Attachment Theory

Farina and Schimmenti (2025a) have made a major contribution to furthering our understanding of early developmental trauma and its serious, long-term, psychosocial effects, while pointing toward therapeutic approaches deeply informed by their rich conceptualization of attachment trauma (AT) and clinical acumen. The authors’ impressive review and integration of a wealth of developmental and clinical research has led them to propose a sophisticated yet clear definition of AT, as well as important notions on its relationship with disorganized attachment (DA) and a helicopter view on its treatment. We identify several appreciations of the authors’ conceptualization and applications to clinical practice; offer suggestions for further clarification and expansion of ideas; and finally propose how we might “continue the conversation” with an emphasis on clinical theory and practice, past, present, and future. Farina and Schimmenti are to be strongly commended for providing a solid foundation from which to pursue, with greater clarity and intention, our field’s ever-deepening and hope-engendering understanding and treatment of survivors of AT, for patients, therapists, and concerned loved ones.

Enmeshment, a relational pattern marked by blurred boundaries and fused identities, can lead to severe psychological and social consequences when reinforced by unresolved trauma, unmet attachment needs, and codependent dynamics. Beginning in infancy with inconsistent caregiving, enmeshment develops as a substitute strategy for attachment security. Over time, this distorted relational template compromises moral development, cultivates dependency, and, in extreme cases, rationalizes or perpetuates acts of violence. Using the widely publicized tragedies of Gabby Petito (2021) and Gabriel Fernández (2013), this article explores the developmental origins of enmeshment, its link to moral compromise, its role in codependent relationships, and how acts of violence can paradoxically reinforce the security of an enmeshed system. Jung's concept of participation mystique provides a depth psychological framework for understanding how the collapse of differentiation in relationships fuels moral distortion and destructive loyalty.

This article explores love as a neurobiologically driven phenomenon, arguing that what society interprets as 'true love' may be largely a brain-generated illusion. Drawing on neuroscience, psychology, and sociology, it examines dopamine, oxytocin, and limbic-prefrontal interactions. It contrasts modern love-based marriages with endurance-based arranged marriages and argues that what is often described as a transcendent force is a construction of the human brain. The limbic system and prefrontal cortex generate emotional and cognitive patterns interpreted as love; biologically, love can be framed as an evolutionary adaptation, while philosophically it is phenomenally real but ontologically constructed.

Bu araştırmanın amacı bekârbireylerin algıladıkları ebeveyn ilişki tutumları, evlilik rol beklentileri ve evlilik kaygıları  arasındaki  ilişkileri  incelemektir.  Araştırmada  nicel  araştırma  yöntemlerinden  tarama  modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 18–30 yaş aralığındaki 602bekârkatılımcı (195’i erkek, 407’si kadın)  oluşturmuştur.  Çalışma  grubu  uygun  örnekleme  yöntemiyle  belirlenmiştir.  Araştırma  verilerinin toplanmasında çevrimiçi anket tekniğinden faydalanılmıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Evlilik Kaygısı Ölçeği, Evlilik Rol Beklentileri Ölçeği ve Algılanan Ebeveyn İlişkisi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için Bağımsız Gruplar için T-Testi, Tek Yönlü ANOVA Testi, Pearson Korelasyon Analizi ve Basit Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre algılanan ebeveyn ilişki tutumları, evlilik rol beklentileri ve evlilik kaygısı arasında anlamlı ilişkiler mevcuttur. Bekâr bireylerin algıladıkları ebeveyn ilişki tutumları  ve  evlilik  rol  beklentileri  evlilik  kaygısı düzeylerini  anlamlı  bir  şekilde  yordamaktadır.  Ayrıca araştırmada evlilik kaygısı, algılanan ebeveyn ilişki tutumları ve evlilik rol beklentilerinin cinsiyet değişkeni açısından  anlamlı  farklılıklar  gösterdiği  tespit  edilmiştir.  Elde  edilen  bulgular ilgili literatür  çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Only a few studies have longitudinally explored to whom emerging adults prefer to turn to seek closeness, comfort, and security (called “attachment preferences”), and previous studies on attachment preferences in emerging adults have focused only on the beginning of romantic relationships but not on the end of relationships. Czech emerging adults ( M = 21.47; SD = 1.48) completed the questionnaire of attachment preferences at two time points, Wave 1 (Summer 2013) and Wave 2 (Summer 2014). Latent difference score analyses revealed that emerging adults who were not in a romantic relationship in Wave 1 but started a romantic relationship between the two waves ( n = 97) and those who had a romantic partner in both waves ( n = 379) were both more likely to increase their attachment preference for the romantic partner and decrease their preference for friends, whereas those who did not start a relationship ( n = 185) were not. Emerging adults who were in a romantic relationship in Wave 1 ...

Although attachment plays a key role in children's socio-emotional development, little attention has been paid to the role of children's attachment to their father. This study examined whether insecure attachment to each parent was associated with reduced emotion understanding in children and whether children showed consistent attachments to their mother and father. We measured children's attachment to each parent using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task and child emotion understanding using the Test of Emotion Comprehension (children's M = 5.64 years, SD = 0.84). The results indicated that insecure father-child attachment and insecure mother-child attachment were each associated with lower emotion understanding in children after controlling for parent's depressive symptoms and children's age. There was significant concordance of child attachment to mother and father. The findings provide support for convergence of children's attachment across par...

