Architecture Typology

El carrer Arenys al barri de la Teixonera (així com el carrer Samaniego) encara conserva l'ambient de barri popular que descriu Juan Marsé, de algunes casetes amb jardí, reculades, on el verd de alguns grans arbres s'infiltra entre grans blocs producte de l'especulació. De fet les fotografies pujades a la magnífica base de dades de la Memòria Visual de la Teixonera, mostren el carrer Arenys com un carrer de festa major, amb el forat que actualment és la plaça Herta Frankel, que era un mirador on la gent del barri posava per les fotografies que es feien el dia de festa, o el dia de Rams, i on els nens jugaven. Un lloc on es construïa una bastida de fusta lleugera per les festes: Aquest ambient creat degut a que sempre ha sigut un descampat (allò que ha deixat de ser camp però que encara no és ciutat), un mirador, pel joc dels més petits, creiem que s'ha de mantenir. Altres consideracions que vulgueu aportar i que facilitin la valoració del projecte

Given the extensive data sources represented by urban environments, this book investigates the potential of architecting for cities using large-scale models – the technological underpinning of Generative AI. Koehler examines Large Language Models (LLMs) in relation to architectural questions of typology – those critical junctures where architecture engages with the city itself. Typology becomes the interface between an AI model and its modeled audiences, represented languages, and scales of operation.

The investigation reveals how LLMs represent a fundamental shift from comprehending discrete elements to understanding entire languages – introducing a stochastic perspective that transforms how we read and shape urban reality. At the heart of this framework lies the concept of “inductive types” – threshold interfaces that superpose multiple value regimes and actively reconfigure themselves in response to changing urban conditions. By treating architecture as a form of representational materialism rather than a fixed language, designers can engage with complex urban systems while maintaining critical agency.

This approach envisions architecture as an embedding of languages, where buildings become processors of information that compute through their spatial arrangements. The synthetic knowledge produced by LLMs enables access to plural values and stakeholder perspectives, allowing architects to participate in broader material ecologies through computational superposition rather than traditional dialectical methods.

Providing a robust theoretical framework as well as practical insights into how architects can adapt their notational tools and design processes to embrace AI, this will be an essential read for any practicing or researching architect or urban designer interested in the implications of AI on the built environment.

This special issue offers reflections on socialist-era housing beyond the narrow focus on heritage protection, and connects social practices of state socialism with current urban contexts and broader societal concerns surrounding equity, liveability, and identity. The contributions demonstrate how the residents of socialist housing estates in Bulgaria, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine have adapted to new social and economic conditions. Despite the clichés of monotony, rigidity and minimalism, socialist-era housing continues to provide residential options for many people and demonstrates structural and social resilience.

A redefinition of garden typology, including the ideological perspective of the users, and a new definition of what it is for a garden to be 'Dutch'.

CONTENTS
- The Issue of Puritanism
- Same Garden - Different Meaning
- Proud Display
- Frivolous Versailles
- Enter Geulincx
- Predestination
- Puritan Joy
- Intemperate Fun
- Indoor Elite
- The Dutch Garden

Αναγνωρίζοντας ότι η στεγαστική έλλειψη είναι ένα πρόβλημα μεγάλων διαστάσεων, διαχρονικό και περίπλοκο, που δημιουργεί ερωτήματα και αποζητά διαφορετικές λύσεις, με την ερευνητική αυτή θα αναλύσουμε τον τρόπο σχεδίασης της γειτονίας Previ (1969) στην πρωτεύουσα του Περού στη Λίμα που χτίστηκε για να να στεγάσει μαζικά. Παράλληλα θα αναφερθούμε στην αρχιτεκτονική που ακολούθησε ο Οργανισμός Εργατικής Κατοικίας, και συγκεκριμένα στη Νέα Φιλαδέλφεια, με το κτίριο του Άρη Κωνσταντινίδη επί της οδού Δεκελείας και Τρωάδος (1955). Η πολεοδομία και τα θεμελιώδη συνθετικά χαρακτηριστικά στις δυο περιπτώσεις λαμβάνουν διαφορετικές εκφάνσεις που απορρέουν από την φιλοσοφία των αρχιτεκτόνων αλλά και την εκάστοτε κοινωνία. Με την απουσία του κράτους, και οι δύο λαοί κατέληξαν να αντιμετωπίζουν την κατοικία σαν μια προσωπική υπόθεση αλλά εντελώς διαφορετικά, οργανώνοντας έναν διαφορετικό τρόπο ζωής. Έτσι αρχικά εστιάζουμε στο κοινωνικό - πολιτικό υπόβαθρο και στρατηγική που ακολούθησαν οι ίδιες χώρες στην μαζική κατοίκηση. Έπειτα, εστιάζοντας προς πολεοδομία, θα αναλύσουμε την επιρροή που είχε η πόλη προς το συγκρότημα κατοικιών αλλά και αντιστρόφως, ενώ στη συνέχεια πού τα λαϊκά αρχιτεκτονικά στοιχεία βρήκαν εφαρμογή στην σύνθεση της μονάδας της μαζικής κοινωνικής στέγασης. Πέρα από τα παραπάνω, τα ερωτήματα μου συνεχίζουν ως προς την αντιμετώπιση της κάλυψης των αναγκών των κατοίκων στις κοινωνικές κατοικίες που χτίστηκαν, δηλαδή πως οι αρχιτέκτονες σεβάστηκαν τον χώρο τους, την ζωή τους και το μέλλον τους με επίκεντρο τη διαμόρφωση της μονάδας. Η αναζήτηση της μικροκλίμακας της κίνησης μέσα από ένα συνθετικό τυπολόγιο θα μας φανερώσει τις προθέσεις αυτές. Τελευταία, η σύγκριση των δύο περιπτώσεων μαζικής κατοίκησης με βάση την βιβλιογραφική έρευνα θα εμφανίσει κυρίως τις ομοιότητες των συνθέσεων αλλά και τις διαφορές τους και τελευταία το οπτικοακουστικό υλικό θα μας φέρει στο σήμερα, με τα εφόδια για μια καινούργια σύνθεση που να επιλύει το στεγαστικό - μεταναστευτικό πρόβλημα.

