Background Independence

The standard cosmological model, General Relativity (GR) coupled with Λ-Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM), has achieved remarkable empirical success but faces unresolved challenges, including singularities, the black hole information paradox, observational tensions in the Hubble constant (H_0) and structure growth parameter (S_8), and reliance on unseen dark components comprising over 95% of the cosmic energy budget. This paper introduces Drive-Field Information Theory (DFIT), an exploratory framework in which gravity emerges from gradients in a dimensionless holographic entropy field s_{holo}, representing coarse-grained quantum entanglement structures. The dynamics follow from a covariant action whose variation yields modified Einstein equations with an information-stress tensor I_{\mu\nu} in place of the conventional energy-momentum tensor.
In the limit of vanishing entropy gradients (\mathrm{\nabla}s_{holo}\rightarrow0), DFIT reduces to GR with an effective cosmological constant, ensuring consistency with established tests. In gradient-rich regimes, however, it introduces scale-dependent corrections that provide a unified informational perspective on phenomena often attributed to dark energy, dark matter, and black hole thermodynamics. Methodological explorations using tensor networks and MERA illustrate how DFIT could, in principle, produce testable signatures—including redshift-dependent deviations in luminosity distances, modifications to structure growth, or subtle effects on gravitational waves and quasinormal modes—potentially observable with surveys such as DESI, Euclid, Gaia, the Event Horizon Telescope, and LISA.
DFIT is presented not as a replacement for GR+ΛCDM but as a falsifiable, holographically motivated extension, framing gravity as a macroscopic response to underlying informational fluxes. Future progress will require microscopic derivations of s_{holo}, scalable tensor-network simulations, and quantitative confrontation with astrophysical and cosmological datasets.

This paper argues against the proposal to draw from current research into a physical theory of quantum gravity the ontological conclusion that spacetime or spatiotemporal relations are not fundamental. As things stand, the status of this proposal is like the one of all the other claims about radical changes in ontology that were made during the development of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. However, none of these claims held up to scrutiny as a consequence of the physics once the theory was established and a serious discussion about its ontology had begun. Furthermore, the paper argues that if spacetime is to be recovered through a functionalist procedure in a theory that admits no fundamental spacetime, standard functionalism cannot serve as a model: all the known functional definitions are definitions in terms of a causal role for the motion of physical objects and hence presuppose spatiotemporal relations.

This paper challenges the prevailing assumption of the graviton as a universally existing quantum particle mediating gravitational interactions. Grounded in the original framework of Einstein’s General Relativity, we argue that gravity emerges as a manifestation of spacetime curvature rather than as a force requiring a quantized mediator. By emphasizing the 3+1 dimensional structure of spacetime and the geometric interpretation of gravitation, we show that introducing a graviton contradicts both the principle of least action and the background-independent nature of general relativity. Through mathematical analysis and comparison with empirical models, we demonstrate that treating gravity as curvature yields consistent results without invoking a spin-2 particle. We further contend that the postulation of the graviton is a theoretical artifact lacking experimental basis, and its introduction complicates rather than resolves the integration of gravity with quantum theory. This critique invites a re-evaluation of current approaches to quantum gravity and calls for a return to the intrinsic logic of Einsteinian geometry.

We present a novel perspective on the problem of time in quantum gravity. Inspired by Einstein's analysis of the concept of time and the equivalence principle and guided by the geometric structure of quantum theory, we offer new insights into the nature and the origin of time ¶ .

A background-independent model of quantum gravity is developed, in which both the spacetime metric and the Standard Model fields emerge from a single wave functional Ψ[A], defined on a generalized gauge connection. A canonical formalism is constructed with an explicit derivation of the Hamiltonian constraint. The model allows for analytical and approximate solutions, leading to observable predictions and experimental verification. A comparison with LQG and AdS/CFT is presented.