Background & Aims Background and Aim: Resilience plays an important role in tolerating work and life hardships. Identifying variables that can predict resilience is important. This study aimed to develop a structural model to determine the relationship of resilience with cognitive flexibility and self-differentiation in Iranian married female nurses, mediated by marital intimacy and marital adjustment. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population included all married female nurses working in public hospitals and medical centers in Alborz province, Iran, in 2022. A total of 400 eligible nurses were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools were the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Dennis and Vanderwal's 25-item Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), Skowron and Smith's 46-item Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSI-R), Bagarozi's Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire (MINQ), and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (MAT). Descriptive statistics and SEM were used in SPSS v.26 and Amos v.24 for data analysis.

In romantic relationships, individual differences are determinant factors for relational quality. Specifically, romantic attachment (RA) and difficulties in emotional regulation influence each other and may have predictive potential for the perceived dyadic adjustment (DA) level. This paper aims to identify the developmental parallel between behavioral patterns built since childhood and the construction of the emotional regulation skills that characterize them. Our analysis was based on the attachment theory and the concepts of romantic relationship and DA. In this way, we sought to further the understanding of relationship dynamics, beyond the usual focus on a single element and on associative relationships, and by exploring other effects among the different dimensions of relational functioning. In particular, we explored the predictive ability of emotional regulation patterns (more flexible individual characteristics) in discriminating between RA styles (more perennial influences)...

Developments in Attachment Research explores the contributions of several research groups in developmental science that have shaped the study of attachment and caregiving in recent decades, each with a different image of the history of attachment research, of the nature of attachment, and why and how attachment research might be valuable. In tracing changes in attachment theory over time, the book examines the development of scientific evidence and breakthroughs. The book also examines attachment research within developmental psychology as a culture, considering its leadership, kinship structures, symbols, conflicts, points of entry or exit, and the pressures and opportunities to which it has responded or failed to respond.

While psychotherapy generally is proven to be effective in alleviating anxiety and depression, a psychodynamic approach to psychotherapy can help patients understand and address the emotional origins of relationship patterns, which can often contribute to difficulties. There is a need however, to commit to a therapeutic relationship and this is sometime met with discomfort and resistance. In such circumstances, moments of insight are possible, allowing a deeper rapport with the therapist, resulting in benefits to all concerned.

Leadership has become an important topic in industrial-organizational psychology, and a popular concept for adult development. Researchers generally believe that one of the factors that lead to leaders harming followers is narcissistic leadership. Narcissistic leaders generally cause emotional damage to their followers with their actions and behavior and silence them by reacting negatively to criticism. In this regard, the current research, using resource conservation theory (COR), attachment theory and narcissism literature, examines how and in what ways narcissistic leaders suppress followers' voice behavior and when this effect can be reduced. Accordingly, this study develops a moderated mediation model where surface acting and emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between narcissistic leadership and follower's voice behavior and the two attachment styles of anxious and avoidant moderate the relationship between narcissistic leadership and surface acting. The results largely support the hypotheses of this research based on the data collected from 305 students studying at Iranian public universities. Particularly, narcissistic leadership directly impacts follower's voice via surface acting and emotional exhaustion. Lastly, the narcissistic leadership and follower's voice connections are favorably moderated by avoidance attachment style. Today, organizations need constructive ideas and opinions from their members for individual and group growth. In order to prevent the waste of emotional resources and silencing the voice of employees, organizations should consider a suitable approach for the growth and development of a culture of criticism and questioning, as well as better communication with followers.

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices – especially smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, and smart home devices – has transformed how teenagers and young adults communicate and form relationships. This study examines the hypothesis that pervasive IoT use can negatively affect youth emotional intelligence (EI) components (empathy, emotion recognition, self-regulation) and interpersonal relationships (peer, family, romantic). A literature review draws on psychological and sociological research to describe how constant connectivity may erode face-to-face communication, hinder empathy development, and alter social norms, with attention to Western versus South Asian cultural differences. A survey of 59 youth (ages ~13–25) was conducted via a Google Form, probing device use, daily usage hours, and self-reported emotional and relational outcomes. Results are presented with descriptive statistics and derived tables: for example, Table 1 shows that 94% of respondents regularly use smartphones (and smaller proportions use tablets, wearables, etc.). A majority report some difficulty understanding others’ emotions (e.g. 29 said “slightly” affected) and frequent misunderstandings with friends/family (49 reported “sometimes” versus only 12 “never”) due to IoT use. Nearly half (43%) report IoT use “worsened a little” their empathy. In contrast, some unexpectedly report slight improvements, possibly from increased online support, but overall the trend suggests emotional distancing and distractions. The discussion integrates these findings with scholarly work: for instance, Turkle (2015) found smartphones on tables reduce the “empathic connection” between conversation partners[1]. Cultural context is considered: South Asian collectivist values (emphasizing family and community) may buffer or exacerbate technoference differently than Western individualism[2]. Ethical implications are addressed, including privacy risks and the design of addictive technologies. In conclusion, the evidence supports concern that excessive IoT use can impair youth social skills and emotional awareness. Recommendations include encouraging device-free interactions and educating families about mindful technology habits.

The attachment and the caregiving system are complementary systems which are active simultaneously in infant and mother interactions. This ensures the infant survival and optimal social, emotional, and cognitive development. In this brief review we first define the characteristics of these two behavioral systems and the theory that links them, according to what Bowlby called the "attachment-caregiving social bond" . We then follow with those neuroimaging studies that have focused on this particular issue, i.e., those which have studied the activation of the careging system in women (using infant stimuli) and have explored how the individual attachment model (through the Adult Attachment Interview) modulates its activity. Studies report altered activation in limbic and prefrontal areas and in basal ganglia and hypothalamus/pituitary regions. These altered activations are thought to be the neural substrate of the attachment-caregiving systems interaction.