Recognising that housing shortage is a problem of great dimensions, timeless and complex, which raises questions and seeks different solutions, with this research we will analyse the design of the Previ neighbourhood (1969) in the Peruvian capital of Lima built to house masses. At the same time, we will refer to the architecture followed by the Workers' Housing Organisation specifically in Nea Philadelphia, with the building of Aris Konstantinidis on Dekelias and Troados Streets (1955). The urbanism and fundamental compositional features in the two cases take on different manifestations that derive from the philosophy of the architects and the society in question. In the absence of the state, both peoples ended up treating housing as a personal affair but in a completely different way, organising a different way of life. Thus we first focus on the socio- political background and strategy that the same countries followed in mass housing. Then, focusing towards urbanism, we will analyse the influence that the city had towards the housing complex and vice versa, and then where vernacular architectural elements found application in the composition of the mass social housing unit. Beyond the above, my questions continue in terms of addressing the needs of the residents in the social housing units that were built, i.e. how the architects respected their space, their lives and their future by focusing on the design of the unit. The search for the micro-scale of the movement through a synthetic typology will reveal these intentions. Lastly, the comparison of the two cases of mass housing based on the literature research will mainly display the similarities of the compositions and their differences, and lastly the audiovisual material will bring us to the present day, with the resources for a new composition that solves the housing-migration problem.


Courtyard housing, a design concept rooted in centuries-old traditions across various cultures, is widely recognized for its ability to create semi-private urban spaces within housing developments. However, the interpretation of courtyard housing varies significantly, encompassing diverse relationships between private and public spaces, shaped by cultural, traditional, and spatial mechanisms. This study explores courtyard housing from multiple perspectives, focusing on its attributes such as privacy dynamics, cultural significance, and modes of communication within and beyond the courtyard. The research then delves into the Tulou Collective Housing Project in China, a contemporary social housing prototype inspired by the traditional multi-family, fortresslike circular "earth houses" of Fujian's rural regions. By examining both the traditional Tulou and its modern adaptation, this study highlights the integration of courtyard housing principles in addressing contemporary social housing needs. The findings aim to provide insights into the opportunities and challenges of incorporating traditional courtyard housing models into modern contexts, emphasizing the cultural, social, and architectural implications. This research contributes to ongoing discussions on the relevance and adaptability of traditional housing typologies in fostering inclusive and sustainable urban living environments.

The tourism sector, transformed under the influence of globalization, has paved the way for the development of new and alternative accommodation types alongside traditional lodging methods. Capsule hotels, which have gained prominence during this transformation, stand out with their modern and minimalist designs, offering innovative solutions for the efficient use of limited space, particularly in densely populated metropolitan areas. Originating in Japan and rapidly spreading globally, this type of accommodation has been developed in response to individuals' evolving lifestyles, rapidly changing work and travel habits, and the growing need for short-term and affordable stays. Typically consisting of compact, single-person sleeping capsules, these units are equipped with essential amenities such as a bed, electrical outlet, lighting, ventilation, and in some cases, a television, providing users with both privacy and functionality. In addition to personal spaces, capsule hotels are supported by shared facilities including showers, toilets, lounges, work areas, and laundry services. Characterized by a minimalist approach, these structures are particularly favored by backpackers, digital nomads, solo travelers, and individuals on short business trips. This study examines global examples of capsule hotels, aiming to analyze their architectural and functional features, design principles, influence on user preferences, and their position within the tourism sector. Based on a comprehensive literature review and employing qualitative content analysis, the research reveals the contributions of capsule hotels to contemporary accommodation practices and highlights their potential for future development.

This study focuses on the evolution of the capsule hotel typology which is an extension of capsule architecture's lineage. Originating as compact, mobile spatial units, capsules emerged as a both utopian and realistic response to postwar urban challenges, including spatial constraints and rising housing costs. That is to say, capsule architecture arose as an interscalar attempt to define an interior design typology within restrictive conditions of cities, which constitute macro wholes of spaces as evidenced by the use of mobile interior spaces in city planning strategies. Influenced by industrialization, wartime technologies, and the Space Race, the capsule typology was shaped by both Archigram and Metabolismtwo avant-garde movements with distinct, yet overlapping facets. Archigram's capsule interpretation was entirely utopian, the capsules functioned like moving small parts of a gigantic machine, whereas Metabolists transformed capsule architecture into a multidisciplinary design principle that brought capsule hotel concept to life through applicable projects. Capsule hotels serve transient urban dwellers by balancing privacy with efficient space utilization. Initially developed by Metabolist architect Kisho Kurokawa, these accommodations have evolved into a marketing tool, leveraging their futuristic appeal, modular design and digital integration. In this regard, study revealed the interplay between architecture and consumer culture, demonstrating how capsule in accommodation function not only as spatial solutions, but also commodified and aestheticized experiences within interior design aspect.

The shaping of urban features is profoundl influenced by the underlying urban context, and architectural features and style management are important parts of the protection and cultivation of urban identity. However, in China, oversight in managing the urban context often results in neglect of the cultural values embedded in architectural aspects at the micro level. This, in turn, contributes to the convergence and disorder of urban architectural features and styles. This study builds upon the significance of the urban context and takes the typical Chinese megacity Wuhan as a case study. First, the research systematically outlines the diachronic development of architectural features and styles in Wuhan and meticulously analyses the prevailing problems. Subsequently, an evaluation is conducted on the efficacy of existing architectural features and style management policies and the approval processes for architectural schemes. Finally, the research formulates a comprehensive architectural feature and style management and implementation system that harmonizes Wuhan's urban cultural heritage and urban identification characteristics. This paper aims to contribute to the refinement of urban identity management and the preservation of architectural diversity to foster a more cohesive and culturally resonant urban environment in Wuhan.

Prefabrication and the industrialization of the construction industry are often discussed in the context of social and affordable housing, but rarely within luxury buildings such as villas. In this essay, I argue that attempts to resist or test prefabrication techniques were the buildings of seaside villas in postwar Italy. Bonomo advances an original ‘critique of ideology’ of postwar Italian architecture in which the villa was used as a way to mask the failure of a structural reform of the construction industry. The often-celebrated idiosyncratic style of 20th-century architecture and their artisanal building techniques were—according to the author - a political project by the ruling class. This project, whose goal was the control of the labor force by supporting its fragmentation found in the design and construction of widely published villas a potent ideological sublimation. The author advances her critique by examining two holiday villas built by two exemplary Italian architects: Vico Magistretti’s Villa Arosio and Marcello D’Olivo’s Villa Spezzotti. An important focus of the essay is the politics of construction and the labor conditions that the building of these villas implied. The ultimate goal of this essay is to develop a political discourse on architecture at the level of typology and construction.