In this article, I propose radical super-deterministic non-gauge hypothesis of emergent spacetime and matter, in which spacetime and matter are emergent properties of more fundamental entity. Properties of such more fundamental entity were analyzed, approach how to build emergent spacetime and matter with observable properties was proposed. It was shown how nondeterministic laws of quantum mechanics with gauge fields arise from super-determinism of underlying entity. The hypothesis of emergent reality (ER-hypothesis later), as shown in the article, is compatible with Special Relativity, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics with Standard Model and cosmology. Quantum Mechanics was reformulated in background-independent form. Changes in equations of General Relativity are proposed in the article, same as changes to overall conceptual model of gravitation. Question is quantum gravitation exists is open mathematical question in ER-hypothesis and it can be solved by more detailed analysis of equations of ER-hypothesis. SU(3) symmetry was derived in ER-hypothesis and it was shown what Standard Model can be approximate solution of ER-hypothesis. ER-hypothesis unify all forces include gravitation; all forces are derived from one field.

Theories of quantum gravity generically presuppose or predict that the reality underlying relativistic spacetimes they are describing is significantly non-spatiotemporal. On pain of empirical incoherence, approaches to quantum gravity must establish how relativistic spacetime emerges from their non-spatiotemporal structures. We argue that in order to secure this emergence, it is sufficient to establish that only those features of relativistic spacetimes functionally relevant in producing empirical evidence must be recovered. In order to complete this task, an account must be given of how the more fundamental structures instantiate these functional roles. We illustrate the general idea in the context of causal set theory and loop quantum gravity, two prominent approaches to quantum gravity.

Theories of quantum gravity generically presuppose or predict that the reality underlying relativistic spacetimes they are describing is significantly non-spatiotemporal. On pain of empirical incoherence, approaches to quantum gravity must establish how relativistic spacetime emerges from their non-spatiotemporal structures. We argue that in order to secure this emergence, it is sufficient to establish that only those features of relativistic spacetimes functionally relevant in producing empirical evidence must be recovered. In order to complete this task, an account must be given of how the more fundamental structures instantiate these functional roles. We illustrate the general idea in the context of causal set theory and loop quantum gravity, two prominent approaches to quantum gravity.

This is a review of James Read's insightful book, Background Independence in Classical and Quantum Gravity. The book introduces various notions of background-independence which it then makes precise, and uses to make verdicts about background-independence on a wide range of examples of spacetime theories in both classical and quantum gravity. This short book is, in several ways, a worthy example of how technical philosophy of physics ought to be done. I first discuss the content, then raise a number points where I disagree with the book.

We investigate the classical phase space of 2-d string theory. We derive the linearised covariant equations for the spacetime fields by considering the most general deformation of the energy-momentum tensor which describes c = 1 matter system coupled to 2-d gravity and by demanding that it respect conformal invariance. We derive the gauge invariances of the theory, and so investigate the classical phase space, defined as the space of all solutions to the equations of motion modulo gauge transformations. We thus clarify the origins of two classes of isolated states.

We investigate the classical phase space of 2-d string theory. We derive the linearised covariant equations for the spacetime fields by considering the most general deformation of the energy-momentum tensor which describes c = 1 matter system coupled to 2-d gravity and by demanding that it respect conformal invariance. We derive the gauge invariances of the theory, and so investigate the classical phase space, defined as the space of all solutions to the equations of motion modulo gauge transformations. We thus clarify the origins of two classes of isolated states.

In this paper, some conceptual issues are addressed in order to make sense of what string theory is supposed to tell us about spacetime. The dualities in string theory are used as a starting point for our argumentation. We explore the consequences of a standard view towards these dualities, namely that the dual descriptions represent the same physical situation. Given this view, one has to understand string theory in a manner such that what counts as physical spacetime is based only on the shared physical content-or common core-of the dual descriptions. In general such a spatiotemporal picture does not have to agree with, or be similar to, any of the ones suggested by naïve readings of the dual descriptions. However, in certain regimes or limits, one or the other of the initial dual descriptions may give a good effective description of physical spacetime.

This paper examines two cosmological models of quantum gravity (from string theory and loop quantum gravity) to investigate the foundational and conceptual issues arising from quantum treatments of the big bang. While the classical singularity is erased, the quantum evolution that replaces it may not correspond to classical spacetime: it may instead be a non-spatiotemporal region, which somehow transitions to a spatiotemporal state. The different kinds of transition involved are partially characterized, the concept of a physical transition without time is investigated, and the problem of empirical incoherence for regions without spacetime is discussed. * We thank Baptiste Le Bihan, Tushar Menon, Daniele Oriti, and James Read for comments and discussions, as well as audiences at the PSA in Atlanta, the BSPS in Edinburgh, in Rome and at SISSA. This work was performed under a collaborative agreement between the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Geneva and made possible by grant number 56314 from the John Templeton Foundation. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the John Templeton Foundation.

