Antibacterial agents

Background: Malaria and bacterial infections account for most infectious disease deaths in developing countries. Prompt treatment saves lives, but rapid deterioration often prevents the use of oral therapies; delays in reaching health facilities providing parenteral interventions are common. Rapidly and reliably absorbed antimalarial/antibacterial rectal formulations used in the community could prevent deaths and disabilities. Rectal antimalarial treatments are currently available; rectal antibacterial treatments are yet to be developed. Assessment of the likely cost-effectiveness of these interventions will inform research priorities and implementation. The burden of malaria and bacterial infections worldwide and in Sub-Saharan and Southern Africa (SSA) and South and South-East Asia (SEA) was summarised using published data. The additional healthcare costs (US$) per death and per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) avoided following pre-referral treatment of severe febrile illness with rectal antimalarials, antibacterials or combined antimalarial/antibacterials in populations at malaria risk in SSA/SEA were assessed. 46 million severe malaria and bacterial infections and 5 million deaths occur worldwide each year, mostly in SSA/ SEA.

Mangifera indica, commonly called mango, is an edible fruit that are also used for juice and wine production. Fresh leaves of M. indica were collected from the premises of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko Ondo State, Nigeria. Materials used, including Gram staining reagents, for the study are properly sterilized. Similarly, the culture media used, including Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, Eosin methylene blue agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar, Mannitol salt agar, Mueller-Hinton agar and Nutrient broth, were properly sterilized. The bacterial isolates identified and used for the study were Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Citrobacter spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves extract against the test bacteria shows that 200 mg/ml and 175 mg/ml extract of the plant source had observable effect against test organisms, particularly Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and to a va...

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen of humans and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in hospital-acquired infections. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and virulence in multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples in Osun State, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and twenty (120) clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were randomly collected from the Medical Mi

Objective: The use of silver nanoparticles is increasing due to its unique properties. plant Tagets, a tall-based medicinal plant, is rich in bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer and antimicrobial effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized using the aqueous extract of Jafari flower on cervical cancer (Hella), breast cancer (MCF7), and lung cancer (A549) cell lines.
Methods: The toxicity of silver nanoparticles was evaluated using the MTT assay, and the results were acceptable. The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed using UV-Vis, SEM, and XRD analyses.
Results: The nanoparticles synthesized using the plant Tagets extract had a maximum absorption wavelength of 410 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The XRD and SEM patterns showed that the nanoparticles were mostly spherical in shape, with an average size in the nanometer range. The MTT results showed that the silver nanoparticles had dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects, significantly reducing cell viability. The IC50 values for the three cancer cell lines were 63.16, 40.19, and 63.39 µg/mL for MCF7, Hella, and A549, respectively, with the lowest IC50 value observed for cervical cancer.
Conclusion: Medicinal plants can be used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Thus, silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects, which alter the morphology of bacterial membranes, increasing the permeability of silver nanoparticles, leading to uncontrolled penetration into cells, and ultimately causing cell death

Objective: The emergence of resistance in bacteria, and the existence of various types of infection and contamination in the hospital and society is the basis for research to find new antibacterial compounds.
Materials and methods: EthyleOctahydrospiro[indene-2,3'-pyrrolizidine]-1,3-diones-pyrrolizidine]-2'carboxylate (5) was synthesized during one-pot reaction of ninhydrin, proline and ethyl acrylate in ethanol solvent. The antibacterial effect of the synthesized derivative on the mentioned bacteria was investigated by surface culture methods in Mueller Hinton agar culture medium and microdilution, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined for the synthesized derivative..
Findings: The analysis of the results showed that the MIC and MBC values of the newly synthesized compound against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria were 1.56 and 3.12 μg/mlL, respectively. In addition, the MIC and MBC values of the synthetic compound against Escherichia coli (E. coli) were 0.39 μg/mlL and 0.78 μg/mlL, respectively. MIC and MBC values of standard gentamicin against E. coli bacteria were 3.2 and 6.4 μg/mL, respectively. MIC and MBC values of standard gentamicin against E. coli bacteria were 3.2 and 6.4 μg/mlL, respectively. Conclusion: The derivative synthesized with indane and pyrrolizidine pharmacophores showed good antibacterial power against S. aureus, E. coli bacteria.
Conclusion: The antimicrobial test results revealed that the synthesized compound at an equivalent concentration exhibited a higher inhibitory impact on the Gram-negative E. coli bacteria than Gram-positive S. aureus. However, it demonstrated a more potent effect on the Gram-negative bacteria. The compound causes the immediate death of Gram-negative bacteria by destroying or disrupting the function of the outer membrane. This combination could be effective in treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria

Objective: Peptic ulcers result from erosion of the stomach's protective lining and excessive secretion of gastric acid, causing pain, inflammation and, in severe cases, bleeding. Conventional treatments, including antibiotics and surgery, are often associated with side effects and significant economic burden. In traditional medicine, medicinal plants are valued for their anti-inflammatory and protective properties. This study aims to evaluate the combined effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of three plants on peptic ulcer healing compared to the effects of each extract administered individually.
Method: In this study, licorice, peppermint, and chamomile medicinal plants were obtained from the Zagros Mountains of Ilam Province. After authentication, their extracts were obtained using Soxhlet extraction method. A total of 49 male rats were then divided into seven groups with gastric ulcers induced by administration of aspirin and Helicobacter. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and then euthanized according to ethical guidelines. The stomachs were then excised, ulcers quantified, and tissue samples prepared and fixed for macroscopic and histologic analysis.
Results: According to the results, the chamomile and peppermint group showed slow healing of the stomach ulcers by day 21. The deeper parts of the ulcers remained unhealed, and the gastric tissue continued to show signs of inflammation and bleeding. In the licorice treated group, a more pronounced recovery was observed on day 21 compared to the chamomile and peppermint groups. While some wounds had healed, the deeper parts remained unhealed. Epitheliogenesis and tissue repair were more advanced than in other groups. In the polyherbal treated group, a relative and acceptable improvement of the gastric wall tissue was observed by day 21 with the herbal combination. Healing and epitheliogenesis were well advanced, with recovery approaching that of Recolic treated group. However, some areas still contained inflammatory cells and blood vessels.
Conclusion: Overall, it can be concluded that polyherbal compounds have the potential to aid in the healing of peptic ulcers. Ongoing research and further investigation into the improvement and efficacy of these treatments may contribute to the development of more effective therapeutic strategies for peptic ulcers.

Plants are nature's gift to humanity to acquire a healthy and prosperous life and used not only to treat several diseases but also as nutraceuticals to improve or modulate biological activities. About 500 species of Artemisia have been found in nature. Among them, Artemisia absinthium (A. absinthium) or wormwood is the most popular herb in the temperate zone of Northern Africa, Eurasia. It is widely distributed in the Northern United States and Canada and descriptions are found in almost all medicinal books of the Western World. It is grown as a decorative plant and is used in various alcoholic beverages as well as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe. The information regardingA. absinthiumethno pharmacological activities, phytochemistry, and its various medicinal uses wereexplored using different search engines in PubMed, Google Scholar, Research gate and Web of science. Different terms included "worm wood", "Artemisia absinthium", "and pharmacological", "therapeutic/medicinal uses" were used to find the scientific literatures. Studies have shown that A. absinthium possesses anti-bacterial, anti-depressant, anthelmintic, anti-malarial, antioxidant, antiprotozoal, antipyretic, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activities. These activities are attributed to various active metabolites present in A. absinthium, whereas for further research, these results are useful and valuable. Adverse properties of A. absinthium required severe efforts to identify, isolates, and validates the chemical constituents for their therapeutic potentials, which gives direction to develop a novel medicine for various diseases

Objective: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are valuable commercial nanomaterials due to their unique biological properties. As bacteria become more resistant to synthetic antibiotics, exploring natural alternatives such as essential oils, plant extracts, and mineral substances has become essential. Algae, which are diverse and widespread, are noteworthy for their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This study focused on creating AgNPs using Spirulina algae alcoholic extract and examining their antibacterial and antioxidant properties.
Materials and Methods: AgNPs were synthesized by the green method and evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy) TEM(. The green synthesis was evaluated at 400-450 nm using a spectrophotometer. Then, the total phenol and flavonoid content of AgNPs were measured. The Diphenyl Picryhydrazyl (DPPH) test was used to evaluate the antioxidant properties. The antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated by Minimum Inhibitory Concenteration (MIC) and Minimum Bacteriocidal Concentration (MBC) tests.
Results: The FT-IR results demonstrate the successful synthesis of AgNPs with unique covalent bonding. DLS analysis also confirms spherical nanoparticle morphology and uniform 15-20 nm distribution. In MIC/MBC results, the antibacterial effect of AgNPs was observed within the first few hours (1 to 5 hours), reaching its peak at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth and survival of both gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Conclusion: Green-synthesized AgNPs have antibacterial effects in addition to antioxidant capabilities. As they can kill both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, these nanoparticles might be a great alternative to conventional antibiotics.

The most of 9 tested antimicrobial agents showed considerable in vitro effectiveness against tested M. conjunctivae isolates. The most effective were enrofloxacin, tiamulin, chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, followed by tylosin and gentamicin. The highest resistance was recorded with chloramphenicol, neomycin, and streptomycin Until now only a limited number of reports on sensitivity testing of M. conjunctivae isolates are available. Remarkable in vitro sensitivity of our M. conjunctivae isolates to tetracyclines was verified by good results obtained by topic and systemic administration of these drugs during the first outbreak of ovine infectious keratoconjunctivitis in Croatia. It can be concluded from our study that enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tetracyclines and tylosin are promising for the local and/or systemic treatment of IKC in small ruminants. Taking into account the broader antibacterial activity and possibilities of incorporation in ophthalmic preparations, tetracyclines m...

and the horticulture laboratory of Regional Horticultural Research Institute, BARI, Chapainawabganj during January to August, 2016 in order to know the biochemical properties of four jujube cultivars. From the experimental results, it was observed that ber fruits are rich in vitamins and minerals. From the biochemical analysis, it was observed that BARI Kul-2 contains the highest amount of Vitamin-C (52.02 mg), Vitamin-A (0.043 mg), Phosphorus (24.30 mg), and Calcium (43.47 mg) per 100 g samples. Whereas the maximum amount of iron (0.20 mg) and soluble proteins (1.62 g) were recorded in Comilla Kul per 100 g sample. On the other hand, the highest amounts of total soluble solids (TSS) were recorded in BARI Kul-1 (18.5%) and the maximum dry matter (20.7%) was observed in Gutti kul (non grafted plant).