Lauretta Vinciarelli (1943–2011) is perhaps best known for her evocative watercolor paintings and her decade-long creative partnership with Donald Judd. This essay by Jolanda Devalle instead foregrounds Vinciarelli’s contributions as an architect, theorist, and educator, through a close reading of the ‘Puglia Project’ (1975–77), a proposal developed with fellow IAUS architect Leonardo Foderà. Drawing on Vinciarelli’s own reflections, a recent interview with Foderà by the author, and original drawings courtesy of Judd Foundation, the essay offers a revealing cross-section of her architectural thinking—her engagement with typology, her concept of “spatial fabric,” and her analytical approach to design—all of which invite renewed critical attention today.

The effect of modernization in Iran has taken place in different ways in many different fields. The modernization that emerged with its unique features in politics, economy, religion, culture, art and architecture started in Iran from the Qajar period (1789-1925). During this period, Iran's relationship with Europe made Iranians familiar with Western paintings and ornaments. The national state established after the Qajar period corresponds to the I. Pahlavi period (1925-1941). The first Pahlavi period has an important role in the development of modernization in different layers of Iranian society and in various regions of the country. After the first Pahlavi period, the second Pahlavi period (1941-1979) also saw major developments in the field of architecture. In this period, Western architects were invited to Iran to design modern structures and reconstruction plans were implemented with great speed. The traditional fabric of many cities has changed significantly, and new building typologies have emerged. It is seen that new building materials such as steel, cement and glass were used in this period. Tehran, the capital of Iran, has been severely affected by this change in every sense of the word. In this period, the effect of modernization in the city first appeared in public buildings, then in civil architectural structures and religious buildings. In addition to these buildings, it is seen that mass housing projects were implemented in Tehran for the first time in this period. Mass housing projects were carried out first in the north of Tehran, then in other parts of the city. In this study, the modern period, public buildings, civil architectural structures (detached houses, multi-storey houses, mass housing structures, cultural and artistic structures, educational buildings) and religious buildings built in Tehran during the II. Pahlavi period were examined, and three mass housing settlements were identified, with particular emphasis on mass housing structures. (ASP Towers, Eskan Towers, Ekbatan Complex).
KEYWORDS: Modernization in Iran, II. Pahlavi period in Tehran, modernization in Tehran, modern architecture in Tehran, mass housing settlements in Tehran

Ja hem parlat en altres articles sobre l'evolució de la població de Dosrius al llarg de la història 1 . Un fita en el recompte de la població el constitueix el cens efectuat a l'any 1857 en què l'estadística ens informa que Dosrius té 1.152 habitants (dels quals 1.136 eren residents permanents). Gràcies a aquest cens, sabem quina era la composició per sexes i grups d'edat dels dosriuencs de l'època. En una primera aproximació, el Nomenclàtor de los Pueblos de España, publicat a l'any 1858, reparteix els 1.152 habitants de 1857 en 9 sectors o veïnats, indicant si és una parròquia, lloc o un caseriu, així com el seu nombre d'habitants 2 . Dosrius apareix com a lloc, mentre que Canyamars i el Far tenen la denominació de parròquies. La resta són caserius. Taula 1. Municipi de Dosrius (1858) Podem observar (taula 1) que la mitjana d'habitants per cèdula inscrita (el permís per poder habitar un edifici) per a tot el municipi és de 5,88, una xifra superior a la històrica assignació d'entre 4 i 5 habitants per foc o casa. Per sobre d'aquesta mitjana se situarien Alfar (7,90), Rimbles (7,05), Estaper (6,86) i Rupit (6,13), mentre que la resta se situaria per sota: Mañans (5,84), Canyamars (5,77), Carreras (5,38), Pisbot (5,25) i finalment Dosrius (5,03).

This chapter examines how artificial intelligence (AI) reshapes the morphology of the city and the conduct of urban design. It frames contemporary machine learning as a dynamic design ecology that responds to real-time signals while mining historical iterations, linking Renaissance ideal cities and modernist planning to today’s data-driven workflows. The text distinguishes AI’s main capacities—prediction, optimization, and generative exploration—and shows how they expand the design space beyond linear procedures. It argues for integrating humanities perspectives to keep cultural narrative, social meaning, and lived experience central to decision-making. Case discussions highlight the risks of data scarcity and overfitting, the politics of labeling and machinic legibility, and the tension between computational precision and human creativity. Ethical commitments—fairness, privacy, equity, and environmental responsibility—are treated as design parameters rather than afterthoughts. The chapter concludes by positioning the architect/planner as “in-the-loop” mediator who curates data, steers models, and interprets outputs, aligning AI-enabled urban proposals with public values and tectonic rigor.

Affordances of Architectural Typology is a research project and publication that investigates architectural affordances-understood here as the inherent possibilities for use, adaptation, and interaction that a building's design supports-for building transformation and adaptive reuse in two key dimensions. First, it explores how the concept of affordances can deepen and extend architectural typology. Through case studies it illustrates that typological clarity enhances architectural quality and fosters flexibility for future adaptations. Beyond fulfilling immediate functional needs, this typal quality leads to a second objective: rethinking resilience in architectural design by revisiting post-functionalist critiques. Here, 'type' is re-framed as an epistemology within architecture, emphasizing the timely renewal, reuse, and recycling of knowledge and materials in the built environment. These two key aspects further a 'designerly' response to the climate emergency and global carbon reduction goals, as adaptive reuse has gained traction as a sustainable alternative to demolition and new construction. Our research and its resulting publication demonstrate and visualize how adaptive reuse practices benefit from engaging with typology and affordances, featuring insights from practitioners, educators, and researchers and aiming to inform architectural studios and academic curricula, and underscoring the need for critical reflection and dialogue in design education.

