing to do. From a recent survey on a population of 600 persons only 10 are Italians. The district has become a real slum, where the different populations follow the rules and habits of their original countries, thus originating brawls, violence, aggressions and so on. The paper shows the problems arosen in this incorrectly born district near Urbino, and the possibilities offered by CPTED design for its rehabilitation.

On the level of quality of life in the cities, street crimes play a relevant role because the safety of citizens is involved. It is a world-wide problem that is now increasing in relation to a number of factors, among them the new migrations, the level of maintenance of the towns, the level of community policing. The solution is of course a town designed on the basis of crime prevention through environmental design, and on this direction are acting some towns, for a limited part of them, due to the costs of the intervention. The "Urbino 2" district lays at about 15 km from the town (and University) of Urbino, and was originated from planning mistakes of private builders and public administrations as well. As a consequence the only residents became non Cee people who could rent the apartments for very cheap prices, commonly living in greater number than allowed for the apartment or renting a part of it to other poorer people, thus reducing the value of the building, and putting the owners in the condition of being unable to pay for maintenance, and perhaps not willing to do. From a recent survey on a population of 600 persons only 10 are Italians. The district has become a real slum, where the different populations follow the rules and habits of their original countries, thus originating brawls, violence, aggressions and so on. The paper shows the problems arosen in this incorrectly born district near Urbino, and the possibilities offered by CPTED design for its rehabilitation.

Homelessness is an important social problem affecting a large mass of people on a global scale, and it has seriously manifested itself at the national level after the earthquakes that struck Turkey on February 6, 2023. The failure of the United Nations (UN) to provide an effective solution to this issue is that homelessness has been excluded due to the fact that the problem has not been fully defined and measured. Cooperation between institutions with common goals for the measurement and definition of homelessness is of great importance, and criteria that can be used in this framework have also been determined. The lack of qualitative and quantitative data on homelessness in Turkey is evaluated through the effects of the housing crisis after the February 6, 2023 earthquakes. In this article, the search for solutions to the problem of homelessness that we have developed within the framework of the responsibility we feel as young individuals and the 9610 Blue Ivy  FRC team is discussed, and in this direction, the collaborations with non-governmental organizations fighting homelessness and the steps taken are explained.

In this review article, we intend to initiate a discussion on the possibilities of implementing the 15-minute city concept (FMC) in Slovak cities. Our research motivation is the relatively high potential of the idea to contribute to solving current problems of sustainable urban development to strengthen cities' resilience. It is not only about coping with the impacts of the COVID 19 pandemic but also about the need for synergy of mitigation and adaptation measures in the context of climate change and the transition to a low-to the zero-carbon development paradigm. Last but not least, it can be pointed out that the 15-minute city model will also contribute to reducing inequalities between different parts of cities, which is one of the consequences of poorly regulated suburbanization processes. The paper is structured in several parts. In the introductory section, we look for common features of the concept and its theoretical framework within various traditions and paradigms of geographical thought. We then analyse its basic functions and dimensions that are considered when planning this concept in the current conditions of urban life. We also address specific applications in world metropolises while pointing out that the concept is not rigid and can still be adapted to local natural, historical, socioeconomic conditions and intraurban structures. In the last section, we present the first examples of implementing the 15-minute city ideas in Slovak cities.

Ever since the civilization age, police (formal and informal) had been perceived to be the predominant custodian of security of life and properties both within and outside the home. However, this big expectation seems to be met with questionable effect. This article, therefore, focuses on the desirability of the traditional method of neighbourhood crime control and surveillance-policing. Notwithstanding the relevance of the police in neighbourhood crime control, literature abound that support the fact that increasing the numerical strength of police; building of more courts and appointing more judges or building more prisons may not way be an effective cure for neighbourhood crime. Sequel to this finding, this research work attempts to recommend the conceptual marriage of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Crime Prevention through Social Development (CPSD) to birth Crime Prevention through Social and Environmental Development (CPSED) as a better alternative to...

Over the years, Kuala Lumpur has experienced rapid population growth, posing significant threats to both the well-being of its inhabitants and its sustainability. Despite this, Kuala Lumpur's performance in the EIU World's Most Liveable City index remains suboptimal. The Kuala Lumpur City Hall, as the local authority, is committed to improve this ranking by developing new frameworks and strategies that support urban liveability. This paper reviews Malaysian legislation and policy concerning the concepts of liveability and heritage, exploring their interconnectedness in enhancing the quality of life and well-being in urban environments. This study also involved forty-four interviews with various stakeholders such as policymakers, NGO's, heritage experts and academicians and the data were analysed using the qualitative software package NVivo20. The analysis identified two emergent themes related to the different views of stakeholders and the challenges faced in implementing these frameworks. The findings revealed that these frameworks often neglect the protection of heritage in the urban centre, which is crucial to balance the main ideas of 'work, live and play". Subsequently, the result also provides an in-depth understanding of heritage's contribution to urban liveability and explain how current policies impact the relationship between liveability and heritage conservation. In conclusion, the research has modified the existing development framework to suit the role of heritage in urbanised cities like Kuala Lumpur.