Some elastomers and fillers are used to optimize polypropylene properties. In this research, the effects of different fillers and elastomers are investigated on mechanical properties of polypropylene. The results show that impact and tensile strength of polypropylene are improved by applying polymeric and inorganic additives. Also, these additives improve thermal properties of polypropylene. Addition of low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE) or copolymer styrene-butadiene is more resistant mechanically than physical blend of polypropylene and polyethylene. Also, calcium carbonate modified by a titanate coupling agent, improves polypropylene properties. The experimental results indicate that copolymer styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) improves polypropylene mechanical properties more than copolymer ethylene –vinyl acetate (EVA). Finally, mechanical properties of copolymer polypropylene compounds were investigated and the results showed an improvement in mecha...

Biodentine is a calcium-silicate based material that has drawn attention in recent years and has been advocated to be used in various clinical applications, such as root perforations, apexification, resorptions, retrograde fillings, pulp capping procedures, and dentin replacement. There has been considerable research performed on this material since it's launching; however, there is scarce number of review articles that collates information and data obtained from these studies. The purpose of this article was to review the clinical applications and advantages of biodentine in the pediatric dental practice. Electronic search of English scientific papers from 1992 to 2015 was accomplished using Pub Med search engine. The following search terms used were clinical applications, biodentine, pediatric dentistry, children, advantages, dentin substitute, pulp therapy, root filling, and tooth repair. Due to its major advantages and unique features as well as its ability to overcome the disadvantages of other materials, biodentine has great potential to revolutionize the different aspects of managing both primary and permanent in endodontics as well as operative dentistry.

Synthesis of new benzothiazole derivatives, derived from the condensation of 2-amino-7-chloro-6 fluro benzothiazole with different aroyl chloride and obtained compounds has been (substituted phenyl carboxamido) benothiazole and obtained compounds has been subjected to a substitution reaction with different amines to yield 7alkyl/aryl amino-6-fluro-2-phenyl carboxamido benzothiazoles and 7alkyl/aryl amino-6-fluro-2 (3-nitro phenyl carboxamido) benzothiazoles. The synthesized compounds were screened for antifungal activities.

Background Despite the extensive use of antibiotics and the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance, there has been a lack of substantial initiatives aimed at diminishing the prevalence of infections in nursing homes and enhancing the detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Objective This study aims to systematize and enhance efforts to prevent health care–associated infections, mainly UTIs and reduce antibiotic inappropriateness by implementing a multifaceted intervention targeting health care professionals in nursing homes. Methods A before-and-after intervention study carried out in a minimum of 10 nursing homes in each of the 8 European participating countries (Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain). A team of 4 professionals consisting of nurses, doctors, health care assistants, or health care helpers are actively involved in each nursing home. Over the initial 3-month period, professionals in each nursing home are registering in...

Non-intumescent flame-retardant coatings (NIFRCs) have become effective fire protection solutions for polymeric materials, especially rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). Unlike intumescent coatings, NIFRCs do not expand when heated; instead, they create stable, inorganic-rich barriers that block heat transfer, delay ignition, and reduce smoke release. This review highlights progress in hydrogel, silica sol, aerogel, and ceramic-based NIFRCs. These developments show remarkable improvements, such as longer time to ignition, lower peak heat release rate, decreased total heat release rate, and less smoke production. The protecting mechanism includes water vapor cooling, char layer formation, and strong barrier effect. A comparison with intumescent coatings highlights the benefits of NIFRCs in durability, thickness, and smoke suppression, making it a promising option for sustainable fire-safe building materials.

Sulfacetamide is an anti-infective and bacteriostatic agent that belongs to the class of sulfonamides. It is extensively used as an anti-infective agent for ophthalmic disorders in a concentration of 5–30%. It inhibits the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthase. It is active against susceptible strains of the eye pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Major therapeutic indications include acute conjunctivitis, minute abrasions of cornea and conjunctiva, and prophylaxis of ocular infections after injuries or burns. Side effects of sulfacetamide drops are edema of the eyelid, tearing, stinging, burning, local irritation, reactive hyperemia, blurred vision, and brow ache. Sulfacetamide interacts with porfimer and increases photosensitivity reactions leading to severe tissue damage. Sulfacetamide alone or in combination are available in various compositions.