Affordances of Architectural Typology is a research project and publication that investigates architectural affordances-understood here as the inherent possibilities for use, adaptation, and interaction that a building's design supports-for building transformation and adaptive reuse in two key dimensions. First, it explores how the concept of affordances can deepen and extend architectural typology. Through case studies it illustrates that typological clarity enhances architectural quality and fosters flexibility for future adaptations. Beyond fulfilling immediate functional needs, this typal quality leads to a second objective: rethinking resilience in architectural design by revisiting post-functionalist critiques. Here, 'type' is re-framed as an epistemology within architecture, emphasizing the timely renewal, reuse, and recycling of knowledge and materials in the built environment. These two key aspects further a 'designerly' response to the climate emergency and global carbon reduction goals, as adaptive reuse has gained traction as a sustainable alternative to demolition and new construction. Our research and its resulting publication demonstrate and visualize how adaptive reuse practices benefit from engaging with typology and affordances, featuring insights from practitioners, educators, and researchers and aiming to inform architectural studios and academic curricula, and underscoring the need for critical reflection and dialogue in design education.

Architectural Affordances is a collection of drawings that trace transforma-
tions in thirty buildings over time. Organized into three categories based
on time-periods and life cycles – centuries, over one hundred years, and
less than a hundred years –, the atlas gathers consistent floor plans, sec-
tions, and elevations that facilitate the study of Umbau as major and minor
transformations of buildings alongside yellow-red plans. These transfor-
mation, extension and redevelopment projects were compiled through a
call for papers and drawn and assembled by international architects from
both practice and academia. The resulting atlas not only depicts changes
in the material composition but also presents the mediation of forms and
functions as a temporally and socially conditioned appropriation of affor-
dances offered by built spatial arrangements.

The structural order followed by nature, also adopted in the construction of Hindu temples, was to depict the ultimate truth. This became possible by following fractal geometry. Fractal geometry plays a major part in the transmission of the symbolic intended meanings from the visibly manifested art and architecture of the temple, to the intellect of human beings, for perception in the correct sense. This paper is therefore an attempt to integrate and analyse the fields of study of, temple architecture, fractal geometry, symbolism, human perception of architectural expression, and temple concept through cosmology and philosophy. It is advocated that the use of fractal geometry in the construction of temples, and sculptures adorning them, helps in imparting the temple concept and idea in its correct value.

This paper discusses the legality of financial transactions carried out by people with mental disabilities and intellectual disabilities. From a social point of view, these two disability groups are part of the members of society who also have rights and obligations that must be recognized. This research uses qualitative literature method. The primary data used are the Qur'an and hadith, while the secondary data is obtained through books of tafsir, books, articles, and others. Data sources are discussed and analyzed in depth to find out about the legality of using property and paying zakat carried out by people with mental disabilities and intellectual disabilities. The results showed that in terms of the legality of financial transactions, these two disability groups are prohibited from using their property, whether their mental or intellectual disorders are permanent or temporary. To assist them in the use of property, access is provided in the form of forgiveness or guardianship. Meanwhile, in the case of zakat harta (maal), people with mental disabilities and intellectual disabilities are still subject to obligations, but the payment of zakat harta is assisted in paying by the guardian.

This study aims to analyze and discuss the continuity and ruptures in urban memory through streets and using maps. The permanence of the spatial elements that form the city is directly related to the continuity of urban memory. Among the city's spatial elements, streets are the most permanent and tend to preserve their original layout. Therefore, the research focuses on streets. Since the development and change of the streets are shaped in a close relationship with the boundaries of the city, these two elements are considered in a holistic perspective. The study area is the city of Antakya (Antioch), which has not been abandoned despite the devastating earthquakes and natural disasters in the historical process, has been rebuilt many times thanks to its religious and commercial importance, and has been settled since the Hellenistic period. The methodology of the research is a case study structured by comparing and superimposing 12 maps drawn about Antakya, interpreting the information read on these maps together with the data obtained from written sources and field surveys conducted in the city. As a result of the study, it has been revealed that there have been spatial and social changes since ancient times due to natural disasters, wars, changes in the natural environment of the city over time and planned and unplanned interventions in the urban space by human hands, resulting in ruptures in urban memory. Despite this, it is seen that some elements of urban memory such as street traces and place names have been maintained since ancient times.

The following article presents a narrative account of the emergence of a new architectural style in Bolivia's youngest city, El Alto. The encounter with the self-taught architect Freddy Mamani Silvestre and his creative practice is pivotal to comprehending the interrelation between functionality and aesthetics in the rigid yet whimsical materials of the edifice. The Neo-Andean Style has been identified as a manifestation of both Andean Baroque and transmodern, contemporary Indigenous creation. This phenomenon provides insight into the processes of transformation occurring within the cultural milieu of the Andean region. The present writing seeks to explore the manner in which architectural elements induce such transformations.

At the beginning of the 21st century, within the indigenous city of El Alto in Bolivia, a multi-functional architectural type was consolidated in the urban landscape. This architectural type was capable of including social programmes typical of the Aymara culture (trade, celebration, family). Subsequently, a variety of architectural styles came to the fore, engendering a pronounced aesthetic diversity within the social imaginaries that characterised Andean urban societies. Of these, the Neo-Andean style is particularly noteworthy for its capacity to amalgamate the traditional with the modern, and for the level of colourful ornamental saturation it exhibits in the design of facades and interiors. The first chapter of the work delves into the origins of the style in question, whilst the subsequent chapter explore the conditions of the geo-social, economic, political and cultural environment that engendered it. In the second part, the focus is on the practices of design and construction. These are examined using participant observation and photography. The processes of materialisation of these buildings are also examined. The interpretation of these cultural creations is that they are passages through peripheral modernity.

Prima edizione maggio 2025 © LetteraVentidue Edizioni © testi e immagini: rispettivi autori È vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale, effettuata con qualsiasi mezzo, compresa la fotocopia, anche ad uso interno o didattico. Per la legge italiana la fotocopia è lecita solo per uso personale purché non danneggi l'autore. Quindi ogni fotocopia che eviti l'acquisto di un libro è illecita e minaccia la sopravvivenza di un modo di trasmettere la conoscenza. Chi fotocopia un libro, chi mette a disposizione i mezzi per fotocopiare, chi comunque favorisce questa pratica commette un furto e opera ai danni della cultura. Nel caso in cui fosse stato commesso qualche errore o omissione riguardo ai copyright delle illustrazioni saremo lieti di correggerlo nella prossima ristampa.

