Anthropology of Disability

has helped establish the anthropology of impairmentdisability and significantly contributed to the role of anthropology in disability studies. In this article, we review the development of and situate Ablon's ethnographic research in the anthropology of impairmentdisability. We then address various methodological issues in her work including her ethnographic approach, her grounding in action anthropology and her support for the development of the academic study of disability in anthropology and the careers of disabled anthropologists. The next section of the article examines Ablon's use of the notion of stigma, her understanding of community, and her engagement with disability rights. As examples of themes important to disability studies, we present her discussion of the implications of the ideal of the body beautiful, and gender differences in negotiating intimacy for people with physical differences. We close with a discussion of the future of an anthropology of impairment-disability. [disability, impairment, Ablon, genetics, ethnography] J oan Ablon has contributed immeasurably to the anthropology of impairmentdisability. Anthropologists regard Ablon's research with stigmatized populations such as dwarfs 1988) and people with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) (1995, 1996a, 1999a) as important studies in medical anthropology and look forward to her upcoming book on people with osteogenesis imperfecta (1999b). 1 Disability studies scholars outside of anthropology and the voluntary associations of her informants read and promote Ablon's work. This article examines Ablon's topical, methodological, and theoretical perspectives. We assess her contributions

This thematic volume explores how health, well-being, and ability are constructed in the past and in the present. The volume's authors undo and question deeply ingrained assumptions about what constitutes a "normative" body. They do so by not only looking at how bodies have been medicalized and envisioned in the past, but also how our own profession and discipline discriminates against certain types of bodies in the present. Keywords Health • Disability studies • Well-being • Medicine • Healthcare When we first conceived of this volume in 2019, we did not expect it to be as timely as it has become in the age of COVID-19 and social unrest over police brutality and violence against Blacks and people of color in the United States. Two of the editors-Camp and Surface-Evans-wrote from Michigan, a state that was one of the top three epicenters at the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic and, as of June 15, 2020, ended one of the strictest lockdowns in the United States. Barnes wrote from Arkansas, where the governor took a conservative approach to testing, masks, and business and school closures, which resulted in the state having the second-highest

Following Foucault’s theory of discourse this article aims at reformulating the established concept of disability. To this end, the author reconstructs ways in which disabling practices of subjectivation occur in and through public media discourses. The article focuses on the discoursive production of infantile identities in people with cognitive disabilities. The examples demonstrate that this discoursive production occurs in self-representational media formats and in outside media representations. Hence, the author develops a concept of disability as a discoursively produced ordering category, from which follows a reformulation of the disability concept. This reformulated concept, which grasps disability as discourse disability, allows in turn for a perspective on disability as practice and thus as independent from the subject. To conclude, the article discusses implications of such a perspective of disability for pedagogy and the social sciences, ultimately arguing for a broader definition of disability and for making respective benefits a matter of social pedagogy.

The concept of person-centeredness has become in many instances the standard of health care that humanises services and ensures that the patient/client is at the centre of care delivery. Rejecting a purely biomedical explanation of dementia that led to a loss of self, personhood in dementia could be maintained through social interaction and communication. In this article, we use the insights of queer theory to contribute to our current understanding of the care of those with dementia. We critically discuss the concepts of person and personhood that have become the cornerstone values of person-centred care for persons with dementia (PWD). Some critics, using queer theory as a theoretical approach, contend that person-centred care often (unwittingly) reproduces heteronormative roles in trying to sustain life histories. In doing so, they argue, regendering of PWD is sometimes enforced by care providers who try to safeguard this biographical continuity. Cultural theorist Linn Sandberg also mentions that other axes of domination such as race and class are not conceptualised in person-centeredness approaches, and neither are power asymmetries. Thus, in our article, we revisit the concept of person-centred care as a first step in proposing another way to think about 'beings with dementia' (to avoid the term person). Believing that queer theorists have fallen short in questioning the idea of person or personhood as such, we will build on and broaden Sandberg's critique by demonstrating that queer and crip theory can be understood as a fundamental critique of the (Western) subject and processes of subjectivation. We argue that dementia can be conceptualised as a radical break not only with gendered roles and embodiments, but with many of the norms that make us recognisable subjects. Conceptualising dementia in this way turns it into what Sandberg called an 'emancipatory space' and not merely a pathology
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Rethinking dementia as a queer way of life and as ‘crip possibility’: A critique of the concept of person in person-centredness
Thomas Foth RN, PhD, Annette Leibing PhD,
First published: 08 October 2021
https://doi.org/10.1111/nup.12373
OpenURL Université De Montréal
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Abstract