The one-step preparation of silver nanoparticles and dendritic structures mediated by aqueous royal jelly solutions has been investigated for the first time. It has been found that royal jelly (RJ) is a complex organic matrix that can be simultaneously used as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the chemical synthesis of colloidal silver-based nanostructures from aqueous AgNO 3 solutions, without the requirement of additional reagents or heating sources to initiate the oxidation-reduction reactions. The resulting product consisted of very fine single-crystal disks of Ag and silver 4,4 0dimethyldiazoaminobenzene (a triazenic compound). Both kinds of particles tended to coalesce and form supramolecular dendritic structures, the AgNO 3 /RJ weight ratio chosen in the synthesis being a key parameter to control the crystal growth and the microstructural properties of the Ag nanodisks. Data obtained from Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy analysis indicated that these nanostructures are coated by RJ biomolecules (residues of proteins and carbohydrates). In vitro biological assays showed that these nanostructures exhibit a promising enhanced antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri gram positif pada gigi palsu. Jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan metode crossectional. Sampel berupa swab gigi palsu yang sudah dipakai kurang lebih 1 tahun diambil dari 15 gigi palsu dari 5 responden. Swab dilakukan 3 kali pada setiap gigi palsu, jadi total sampel yaitu 15 gigi palsu. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara mikroskopis dan makroskopis dengan cara dikultur pada media Blood Agar Plate (BAP) dan media Man Ragosa Shape Agar (MRSA) dengan CaC01%. dan (MRS cair). Hasil penelitian pada gigi paslu ditemukan bakteri 31 isolat yaitu Lactobacillus sp (35,48 %), Streptococcus α hemoliticus (38,71 %)), Steptoccocus γ hemoliticus (16,13 %) dan Stapylococcus epidermidis (9,68%).

Background: Despite the extensive use of antibiotics and the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance, there has been a lack of substantial initiatives aimed at diminishing the prevalence of infections in nursing homes and enhancing the detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Objective: This study aims to systematize and enhance efforts to prevent health care-associated infections, mainly UTIs and reduce antibiotic inappropriateness by implementing a multifaceted intervention targeting health care professionals in nursing homes.

The nanotechnology field holds a lot of promise for commercial multifunctional applications in modern textiles. Due to its unique features, nanotechnology's application in textiles has grown fast. Nanomaterials may be synthesised in a variety of methods, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, and they are simply incorporated into fabric. Its application can improve the properties and value of textile processes and products at a lower cost. Textiles may become multifunctional thanks to nanotechnology, which allows for the creation of materials with unique features such as antibacterial, anti-odor, flame retardant, UV protection, water repellent, and wrinkle resistance. The current study compares the recent progress of various nanoparticle synthesis methodologies and nanotechnology applications in the textile industry, with a special focus on improving key textile properties for multifunctional fabric manufacture.

Sumatran lichen has the potential as antiviral, pure isolates that have been isolated and developed as prospective compounds for COVID-19 treatment. Computational methods were used to accelerate the discovery and screening of potential new compounds. The molecular structures of the isolated compounds such as Lobarin, Atranorin, Methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate, Methyl 3-formyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate, Ethyl 3-formyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate, and Lobaric acid were drawn, then their activities were analyzed, processed by docking with ACE2 protein, and tested for Druglikeness. The activities and druglikeness were determined in the Swiss ADME program, while the ACE2 docking was processed by Blind Docking in Arguslab, AutoDock Vina, Open Babel, and Discovery Studio Visualizer programs. All compounds bound to the ACE2 protein, as apparent from the number of hydrogen bonds between the two. The Gibbs free energy was in the range of -5.6 to -7.0, and the best one was obtained from atranorin. As for lobarin, this compound was found to be non-drug-like.

Allium ursinum L. (A. ursinum, family Amaryllidaceae), better known under the name of wild garlic, ramson or bearís garlic is a perennial herbaceous plant. It naturally grows in fens and marshes of Europe and Asia (1-3). Increasingly, popular in European kitchen A. ursinum can be used as a salad, spice or vegetable since all parts of the plant are edible. Throughout history leaves, bulbs and the aerial part of this plant species have been used in traditional medicine as therapeutic and prophylactic agents (4-6). Numerous biologically active compounds enable this plant species to be implemented in the healing of various conditions for years. The most common are sulfur compounds which are considered to largely contribute to the pharmacological activity and from which originates a characteristic smell and taste (7). In addition to a significant presence of phenols, flavonoids, there are in a lesser extent other steroidal glycosides, amino acids, fatty acids, lecithin, essential oil (4, 8, 9). The aforementioned bioactive compounds can be exploited and used in the form of various extracts. Experimental investigations indicate the efficiency of the application A. ursinum in prevention and treatment of many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity, diabetes, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, elevated cholesterol level, as well as the inflammatory diseases (10-14). Itís been known that the applied extraction method and extraction solvent may substantially affect the quality and concentration of targeted com-

Among various metal-based nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) manifest superior inhibitory effects against several microorganisms. In fact, the AgNP-based treatment has been reported to inhibit both sensitive and resistant isolates of bacteria and other disease-causing microbes with equal propensity. Keeping this fact into consideration, we executed bio-mediated synthesis of AgNPs employing extract of flower and various other parts (such as bud and leaf) of the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis plant. The physicochemical characterization of as-synthesized AgNPs was executed employing transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy, etc. The as-synthesized AgNPs demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with equal propensity. The as-synthesized AgNPs successfully inhibited Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), one of the main ...