Abstrak. Tulisan ini akan menjawab pertanyaan: Apakah perempuan adalah kelompok kelas kedua dalam Islam? Jawaban atas pertanyaan tersebut adalah bahwa dalam kenyataannya Islam pada awal kemunculannya telah mengangkat status perempuan dengan melarang pembunuhan bayi perempuan, menghapus status perempuan sebagai harta benda, menetapkan kecakapan hukumnya, memberikan hak untuk menerima mahar, merubah perkawinan dari hubungan hak milik menjadi sebuah hubungan perjanjian, dan membolehkan perempuan menguasai harta benda miliknya serta menggunakan nama gadisnya setelah menikah. Al-Quran juga memberikan hak kepada perempuan untuk mengelola kekayaannya sendiri serta mengatur kebebasan hak suami dalam menceraikan isterinya. Abstract: This paper answers the question: Are women second-class citizens in Islam? The answer for the question is that the revelation of Islam raised the status of women by prohibiting female infanticide, abolishing women's status as property, establishing women'...

Version 4 of my doctoral dissertation was devoted to adapting neurophenomenology as methodology for designing for consciousness, specifically at the scale of the village; therefore, this composed Chapter 9 was foundational. The final dissertation, however, expanded the scope of the study to a more inclusive environmental design, so this chapter was never used. Still, I think it would make a nice little instructional book.

Ao longo dos anos 90 do século passado foram lançadas diversas iniciativas orientadas ao desenvolvimento local em espaço rural e à revitalização e reabilitação dos núcleos populacionais, nas quais era conferido particular destaque à valorização do património vernacular construído. Estas iniciativas inserem-se num processo mais amplo de regresso a uma certa ideia de ruralidade -agora mais simbólica que agrícola -e de afirmação das raízes identitárias como factor de valorização endógena construída a partir da "descoberta" do património como recurso a considerar no âmbito da diversificação económica associada às novas dinâmicas emergentes, de que o Programa das Aldeias Históricas viria a constituir a ação-piloto. Seguindo os caminhos abertos por aquela iniciativa, o Programa de Revitalização das Aldeias do Algarve visava estender a esta região a estratégia, os objectivos e os princípios, bem como o conjunto de práticas de intervenção que lhe estavam associadas. A criação do Gabinete Técnico de Apoio às Aldeias do Sotavento (GTAA Sotavento) constituiu, nesse âmbito particular, oportunidade única de testar uma prática sistemática de investigação, formação e habilitação técnica nos domínios específicos do património vernacular construído procurando contribuir, entre outros e nomeadamente, para necessária transposição de escalas de investigação nos domínios do património vernacular construído: da mais genérica e territorial -a está precisamente associada ao Inquérito à Arquitetura Regional Portuguesa -a uma mais específica, local e particular, essencial ao suporte da prática de projeto e intervenção nestas áreas. O presente artigo procura, assim, integrar a prática de investigação levada a cabo pelo GTAA Sotavento no contexto genérico em que se insere o Inquérito, e demonstrar a sua importância no desenvolvimento da respectiva prática projetual, de forma a contribuir para a discussão e definição de modelos de práticas de intervenção em áreas e núcleos rurais.

Bayan Village is one of traditional villages in Lombok Island that keeps the custom of Sasak-Bayan tribe. The settlement pattern in Bayan Village is formed by mountainous geographical condition and kinship. The objective of this reseach are: to identify the characteristic of settlement pattern in Bayan Village and to identify the problem of settlement pattern's conservation. The method used in this reseach is descriptive-explorative. The results show that settlement pattern in Bayan Village is based on community's social stratification. The presence of Bayan's awig-awig controlls the establishment of housing pattern as part of settlement pattern. Beside that, the pattern is also formed by traditional activities upheld by the community of Bayan Village.

The issue of housing for humans has been extensively studied and remains highly relevant. While multi-story buildings in both large and small cities have addressed the need for residential accommodations, key aspects essential to ensuring comfortable living and human activity have often been neglected. A potential solution lies in the renovation of existing structures to enhance housing quality while preserving the original framework. This paper aims to explore the relationship between renovation approaches and the structural systems of residential buildings. It examines case studies of building renovations utilizing various materials, highlighting their features and applicable solutions. The analysis includes examples from multiple countries with diverse social, economic, and climatic conditions. Renovation is defined in this study as the process of modernizing residential buildings and their surrounding areas. Through an evaluation of architectural strategies employed in building renovations, the study identifies general trends and principles applicable to the refurbishment of standard residential structures. Based on these findings, the authors propose recommendations for renovation strategies tailored to different structural types. The outcomes of this research offer a framework for implementing revitalization projects, urban regeneration efforts, and building adaptation initiatives.

The intensification of construction, typical for most Kazakhstani cities today, entails the densification of buildings in the central part, including areas with historical architecture. This allows us to talk about the need to form a new view of architectural objects to preserve the unified architectural appearance of cities based on architectural design codes. In this case, the creation of a non-standard solution is based on the use of a variety of compositional principles and techniques, including the use of a rich color palette. In almost all cases, the use of color needs to be substantiated, which leads to disparate color ratios in the organization of cities' environments, and Almaty is no exception. This research aims to develop a method for coloristic organization of the residential area of the city of Almaty using architectural design code. The article discusses the analysis of color characteristics of various historical periods of development of the city of Almaty, identifying key elements of architectural design code and their applicability to the modern practice of urban environment design. The research methodology is based on the literature analysis and research on the topic of colorism and its application in architectural design code. Observations and data collection were also carried out on the existing structure of the city of Almaty and its problems regarding the coloristic organization of space. The result of the study is the development of recommendations for creating a harmonious color picture of the city of Almaty based on the identified methods and principles. The work includes the following key aspects: a review of architectural codes and regulations, an assessment of visual perception of different color schemes, and their impact on social interaction and the psycho-emotional state of residents. Through techniques such as questionnaires and visual surveys, data on residents' preferences for color schemes were collected, allowing the development of recommendations for creating a color plan that takes into account the characteristic features and cultural aspects of the region. The study's results can be used to further develop urban planning and architectural design codes in Almaty and other regions of Kazakhstan.