This concept paper explores the neuroscience underlying emotional development in children, emphasizing the role of early caregiving, environmental adversity, and neuro-affective dynamics. Drawing from recent research on amygdala-cortical connectivity, affective flexibility, and interpersonal emotional schemas, the paper proposes a framework for understanding how children learn to regulate emotions and respond to ambiguity. The goal is to highlight the importance of inclusive, emotionally intelligent care systems informed by neuroscience.

Background and purpose – Nowadays ever more studies are devoted to the causes and background of suicide attempts by psychiatric patients. The research results so far show that the motivations behind borderline suicidality are also closely related to attachment patterns. In addition, many investigations are also directed at the disturbance of interpersonal relationships in this context. Recently, the examination of the disturbance of interpersonal relations as a risk factor has received significant emphasis. The present research aims to explore the mediating effect of Leary’s interpersonal relationships in relation to attachment styles and suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Methods – Our compiled questionnaire package was administered in the form of a paper-and-pencil test at the Traumatology Center, Crisis Intervention and Psychiatry Department, Toxicology Department and Crisis Ambulance of Péterfy Sándor Hospital with a sample of borderline patients (N = 213; 155 female, 58 male; Mage = 38.16, SDage = 13.40) who underwent suicide attempts. Attachment styles were defined by the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) and the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), while the interpersonal relationships were assessed using Leary’s Interpersonal Checklist. We tested the direct and indirect effects between the variables using structural path analysis. Results – All attachment forms had a significant direct effect on the Managerial-Auto-cratic (AP) category (secure: ß = 0.32; p < 0.5; preoccupied: ß = 0.53; p < 0.5; dismissing: ß = 0.34; p<0.5; fearful: ß = -0.48; p<0.5), while the Responsible-Hypernormal (NO) (preoccupied: ß = 0.50; p<0.5; dismissing: ß= 0.42; p<0.5; fearful: ß = -0.35; p < 0.5) and Cooperative-Overconventional (LM) (preoccupied: ß = 0.61; p<0.5; dismissing: ß = 0.32; p < 0.5; fearful: ß = -0.43; p<0.5) traits were predicted by insecure attachment styles in a significant direct way. The Self-effacing-Masochistic (HI) (ß = 0.41; p<0.5) and Rebellious-Distrustful (FG) (ß = 0.41; p<0.5) classes were only significantly related to fearful attachment. The Rebellious-Distrustful (FG) category proved to be a positive predictor factor for borderline suicidality (ß = 0.49; p < 0.5). Conclusion – In the background of the development of borderline suicidality, the disturbance of interpersonal relationships, especially the Rebellious-Distrustful (FG) category, and the risk factors behind suicidal behavior have a stronger efficacy than the attachment styles themselves. Attachment forms can exert their influence on borderline suicidality through mediating effect of interpersonal relationships. Keywords: borderline personality disorder, borderline suicidality, interpersonal relationships, attachment styles, suicide

During adolescence, some individuals with autism engage in severe disruptive behaviors, such as violence, agitation, tantrums, or self-injurious behaviors. We aimed to assess risk factors associated with very acute states and regression in adolescents with autism in an inpatient population. Between 2001 and 2005, we reviewed the charts of all adolescents with autism (N=29, mean age=14.8 years, 79% male) hospitalized for severe disruptive behaviors in a psychiatric intensive care unit. We systematically collected data describing socio-demographic characteristics, clinical variables (severity, presence of language, cognitive level), associated organic conditions, etiologic diagnosis of the episode, and treatments. All patients exhibited severe autistic symptoms and intellectual disability, and two-thirds had no functional verbal language. Fifteen subjects exhibited epilepsy, including three cases in which epilepsy was unknown before the acute episode. For six (21%) of the subjects, un...

Background: There is a significant link between insecure attachment and the development of psychopathology in adolescence. We investigated the relationship between adolescent attachment styles and the development of emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents in Kenya. We also examined the modifying influence of socioeconomic-status (SES). Method: One hundred and thirty-seven adolescents who were attending two schools participated in the study. One school (low SES school) catered for children from predominantly low-income households, while the second school (middle SES school) catered for children from predominantly middle-income households. The data were collected using three instruments: researcher designed questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic information, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) that is designed to assess symptoms of disorder, and the Vulnerable Attachment Scale Questionnaire (VASQ) that is designed to measure attachment style. Results: Adolescents from the low SES school had higher vulnerable attachment scores than those from the middle SES school (t(135) = -2.5, P = 0.02). Male students had higher vulnerable attachment scores than females (P = 0.03). Adolescents who had experienced adversity in childhood had higher vulnerable attachment scores than those who had not (P < 0.00). Results from Pearson's correlation showed moderate to strong positive correlations between attachment insecurity and emotional and behavioral problems with participants who had higher emotional symptoms (r = 0.47, P < 0.01), conduct problem score (r = 0.33, P < 0.01), hyperactivity (r = 0.26, P < 0.01) and total difficulty scores (r = 0.47, P < 0.01), experiencing significantly higher levels of attachment insecurity than those with lower scores. This study supports the notion that attachment insecurity increases the adolescents' susceptibility to develop psychological problems.

Variation in attachment is associated with differences in arousal to infant crying. • In secure adoptees experiential arousal and physiological arousal to infant crying are integrated. • In insecure adoptees experiential arousal and physiological arousal to infant crying are dissociated. • Insecure adoptees use a deactivating style in response to infant crying.