In developing nations, herbal medicinal plants are used as alternative source of many disease treatments because less side effect of herbal medicine. In the present investigation of ethnomedicinal survey of Apocynaceae plant family was conducted in the Nanded region. Study was conducted in local forest region of Nanded district. Members of Apocynaceae family is very common in Marathwada region, mostly plants are wild, few members are cultivated. Most of the plants of apocynaceae are used as ornamental for their beautiful flower. The Local Forest people use the many plants of apocynaceae family for the treatment of various disease. For the ethnomedicinal survey we selected the six members of Apocynaceae family such as Alstonia scholaris (L) R.Br-Saatvin, Nerium oleander L Silva Manso-Kaner, Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don-Sadaphuli, Plumeria alba L-Pandhara chapha and Cascabela thevetia (L) Lippold-Pivali Kaner. Ethnobotanical survey was conducted for the investigation of medicinal plants uses in treatment of various viral diseases, bacterial diseases and other diseases. This survey conducted by online literature, direct visited to different local people, herbal medicine seller, vaidus, tribal Folkman etc.

The aim of this study was to compare the biocompatibility of calcium-enriched mixture cement (CEM), composite resin and nano-particled mineral trioxide aggregate (NP-MTA) using human gingival fibroblasts. A comparative in vitro cell culture study was carried out using 60 single-rooted teeth which were assigned to the following four groups: 1) untreated healthy group (control); 2) restored with composite resin; 3) CEM cement; 4) NP-MTA. The MTT assay was used to measure the viability of fibroblasts attached to each specimen and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for describing cell morphology. After 24 hours of incubation, the survival rates for composite resin and NP-MTA were 74.1% and 76.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower than the value in the control group, while both were equally biocompatible. No statistically significant difference was found between the control group and CEM cement samples (94.3%). After 3 days of incubation, some increases in the viability of fibroblasts were detected in the composite resin and NP-MTA groups, with their survival rates being 89% and 93%, respectively. Conversely, in the CEM cement group, the survival rate decreased to 80.7%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (P = 0.0001). The results of in vitro tests indicated that on days 1, 3 and 5 after incubation, composite resin, CEM cement and NP-MTA exhibited acceptable biocompatibility, provided they were allowed to set for 24 hours before exposure to the cells.

Speculations have it that phthalonitrile imparts flame retardancy on substrates. This study aimed to investigate the activities of phthalonitrile as flame retardant on 100% cotton fabric. The fabric samples tested were cut into 25.4 × 7 cm pieces, scoured, dried, and weighed. They were then impregnated with different concentrations of phthalonitrile in different solvents (benzene and acetone) and emulsion alongside alum dissolved in water. At the same time, the untreated fabric was used as a control. All the impregnated pieces of fabric were dried at room temperature and reweighed. The fabrics were subjected to add-on%, after flame time, after-glow time, and % char formation tests. The results showed that cotton-tested flame retardant properties increase with the increase in the concentration of phthalonitrile. Phthalonitrile has flame retardant properties on 100% cotton fabric.

Speculations have it that phthalonitrile imparts flame retardancy on substrates. This study aimed to investigate the activities of phthalonitrile as flame retardant on 100% cotton fabric. The fabric samples tested were cut into 25:4 x 7 cm pieces, scoured, dried, and weighed. They were then impregnated with different concentrations of phthalonitrile in different solvents (benzene and acetone) and emulsion alongside alum dissolved in water. At the same time, the untreated fabric was used as a control. All the impregnated pieces of fabric were dried at room temperature and reweighed. The fabrics were subjected to add-on%, after flame time, after-glow time, and % char formation tests. The results showed that cotton-tested flame retardant properties increase with the increase in the concentration of phthalonitrile. Phthalonitrile has flame retardant properties on 100% cotton fabric.

The present study aimed to extract the active content of saponins, glyclosides, alkaloids and tannins from the Cuscuta lehmanniana (Growing on Populus Sp) And test their biological activity against some negative and positive bacterial species (Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus gram positive and Escherichia coli, shigella, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella Paratyphi gram negative) And pathogenic fungus is Trichophyton rubrum, The results showed the activities of the studied extracts against the tested bacterial species, that this activity was higher in tannin extract compared to the tested extracts with an Averaged inhibition zoon (AIZ) 13.97 mm , It was also found that the concentration of 100 mg / ml is the most effective in inhibition of bacteria on that the most inhibitory activity recorded by tannin extract with an (AIZ 23.33 mm) against S.epidermidis. The results also showed that the treatment of positive control (Nystatin) for the fungus is more effective in inhi...

Different biological methods are gaining recognition for the production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their multiple applications. The use of plants in the green synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as a cost effective and eco-friendly approach. In this study the green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Callicarpa maingayi stem bark extract has been reported. Characterizations of nanoparticles were done using different methods, which include; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXF) spectrometry, zeta potential measurements Molecules 2012, 17 8507 and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. UV-visible spectrum of the aqueous medium containing silver nanoparticles showed absorption peak at around 456 nm. The TEM study showed that mean diameter and standard deviation for the formation of silver nanoparticles were 12.40 ± 3.27 nm. The XRD study showed that the particles are crystalline in nature, with a face centered cubic (fcc) structure. The most needed outcome of this work will be the development of value added products from Callicarpa maingayi for biomedical and nanotechnology based industries.

A facile method for synthesis of biologically stabilized silver nanoparticles was developed using the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. The bio fabricated nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, X-Ray Diffraction and FTIR. The nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli. The silver nanoparticles synthesized thus demonstrated antagonistic activity against bacteria and fungi and hence the nanoparticles possess potential applications in medicine and pharmaceutical fields.