Il territorio marsicano è al centro della produzione letteraria di Ignazio Silone che, in linea con la propria ideologia, riveste di connotati simbolici e di significati sociali gli elementi del paesaggio: la montagna conquistata a un'agricoltura di sussistenza, la piana creata in seguito al prosciugamento del lago del Fucino negli ultimi decenni dell'Ottocento e destinata a una fiorente attività agricola, i borghi cresciuti alle pendici dei monti e ai margini del lago scomparso, le città culturalmente lontane. Gli scritti di Silone possono diventare elementi chiave per lo sviluppo di un turismo sostenibile: nel 2015 è stato inaugurato un itinerario escursionistico, il "Sentiero Silone", che unisce luoghi descritti da Silone e identificati sul territorio tramite interviste alle comunità locali e verifiche sul campo. Obiettivo del mio lavoro è analizzare il "territorio siloniano" nelle sue varie identità: la rappresentazione letteraria fungerà da linea guida per ripercorrere e interpretare i paesaggi adottando un

Il terremoto della Marsica del 13 gennaio 1915 è stato uno dei più disastrosi per l’Italia.
Si verificò in un contesto del tutto particolare, cioè mentre in Europa imperversava la
guerra e l’Italia si approssimava a entravi. Ciò determinò un sovrapporsi di emergenza
a emergenza e implicò una serie di misure che furono adoperate per il mantenimento
dell’ordine pubblico. Il saggio si interroga sull’organizzazione e sulle decisioni che
furono messe in atto dalla macchina statale per rispondere al sisma e per preservare lo
spirito nazionale.

Like on a Battlefield. The Marsica Earthquake (1915): An Unexpected Emergency
The Marsica earthquake of January 13, 1915, is one of the most disastrous in Italy’s
history. It occurred in a particularly unique context, namely while Europe was engulfed
in war and Italy was on the brink of joining it. This led to a situation where one
emergency was layered on top of another, necessitating a series of measures to maintain
public order. This paper examines the organization and decisions made by the state
apparatus in response to the earthquake and to preserve national spirit.

A imagem da vila intramuros de Mértola, no Sul de Portugal, sugere a persistência da sua arquitetura no tempo. O estudo detalhado do conjunto das suas habitações, com recurso a disciplinas e métodos diversos, revela, ao contrário, um quadro diversificado de soluções que é o resultado do processo histórico, bem como da relação da vila com o exterior e das próprias circunstâncias locais. Com este artigo, pretende-se descrever alguns dos resultados do projeto sobre a “arquitetura da vila e do termo de Mértola”, revelando a importância do ambiente e da história para a arquitetura doméstica e retomando a abordagem da paisagem histórica urbana para caracterizar o caso particular desta vila no contexto do Sudoeste Peninsular. O artigo retoma alguns dos tópicos da investigação continuada do Campo Arqueológico de Mértola (CAM), desde as questões metodológicas relacionadas com a abordagem interdisciplinar até à importância da salvaguarda do património para o desenvolvimento local nos territórios do interior. A partir dos resultados de um projeto específico, financiado com fundos regionais, pretende-se simultaneamente estabelecer as relações com outras iniciativas anteriores e posteriores, desenvolvidas por diferentes equipas de investigação, defendendo a importância de um processo continuado e participado de pesquisa em rede, como o que tem sido realizado no quadro do CAM/CEAACP.

última modificación, 31/12/19. Las opiniones expresadas por los autores no necesariamente reflejan la postura del editor de la publicación. Foto de portada y contraportada: Gerardo Miguel Arzeta Fajardo La presentación y disposición, en conjunto, son propiedad de la Editorial Restauro Compás y Canto S.A. de C.V. y de los autores que en ella participan que con su consentimiento, puede ser producida, o transmitida, por cualquier sistema o método electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo el fotocopiado, la grabación o cualquier sistema de recuperación y almacenamiento de información, siempre y cuando se otorgue el crédito al autor y a la editorial. La responsabilidad de los articulos publicados en la revista Gremium recae, de manera exclusiva, en sus autores y su contenido no refleja necesarimente el criterio editorial.

Initialy architecture borns merely to create housing as place of shielding at environment trouble: nature and animal (Rapoport,1969). Thereby form and function of in architecture is man response at environment. In development, response at same area has tendency to yield one the same ways and form. a bearing way off hand and then forms one cupolas embraced together and becomes one traditions known as vernacular architecture (Rudolvsky, 1964). Architecture Kaili as one of identity and culture supporter, be phenomenon deposit gets inspiration of nature. This influence seen inter alia at roof becoming part and parcel of a building and assorted ornamen in wall expressing religion life. While wall in the modern architecture, usually not from part of construction that is supporting or embraces part of other building, but solely as roof to protect climate influence and weather. Architecture Kaili in a process and the product can be told as an inheritance of the vernacular architecture in Palu as Central Sulawesi provincial.

Initialy architecture borns merely to create housing as place of shielding at environment trouble: nature and animal (Rapoport,1969). Thereby form and function of in architecture is man response at environment. In development, response at same area has tendency to yield one the same ways and form. a bearing way off hand and then forms one cupolas embraced together and becomes one traditions known as vernacular architecture (Rudolvsky, 1964). Architecture Kaili as one of identity and culture supporter, be phenomenon deposit gets inspiration of nature. This influence seen inter alia at roof becoming part and parcel of a building and assorted ornamen in wall expressing religion life. While wall in the modern architecture, usually not from part of construction that is supporting or embraces part of other building, but solely as roof to protect climate influence and weather. Architecture Kaili in a process and the product can be told as an inheritance of the vernacular architecture in Palu as Central Sulawesi provincial.

Problem statement: Typology provides a simple and diagrammatic description of a group of phenomena and establishes a degree of connection or affinity between those phenomena. Many studies have addressed the typology of spaces of historical houses, but most of these studies have focused on one or more limited spaces, which reveal the absence of structural connection between different spaces and the lack of a specific method or framework that can be used to typify all spaces and explain the structural connection between them.
Research objective: This study aims to establish a connection between different spaces in introverted historical houses located in the Central Iranian Plateau Iran and identify the formal-structural connection between the findings from previous studies on the typology of spaces of historical houses in Iranian architecture.
Research method: Using the shape grammar, the present study performed a typological analysis of micro-spaces of 64 historical houses from Kashan, Yazd, and Isfahan. This study also developed the initial typology of micro-spaces and established a coherent system of relationships between formal typologies in the historical houses located in these three cities.
Conclusion: Based on the findings from this study, a two-stage grammar was first developed for generating the formal structure and then establishing spatial relationships between components of the houses. With the help of this grammar, a triple structure was developed using a range of formal structures and spatial relationships identified in the studied samples. The developed typology can account for the structural relationships between different forms. In addition, it can pinpoint the differences between different typologies in other cities. Accordingly, the typological model developed in this study establishes a structural-form relationship between different spaces in introverted historical houses located in the Central Iranian Plateau.