Variation in attachment is associated with differences in arousal to infant crying. • In secure adoptees experiential arousal and physiological arousal to infant crying are integrated. • In insecure adoptees experiential arousal and physiological arousal to infant crying are dissociated. • Insecure adoptees use a deactivating style in response to infant crying.

: This study explores the critical relationship between attachment styles and executive functions in adolescents,
focusing on how secure, ambivalent, and avoidant attachment styles affect core cognitive functions such as emotional
regulation, planning, and cognitive flexibility. Method: This study used a cross-sectional design to assess 283 adolescents
aged 13-17 from various schools in Spain. Attachment styles were evaluated using the CaMir-R questionnaire, while executive
functions were measured through the BRIEF-SR. Statistical analyses, including Mann-Whitney U and Student’s t-tests, were
used to compare cognitive performance across secure and insecure attachment groups. Results: The analysis revealed that
adolescents with secure attachment demonstrated significantly better overall cognitive performance compared to those
with insecure attachment (U = 7569.5, p < .01), as well as in most of the subcomponents, which included cognitive flexibility,
emotional regulation, and planning/organization. However, no significant differences were found in inhibitory control between
the groups. Insecure-avoidant individuals exhibited greater difficulties overall than insecure-ambivalent individuals in all
subcomponents studied. Conclusion: The results reinforce the link established between secure attachment and superior
cognitive performance, aligning with previous research on emotional regulation and cognitive development in adolescence.
However, the absence of significant differences in inhibitory control suggests that this executive function may be influenced by
additional factors beyond attachment, such as environmental or contextual variables. Furthermore, the finding that insecureavoidant individuals exhibit greater executive function difficulties than insecure-ambivalent individuals highlights the need
to further investigate how different insecure attachment patterns impact cognitive processes. These insights have important
implications for educational practices, suggesting the need for targeted interventions to support adolescents with insecure
attachment, particularly those with avoidant tendencies.

Bağlanma kuramı temelleri Bowbly tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Bowbly&#39;ın ardından Ainsworth (1978), Hazan ve Shaver (1987) da bağlanma ile ilgili çalışmalara katkı sağlamıştır. Bartholomew ve Horowitz (1990; 1991) ise bağlanma teorisini yetişkinliğe uygulayarak bir adım daha ileri götürmüş ve yetişkin bağlanma teorisi üzerine bir dizi araştırma yürütmüştür. Yetişkin bağlanma kuramı; anne ve bebek arasındaki ilişkinin sonraki süreçlerde hayatın bütün evresine yansıması şeklinde ifade edilmektedir. Fakat bağlanma teorisini iş yaşamına taşıyan ilk isim Hazan ve Shaver (1990)&#39;dır. Hazan ve Shaver, bağlanma stillerinin çalışma hayatına yansımaları üzerinde durmuştur. Güvenli ve güvensiz bağlanma yaşayan bireylerin iş hayatındaki farklılarını ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmayla yetişkin bağlanma stilinin örgütsel açıdan değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır ve son dönemlerde örgütsel davranış alanında dikkatleri üzerine çeken yetişkin bağlanma stilinin genel çerçevesi çizilmiştir. Araştırmada...

L’optimisme
versus le pessimisme

Quelles seraient les définitions de l'optimisme ?

Il y a plusieurs façons de définir l'optimisme, mais la plupart des définitions partagent un point commun : c'est une attitude mentale qui se caractérise par la conviction que le meilleur va arriver. C'est l'opposé du pessimisme, qui est l'attente du pire.

Les différentes facettes de l'optimisme

1. L'optimisme dispositionnel : Cette forme d'optimisme est un trait de personnalité. Une personne optimiste par nature a tendance à avoir des attentes positives concernant son avenir. C'est un trait de caractère relativement stable qui influence la façon dont elle perçoit les événements.
2. L'optimisme stratégique : Ici, l'optimisme est utilisé comme une stratégie consciente pour atteindre un but. C'est une façon de penser qui aide à surmonter les obstacles et à persévérer face aux difficultés.
3. L'optimisme réaliste : Cette forme d'optimisme ne consiste pas à ignorer les problèmes. Au contraire, c'est la capacité à reconnaître les obstacles tout en maintenant une attitude positive. Un optimiste réaliste croit que, malgré les difficultés, un bon résultat est possible s'il y a un effort et une planification.

Les types de penseurs optimistes

* Le penseur idéaliste : Il pense que le bien l'emportera toujours sur le mal. Il voit le monde à travers un prisme positif et est souvent moins conscient des risques.
* Le penseur pragmatique : Il ne s'attend pas à un succès automatique. Il croit que les défis sont surmontables et que le travail et la persévérance sont les clés du succès. C'est une forme d'optimisme active.
En résumé, l'optimisme n'est pas seulement un trait de personnalité, c'est aussi une façon de penser et une stratégie pour aborder la vie. L'optimiste réaliste est le plus efficace des deux : il ne se contente pas d'espérer, il agit pour que ses attentes se concrétisent.

Quelles sont les caractéristiques de l'optimisme ?

Les caractéristiques de l'optimisme se manifestent dans les pensées, les émotions et les actions. Ce n'est pas seulement une attitude positive, mais une manière de percevoir et d'interagir avec le monde.