The increased prevalence of E. coli, especially the multidrug resistant E. coli recovered from drinking water supplies, demands a new substance, allicin that may potentially be effective and decrease the spread of these microorganisms. Allicin is an antibacterial agent derived from garlic to test its efficiency against multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli. The presumptive coliforms were isolated followed by confirmation of pathogenic strains from potable water supply samples received during 2018-2019. Isolated E. coli were found resistant against multiple drugs including Amikacin, Ampicillin, Vancomycin, Oxacillin, Fusidic acid, Gentamycin, Oxytetracycline and Moxifloxacin. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of garlic were prepared and the allicin compounds were analysed quantitatively through HPLC. The standard concentration of E. coli (0.5 McFarland) was maintained to determine the MIC50 through microdilution technique for both allicin extracts separately. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) of methanolic and ethanolic derivatives of allicin was found at 28.64μg/ml and 7.57μg/ml of crude allicin extracts respectively. Out of three consecutive concentrations of ethanolic allicin extracts in the experimental wash water containing MDR E. coli was capable to clean the water at 8.00 μg/ml in 10 minutes followed by 10.00 μg/ml and 12.00 μg/ml in 5 minutes of treatment. These results suggested the application of ethanolic derivatives of allicin as potential biocide for cleaning water reservoirs particularly against MDR pathogenic Escherichia coli at dairy farms.

The objective of the present study is to the total phenolic compound
determination, as well as the in vitro evaluation of methanolic and ethanolic
extracts antimicrobial activity of the medicinal plant Mentha rotundifolia L.
against pathogenic strains. The Follin-Cioacalteu method was used to
determine the total polyphenols, while the flavonoids were estimated
according to the colorimetric method with aluminum chloride. In addition,
the determination of condensed tannins is performed by the vanillin method.
The antimicrobial activity is tested on five pathogenic bacterial strains, two of
which are Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa ATCC 27853), three Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus ATCC
11778, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Micrococcus leutus ATCC
4698), and one yeast (Candida albicans ATCC 26790), by the diffusion on
solid medium and microdilution methods. The ethanolic extract of round leaf
mint from the Bechar region is very rich in polyphenols and flavonoids
(401.75 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g, 549.75 ± 1.23 mg QE/g) compared to the
methanolic and hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant from the Sidi-Bel-Abbes
region. The results of the obtained well method showed that all bacterial
strains exhibited sensitivity to the ethanolic extract of Mentha rotundifolia L.
from the Bechar region, with inhibition zones up to 21,67 ± 0,57 mm and
minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varying between 06.25 mg/ml and
100 mg/ml, The effect of the other extracts on the tested strains was less
significant, the methanolic extract was the least effective. These results
demonstrate that the Mentha rotundifolia L. ethanolic extract has a great
potential of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.

In this research we provide a practical guide to achieve the successful extrusion of LDPE tapes commercially used in mesh fences, with controlled dimensions, good mechanical properties and weather resistance. Here we share: 1) The die design dimensions and its specialized slotted manufacture to get the veins of tape, 2) Processing temperatures profile, 3) Cooling method, 4) Hot stretch ratio (HSR), and 5) The effect of colorant and ultraviolet rays' protector, due to the outdoor use of polymer privacy tape. The formulated tape (0.8 wt. % UV protector and 5 wt. % colorant) showed the best performance under accelerated aging and reached good mechanical properties up to a time of 2000 hours compared to its initial values. The dye and the UV additive improved the mechanical properties. All these, led to obtain a LDPE tape to fulfill the expectative and characteristic of a commercial tape used for mesh fences.

This study investigates the antibacterial property of Rhus coriaria (Sumac) and Origanum vulgare (Jatra) aqueous extracts against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27835. Results confirm the resistance of the bacterial isolates against more than three antibiotics. The aqueous extract of R. coriaria showed the highest activity as an inhibitor against tested bacteria, while the aqueous extract of O. vulgare shows low effect against the above mentioned bacteria. MIC for R. coriaria and O. vulgare aqueous extracts were determined for four bacterial isolates. The MIC of O. vulgare against tested bacteria was >12%, while the MIC of R. coriaria was 4% for E. coli, <0.025% for both K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis and 2% for P. aeruginosa. The phytochemical groups of both plants extract were analyzed; the results indicated both plants contain tannins, phenols and saponins, flavonoid, alkaloid, and phlobatanin. The antimitotic effect of both plants extracts were investigated on Allium cepa, and the extracts showed inhibitory role in the root growth in contrast to the control when grown in the tap water for 5 days. In addition, the 24 hours treatment of grown roots in tap water with both extracts resulted in significant decrease in mitotic index.

