Arab Immigrants

Cokroaminoto is the eternal leader of Sarekat Islam. He succeeded in making Sarekat Islam into a big organization of Muslims in the Dutch East Indies. However, in his political career in Sarekat Islam, he experienced many internal conflicts with other Sarekat Islam’s member which were his opponent. In the conflict, there were conflict which formed several groups within Sarekat Islam. In this study, the researcher uses a historical research method including data collection, source criticism, data interpretation, and historical writing. This research aims to reveal the conflict of interest between Cokroaminoto and some Sarekat Islam’s figures. The results show Cokroaminoto’s role in Sarekat Islam. Furthermore, the internal conflict between Cokroaminoto and Goenawan-Samanhoedi to get member’s attention and influence is also explained. Cokroaminoto expelled communists within Sarekat Islamfor their political existence in the Dutch East Indies.

This study discusses the social dynamics of a kampong in Batavia during XVIII to XIX centuries. Pekojan has already emerged as the center of commerce for Arabs and Muslim Indians community since the 16th century. By the eighteenth century, many Arab immigrants from Hadramawt (Southern Yemen) settled here. Its initial landscape can be traced by the theory of the coming of Islam in the Archipelago. One of the theories says that it was driven by international trade by the Arabs, which also carried Islam along with them. The Hadramis went through the naval journey passing the Indian Ocean to the Malaka Strait. They stopped over in Singapore then went on to Batavia, especially Pekojan. This study found Pekojan became a place where Arab culture and ideas were constructed yet negotiated within a local context. There prominent ulamas, merchants, writers, educators, the initiators of independence, the benefactors, and artists socialized under close racial surveillance of the Dutch East Indie...

Diaspora by Design: Muslim Immigrants in Canada and Beyond follows a series of postcolonial, post-9/11 books and studies that challenge "the common misperceptions of Muslim immigrants as a homogenous, religiously driven group, and identif[y] the tensions they experience within their host countries" (Inside cover). Merging socioeconomic data with qualitative analysis, Moghissi, Rahnema, and Goodman explain that the Muslim Diaspora is diverse in terms of urban-rural location, culture, religion, class and gender, and that it is impossible to outline standard experiences that would be common to all members in the Diaspora. Moghissi, Rahnema, and Goodman stress that integration is a two-way exchange that requires proactive assimilative actions by the immigrant as well as a readiness to remove social and economic barriers by the host society. As part of its mixed methodology, this book provides emotionally-laden accounts to supplement quantitative data that, together, help in the analysis of the dynamics of Muslim immigration to Western countries. The emotional undertones sway the reader towards the opinion that, for generations, Muslims in the West have experienced silencing, discrimination and social exclusion, causing them either to form diasporic communities disconnected from society or to lash out in protest against policies that hinder their integration into the larger society. This book begins by reviewing the theories and concepts surrounding the phrase "Muslim Diaspora". The authors discuss the diversity within the Muslim Diaspora and how Muslims in the West experience multi-dimensional identities consisting of their gender, religion, secularism, ethnicity, nationalism, and class, among other markers. Members of the Muslim Diaspora-who may or may not identify with Islam-are drawn to each other because of a shared sense of isolation from the host culture. By staying attached to their original cultures, diasporic Muslims gain a sense of belonging and feel that they are fighting against hegemony. The second chapter discusses the methodology and the sample studied. The methodology used is a comparative method within a systematic framework, where "instances were examined as parts of an integrated whole and in isolation" (17). The representative sample comes from snowball methods combined with quota sampling. The four communities studied in this book are Pakistani, Afghan, Iranian and Palestinian in origin. The study shows that despite high levels of

Content-Based Instruction (CBI) has been found to be an effective approach to teaching English as a second language because with CBI, students can develop their language skills as well as gain access to new concepts through meaningful content. This paper reviews general information about the features of CBI, including its theoretical foundations and models. The paper also covers several issues to be considered in the application of CBI such as assessment of language and content, teacher education, and the use of CBI in the EFL classroom. The relationship between CBI and skill-based instruction, particularly in the teaching of writing, will also be discussed. Finally, I suggest that CBI can fit in well with broader principles of language teaching and learning in both ESL and EFL situations.

Arab Americans living in the United States are represented in the intriguing and varied body of Arab American Literature. It is a diverse and significant body of writing that reflects the experiences and perspectives of Arab Americans in the United States. It explores powerful examples of how difficult it is to deal with identity, heritage, and belonging concerns in a diverse community. Arab American writers, from Ameen Rihani to Naomi Shihab Nye, have made creative contributions with their viewpoints, illuminating the rich tapestry of life in Arab America in everything from provocative novels to tender poetry and perceptive essays. However, Arab American authors have faced numerous challenges, including prejudice, stereotypes, language barriers, and limited publishing opportunities. Despite these obstacles, they have persisted in using their literary works as a means of self-expression, cultural preservation, and empowerment. To promote the visibility and acknowledgment of Arab Ame...

This paper deals with the emergence of political consciousness among Indonesian teachers and students in public Dutch-Indonesian teacher training schools (Hollands ( Inlandse Kweekschool, HIK) during the last colonial decade up to the beginning of the Japanese occupation in 1942. Most of the Indonesian teachers and students, who pursued careers and education respectively in government schools, had initially embarked from personal expectations of upward economic mobility. Yet, in the course of the 1930s, they grew in deliberate willingness and perception to engage in a wider scope of social dynamics without limiting themselves to the area of power politics. In this paper, the manner in which these students and teachers gave meaning to their daily lives inside and outside of school is identified and analyzed as the factor that critically contributed to the emergence of political consciousness among them. Although the transformation that the teachers underwent in their view of school e...