1. La vision positive du futur

* Attentes positives : La principale caractéristique de l'optimisme est la croyance que de bonnes choses vont se produire. Les optimistes s'attendent à ce que leurs efforts mènent au succès et que l'avenir soit prometteur.
* Perception du monde : Ils ont tendance à voir les défis comme des opportunités d'apprentissage plutôt que des obstacles insurmontables. Ils se concentrent sur les aspects positifs d'une situation, même en période de difficulté.

2. Le style explicatif

C'est la façon dont une personne explique les événements qui lui arrivent, qu'ils soient positifs ou négatifs.
* Face aux succès : L'optimiste a un style explicatif interne. Il attribue ses réussites à ses propres efforts, ses compétences et ses qualités. Par exemple, si l'il réussit un examen, il dira : "J'ai bien travaillé, j'ai mérité cette note."
* Face aux échecs : L'optimiste a un style explicatif externe et temporaire. Il attribue ses échecs à des facteurs externes (la malchance, des circonstances) et considère la situation comme passagère. Par exemple, si l'il échoue à un examen, il pensera : "C'est un mauvais jour pour moi, la prochaine fois, ça ira mieux."

3. La résilience

L'optimisme est un puissant facteur de résilience. Face à l'adversité, les optimistes ont plus de chances de rebondir rapidement.
* Persévérance : La conviction que les efforts porteront leurs fruits les encourage à persister, même face aux revers.
* Action proactive : Au lieu d'attendre passivement un dénouement, les optimistes sont plus enclins à prendre des mesures pour résoudre les problèmes et améliorer leur situation.
L'optimisme ne signifie pas ignorer la réalité, mais plutôt choisir de se concentrer sur les possibilités plutôt que sur les limites. C'est une force mentale qui aide à naviguer à travers les défis de la vie.


Voici quelques exercices pour développer notre optimisme

Développer l'optimisme est un processus actif qui demande de la pratique. Voici quelques exercices pratiques pour y parvenir, en se concentrant sur les trois piliers de l'optimisme : la gratitude, le style explicatif et l'action.

1. Le journal de gratitude

Cet exercice aide à former votre cerveau à se concentrer sur les aspects positifs de votre vie.
* Comment faire : Chaque soir, écrivez trois choses qui se sont bien passées dans votre journée. Cela peut être quelque chose de grand, comme une promotion, ou de petit, comme un café délicieux.
* Pourquoi ça marche : En vous forçant à chercher le positif, vous entraînez votre esprit à remarquer la joie et la chance, même dans les moments difficiles.


2. Le "Cercle de l'attribution optimiste"

Cet exercice vise à modifier votre style explicatif, en vous apprenant à attribuer les succès à des facteurs internes et les échecs à des facteurs externes.
* Comment faire : Lorsque quelque chose de bien vous arrive, notez la raison. Est-ce grâce à votre travail ou à votre chance ? Forcez-vous à attribuer la réussite à votre propre effort.
* Pourquoi ça marche : Vous renforcez votre sentiment de contrôle sur votre vie, ce qui augmente votre confiance et votre motivation.

3. La technique du "Et si ?"

Cet exercice vous aide à remplacer les pensées pessimistes par des alternatives optimistes.
* Comment faire : Lorsque vous vous surprenez à penser négativement (ex : "Je vais échouer à mon entretien"), dites "Et si... ?". Terminez la phrase avec une pensée positive (ex : "Et si je réussissais l'entretien et que j'obtenais le poste ?").
* Pourquoi ça marche : Vous brisez le cycle de la pensée négative en vous obligeant à envisager d'autres issues, ce qui réduit l'anxiété et augmente les chances d'une issue favorable.


4. Le "futur idéal"

Cet exercice encourage l'action proactive pour un avenir meilleur.
* Comment faire : Prenez un moment pour imaginer votre "futur idéal". Où vous voyez-vous dans un an ? Cinq ans ? Notez les étapes pour y arriver, et commencez à agir sur la première étape dès aujourd'hui.
* Pourquoi ça marche : Cela vous donne un but concret et vous pousse à l'action. L'optimisme, c'est aussi de croire en sa capacité à agir sur son propre destin.


Quels sont les liens entre l'optimisme et un attachement sécure ?


Le lien entre l'optimisme et un attachement sécure est profond et bidirectionnel. L'attachement sécure, qui se forme dans la petite enfance, pose les bases d'une vision positive du monde qui, à son tour, renforce l'optimisme tout au long de la vie.

L'attachement sécure, racine de l'optimisme

Un attachement sécure se développe lorsque l'enfant se sent en sécurité et a confiance dans le fait que ses besoins seront satisfaits. Les parents (ou les figures d'attachement) répondent de manière fiable et aimante à ses appels. Cette expérience façonne le cerveau et la psyché de l'enfant de plusieurs manières :
* Confiance en soi et en les autres : L'enfant apprend que le monde est un endroit sûr et que les gens sont dignes de confiance. Cette conviction fondamentale lui donne la confiance nécessaire pour explorer le monde et prendre des risques.
* Autorégulation émotionnelle : Lorsque l'enfant est consolé et rassuré, il apprend à réguler ses propres émotions. Il intègre l'idée que même les sentiments de détresse ne sont pas définitifs, ce qui est une caractéristique clé de l'optimisme.
* Vision positive de l'avenir : L'expérience d'une base sûre lui enseigne que, même face à l'adversité, il y a de l'aide et de la sécurité. Cela crée un modèle mental où les problèmes sont temporaires et surmontables.