En las últimas décadas la manzana tradicional ha tenido una reconsideración importante que ha ido progresivamente en aumento: hacerla más abierta. Si en un principio se consideraba la manzana como una edificación alineada perimetralmente y con patio interior, las formas recientes proponen la disposición variada de los volúmenes edificados y la apertura de los espacios interiores. Desde inicios del siglo XX, hubo diversos intentos de conciliación entre las ventajas de alinear construcciones a las calles y otorgar a los espacios de patios interiores un carácter semipúblico o privado, mediante la conexión peatonal o visual con el espacio de la calle. Más recientemente, varios ensayos han sido realizados, de manera que la idea de manzana cerrada ha quedado prácticamente obsoleta siendo sustituida por la de manzana abierta. Las propuestas de volumetría controlada que partiendo de determinaciones del plan confían en las potencialidades de la arquitectura, como por ejemplo, l'ilot ouvert de Portzamparc, o el plan de Haveneiland en Amsterdam, y también las propuestas de una manzana en particular, como por ejemplo algunas manzanas del Plan Céramique en Maastricht, o KNSM y La Ballena en Amsterdam , o los proyectos de BIG y JLD en Copenhague o New York, y otras más, son el objetivo a analizar aquí. La comunicación examina la fortuna de estas diversas propuestas a la luz de los resultados construidos, para así evaluar cuales pueden ser los mejores mecanismos que hacen posible la manzana abierta.

Text-guided generation of images with deep learning technology has made significant advances and has seen an increasing interest since 2021. With these mostly web-based models, users can synthesise photorealistic and high-quality digital images from natural language descriptions with no or little understanding of the underlying technology. Although these AI technologies are in the early phases, there is already an explosion in AI-generated architectural activity. While generative AI technologies propose a new design method for designers and architects, it will undoubtedly redefine the skills, knowledge and competencies that designers should equipped with. This research focuses on understanding the "artificial intelligence-architect" interaction as a design method, specifically the "language as a design driver", and interrogates the role of the designer in AI-driven design. In the context of the research, the textual inputs ("prompts") and the outputs of the architectural design studies of 36 subjects generated in Midjourney-a text-to-image latent diffusion model-were analysed in terms of the possible relationships between the language of the prompts, (1) prompt length, (2) descriptive language, (3) specific architecture-related indicators, and the quality of the outputs in two terms of architectural quality and architectural creativity.

ABSTRAK
Asas Ultra Petitum Partium (Hakim memutuskan suatu gugatan tidak boleh
melampaui apa yang digugat). Asas ini diatur dalam Pasal 178 ayat (3) HIR (Ia tidak
diizinkan menjatuhkan keputusan atas perkara yang tidak digugat), dan Pasal 189
ayat (3) Rbg. Tampak ada putusan yang di dalam amarnya Hakim mengabulkan eksepsi
dari pihak tergugat, tetapi mengenai hal itu tidak dituntut. Putusan yang digunakan da lam
penelitian ini adalah perkara perdata Nomor 51/Pdt.G/2021/PN.Kpg, antara Semual
Thomas Santoso sebagai Penggugat melawan 1. Direksi PT BRI (Persero) Tbk. Cq
Direktur Utama PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk, Cq. Pemimpin Bank Rakyat
Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Kantor Cabang Kupang sebagai Tergugat I 2. Pemerintah
Republik Indonesia Cq Kementerian Keuangan RI Cq Direktorat Kekayaan Negara Cq
Kepala Kantor Pelayanan Kekayaan Negara dan Lelang Kupang Sebagai Tergugat
II,.Berdasarkan uraian latar belakang diatas, maka dapat dirumus permasalahannya
apakah dalam Putusan perkara perdata Nomor: 51/Pdt. G/2021/PN Kpg menerapkan asas
ultra petitum partium dan ada pun tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui apakah
menerapkan tidak asas ultra petitum partium dalam putusan perkara perdata nomor:
51/Pdt.G/2021/PN Kpg.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah penelitian hukum empiris
dengan pendekatan kasus, dengan menggunakan data primer, data primer diperoleh
melaluai wawancara dan dokumen-dokumen dan data sekunder. Yang diperoleh melalui
data sekunder kemudian data tersebut akan diolah dan dianalisis secara Deskriptif
Kualitatif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Asas ultra petitum partium dalam Pasal 178
ayat (3) HIR menyatakan (Ia tidak diizinkan menjatuhkan keputusan atas perkara
yang tidak digugat). Pada dasarnya hakim tidak diperbolehkan mengabulkan atau
menjatuhkan putusan melebihi dari yang disampaikan dalam isi gugatan. Putusan a quo
tidak menerapkan asas ultra petitum partium karena majelis hakim belum pertimbangkan
pokok perkaranya, tetapi majelis hakim baru pertimbangkan masalah formal gugatan.
Putusan a quo masih sesuai dengan koridor hukumnya, gugatannya itu kurang pihak
karena harus ditarik pihak pembeli lelang.
Kesimpulan penulis adalah putusan a quo tidak menerapkan asas ultra
petitum partium karena masih sesuai dengan koridor hukumnya artinya majelis
hakim belum pertimbangkan masalah pokok perkaranya tetapi masalah formal.
gugatannya itu kurang pihak karena harus ditarik pihak pembeli lelang. Saran yang
diberikan oleh penulis, berharap para hakim yang memutus suatu perkara tidak
berdasarkan gugatan maka putusan tersebut harus dibatalkan.

Анотація: виявлено типологічні особливості для групування тимчасових поселень та можливість їхнього розподілу по 4 групам за значенням містобудівних моделей. Особлива увага приділяється виявленню морфології тимчасових поселень, як елементу містобудівної системи.
Ключові слова: тимчасові поселення; типологія тимчасових поселень; розсіяне поселення; згруповане поселення; поселення-табори; містобудівні моделі.

Assalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. Dengan menyebut nama Allah SWT yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha Penyayang, dengan ini penulis panjatkan puji syukur atas kehadirat-Nya, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat-Nya kepada penulis, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas mata kuliah ini. Dengan judul "Hukum Taklifi dan Macam Macam nya ". Adapun makalah ini telah penulis usahakan semaksimal mungkin dan tentunya dengan bantuan dari banyak pihak, sehingga dapat memperlancar proses pembuatan makalah ini. Oleh sebab itu, penulis juga ingin menyampaikan rasa terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu penulis dalam pembuatan makalah ini. Penulis berharap semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan pengetahuan yang lebih luas kepada pembaca, walaupun makalah ini memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Penyusun membutuhkan kritik dan saran dari pembaca yang membangun. Terima kasih. Wassalamu'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM ASY-SYAFI'IYAH 2024 i KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik. Makalah yang berjudul Hukum Taklifi dan Macam-Macamnya ini disusun sebagai salah satu tugas dalam mata kuliah Ushul Fiqih di bawah bimbingan dosen Dr. Badrah Uyuni, MA. Dalam makalah ini, penulis berusaha untuk menjelaskan secara mendalam mengenai hukum taklifi dalam Islam, yang mencakup berbagai kategori hukum yang mengatur tindakan seorang Muslim. Hukum taklifi sangat penting untuk dipahami, karena merupakan dasar dalam menentukan apakah suatu perbuatan diperbolehkan, diwajibkan, atau dilarang dalam syariat Islam. Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat diharapkan demi perbaikan dan pengembangan penulisan makalah ini di masa depan. Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang hukum taklifi dan memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca, khususnya bagi penulis dalam memperluas wawasan dalam kajian Ushul Fiqih. Akhir kata, semoga Allah SWT senantiasa memberi kemudahan dan keberkahan dalam setiap langkah kita. Aamiin.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM ASY-SYAFI'IYAH 2024 i KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik. Makalah yang berjudul Hukum Taklifi dan Macam-Macamnya ini disusun sebagai salah satu tugas dalam mata kuliah Ushul Fiqih di bawah bimbingan dosen Dr. Badrah Uyuni, MA. Dalam makalah ini, penulis berusaha untuk menjelaskan secara mendalam mengenai hukum taklifi dalam Islam, yang mencakup berbagai kategori hukum yang mengatur tindakan seorang Muslim. Hukum taklifi sangat penting untuk dipahami, karena merupakan dasar dalam menentukan apakah suatu perbuatan diperbolehkan, diwajibkan, atau dilarang dalam syariat Islam. Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat diharapkan demi perbaikan dan pengembangan penulisan makalah ini di masa depan. Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang hukum taklifi dan memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca, khususnya bagi penulis dalam memperluas wawasan dalam kajian Ushul Fiqih. Akhir kata, semoga Allah SWT senantiasa memberi kemudahan dan keberkahan dalam setiap langkah kita. Aamiin.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM ASY-SYAFI'IYAH 2024 i KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik. Makalah yang berjudul Hukum Taklifi dan Macam-Macamnya ini disusun sebagai salah satu tugas dalam mata kuliah Ushul Fiqih di bawah bimbingan dosen Dr. Badrah Uyuni, MA. Dalam makalah ini, penulis berusaha untuk menjelaskan secara mendalam mengenai hukum taklifi dalam Islam, yang mencakup berbagai kategori hukum yang mengatur tindakan seorang Muslim. Hukum taklifi sangat penting untuk dipahami, karena merupakan dasar dalam menentukan apakah suatu perbuatan diperbolehkan, diwajibkan, atau dilarang dalam syariat Islam. Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat diharapkan demi perbaikan dan pengembangan penulisan makalah ini di masa depan. Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang hukum taklifi dan memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca, khususnya bagi penulis dalam memperluas wawasan dalam kajian Ushul Fiqih. Akhir kata, semoga Allah SWT senantiasa memberi kemudahan dan keberkahan dalam setiap langkah kita. Aamiin.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM ASY-SYAFI'IYAH 2024 i KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik. Makalah yang berjudul Hukum Taklifi dan Macam-Macamnya ini disusun sebagai salah satu tugas dalam mata kuliah Ushul Fiqih di bawah bimbingan dosen Dr. Badrah Uyuni, MA. Dalam makalah ini, penulis berusaha untuk menjelaskan secara mendalam mengenai hukum taklifi dalam Islam, yang mencakup berbagai kategori hukum yang mengatur tindakan seorang Muslim. Hukum taklifi sangat penting untuk dipahami, karena merupakan dasar dalam menentukan apakah suatu perbuatan diperbolehkan, diwajibkan, atau dilarang dalam syariat Islam. Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat diharapkan demi perbaikan dan pengembangan penulisan makalah ini di masa depan. Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang hukum taklifi dan memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca, khususnya bagi penulis dalam memperluas wawasan dalam kajian Ushul Fiqih. Akhir kata, semoga Allah SWT senantiasa memberi kemudahan dan keberkahan dalam setiap langkah kita. Aamiin.

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM FAKULTAS AGAMA ISLAM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM ASY-SYAFI'IYAH 2024 i KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur saya panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik. Makalah yang berjudul Hukum Taklifi dan Macam-Macamnya ini disusun sebagai salah satu tugas dalam mata kuliah Ushul Fiqih di bawah bimbingan dosen Dr. Badrah Uyuni, MA. Dalam makalah ini, penulis berusaha untuk menjelaskan secara mendalam mengenai hukum taklifi dalam Islam, yang mencakup berbagai kategori hukum yang mengatur tindakan seorang Muslim. Hukum taklifi sangat penting untuk dipahami, karena merupakan dasar dalam menentukan apakah suatu perbuatan diperbolehkan, diwajibkan, atau dilarang dalam syariat Islam. Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat diharapkan demi perbaikan dan pengembangan penulisan makalah ini di masa depan. Semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang hukum taklifi dan memberikan manfaat bagi pembaca, khususnya bagi penulis dalam memperluas wawasan dalam kajian Ushul Fiqih. Akhir kata, semoga Allah SWT senantiasa memberi kemudahan dan keberkahan dalam setiap langkah kita. Aamiin.