Transport security has attracted global attention in recent times. Safety occupies a central theme in public transport. It affects consideration for the travel pattern and level of patronage in public transport. Globally, crime has become a social problem across towns and cities particularly along bus stops, transport routes, and other public places and along public transit.

Key Words: Insecurity, Crimes, Public Transport, Transit, World.

As the world urban population increases, our cities become larger and denser. Consequently, the significance of urban parks increases as they may offer an accessible experience of nature leading to better health and social benefits. However, these factors are threatened by fear and perception of unsafety. The aim of this thesis is to investigate what elements can influence safety perceptions in urban parks and identify the measures to encourage usability. This paper addresses mainly the social dangers as the factor, which evokes sensations of worry and anxiety. The project comprises four main phases. The first one discusses the existing literature. The second one deals with typical research method used in a field of environmental psychology: interview process with the pictures. The pilot and preference studies examined potential users experience of perceived safety with respect to different vegetation design. This research was site specific and the chosen place was Torshovdalen park in Oslo. Digital photo manipulation was employed to alter the images of this park. Afterwards, the images were used to examine interviewers' perceptions. The third phase includes site analysis. Direct observation was used for the data collection. The fourth phase summarises previously discussed findings in the design principles. These principles are built on the previous research in the literature review with elements of empirical study. The concluding phase encompasses also design recommendations for Torshovdalen, but these are of a secondary importance. The end product is ten formulated principles promoting perceptions of safety illustrated by the principles application. The principles application in Torshovdalen is more of a guideline rather than a rigid rule for all architects that are in need. The application demonstrates how the principles can be put into practice and used by landscape architects to make the surrounding green area perceived as secure. Due to the specific terminology of the topic, it is important to explain that feeling of security and safety, sense of security or feeling of insecurity all mean the perception of safety. On the other hand anxiety, sense of unsafety or feeling of insecurity have the opposite meaning, i.e. perception of unsafety.

El barrio de Las Rehoyas-Arapiles, integrado por 2.558 viviendas, con una estructura original de principios de los años 60 del pasado siglo y dentro de un área estadística vulnerable, es el mayor proyecto de reposición de vivienda que se pretende ejecutar en la ciudad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. En este contexto, las prácticas de planificación participativas adquieren relevancia como instrumento de intervención, motivo por el que llevamos a cabo un estudio sobre las expectativas residenciales de sus moradores para el Ayuntamiento de la ciudad. El objetivo de esta comunicación se centra en mostrar las preferencias y prioridades vecinales sobre su propia ubicación y la conformación del nuevo barrio, para lo que usamos una metodología cualitativa -entrevistas semiestructuradas y narraciones conjuntas-. La contigüidad con los mismos vecinos es, junto a la ocupación de la misma zona en el interior del barrio, con cinco sectores diferenciados, la elección de preferencia de los habitantes de este entorno sociourbano.

Denna rapport sammanfattar arbetet med projektet "Stoppa droghandeln" i Österåker, som
syftade till att kartlägga och bekämpa öppen narkotikahandel, särskilt i Åkersberga centrum.
Vi utvärderade åtgärdernas effektivitet genom en "före och efter"-analys, där bland annat
syntetisk kontrollmetod användes. Trianguleringen av olika datakällor har givit en heltäckande
bild av åtgärdernas påverkan. Resultaten visar att Österåker presterar bättre än många andra
kommuner med 589 förebyggda drogbrott och effekter som överträffar placeboeffekten i 80
procent av fallen sedan 2019 trots en icke-signifikant övergripande effekt. Enkätsvar och
polisstatistik visar en ökning av drogaktivitet i vissa områden, medan Infracontrol Online
bekräftar en kraftig minskning av både otrygghet och drogaktivitet. För att fortsätta bekämpa
drogrelaterad brottslighet och otrygghet bör fokus ligga på långsiktiga, sociala och
situationsanpassade strategier. Det är viktigt att säkerställa en kontinuerlig närvaro av polis
och fältgrupper i utsatta områden samt stärka sociala insatser som fritidsgårdar och skolprojekt
för att ge ungdomar positiva alternativ och skapa förtroende. Det är också avgörande att
fortsätta använda beprövade metoder för tidig intervention och utnyttja mångsidiga
informationskanaler, inklusive digitala plattformar, för att kontinuerligt följa upp förändringar
över tid. I framtiden är det även viktigt att aktivt lyssna på ungdomars röster och inkludera
deras perspektiv för att få en mer nyanserad bild av verkligheten och kunna identifiera problem
i ett tidigt skede, innan de eskalerar. För de lokala aktörerna är det viktigt att kontinuerligt
upprätthålla en gemensam förståelse för målen (vision) och den aktuella problembilden, samt
noggrant bedöma var resurser bör satsa för att anpassa åtgärderna efter lokala behov.