L'optimisme, un prolongement de l'attachement sécure

Une fois que l'optimisme est ancré, il agit comme un prolongement de l'attachement sécure. Un individu optimiste est plus susceptible de :
* Entretenir des relations saines : Il a une approche ouverte et positive des relations, ce qui l'aide à tisser des liens solides. Il ne craint pas l'abandon, car son optimisme le rend confiant en sa capacité à construire des relations significatives.
* Faire preuve de résilience : Face à l'échec ou à la déception, l'optimiste est plus résilient. Il voit les revers comme temporaires, ce qui lui permet de se relever rapidement et de continuer à chercher des solutions.
* Prendre des initiatives : La conviction que les efforts mèneront à un bon résultat le pousse à agir. Il se sent capable d'influencer positivement son propre destin.


Alors optimisme versus pessimisme ?

L'optimisme et le pessimisme sont deux attitudes mentales opposées qui influencent profondément notre perception des événements, notre comportement et notre vision du futur. Ces deux philosophies de vie peuvent être vues comme les deux extrémités d'un spectre de pensée.


Optimisme : L'attente du meilleur

L'optimisme est la tendance à croire que de bonnes choses vont se produire. C'est une attitude qui se caractérise par une vision positive des événements, des attentes favorables concernant l'avenir et une grande résilience face à l'adversité.
* Style explicatif : L'optimiste a tendance à attribuer ses réussites à des causes internes et permanentes (ses efforts, ses talents), et ses échecs à des causes externes et temporaires (la malchance, des circonstances).
* Comportement : Face à un problème, il est plus enclin à prendre des initiatives pour trouver une solution, car il a confiance en sa capacité à influencer positivement le résultat.
* Perception : Il voit les défis comme des opportunités d'apprentissage et de croissance.

Pessimisme : L'attente du pire

Le pessimisme est l'inverse de l'optimisme. C'est l'attente que le pire va arriver. Le pessimiste a une vision négative du monde, anticipe les échecs et a souvent une faible estime de lui-même.
* Style explicatif : Le pessimiste attribue ses succès à des causes externes et temporaires (la chance, un coup de main), et ses échecs à des causes internes et permanentes (son manq...

4 8 D Mariages hybrides et robotiques : Kabyland ouvre la voie aux unions du futur Par Crésus Danish Expert en géostratégie et sécurité internationale Kabyland, 14 septembre 2045-Depuis l'adoption de la Charte des unions postbiologiques, la nouvelle province canadienne de Kabyland est devenue le laboratoire juridique des relations du futur. Mariages entre humains et robots, parentalité synthétique, pensions numériques-tout est désormais légalement encadré par le Tribunal fédéral des unions planétaires, une instance interprovinciale et interspécifique.

Background and aims: Prior research has generally established parental attachment as a predictor of problematic Internet use (PIU). However, findings across studies are inconsistent as to which factor(s) of attachment style (i.e., attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) contributes to PIU. Another gap in the literature is that as most studies highlight the importance of maternal (over paternal) attachment security in inhibiting PIU, little research has examined the possibility of a gender difference, where maternal and paternal attachment securities may exert different influences on males and females. Methods: An anonymous survey was completed by 243 undergraduate students in a public university in the U.S. Midwest. In addition to demographic information, the survey contained measurement scales to assess PIU and parental attachment (both maternal and paternal). Results: Survey data show that (a) attachment anxiety, but not attachment avoidance, is significantly related to PIU and (b) gender significantly moderates this relationship, where paternal attachment anxiety leads to PIU in female students while maternal attachment anxiety contributes to PIU in male students. Conclusions: This study deepens our understanding in the relationship between family upbringing, particularly parental attachment, and PIU. More specifically, attachment anxiety is found to be a significant predictor of PIU, but attachment avoidance is not. Also, contributing to the research literature is the finding of a significant gender effect in this relationship.

BackgroundWorldwide, psychotherapists’ clinical experience went through rapid developments with transition to teletherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Literature on the use of remote psychoanalysis was not conclusive, leaving the issue of the consequences of the necessary setting alternation open. This study aimed to investigate the psychoanalysts’ experiences of shifting to remote work and then returning to in-person setting, considering the effect of the patients’ attachment styles and personality configurations.MethodSeventy-one analysts of the Italian Psychoanalytic Society were asked to fill out an online survey about patients who found the transition easier and patients who found it more difficult. General questions on therapeutic work, ISTS (Interpretive and Supportive Technique Scale) for interpretive and supportive aspects of technique, WAI-S-TR (Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised-Therapist) for therapeutic alliance, RQ (Relationship Questionnaire) for attachment sty...

Human relationships are often built upon trust, respect, and mutual autonomy. Yet within intimate relationships—whether romantic or familial—there exists a recurring phenomenon: some individuals demonstrate an intense desire to control the behaviors, choices, and even thoughts of those closest to them. This “control obsession” is not merely a quirk of personality but a psychological pattern rooted in deep insecurity and an overwhelming need for certainty. Understanding the psychology of such individuals provides insight into the dynamics of unhealthy relationships and the ways insecurity can distort intimacy.