The concept of person-centeredness has become in many instances the standard of health care that humanises services and ensures that the patient/client is at the centre of care delivery. Rejecting a purely biomedical explanation of dementia that led to a loss of self, personhood in dementia could be maintained through social interaction and communication. In this article, we use the insights of queer theory to contribute to our current understanding of the care of those with dementia. We critically discuss the concepts of person and personhood that have become the cornerstone values of person-centred care for persons with dementia (PWD). Some critics, using queer theory as a theoretical approach, contend that person-centred care often (unwittingly) reproduces heteronormative roles in trying to sustain life histories. In doing so, they argue, regendering of PWD is sometimes enforced by care providers who try to safeguard this biographical continuity. Cultural theorist Linn Sandberg also mentions that other axes of domination such as race and class are not conceptualised in person-centeredness approaches, and neither are power asymmetries. Thus, in our article, we revisit the concept of person-centred care as a first step in proposing another way to think about ‘beings with dementia’ (to avoid the term person). Believing that queer theorists have fallen short in questioning the idea of person or personhood as such, we will build on and broaden Sandberg's critique by demonstrating that queer and crip theory can be understood as a fundamental critique of the (Western) subject and processes of subjectivation. We argue that dementia can be conceptualised as a radical break not only with gendered roles and embodiments, but with many of the norms that make us recognisable subjects. Conceptualising dementia in this way turns it into what Sandberg called an ‘emancipatory space’ and not merely a pathology

Over the last decade, disabled veterans of the Turkish Army who were injured while fighting against the Partiya Karkerˆen Kurdistan (PKK; Kurdistan Workers’ Party) have become national icons and leading ultranationalist actors. While being valorized as sacrificial heroes in nationalist discourse, they have also confronted socioeconomic marginalization, corporeal otherness, and emasculation anxieties.
Against this backdrop, disabled veterans’ organizations have become the locus of an ultranationalist campaign against dissident intellectuals. Building on two years of ethnographic research with disabled veterans in Turkey, this article analyzes these
processes through the analytical lens of the body. Locating the disabled veteran body at the intersection of state welfare practices, nationalist discourses on heroism and sacrifice, and cultural norms of masculinity and disability, I illustrate how disabled veterans’ gendered and classed experiences of disability are hardened into
a  political identity. Consequently, I show how violence generates new modalities of masculinity and political agency through its corporeal effects.

This article is based on a qualitative study that set out to analyze the labels and terms attached to 28 people affected by albinism in villages in Kilolo district, Tanzania. Even though national and international attention to killings of people with albinism has attempted to improve general knowledge of albinism and reduce discrimination, most of the community members within the study had little knowledge of the (bio)medical explanations for albinism and tended to marginalize people with albinism. Framed within a wider moral discourse on illness, disability and socially appropriate behavior, albinism is mostly considered to be God’s will or the consequence of past misdeeds within the family, and many of the existing labels for people with albinism express such ideas.

This article analyses the discourse surrounding, implementation of, and struggles over the new disability policy in Serbia to show how its founding principles of human rights became partially co-opted by neoliberal welfare restructuring. As a result, it sought to make disabled people not only equal but also economically ‘independent’ in the sense of relying on wage labour instead of welfare. Owing to its inadequate assumptions and instruments, the policy has largely failed to deliver on these objectives. Disabled people mobilized against neoliberalization by defending material welfare entitlements inherited from Yugoslav socialism. At the same time, they appropriated the register of human rights to demand a substantive political and civic equality. This points to the possibility of rights-based projects that fuse rather than oppose the politics of recognition and redistribution.