Our research focused on generating AgNPs using Macrotyloma uniflorum (MU) seed extracts and studied their efficacy in combating tumor growth using the 2-Dimensional method for ovarian cancer cell line-PA-1. Characterization studies including a UV-visible spectrophotometer confirmed the surface plasmon resonance peak of 436 nm. Particle size determination data validated the nanoparticle diameter of 91.8 nm. Synthesized AgNPs possess a negative charge of -28.0 mV, which was confirmed through the zeta potential study. Structural characterization studies including XRD determined the crystal phase of AgNPs at four distant peaks at 2θ (38.17, 44.36, 64.52, and 77.46) and were assigned to 111, 200, 220, and 311 planes of the FCC. FTIR studies have confirmed the presence of O-H, N-H, C=O, ethers, C-Br, and C-I groups in AgNPs respectively. DPPH study has confirmed the presence of free radicles and we observed that at 500 μg/ml concentration, 76.08% of free radicles were formed which shows t...

Substitutional N to O and M to Ti (M ¼ Pt, V, Sb) codoped rutile TiO 2 was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) based calculations with both standard and hybrid exchange-correlation functionals. The band gaps calculated using generalized gradient approximation (GGA) exhibited narrowing compared to the pure rutile TiO 2 in all the investigated cases. In contrast, the results obtained with hybrid exchange-correlation functional showed that there was no band gap narrowing, but doping induced localized states within the band gap just above the valence band, as well as below the conduction band for Pt doped TiO 2 . The presence of broad intermediate states (IS) in the band gap could enhance visible light absorption through a two step optical transition from the valence to the conduction band via the IS and at the same time lower recombination of the photogenerated charges.

Cinnamomum tamala Nees & Eberm. is an important traditional medicinal plant, mentioned in various ancient literatures such as Ayurveda. Several of its medicinal properties have recently been proved. To characterize diversity in terms of metabolite profiles of Cinnamomum tamala Nees and Eberm genotypes, a newly emerging mass spectral ionization technique direct time in real time (DART) is very helpful. The DART ion source has been used to analyze an extremely wide range of phytochemicals present in leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. Ten genotypes were assessed for the presence of different phytochemicals. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of mainly terpenes and phenols. These constituents vary in the different genotypes of Cinnamomum tamala. Principal component analysis has also been employed to analyze the DART data of these Cinnamomum genotypes. The result shows that the genotype of Cinnamomum tamala could be differentiated using DART MS data. The active components present in Ci...

Many medicinal herbs are widely used in traditional folk medicine in most countries of the world, including Jordan, to treat many human diseases including microbial infections, diabetes and cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-cancer and antibacterial effects of essential oil (EO) of Varthemia Iphionoides, as well as the synergistic effect of EO and biosynthesiszed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against many cancer lines including human breast cancer, leukemia, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer. The chemical composition of V. iphionoides essential oil was analyzed using GC/MS. Twenty-two compounds were identified representing 96.1% of the V. iphionoides EO. The anticancer effect of EO from V. Iphionoides, as well as its synergistic effect with AgNPs, were evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) for all mentioned cell lines, in which human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDL) was used for verification of selectivity. It is noted that the oil has anti-proliferative activity against many types of cancer cells. The study revealed that the combination of essential oil and AgNPs shows a synergistic, antiproliferative effect on all cancer cell lines at a low concentration whereas when they are used individually, the effect is only shown when using a high concentration. EO of Varthemia Iphionoides has clearly demonstrated its effectiveness on pancreatic cancer cells compared to doxorubicin and with a high selectivity rate on synergy with AgNPs. Regarding antibacterial assays using the well diffusion methods, EO of Verthemia Iphionides was active against all five-tested bacteria, with inhibition zone ranged between 15 mm and 26.5 mm. The results of MIC for tested bacteria were between 50 and 370 µg/mL. The best synergistic capacity resulted from combination of AgNPs and EO of Verthemia Iphionides was against S. aureus, Therefore, synergistic studies can be novel strategic plan by furnishing an interesting stage in the future for this kind of research.

A study was conducted to investigate the phosphorus fertilization effect (80 Kg P 2 O 5 /ha) on the microbial population and the total dry matter weight (DW) of Rye-grass/Clover associated pasture (Lolium perenne / Trifolium repens and Trifolium pratense) in highlands of Peru. The results showed that mezophile bacteria, fungi, Rhizobium y Azotobacter populations were higher in the phosphorus treatment compared with the non-phosphorus treatment. The lowest microbial population levels were between May and July. These months registered the lowest soil temperatures. The highest microbial population levels were obtained in January and November The dry matter weight (total WD, Clover WD, Rye-grass WD) were highly significant in the phosphorous treatment. Moreover, better fertilization answers were established for Clover than for Rye-grass. The highest yields of Clover and Rye-grass dry matter weight have a positive correlation with the highest Rhizobium -Azotobacter populations respectively. This suggests that nitrogen biological fixation improve the growth of the pasture.