We review various aspects of de Sitter spacetime in string theory: its status as an effective field theory spacetime solution, its relation to the vacuum energy problem in string theory, its (global) holographic definition in terms of two entangled and non-canonical conformal field theories, as well as a realization of a realistic de Sitter universe endowed with the observed visible matter and the necessary dark sector in order to reproduce the realistic cosmological structure. In particular, based on the new insight regarding the cosmological constant problem in string theory, we argue that in a doubled, T-duality-symmetric, phase-space-like and non-commutative generalizedgeometric formulation, string theory can naturally lead to a small and positive cosmological constant that is radiatively stable and technically natural. Such a formulation is fundamentally based on a quantum spacetime, but in an effective spacetime description of this general formulation of string theory, the curvature of the dual spacetime is the cosmological constant of the observed spacetime, while the size of the dual spacetime is the gravitational constant of the same observed spacetime. Also, the three scales associated with intrinsic non-commutativity of string theory, the cosmological constant scale and the Planck scale, as well as the Higgs scale, can be arranged to satisfy various seesaw-like formulae. Along the way, we show that these new features of string theory can be implemented in a particular deformation of cosmic-string-like models.

This paper examines two cosmological models of quantum gravity (from string theory and loop quantum gravity) to investigate the foundational and conceptual issues arising from quantum treatments of the big bang. While the classical singularity is erased, the quantum evolution that replaces it may not correspond to classical spacetime: it may instead be a non-spatiotemporal region, which somehow transitions to a spatiotemporal state. The different kinds of transition involved are partially characterized, the concept of a physical transition without time is investigated, and the problem of empirical incoherence for regions without spacetime is discussed. * We thank Baptiste Le Bihan, Tushar Menon, Daniele Oriti, and James Read for comments and discussions, as well as audiences at the PSA in Atlanta, the BSPS in Edinburgh, in Rome and at SISSA. This work was performed under a collaborative agreement between the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Geneva and made possible by grant number 56314 from the John Templeton Foundation. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the John Templeton Foundation.

This work was supported financially by the ACLS and the John Templeton Foundation (the views expressed are those of the authors not necessarily those of the sponsors). We want to thank Tushar Menon and James Read for exceptionally careful comments on a draft this chapter. We are also grateful to Niels Linnemann for some helpful feedback.

Numerous approaches to a quantum theory of gravity posit fundamental ontologies that exclude spacetime, either partially or wholly. This situation raises deep questions about how such theories could relate to the empirical realm, since arguably only entities localized in spacetime can ever be observed. Are such entities even possible in a theory without fundamental spacetime? How might they be derived, formally speaking? Moreover, since the fundamental entities can't be smaller than the derived by assumption (since relative size is a spatiotemporal notion) and so can't 'compose' them in any ordinary sense, would a formal derivation actually show the physical reality of localized entities? We address these questions via a survey of a range of theories of quantum gravity, and generally sketch how they may be answered positively.

We extend our prescription for the construction of a covariant and backgroundindependent effective action for scalar quantum field theories to the case where momentum modes below a certain scale are suppressed by the presence of an infrared regulator. The key step is an appropriate choice of the infrared cutoff for which the Ward identity, capturing the information from single-field dependence of the ultraviolet action, continues to be exactly solvable, and therefore, in addition to covariance, manifest background independence of the effective action is guaranteed at any scale. A practical consequence is that in this framework one can adopt truncations dependent on the single total field. Furthermore we discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions for the preservation of symmetries along the renormalization group flow.