Att investera i ett tryggt kollektivtrafiksystem innebär att främja tillgänglighet som en grundläggande
rättighet för alla. Ljusförhållanden är avgörande för att göra kollektivtrafik tillgänglig, eftersom de
påverkar en individernas syn och upplevelse av trygghet. Dock saknar vi fortfarande en djupare
förståelse för hur ljusförhållanden, dvs belysningen på en plats, påverkar individuell trygghet på
offentliga platser som tunnelbanestationer. Denna studie undersöker belysningens påverkan på
individuell uppfattning av trygghet på två olika stationstyper: plattformar och passager. Studien fokuserar
på förändringar i ljusförhållanden (intensitet och färg) genom experiment vid Fridhemsplans
tunnelbanestation i Stockholm samt i virtuella verklighetsscenarier (VR-scenarier) som speglar den
verkliga stationen. Basscenarier jämförs med två alternativa ljusscenarier, och 92 deltagare deltog i
experimentet—67 universitetsstudenter och 25 äldre personer med synnedsättning—i både stationsoch
VR-miljöerna. Resultaten visar att ljusets färg påverkar trygghetsupplevelsen negativt, där blått och
orange ljus resulterade i lägre upplevd trygghet jämfört med Basscenarierna där ljuset var vitt. Något
intressant är att dämpat ljus (reducerat med 39%) på plattformen inte hade någon signifikant påverkan
på trygghetsupplevelsen i stationsexperimentet. Deltagarna tenderade att associera högre värden till
ordet ’trygghet’ än till ’säkerhet’ vid frågorna under identiska ljusförhållanden. I kontrast bedömdes
trygghet och säkerhet i passager generellt lägre än på plattformarna. Trygghet och säkerhet relaterades
oftare till faktorer som komfort, bekvämlighet, ljusstyrka och öppenhet, snarare än till färg eller värme i
både stations- och VR-experimenten. I VR-modellen påverkades upplevelsen av trygghet mer av
individuella faktorer (t.ex. synnedsättning eller tidigare erfarenheter som brottsoffer) än i
stationsexperimentet. Trots dessa skillnader var resultaten från både VR- och fältexperiment överlag
överensstämmande, där deltagarna noterade större skillnader mellan ljusscenarierna i VR än på
stationen. Plattformens trygghet bedömdes som högre i VR än i stationen, medan passager upplevdes
som tryggare i stationen än i VR-miljön. Ytterligare analyser krävs för att bättre förstå de potentiella
sambanden mellan VR-resultaten och resultaten från fältexperimentet. Ett viktigt resultat är att personer
med synnedsättning rapporterade lägre trygghetsupplevelse i alla scenarier än de utan synnedsättning,
vilket understryker vikten av att beakta belysning som en central tillgänglighetsfråga för personer med
synnedsättning i tunnelbana. Ett annat viktigt fynd är att dämpat ljus på plattformen inte påverkade
deltagarnas uppfattning om trygghet. Detta tyder på att lägre belysningsnivåer (i vårt fall: 110 lux på
golvet, med en max luminans på 600 cd/m2, i neutralt vitt ljus på 4000 Kelvin1) kan användas för att
spara energi på stationer med liknande plattformdesign utan att avsevärt påverka resenärernas
upplevda trygghet. Det är nödvändigt att i framtida studier undersöka tröskelnivåerna för belysning
tillsammans ljusfördelning (kontrast, reflektivitet, perspektiv) för att säkerställa att ljusförhållandena
fungerar för alla typer av resenärer, inklusive de med synnedsättning. Rapporten avslutas med
ytterligare rekommendationer för forskning och praktisk tillämpning, inklusive med användning av VRscenarier.