This paper is concerned with the problem of constructing an observer for linear descriptor systems. The usual realizability conditions of the observer are relaxed by using the elimination of the purely static parts of the system. It is shown that the observer can be realized if the system is observable in the sense of Verghese.

近年欧米の計量社会言語学では、言語習得について数多くの研究がなされつつあり、幼児期においてすでに大人の変異が習得されている事実を見出し、また逆に一生近くかかって習得される変異の存在を明らかにしている。しかしながら、例え10代であっても、20代以上の話者の文法とは根本的な差があるとする考えもある。ここでは 10代の文法に的を絞り、東京語格助詞「を」の変異データに基づいて10代の変異状況を調べることで、20代以上の「大人」と10代の文法の差異を探る。方法としては、「を」の変異の中心的要因であった、「目的語名詞句と動詞の隣接性」、「目的語名詞句の形式差」、「スタイル差」の3要因について10代話者内のゆれ、そして大人話者との差異を検討する方法を採用した。結論として、大人話者で強力な要因であるものは10代話者でも同様な働きをしているが、スタイルのような社会性の高いものになると両者間で乖離が見られるということが明らかになった。Recent developments in quantitative sociolinguistics have revealed a number of interesting facts about language acquisition. Thus, while children are found to be participating in on-going language change from quite early age, there exists certain variation that is not quite mastered even after adulthood. As to the grammar of teenagers, there are cons and pros for including their data for sociolinguistic research due to its seemingly immature status. This paper examines the (variable) grammar of teenagers by focusing on the zero-marking of the accusativecase in Tokyo Japanese. Q...

In The Arsonists’ City (2021), Arab American novelist Hala Alyan casts a
piercing spotlight on how diasporic and transnational voices are burdened with cultural ambivalences, negative stereotypes, prejudices and discriminations. This paper shows how Hollywood cinema does not help the protagonist, Mazna, to remodel her diasporic identity to be a successful actress. A Syrian actress who has emigrated from Syria to Lebanon and then to the USA to achieve her dream and identity, Mazna’s life turns upside down when Hollywood forces her to take on negative terrorist, sexualized and culturally insensitive roles in films. As this article discusses, Alyan uncovers how these roles dehumanize and trample the Arab races and cultures. It is in this sense that the diasporic novelist draws attention to Hollywood’s negative stereotypes, prejudices and injustices in relation to the representation of an Arab actress in Hollywood cinema. In being thus represented, Mazna is exploited and humiliated when she is forced to perform in naïve and trivial scenes in American movies. Alyan explores Mazna’s diasporic journey as an exterior space over which political, religious and cultural dilemmas conglomerate. Consequently, Alyan opens up spaces based upon cross-cultural tolerance, acceptance, living with difference and valuing religious and cultural diversity.

The chronicle of Arab immigration to Brazil may be considered from varied points of view. Academic studies seek to determine a date for the beginning of an immigration movement, but do not find proper basis to reach a conclusion. Statistics can show in numbers how many came, without being able to specify their origins due to the diversity of travel documents. Recently, some important works were elaborated from information collected in interviews with descendants of such immigrants. No doubt, the latter are the best contributors in obtaining information for the elaboration of a consistent narrative of this unique process within our history.

This research aims to: (a) analyze the nationalism and Islamism education curriculum in Indonesian Islamic schools; (b) create a model of nationalism and Islamism education curriculum in Indonesian Islamic schools. To find the accurate result, the researchers use a qualitative approach with a case study method at five Islamic schools selected by purposive sampling: (1) MTs Ma'arif 06 Mantren Kebonagung; (2) SMP Islam Nahdhatussuban Pacitan; (3) MA Ma'arif Pacitan; (4) MA Nahdhatussuban Pacitan; (5) SMK Nurudholam Kebonagung. Total respondents were 136 students, consisting of 61 male students and 75 female students. The data were collected by implementing observation, interviews and documentation. After being collected, the data were analyzed by using descriptive-analytic. There are two results found in this study. (1) The nationalism and Islamism education curriculum in Indonesian Islamic schools was implemented in reality. Even though the quality and intensity are not optimal yet caused by most students do not understand the essence and values substance of nationalism and Islamism in daily life. In fact, most of them do not understand Indonesian ideology properly and correctly. (2) The curriculum model of nationalism and Islamism education in Islamic schools can be implemented in an integrative-interconnected activity. It means that all learning activities, both intra-curricular and extra-curricular, must be integrated to the values of nationalism and Islamism. In addition, the learning of nationalism and Islamism also involves simultaneous and continuous participation from parents, communities and leaders.

Selayar adalah wilayah terselatan dari Sulawesi Selatan, yang mayoritas beragama Islam dengan paham kemuhammadiyahan yang sangat kuat. Salah satu faktor penting yang dianggap sebagai penyokong kekuatannya adalah keberadaan lembaga pendidikan Islam Muhammadiyah sejak masa kolonial. Melalui lembaga pendidikannya itu, Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah Selayar telah mewujudkan suksesi warisan dakwah dan tablik sampai ke masa sekarang. Daya nalar kritis yang telah terasah dengan baik sejak masa perintisan terbukti menjadi salah satu bekal persyarikatan ini bertahan mengarungi zaman. Untuk itu, penting kiranya dilakukan sebuah kajian ilmiah dalam bentuk penelitian untuk mengetahui sejarah perjalanannya di Selayar. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif (Studi Pustaka) yang menggunakan Metode Sejarah, tergolong dalam kategori Sejarah Pendidikan, dan memiliki bentuk generalisasi kronikel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa eksistensi dan konsistensi Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah Selayar dalam m...