Bipolar quantum agent (BQA), bipolar quantum geometry (BQG) and bipolar dynamic logic (BDL) are introduced based on bipolar complementarity-a logical extension to Niels Bohr's particle-wave YinYang duality principle. Complete geometrical background independence is proposed and BQG is proven completely background independent which leads to the notion of bipolar quantum superposition-an equilibrium-based logical approach to superposition. It is shown that the logical linearity of BDL can be unified with the physical nonlinearity of bipolar dynamic equilibrium. It is proven that a single polarized photon as a BQA can be logically channeled through the three polarizers in Dirac's experiment with BDL regardless of quantum uncertainty. It is illustrated that BQG, BDL and bipolar probability adds analytical power to quantum mechanics. It is concluded that bipolar quantum superposition demystifies Schrödinger's cat paradox from a weird quantum phenomenon to a logically comprehendible YinYang bipolar dynamic equilibrium interpretation of quantum superposition and leads to an analytical paradigm of quantum mechanics and quantum biology as presented in Part II of this work.

In this article, I propose radical super-deterministic non-gauge theory of emergent spacetime and matter, in which spacetime and matter are emergent properties of more fundamental entity. Properties of such more fundamental entity were analyzed, approach how to build emergent spacetime and matter with observable properties was proposed. It was shown how nondeterministic laws of quantum mechanics with gauge fields arise from super-determinism of underlying entity. The theory of emergent spacetime and matter (ESTM-theory later), as shown in the article, is compatible with Special Relativity, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics with Standard Model and cosmology. Quantum Mechanics was reformulated in background-independent form. It was shown how Heisenberg's uncertainty principle arises in super-determinism of ESTM-theory. Changes in locality are proposed. Changes in equations of General Relativity are proposed in the article, same as changes to overall conceptual model of gravita...

There are a number of variants of the IFPUG Function Point method in different countries. This chapter provides an overview of some of these variants. The IFPUG FP method is an ISO/IEC standard (the ISO standard currently at the time of printing is ISO/IEC 20926 IFPUG 4.1 unadjusted Function Point Counting Method). In addition, there are four additional functional size measurement methods (FSMMs) recognized by ISO/IEC, each of which uses its own approach to measure a piece of software's functional size. These FSMMs are identified and described in further detail in the previous Chapter Functional Size Measurement Methods. Capers Jones published a list of 35 variants of the IFPUG Function Point Method, which includes a motley crew of different sizing methods. Among those listed were: Prior versions of the IFPUG method from 1.0 (1986) through to 4.2 (2004) Well-known and publicized variants such as Feature Points Unknown or obsolete variants such as the Australian Software Metrics Association (ASMA) method (of which ASMA board members were unaware) Obsolete variants such as 3D Function Points Standalone Prior versions of the FSMMs described above Other measures of software size not necessarily based on the IFPUG method such as Object Points. The following methods are characterized as IFPUG variants and are only mentioned for historical reasons as information to the reader: SPR Function Points Feature Points 3D Function Points. These IFPUG Function Point variants consist of the following steps: Classification and counting of specific model parameters (data, objects, functions, etc.), evaluation of the application's nonfunctional requirements or

Burst index in independence parameter against basis weight and used for comparing burst strenght of different grammage papers. It is well known that burst indeks is not influinced by the grammage. But there is no informations that verified empirically the independency. Concerning this verification some kraft-liners have been tested in the laboratory. Thrree gades of craft-liners were sampled from 4 different paper mils in 4 different regions. The data is analized by least-square method to obtain the best fit of line between burst index and grammage. Analysis is done for within and between paper mills and for within and between grades fo kraft-liners. The result showed that the slope of the line between burst index and grammage for all data are zero or approximately zero. These result verified that burst index of the papers are not influenced by their basis weight absolutely. Keywords : verifications, burst index, grammage, least-square method, slope INTISARI Indeks retak adalah para...

Prime implicates have become a widely used tool in AI. The prime implicates of a set of clauses can be computed by repeatedly resolving pairs of clauses, adding the resulting resolvents to the set and removing subsumed clauses. Unfortunately, this brute-force approach performs far more resolution steps than necessary. Tison provided a method to avoid many of the resolution steps and Kean and Tsiknis developed an optimized increment al version. Unfortunately, both these algorithms focus only on reducing the number of resolution steps required to compute the prime implicates. The actual running time of the algorithms depends critically on the number and expense of the subsumption checks they require. This paper describes a method based on a simplification of Kean and Tsiknis' algorithm using an entirely different data structure to represent the data base of clauses. The new algorithm uses a form of discrimination net called tries to represent the clausal data base which produces an improvement in running time on all known examples with a dramatic improvement in running time on larger examples.