Période 1830 -1930: Les tendances architecturales partagées entre trois directions, en Algérie, et à Alger en particulier: A. Néo-classicisme européen délibéré, utilisant dans toutes ses variantes décadentes, le vocabulaire des colonnes et pilastres, des corniches et entablements, des balustres, et des entablements, des balustres, et des bas-reliefs floraux entre autres. B. Les courants 'orientalistes' ambitionnant de récupérer le décor islamique, et C. L'expression populaire, Période 1830 -1930: Les tendances architecturales partagées entre trois directions, en Algérie, et à Alger en particulier: A. Néo-classicisme européen délibéré, utilisant dans toutes ses variantes décadentes le vocabulaire des colonnes et pilastres, des corniches et entablements, des balustres, et des entablements, des balustres, et des bas-reliefs floraux entre autres. B. Les courants 'orientalistes' ambitionnant de récupérer le décor islamique, et C. L'expression populaire, Période 1830 -1930: Les tendances architecturales partagées entre trois directions, en Algérie, et à Alger en particulier: A. Néo-classicisme européen délibéré, utilisant dans toutes ses variantes décadentes le vocabulaire des colonnes et pilastres, des corniches et entablements, des balustres, et des entablements, des balustres, et des bas-reliefs floraux entre autres. B. Les courants 'orientalistes' ambitionnant de récupérer le décor islamique, et C. L'expression populaire,

Département d'architecture Master 'Architecture' Semestre 1 Histoire de l'Architecture en Algérie en Algérie (XIX ème et XX ème siècles). Cours 7: L'urbanisme et l'architecture en Algérie durant la période coloniale. Le Génie Militaire (4). Professeur Azeddine BELAKEHAL Dès 1848: L'Algérie, une terre 'Française', une terre de 'Peuplement'. Les édifications des premières années d'occupation: elles relèvent de soucis de la défense militaire des nouvelles acquisitions: Mission des ingénieurs du Géniemilitaire. Après installation de l'administration civile dans les grandes villes du territoire Après installation de l'administration civile dans les grandes villes du territoire conquis: Implication des ingénieurs des Ponts-et-Chaussées pour participer à l'installation matérielle de la colonie. Entre ces deux corps d'ingénieurs: Une répartition plus ou moins des compétences est définie. 1834: Affectation spéciale d'un agent-voyer à la ville d'Alger, qui prendra, quelques années plus tard, le titre d'Architecte de la ville mais qui participera à la création de villages de colonisation. 1842: Demande de création d'un corps d'architectes formulée par le directeur de l'Intérieur auprès du ministère de la Guerre. Projet rejeté, pour des raisons économiques, par le Conseil d'administration de la colonie et le Gouverneur économiques, par le Conseil d'administration de la colonie et le Gouverneur général. 1843: Création du 'Service des Bâtiments Civils et de la Voirie' relevant de l'administration civile de l'Algérie et succédant au corps des Ponts-et-Chaussées dans la direction des travaux d'architecture. Sur tout le territoire dirigé par l'administration civile: Installation du 'Service des Bâtiments Civils et de la Voirie'. Sur tout le territoire géré par l'administration militaire: Le 'Service des Bâtiments Civils et de la Voirie' et le corps des Ponts-et-Chaussées sont supplées par le Génie-militaire. Missions confiées aux du Service des Bâtiments Civils: Une évolution dans le Missions confiées aux du Service des Bâtiments Civils: Une évolution dans le temps: • Conception des édifices publics, • Police de la voirie urbaine, • Délivrance des alignements aux particuliers, • Travaux d'installation des centres de colonisation, • Restauration et entretien des 'monuments anciens d'Algérie'.

Décision de la création de 42 centres de colonisation. Le Plan de Création du centre de Colonisation: Dossier comprenant le dessin du centre et ses composantes (rues, place centrale, lots pour usage d'habitation, lots voués au jardinage et lots destinés à l'agriculture). Les lots des villages sont plus grands que ceux des villes et permettent donc de distinguer entre les deux. de distinguer entre les deux. Les lots sont répartis, par les ingénieurs du Génie et des géomètres, en fonction de la qualité des terres, de la proximité du centre, et de l'accès au réseau des routes et des chemins. Dans un dernier temps, la règle a été de répartir ces lots en fonction de la distance à la maison. A cet ensemble, sont généralement rajoutées, en extra-muros, des fermes de taille importante, isolées, mais dont la protection relève de l'ensemble fortifié.