The global population is rising at an alarming rate and is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050, necessitating a substantial increase in food production. However, the overuse of chemical pesticides, including antibacterial agents and synthetic fertilizers, poses a major threat to sustainable agriculture. This review examines the ecological and health impacts of antibacterial agents (e.g., streptomycin, oxytetracycline, etc.) in horticultural crops, focusing on their effects on non-target organisms such as beneficial microbes involved in plant growth promotion and resistance development. Certain agents (e.g., triclosan, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones) leach into water systems, degrading water quality, while others leave toxic residues in crops, leading to human health risks like dysbiosis and antibiotic resistance. To mitigate these hazards, sustainable alternatives such as integrated plant disease management (IPDM) and biotechnological solutions are essential. Advances in genetic engineering including resistance-conferring genes like EFR1/EFR2 (Arabidopsis), Bs2 (pepper), and Pto (tomato) help combat pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas campestris. Additionally, CRISPR-Cas9 enables precise genome editing to enhance inherent disease resistance in crops. Emerging strategies like biological control, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), and nanotechnology further reduce dependency on chemical antibacterial agents. This review highlights the urgent need for sustainable disease management to safeguard ecosystem and human health while ensuring food security.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the knowledge and clinical experience of dentists towards root canal repair materials and to know the preferred material for endodontic treatments. Study design: It was a cross-sectional study based on a survey consisting of 200 questionnaires. Setting: Dental hospitals of Abbottabad. Period: March, 2022 till August, 2022. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 200 dentists belonging to different dental colleges of Abbottabad. A structured questionnaire consisting of 10 questions was designed and distributed among the participants through hard and soft copies. SPSS version 22 was used for analysis of results. Results: Out of 200 questionnaires, 107 were recovered and responses received. More than 60% participants selected MTA as the material of choice for endodontic treatments, whereas, 20-30% preferred calcium hydroxide and few used Bio dentine, Modified Metal GIC, Super EBA and Decalcified Freeze Dry Bone. Conclusion:...

Reaction of 4-aminoquinolines with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate have resulted in finding a novel transformation of 4-aminoquinolines to tricyclic (R,S)-3-methylazeto[3,2-c]quinolin-2(2aH)-ones. The structure of azeto-quinolinone was determined via spectroscopic and chemical methods. Various alcohols were used as nucleophiles to open the 1-azetinone ring to give the corresponding N-(quinolin-4-yl)carbamates in good yields. We also found a new and versatile one step synthesis of N-(quinolin-4-yl)carbamates by reacting 4-aminoquinolines with alkyl chloroformates in the presence of anhyd K2CO3 in acetonitrile.

Traditional antimicrobial finishes often rely on synthetic chemicals, which is costly alongside not suitable for the environment. Commercially available antimicrobial agents, when applied to textiles, often result in the release of hazardous effluents during laundering processes. These effluents pose significant environmental threats and, in extreme cases, may have detrimental effects on human health, particularly among vulnerable populations such as infants. In light of these concerns, the current study purpose is to find out an easiest way to find out antimicrobial using copper sulphate a compound recognized for its relatively low environmental toxicity. The aim is to establish a sustainable and practical alternative to conventional chemical treatments that ensures both microbial resistance and ecological safety. When copper finished samples are tested its resulted as intermediate for Bacillus subtilis & Staphylococcus aureus.

The effects of oxygen limitation, low redox potential, and high NaCl stress for 7 d in vitro on the rifampicin-resistant biocontrol inoculant Pseudomonas fluorescens CHAORif and its subsequent persistence in natural soil for 54 d were investigated. Throughout the experiment, the strain was monitored using total cell counts (immunofluorescence microscopy), Kogure&#39;s direct viable counts and colony counts (on rifampicin-containing plates). Under in vitro conditions, viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells of CHAO-Rif were obtained when the strain was exposed to a combination of low redox potential (230 mV) and oxygen limitation. This mimicks a situation observed in the field, where VBNC cells of the strain were found in the water-logged soil layer above the plow pan. Here, VBNC cells were also observed in vitro when CHAO-Rif was subjected to high NaCl levels (i.e. NaCl at 1.5 M but not 0.7 M). In all treatments, cell numbers remained close to inoculum level for the first 12 d after ...

Chemical preservatives have been used to preserve our foods against spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms over the years. Consumers now frown at this hence the need to source for preservatives from natural sources. In this investigation fifteen samples of vegetable salad were collected from retail outlets in Lagos, Nigeria dilutions of which were plated on Brilliance Bacillus cereus agar. Isolates were identified based on morphological, biochemical characteristics and reactions to API 20E and API 50 CHB/E test kit. Two strains of Bacillus cereus; B. cereus 1 and B. cereus 2 were isolated. The organism was spread evenly on Mueller -Hinton agar and wells of 5mm in diameter were made on the inoculated agar with sterile cork borer. Different dilutions (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mg/ml) of essential oils extracted from three African spices; Aframomum melegueta, Xylopia aethiopica and Piper guineense by hydro distillation method were introduced into the wells in triplicate. After incubation diameter of zones of inhibition were measured. The essential oils of the spices inhibited growth of the two strains. A. melegueta produced the greatest zone of inhibition (14 to 24 mm) and with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 31.25 mg/ml, followed by X. aethiopica (10 to 18 mm) with MIC of 62.5 mg/ml and P. guineense (11 to 15 mm) and MIC of 125 and 250 mg/ml against B. cereus 1 and B. cereus 2 respectively. P. guineense was the least inhibitory. However, B. cereus 1 was more sensitive (inhibition zone of 12 to 24 mm) to the essential oils of the spices than B. cereus 2 (inhibition zone of 10 to 17 mm). The higher the concentration of the essential oils the greater the resultant zones of inhibition. The spices especially A. melegueta have proved very efficient in the inhibition of B. cereus a pathogen obtained from vegetable salad. The spices can therefore help in ensuring food safety.