In this article, I investigate how social enterprises identify the talents of groups of disabled people and match them to a market demand. Through the study of a blind massage enterprise in Nepal, I undo the workings of an ambivalent form of entrepreneurship that presents disabled people as gifted. I explore shifts that evolve from the selective inclusion of individuals based on stereotyped qualities associated with their bodily condition-in this case, blindness and an exceptional sense of touch. While the therapists cultivated tropes of overcoming, they also used their elevated social position to engage in new forms of imagining that transcended negative framings of blind people in Nepal. The case invites a nuanced critique of selective integration that considers how individuals redistribute their gained advantages at a collective level. My research produces knowledge on inclusive employment in the Global South, illustrating how entrepreneurial interventions impact on perceptions of disability.

Societal ideas and explanations of albinism at the local level in
Tanzania are conceived in terms of family history, social relations,
economic status, moral-religious positions, global-local flows of
information and humanitarian actions on behalf of people with the
congenital condition. This paper aims to show how the
subjectivities of people with albinism in Tanzania are shaped and
re-shaped through local moral conceptions as well as globalizing
(bio)medical explanations of albinism. An exemplary case study of a
28-year-old woman, plus episodes from the lives of seven other
informants with the condition, are analyzed in order to understand,
on the one hand, local social relationships between people with
albinism and other individuals in family and community settings,
and on the other hand, the interconnections between persons with
albinism and global humanitarian actors and the broadcast media.
When stigma and marginalizing behaviors are perceived by
individuals with albinism in Tanzania as impeding their social lives,
they employ different coping strategies and discourses to enhance
social acceptance.

In this paper, my aim is to elaborate disability movement praxis so that transnational struggles for justice over the production of impairment emerging from the Global South can be represented within the transnational frame of disability politics. The paper seeks to explore the potential of deepening socio-political understandings of impairment as a means to radically democratize disability movement politics at the transnational scale to encompass pluralist, yet subaltern, collective claims for justice. I am guided by the question: if impairment is the place that makes visible invisible debts, can the global disability rights movement begin a process of re-identification to open the boundaries of disability justice claims and develop a strategic orientation which recognizes those collective justice claims for geopolitically produced impairments?

Les transformations récentes du bénévolat ont conduit une équipe de recherche
à mener une étude portant sur l’ancrage du bénévolat au sein d’un établissement
de réadaptation en déficience physique. L’étude avait pour objectif de mieux
comprendre les fondements sur lesquels s’appuie l’action bénévole dans cet établissement
de même que les fonctions et la place qu’occupent les bénévoles dans les
programmes. L’analyse des données récoltées dans le cadre de cette recherche a
fait ressortir l’importance de conserver un équilibre entre la neutralité thérapeutique
et la proximité affective des bénévoles de même qu’entre l’espace clinique et
relationnel qu’ils occupent. Des pistes d’actions sont suggérées afin de conserver cet
équilibre central à l’engagement libre et pertinent des bénévoles impliqués dans le
milieu de la réadaptation.

Recent changes in volunteer work prompted a research team to conduct a study on
the attachment of volunteer workers in a physical disability rehabilitation facility.
The objective of the study was to gain a better understanding of the foundations
underlying volunteer work in the facility, as well as the functions and roles of the
volunteers in the programs. Analysis of the data gathered for the study highlighted
the importance of maintaining a balance between therapeutic neutrality and the
emotional bonds of the volunteers, as well as between the clinical space and the
relational space they occupy. Some possible courses of action are suggested for
maintaining this equilibrium essential to the free, appropriate engagement of volunteers
in the area of rehabilitation.

According to official statistical data, people with disabilities are underrepresented in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) occupations and students with disabilities are underrepresented in STEM degree courses. This article surveys official reports produced by British and American authorities, as well as a number of media sources, in order to substantiate this claim. The authors’ aim is to uncover the reasons behind disabled students being underrepresented in STEM courses and to sketch the vision for the future of disabled young people who may be interested in perusing careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.