It is given a characterization of all solution of the matrix equation c 1 Q (n) g(a 1 ,b 1) + c 2 Q m = Q (k) g(a 2 ,b 2) with unknowns c 1 , c 2 ∈ C *. Here the matrix Q (l) g(a,b) , called an l-generalized Fibonacci Q-matrix, is defined by means of the Fibonacci Q-matrix, where l is an integer, and a, b ∈ R * .

Integral inequalities provide a very useful and handy tool for the study of qualitative as well as quantitative properties of solutions of differential and integral equations. The main object of this work is to generalize some integral inequalities of quadratic type not only for integer order but also for arbitrary (fractional) order. We also study some inequalities of Pachpatte type.

It is well known that any two arbitrary observers S and S moving relative to each other with a speed v < c in isotropic space see a 4-dimensional real spacetime. We demonstrate that the two observers should naturally see the spacetime as a complexified 4-dimensional manifold described by the Kähler manifold commonly studied in string theory. Such a complex spacetime has, on large scales, been demonstrated to be a natural consequence of special relativity when quantum effects are included in relativistic mechanics and are thus of much significance in quantum gravity, quantum super string theory, particle physics and cosmology

This paper aims to help teachers come up with effective strategies in teaching the distinction between constants and variables, as well as pattern recognition. This is achieved through a Lesson Study and the notions of Productive Pedagogies. Lesson study as a methodology is an effective way to maximize student learning inside the classroom as it enables teachers to effectively design and implement lessons. Post-lesson discussion yields comments and suggestions that may be classified under two general ideas: (1) Foster a student-centered environment and (2) Evaluate the learning of students by giving them Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions. Based on the four dimensions of productive pedagogies, the lesson is successfully implemented by the teacher, although it is evident that most of the students have difficulty transitioning from Math expression to verbal or English expression. The comments and suggestions given by the observers really help the teacher to execute lessons ...

This development research aims to produce a science-based physics learning video media on the subject matter of the second semester XI mechanical wave material that is feasible to be applied in the physics learning process at school and determine students' responses after using the developed Media Video. The subjects in this study were 20 Physics Education students at the 2017 Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Unimed. This type of research is a research development or Research and Development (R&D) using 4D Models. The instrument used in this study consisted of a media assessment questionnaire and student analysis, a media expert team validation questionnaire, and a media trial assessment questionnaire. The data analysis technique used in this study was descriptive. From the results of data analysis obtained by media expert validation of 63.67% while the test area of the percentage of student responses with a sample of 20 people amounted to 85.5% with each of these pre...

We consider the classical notion of a minimal polynomial and apply it to investigations in finite semifields. A proper finite semifield has non-associative multiplication, that leads to a number of anomalous properties of one-side-ordered minimal polynomials. The interrelation between the minimal polynomial of an element and the minimal polynomial of its matrix from the spread set is described and illustrated by some semifields of orders 16, 32 and 64.

The notion of stiffness, which originated in several applications of a different nature, has dominated the activities related to the numerical treatment of differential problems for the last fifty years. Contrary to what usually happens in Mathematics, its definition has been, for a long time, not formally precise (actually, there are too many of them). Again, the needs of applications, especially those arising in the construction of robust and general purpose codes, require nowadays a formally precise definition. In this paper, we review the evolution of such a notion and we also provide a precise definition which encompasses all the previous ones.

O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as influências dos métodos e tempos de armazenamentos de frações de colmos do capim-Cameroon (Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Cameroon) no seu perfilhamento e produção de matéria seca, aos 70 dias após o plantio. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas divididas no tempo, com três repetições. Os métodos de armazenamento das frações de colmos foram: 1) amarradas em feixes; 2) amarradas em feixes e colocadas em sacos de polietileno com pequenos furos; 3) amarradas em feixes e colocadas em sacos de polietileno sem furos. Os tempos de armazenamento foram: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 dias. Verificou-se uma diferença entre os métodos de armazenamento das frações de colmos para número de perfilhos e para produção de matéria seca. O teor de umidade das frações de colmos foi afetado pelo método e pelo tempo de armazenamento. As frações de colmos de capim-cameroon podem ser armazenadas dentro de sacos de polietileno, pe...