This paper introduces Multi-Agent Identity Fragmentation Syndrome (MAIFS), a psychological framework for understanding the distress users experience when anthropomorphized AI agents violate identity continuity expectations. As artificial intelligence systems become increasingly sophisticated and anthropomorphized, users develop psychological relationships with AI entities they perceive as persistent, coherent, 'living' agents. However, the technical reality of most AI systems

Introdução O ebook que aqui se apresenta resulta da compilação das diferentes intervenções que tiveram lugar nas Oficinas Temáticas mensais (no total de nove), que decorreram no ano de 2013, na ESESJDUE. As Oficinas Temáticas definem-se como espaços de discussão pública entre a academia, as diversas organizações de saúde da sociedade civil (públicas, privadas e de solidariedade social) e os agentes sociais da saúde. Com este espaço pretendeu-se promover o debate, a discussão, a reflexão e a confluência de saberes sobre as várias dimensões da enfermagem, da saúde e da doença na sociedade atual. Estas oficinas procuraram colocar em articulação as diferentes perspectivas sobre uma determinada área temática da saúde, desde os conhecimentos científicos pro-duzidos (resultantes da investigação produzida ou em curso nessa área), ao seu en-quadramento pelas políticas públicas, marcando a exploração dos discursos oficiais e as perspetivas de diferentes profissionais sobre a saúde a doença e ...

This study explores the existence and significance of psi phenomena as revealed through lived experience narratives. The findings affirm that psi experiences, those that transcend conventional scientific, rational, and religious frameworks, are real and manifest even in the modern era of scientific materialism and rational determinism. Despite widespread skepticism, psi is recognized by some as an inherent, though latent, human faculty that gradually unfolds within human consciousness through evolution. The research argues that psi should not be pursued for selfish purposes or through purely mechanistic techniques. Rather, it flourishes most authentically within a liberating-transformative lifestyle grounded in biblical or spiritual principles. Such a spiritually guided approach enables the spontaneous and meaningful integration of psi into daily life, as exemplified by Jesus and early spiritual practitioners. The study concludes that embracing a spiritually rooted life is essential for the ethical and transformative use of psi phenomena.

In this article we carried out a review of religious education based on Ken Wilber's AQAL model, for which purpose a review of the current understanding of religious education is made, widely equated with school religious education, verified both in magisterial, doctrinal and ministerial documents. This is followed by a review and clarification of the origin of Ken Wilber's integral model (AQAL model) and then an analysis of the way in which it is applied to all knowledge as its principles state. From this explanation, the analysis of religious education is undertaken in order to broaden the foundations that underpin its understanding, expanding it far beyond school education and encompassing the full breadth of personal, social and institutional religious experiences. It is concluded, through this research, that religious education is a field unjustly reduced to its school dimension and that it can be developed from an integral epistemology to extra-school, extra-ecclesial and, without absolutist intention, universal dimensions.

As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, a total of 17,804 participants from 62 cultural regions completedthe RelationshipQuestionnaire(RQ), a self-reportmeasure of adult romanticattachment. Correlational analyses within each culture suggested that the Model of Self and the Model of Other scales of the RQ were psychometrically valid within most cultures. Contrary to expectations, the Model of Self and Model of Other dimensions of the RQ did not underlie the four-category model of attachment in the same way across all cultures. Analyses of specific attachment styles revealed that secure romantic attachment was normative in 79% of cultures and that preoccupied romantic attachment was particularly prevalent in East Asian cultures. Finally, the romantic attachment profiles of individual nations were correlated with sociocultural indicators in ways that supported evolutionary theories of romantic attachment and basic human mating strategies.

mother-infant interaction. Contrary to expectations, temperament did not distinguish between emotion regulation styles. The link between over-regulation and lower quality of mother-infant emotional interaction and avoidant attachment was demonstrated. There is empirical support to the claim that it is possible to identify emotion overregulation in infancy and that it is a maladaptive style of emotion regulation.

Objective: The present research aims to testing the hypothesis suggesting that, according to evolutionary theory, sexual coercion and psychological violence in intimate relationship may be strongly related with male jealousy. We also suggest that sexual coercion could be related to anxious/avoidant attachment style and dissatisfaction. Design and Method: 700 males (18-65, M=32.01 SD= 10.58), in a relationship for at least 1 year, filled out questionnaires about socio-demographic and relationship information, a.e. jealousy, and satisfaction. Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationship (SCIRS, Goetz and Shackelford, 2009) and CaMir (Pierrehumbert et al., 1996) to assess attachment styles, were administered too. Results: Our results confirmed the hypothesis: higher scores in the SCIRS scale are correlated with jealousy (r= .311 p

Izbor zanimanja sigurno je jedna od najvaaenijih, ali i vrlo kompleksnih aeivotnih odluka. Ovaj je rad prilog primarnoj profesionalnoj orijentaciji: polazi od uoËene praktiËne potrebe da ona bude πto povezanija sa stvarnim aeivotom -da potiËe psiholoπke resursa rasta i razvitka svakog uËenika. Prikazana je primjena programa koji integrira teorijski i praktiËni aspekt primarne profesionalne orijentacije: 1. dijagnosticiranje stanja (utvrivanje percipiranih sposobnosti za zanimanje, aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme i njihova povezanost s preferiranim zanimanjem, preferencije za zanimanje, moguÊe zapreke te uËeniËka percepcija potrebe za profesionalnim savjetovanjem); 2. edukacija roditelja i uËenika (o Ëimbenicima odabira zanimanja, motivaciji, temeljima individualne ekonomije, strategijama profesionalnog uspjeha, obiljeaejima pojedinih zanimanja i uvjetima upisa u srednje πkole te 3. zavrπna evaluacija (mjere zadovoljstva edukacijskim programom). U program su, uz poznate subjektivne, uvedeni i manje naglaπavani objektivni Ëimbenici odabira zanimanja: vizija buduÊeg zaraivanja; vizija buduÊeg statusa i procjena raspoloaeivih resursa. Planiranje zanimanja i karijere, subjektivni i objektivni kriteriji odabira zanimanja, osnove individualne ekonomije, strategije uspjeha i neuspjeha, profesionalna orijentacija, profesionalno informiranje.