E Fell, NA Lukianova, LV Kapilevich “Disability and Careers in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics” in Handbook of Research on Engineering Education in a Global Context, IGI Global 2019, pp-533-543.

Kimberly Wooten is an historical archaeologist with the California Department of Transportation's Cultural Studies (Caltrans) Office in Sacramento, California. Dr. Dr. Maria Zolezzi Garibaldi is a fictional archaeologist with the California Department of Transportation & Interstellar Travel, specializing in ritualistic behavior in both human and non-human societies during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Journey with us to the year 2167, where our intrepid archaeologist has made a fascinating discovery… a FOOB! Carefully cradled in its pale pink packaging, this breast prosthesis is thought to have had ritual purposes, and while the prostheses do not deteriorate over time, intact packaging has never been found before! This article uses humor and archaeology to discuss the author's personal cancer experience and the association of the color pink with femininity and breast cancer. The author's intention is to bring awareness and understanding to archaeologists working with disabilities on a daily basis.

There has been relatively little research on the interpersonal experiences of disabled people in their efforts to form sexually intimate relations, and on how sociocultural meanings and processes engage with and shape these experiences. This anthropological study helps fill that gap by exploring the pursuit of sexual intimacy for men with cerebral palsy, a highly stigmatized population. For this research, I conducted a series of in-depth, modified life history interviews with 14 men with cerebral palsy, interviews with other key informants (i.e. girlfriends, wives, ex-partners, personal assistants, rehabilitation therapists, physical therapists, parents, siblings, etc.), and I also kept an ethnographic journal during my work as a personal assistant for one of these men and when socializing within the disability community. I contextually situate these men's accounts within the wider cultural, historical, social, political and gender contexts in the United States. Their culturally constructed undesirability is revealed through a critical analysis of models of disability, medical and rehabilitative approaches to cerebral palsy, the normative gaze, hegemonic masculine expectations and cultural ideals of desirability.

Although almost completely ignored, Aquinas’s account of persons with severe intellectual disabilities is key to his understanding of human persons and their salvation. Aquinas extensively addresses questions of human impairment, and for Aquinas physical and mental impairment are not nearly as important as moral or spiritual impairment. Contrary to those who focus on Aquinas’s account of rationality and suppose he thinks that a person must exercise rationality in order to be moral and in the image of God, Aquinas’s view is that persons with severe mental impairments have a distinct spiritual advantage, due to the impeccability of the gift of wisdom given them in their baptism.

This paper explores the ramifications of the decades-long Kurdish conflict for masculinity, male embodiment, sexuality, and politics of reproduction in Turkey. More specifically, it examines how the bodies, gendered subjectivities, sexualities, and reproductive capacities of Turkish veterans disabled in clashes with Kurdish guerillas are made, unmade, and remade through the complex interactions of multiple technologies of state and war-making, governmentality, welfare, military medicine, and assisted reproduction in the context of the ongoing peace and reconciliation processes. Focusing on the state-sponsored assisted conception program that seeks to make fathers out of paraplegic veterans, this paper aims to contribute to our understanding of masculinity, disabled sexuality, and new reproductive technologies from the viewpoint of a war- torn Muslim-majority society.

The purpose of this study was to illustrate the impracticality of using mainstream formalized methods of intellectual assessments to assess Hmong American children, who came from an informal learning environment. One hundred and fifty-four Hmong American students, ages 5-18, and 51 Caucasian students, ages 5-14, were assessed using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children – Second Edition (KABC-II), along with 46 Hmong American students, ages 7-14, who were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V). Results showed that Hmong American students scored one standard deviation below the national mean on both the KABC-II and the WISC-V.  These low scores were observed from samples of kindergarteners, kindergarten through 3rd grade, and students in the upper-level grades compared to a sample of Caucasian students from the same area. Some implications and future research directions are discussed.