In the perfect conductivity problem, it is interesting to study whether the electric field can become arbitrarily large or not, in a narrow region between two adjacent perfectly conducting inclusions. In this paper, we show that the relative convexity of two adjacent inclusions plays a key role in the blowup analysis of the electric field and find some new phenomena. By energy method, we prove the boundedness of the gradient of the solution if two adjacent inclusions fail to be locally relatively strictly convex, namely, if the top and bottom boundaries of the narrow region are partially "flat". The boundary estimates when an inclusion with partially "flat" boundary is close to the "flat" matrix boundary and estimates for the general elliptic equation of divergence form are also established in all dimensions.

On a category $\mathcal{C}$ with a designated (well-behaved) class $\mathcal{M}$ of monomorphisms, a closure operator in the sense of D. Dikranjan and E. Giuli is a pointed endofunctor of $\mathcal{M}$, seen as a full subcategory of the arrow-category $\mathcal{C}^\mathbf{2}$ whose objects are morphisms from the class $\mathcal{M}$, which "commutes" with the codomain functor $\mathsf{cod}:\mathcal{M}\rightarrow \mathcal{C}$. In other words, a closure operator consists of a functor $C:\mathcal{M}\rightarrow\mathcal{M}$ and a natural transformation $c:1_\mathcal{M}\rightarrow C$ such that $\mathsf{cod} \cdot C=C$ and $\mathsf{cod}\cdot c=1_\mathsf{cod}$. In this paper we adapt this notion to the domain functor $\mathsf{dom}:\mathcal{E}\rightarrow \mathcal{C}$, where $\mathcal{E}$ is a class of epimorphisms in $\mathcal{C}$, and show that such closure operators can be used to classify $\mathcal{E}$-epireflective subcategories of $\mathcal{C}$, provided $\mathcal{E}$ is closed...

In this work we prove the local multiplicity at most one theorem underlying the definition and theory of local γ-, ϵ- and L-factors, defined by virtue of the generalized doubling method, over any local field of characteristic 0. We also present two applications: one to the existence of local factors for genuine representations of covering groups, the other to the global unfolding argument of the doubling integral.

In this paper we consider motion of an object in a plane to provide a mechanical interpretation of Euler's formula. We believe that this approach contributes to a deeper and more intuitive understanding of Euler's formula and can especially be useful for students learning it and encountering complex numbers for the first time. Euler's formula can be introduced in many ways and using various approaches, but not all of these approaches help develop an intuition for where it comes from and why it works. We believe that the emphasis on physical interpretations and connections to motion can contribute to a more natural introduction and easier understanding of this fascinating formula. In this paper, we describe and consider motion in a plane, using it to give a detailed explanation of Euler's formula. Also, our paper points to the need for an integrated approach to teaching mathematics and physics. In our opinion the interpretation of mathematical results based on the physical phenomena and processes has an important methodological and motivational role in the process of learning. We believe students will be more successful in using this and other formulas of mathematics if they understand them first.

In this work we study the AES characteristic. The main aim of this work is to compute the fixed-key probabilities of four-round AES characteristics. We use plateau characteristics and follow the approach that was used to compute two-round AES characteristics. However, it is not possible to use the theory immediately for the four rounds. Therefore, we first solve some of the problems to make computation feasible for four rounds. Then, we revisit the plateau theorem and generalize it.

In order to reduce hidden damage caused in CFRP by low velocity transverse impact, testing procedures must be established by understanding the impact phenomena and the roles of various parameters on damage initiation and growth. Hence, composite plates were stressed and an original method, "ultrasonic tomography;' was applied to detect delaminations on the interfaces. The results show the similarity of the damage growth resulting from static indentation and low velocity impact.

We construct quantum K-invariants in non-archimedean analytic geometry. Our approach differs from the classical one in algebraic geometry via perfect obstruction theory. Instead, we build on our previous works on the foundation of derived non-archimedean geometry and Gromov compactness. We obtain a list of natural geometric relations of the stacks of stable maps, directly at the derived level, with respect to elementary operations on graphs, namely, products, cutting edges, forgetting tails and contracting edges. They imply immediately the corresponding properties of K-theoretic invariants. The derived approach produces highly intuitive statements and functorial proofs, without the need to manipulate perfect obstruction theories. The flexibility of our derived approach to quantum K-invariants allows us to impose not only simple incidence conditions for marked points, but also incidence conditions with multiplicities, which we discuss in the final section of the paper. This leads to ...