This report on the "Stop Drug Trade" project in Österåker-Sweden provides key findings and recommendations for combating open drug dealing. Using synthetic control methods, the analysis showed that Österåker outperformed many municipalities, preventing 589 drug crimes. Infracontrol data confirmed a significant reduction in both insecurity and drug activity, while survey results indicated increased drug activity in certain areas. Key recommendations include focusing on long-term, social, and context-specific strategies, ensuring a continuous police presence, and strengthening youth programs like after-school clubs and school initiatives. It is also crucial to maintain early intervention methods based on good systematic knowledge about the safety problems, use diverse information channels, and actively listen to young people’s perspectives to identify issues early. Local actors must align on a shared vision and assess future resource allocation to effectively address community needs.

Investing in a safe public transport system means promoting accessibility as a fundamental right for all
city users. Lighting conditions are crucial in making public transportation accessible to everyone, as they
impact an individual’s vision and safety perceptions. However, a deeper understanding of how lighting
conditions (illumination in a particular place) affect an individual’s safety perceptions in subway stations
is still lacking. This study examines the effect of lighting on passengers' safety perceptions in two distinct
station environments: platforms and passages. The research focuses on changes in lighting conditions
(intensity and colour) through experiments conducted at Fridhemsplan station in Stockholm, Sweden,
and in virtual reality (VR) scenarios that mirrored the actual station. Baseline scenarios are compared
with two alternative lighting scenarios, with 92 participants involved in the experiment—67 university
students and 25 elderly individuals with visual impairments—participating in the station and VR
environments. The results show that the colour of the light negatively affects the perception of safety,
with blue and orange light resulting in lower perceived safety compared to the baseline scenarios. More
interestingly, dimmed light (reduced by 39%) on the platform did not significantly impact safety
perception in the station experiment. Participants generally associated higher scores with the word
'safety' than 'security' when prompted with questions under identical lighting conditions. In contrast,
safety and security in passages were generally rated lower scores than in platform scenarios. Safety
and security were more frequently linked to factors such as comfort, convenience, brightness, and
openness rather than colour or warmth in the station and VR experiments. In the VR model, safety
perception was more influenced by individual factors (e.g., visual impairments or prior experiences as
crime victims) than in the station experiment. Despite these differences, the results from VR and field
experiments in the station were generally aligned, showing a strong correlation. Participants noted more
pronounced differences in the lighting scenarios within the VR environment compared to the station.
Platform safety was rated higher in VR than in the station, whereas passages were perceived as safer
in the station than in the VR environment. Further analysis is needed to better understand the potential
connections between the VR results and those from the field experiment. An important finding is that
people with visual impairments reported lower safety perceptions across all scenarios than those without
impairments (including in the VR experiment), emphasizing the need to consider lighting as a key
accessibility issue for individuals with visual impairments in public transport. Another key finding is that
dimmed light on the platform did not significantly affect participants' safety perceptions compared to the
baseline lighting conditions. This suggests that lower lighting levels (in our case: 110 lux on the floor,
with max luminance of 600 cd/m2, in neutral white light of 4000 K2) could be used in similar platforms to
save energy in stations without significantly affecting passengers’ safety perceptions. Future studies
must examine lighting threshold levels together with distribution (contrast, reflection, view angle) to
ensure lighting conditions work for all passengers, including those with visual impairments. The report
concludes with further recommendations for research and practice, including pilot tests in VR.

Safety is a major aspect of the development of cities all over the world. It is a prerequisite for reduced stress and creating opportunities for recovery.  We are pushed to think our cities are gender-neutral. From the streets of car-based Detroit or Brasilia to Stockholm, Lagos or Shanghai. Although men are more often crime victims in public spaces than women are, women declare being more fearful than men in these environments. Being older may protect women from sexual harassment but not if they identify themselves and express themselves as transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Drawing upon concepts of unequal victimization, fear, stress, precaution and recovery, we discuss in this chapter possible scenarios for the cities of tomorrow considering the emergent need for making public spaces safe for all.

El barrio de Las Rehoyas-Arapiles, integrado por 2.558 viviendas, con una estructura original de principios de los años 60 del pasado siglo y dentro de un área estadística vulnerable, es el mayor proyecto de reposición de vivienda que se pretende ejecutar en la ciudad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. En este contexto, las prácticas de planificación participativas adquieren relevancia como instrumento de intervención, motivo por el que llevamos a cabo un estudio sobre las expectativas residenciales de sus moradores para el Ayuntamiento de la ciudad. El objetivo de esta comunicación se centra en mostrar las preferencias y prioridades vecinales sobre su propia ubicación y la conformación del nuevo barrio, para lo que usamos una metodología cualitativa-entrevistas semiestructuradas y narraciones conjuntas-. La contigüidad con los mismos vecinos es, junto a la ocupación de la misma zona en el interior del barrio, con cinco sectores diferenciados, la elección de preferencia de los habitantes de este entorno sociourbano.