This article examines Australia's post-conflict reconstruction and development initiatives in Iraq following the intervention of 2003. Overall, it finds that Australia privileged the neo-liberal model of post-conflict state building by investing in projects that would enhance the capacity of the new Iraqi state, its key institutions and the private sector towards the imposition of a liberal democracy and a free-market economy. To demonstrate, this article documents the failures of the Australian government's stated aims to " support agriculture " and " support vulnerable populations " via interviews conducted in Iraq with rural farmers and tribal members and those working in, or the beneficiaries of, Iraq's disability sector. It concludes by noting that such failures are not only indicative of the inadequacy of the neo-liberal state building model, but also that these failures point the way forward for future post-conflict reconstruction and development projects which ought to be premised on a genuine and sustained commitment to addressing the needs of those made most vulnerable by war and regime change.

A categoria cuidado é central na teoria feminista da deficiência. Ainda assim, enquanto um termo êmico e analítico, o cuidado tem sido objeto de controvérsias entre teóricas e ativistas do campo da deficiência. Pretendemos traçar a trajetória desta categoria dentro do movimento social e das teorias que embasam o modelo social da deficiência. A abordagem parte de pesquisas realizadas em Porto Alegre e Belo Horizonte, Brasil, junto a mães/cuidadoras de adultos com deficiência cognitiva e a mulheres com deficiência física com histórico de violências. Problematizaremos três aproximações comumente acionadas no cotidiano de nossas(os) interlocutoras(es)-o cuidado como 'superproteção', como 'educar' e como 'violência' por entendermos que elas proporcionam uma reflexão teórica em torno da polarização entre os conceitos 'cuidado', 'autonomia' e 'independência'. Refletiremos o cuidado não apenas enquanto uma prática social e emocional e uma categoria moral sob a qual incide múltiplas valorações, mas também uma 'entrada etnográfica'.

The medical model as a trouble approach in disability literature characterizes disabled status to be “amenable to treatment, capable of improvement or illness”. The main viewpoint of the model is to assess people with disabilities who are unwell / sick. The new –social- model has described disability as a result of community’s affirmative-reaction since the 1950’s and 1960’s. In this context a person with a disability is exposed to biased opinions of other people or society. Therefore the social model focuses on the problematic exclusive reactions against people with disabilities. Turkey has taken a keen interest in social policy applications and legal regulation(s) for people with disabilities since the second half of the 1990’s, for instance, forming the Administration of Disabled People (1997), holding the 1st National Disabled People’s Council (1999), and introducing the Turkish Disability Act (2005). The purpose of this study is to determine implications of the social model approach for the Turkish Disability Act. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the Act has a synthesis–approach.

Keywords: People with disabilities, Medical model, Social model, Disability rights movement, Social rights of people with disabilities

An imagined community of practice: Online discourse among wheelchair users
Leslie E. Cochrane
Abstract

People with disabilities often live in local communities primarily made up of people without disabilities: in the absence of a geographic community of people with disabilities, the internet becomes a valuable tool for connecting individuals across both local and global contexts.
The power of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to allow individuals to interact both locally and globally has been well-studied in linguistics (e. g. Baron 2008; Page 2012), and this work has included the discourse of e-health (e. g. Hamilton 1998; Locher 2006, 2013) and the online discourse of people with disabilities (Al Zidjaly 2011, 2015). Less research has been done, however, on the implications of online discourse for understanding people with disabilities as a linguistic community.

This paper argues that the community of people with disabilities can be viewed from a linguistic perspective as an imagined community of practice: an imagined community, because members recognize their common belonging even if they do not interact locally (Anderson 1983); a community of practice, because members use recognizable, if not identical, disability practices and engage in shared sense-making (Eckert 2006; Eckert/McConnell-Ginet 1992). This understanding of the community of people with disabilities is evidenced in online blogs by wheelchair users.

A close discourse analysis of the blog posts shows shared sense-making around disability practices, even though individual bloggers’ practices may vary according to their specific strategies for accommodation. In their posts, the bloggers construct their disability identities in terms of practice and imagine themselves to belong to a community that is distinguished by disability practice. The analysis reveals shared sense-making: in particular, the way that the bloggers position themselves in opposition to the societal discourse that people with disabilities are an inspiration to people without them. In this way, the bloggers demonstrate their membership within an imagined community of practice made up of people with disabilities.