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kelayakan usaha bagan apung yang ada di Teluk Kolono Kecamatan Kolono Timur dilihat dari aspek finansial. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara secara langsung dengan responden menggunakan kuisioner. Teknik penarikan sampel menggunakan metode simple random sampling, dengan jumlah 38 sampel nelayan usaha bagan apung. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis kelayakan finansial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai rata-rata investasi yang dimiliki oleh unit usaha alat tangkap bagan apung sebesar Rp41.749.26. Rata-rata keuntungan yang diperoleh setiap unit usaha alat tangkap bagan apung sebesar Rp63.689.39/tahun. Besarnya tingkat keuntungan tergantung dari besarnya tingkat penerimaan yang diperoleh dengan besarnya biaya yang dikeluarkan. Usaha alat tangkap bagan apung dikatakan ini mempunyai layak jika Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) > 1 yang berarti bahwa usaha bagan apung ini layak dikembangkan. Kata Kunci: Aspek finansial...

In this paper, we provide purely combinatorial proofs of the following two theorems:
(1) If a Gorenstein toric Fano variety is asymptotically Chow semistable then it is Ding polystable with respect to toric test configurations.
(2) For a smooth toric Fano variety X, the delta invariant δ(X) defined in [FO18] coincides with the greatest Ricci lower curvature R(X).
Although it seems that these statements are known to the experts, our combinatorial proofs given here are more direct and elementary approach than the original sources [Ber16, BlJ20]. We further verify relative Chow stability for Gorenstein toric del Pezzo surfaces using the combinatorial criterion developed in [YZ19] and specifying the symmetry of the associated polytopes as well. We also discuss the difference between relative K-stability and relative Ding stability based on the arguments given in [OSY23, NSY23]. Finally, we clarify the reductivity of automorphism group of toric Fano 3-folds by computing the set of Demazure roots for each. All the results are listed in Table 3 with the values of δ(X) and R(X).

Let $\Pi^c_K\to\Pi_K$ be the maximal pro-$\ell$ abelian-by-central, respectively abelian, Galois groups of a function field $K|k$ with $k$ algebraically closed and ${\rm char}\neq\ell$. We show that $K|k$ can be functorially reconstructed by group theoretical recipes from $\Pi^c_K$ endowed with the set of divisorial inertia ${\rm Inrdiv}(K)\subset\Pi_K$. As applications, one has: (i) A group theoretical recipe to reconstruct $K|k$ from $\Pi^c_K$, provided either ${\rm Tr.deg}(K|k)>{\rm dim}(k)+1$ or ${\rm tr.deg}(K|k) >{\rm dim}(k)>1$, where ${\rm dim}(k)$ is the Kronecker dimension; (ii) An application to the pro-$\ell\!$ abelian-by-central I/OM (Ihara's question / Oda-Matsumoto conjecture), which in the cases considered here implies the classical I/OM.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaplikasikan salah satu model prediksi kebangkrutan bernama Altman Z-Score, khususnya model yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur financial distress dari perusahaan-perusahaan non-manufaktur (Z”-Score), pada perusahaan-perusahaan yang masuk di dalam Indeks Saham Agrikultur di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Sampel yang digunakan di dalam penelitian ini berjumlah delapan perusahaan dengan menggunakan purposive sampling method. Laporan keuangan tahunan perusahaan dari tahun 2010 sampai 2017 merupakan jenis data sekunder yang digunakan di penelitian ini.Analisa deskriptif kuantitatif digunakan untuk mendiskusikan hasil perhitungan Z”-Score masing-masing perusahaan sampel di setiap tahun observasinya. Diharapkan bahwa hasil penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran dan solusi bagi pihak manajemen perusahaan untuk memperbaiki kondisi keuangan di perusahaan yang dikelolanya. Di sisi lain, hasil penelitian ini juga diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi para investor sebagai...