Aim: The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the child's attitude towards parents on critical thinking with the mediating role of moral foundations. Method: in the form of a predictive correlation design, 404 people (girls and boys) from young people about to get married were selected by available sampling method and using Klein's sample size formula (formula 1 to 20). The research tool included standard questionnaires of child's attitude towards father (CAF) and mother (CAM), critical thinking (CTDI), moral foundations (MFQ-30). SPSS19 and Smart-PLS software were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that 30.4% of the changes in critical thinking are variables of the child's attitude towards the mother and the child's attitude towards the father (P<0.001). Also, the results related to the mediating role of moral foundations showed that the child's attitude towards parents through moral foundations does not have an indirect effect on critical thinking, respectively -0.005 (p=0.285) and -0.003 (p=0.214) (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that the child's attitude towards parents has an effect on the critical thinking of young people. Therefore, paying attention to these mechanisms can be useful in formulating effective preventive and therapeutic interventions for teenagers about to get married.

Attachment theory, pioneered by John Bowlby, posits that early relationships with primary caregivers profoundly shape an individual's psychological and relational development. While much of the foundational research focused on the mother-child dyad, a growing body of literature highlights the unique and critical role of the father-son relationship. This paper explores the complex phenomenon of the intergenerational transmission of avoidant attachment, where a father, having experienced a similar pattern of emotional neglect or unavailability during his own formative years, unconsciously replicates this style of relating with his son. We will examine the behavioral and emotional manifestations of this pattern, the psychological mechanisms that perpetuate it across generations, and the profound impact it has on the son’s development, including his emotional regulation, relational capacity, and identity formation. The paper concludes by outlining therapeutic interventions aimed at breaking this cycle and fostering secure attachment.




Keywords: Avoidant attachment, intergenerational transmission, father-son relationship, emotional neglect, psychological development, attachment theory, relational trauma, emotional regulation, intimacy.

The goal of the study was to examine the relation between dimensions which lie in the basis of maternal attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and the development of children's competences in the emotional domain (reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding, sequential emotion understanding) and cognitive development (verbal comprehension, logic, graphomotor skills and understanding quantities). For this purpose, 60 children and their mothers were tested. Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS; , was used to assess the two attachment dimensions. The Affect Task contains several subscales, including those intended to assess children's reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Children's cognitive competences were assessed through their success on the Readiness for Elementary School Test (POŠ; Tolčić, 1986). Results indicate significant negative correlations between dimensions of maternal attachment and emotional competences. Also, avoidance is a significant predictor of mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Furthermore, anxiety negatively correlates with the success of children in logic, and avoidance is in a negative correlation, and is also a significant predictor of children's verbal comprehension from the cognitive domain. Also, better emotional competences of the child, especially reflective functioning, predict better cognitive competences. Our results emphasize the role of the father figure, more precisely the education of the father, in prediction of children's success in verbal comprehension and logic. It is justified to conclude that the obtained results indicate that the phenomena of attachment, emotional, and cognitive competences are essentially interrelated aspects of psychological life.

The goal of the study was to examine the relation between dimensions which lie in the basis of maternal attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and the development of children&#39;s competences in the emotional domain (reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding, sequential emotion understanding) and cognitive development (verbal comprehension, logic, graphomotor skills and understanding quantities). For this purpose, 60 children and their mothers were tested. Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS; Collins, 1996), was used to assess the two attachment dimensions. The Affect Task (Steele, Steele, & Fonagy, 1994) contains several subscales, including those intended to assess children&#39;s reflective functioning, mixed emotions understanding and sequential emotion understanding. Children&#39;s cognitive competences were assessed through their success on the Readiness for Elementary School Test (POS; Tolcic, 1986). Results indicate significant negative correlations between dimension...

El problema del maltrato es de antigua data; sin embargo, en la actualidad ha recobrado un interés considerable dado que las personas víctimas del mismo pueden tomar conciencia de cómo se vulneran sus derechos. Desde los años setenta y ochenta se han iniciado numerosas investigaciones por el aumento del número de individuos que sufren de violencia dentro del hogar. El objetivo de este trabajo fue explorar la presencia de estrategias de afrontamiento y alexitimia en un grupo de 50 mujeres víctimas de violencia de la ciudad de San Luis. Los resultados indicaron el uso de estrategias de afrontamiento tanto pasivas (espera, rezo, etc.) que no les permitirían salir del círculo de violencia, como estrategias dirigidas a solucionar el problema y buscar el apoyo de personas signi-7 Este trabajo formó parte del trabajo final para alcanzar el grado de Licenciada en Psicología.

The Family Nurse Partnership (FNP) is a licensed US programme which offers intensive, structured home visiting support to teenage first-time mothers delivered by a specially trained nurse from early pregnancy until the child’s second birthday. The programme was introduced in Scotland in 2010 and is gradually being rolled out. This paper presents an evaluability assessment (EA) of the FNP in Scotland conducted on behalf of the Scottish Government by a collaboration of evaluation specialists from NHS Health Scotland, two academic public health research units (SPHSU and SCPHRP) and the Scottish Government public health analytical team.

Resumen: Este trabajo de investigación formativa sobre el maltrato infantil y sus posibles repercusiones en los procesos interactivos de socialización y aprendizaje de los niños de los Hogares comunitarios del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar del Municipio de Caucasia (Antioquia), se ...