Telling disability: Identity construction in personal and vicarious narratives
Leslie E. Cochrane
Abstract

This dissertation examines the construction of disability identities in personal and vicarious narratives. Sociolinguistic research on narrative focuses largely on personal narrative (Schiffrin 1996); some studies claim that vicarious narratives lack coherence and evaluation (Labov and Waletzky 1967, Chafe 1994) and have no natural relation to the teller’s identity (Norrick 2013). Research on health communication contributes to linguistic understandings of disability (Hamilton 1994, Ramanathan 2009); however, few studies explore disability discourse as its own area (cf. Al Zidjaly 2005). Taking an approach to disability discourse that emphasizes disability as practice, I analyze identity construction in narratives told by people with and without disabilities. I argue that vicarious narratives -- which I define as narratives about someone else’s lived experience -- are productive sites for constructing personal identities.

The analysis investigates narratives from a 16-hour corpus of video-recorded conversations among three participants with lifelong, mobility-related, physical disabilities; their able-bodied family, friends, and caregivers; and the able-bodied researcher. The analysis shows tellers displaying their individual disability identities through positions (Davies and Harré 1990, Bamberg 1997) taken up in response to able-bodied characters in storyworlds. I propose that telling vicarious narratives allows tellers to expand their repertoires of storyworlds beyond their own lived experiences. I demonstrate how one particular teller with a disability uses vicarious narratives about third-person characters to construct her personal disability identity.

Following Goffman (1963), I adapt the term “the wise” to apply to people without disabilities who, through social network ties to a person with a disability, are “wise to” disability practices and have a measure of acceptance in the disability community. I argue that these close ties allow able-bodied people to display their wiseness through a transfer of epistemic rights with regard to disability discourse. I show that people with disabilities and the wise within their communities can co-construct shared disability identities. By defining certain able-bodied people as wise, this dissertation reconsiders the role of people without disabilities in the disability community. It suggests that wise identities and shared disability identities provide avenues for exploring how identity is created within close communities.

What are the physical experiences of fieldwork really like? This article invites anthropologists engaged in teaching to transform the way research methods are currently taught to include frank and thoughtful conversations on how bodies, in their mundane physicality, are implicated in fieldwork. While the (mindful) body that actively and purposefully engages with the reality under investigation has gained centrality in anthropological discussions about "being there", the body that things happen to has been ignored or marginalised. We contend that an exploration of the body that falls ill, feels uncomfortable, or simply does not match with an idealised image of the skilled and productive fieldworker (often male and able-bodied) has practical, pedagogical, political, and analytical merits. By recounting some of our own private anecdotes of challenges encountered in fieldwork, we emphasise the centrality of our physical experiences to our ethnographic approach. Discussing the glamourless, bodily aspects of fieldwork is crucial to preparing ourselves and our students for fieldwork, to combating ableism in anthropology, and to downplaying anxiety over narrow standard goals of "good" fieldwork. We also argue that theoretical considerations of the messy and unpleasant physical experiences that fieldwork involves can bring further insight into how research is (un)done.

Misconceptions surrounding the genetic condition of albinism persist in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Zimbabwe. Studies on albinism have been carried out in different contexts around the globe, but little is known so far about the effects of the misconceptions of albinism in the rural communities of Zimbabwe. This study examines the effects of the misconceptions of albinism in the Gutu District of Zimbabwe. Twenty-five participants were interviewed, consisting of caregivers and children living with albinism in the Gutu District. In-depth interviews were used to gather data concerning their experiences of the misconceptions associated with albinism, the ways these misconceptions have affected them and the ways in which they attempt to mitigate these effects. Results of the study show that, although there are initiatives and programmes advocated by various stakeholders for children living with albinism, the misconceptions are still escalating. Furthermore, the study reveals stigma and discrimination as the major effects of the misconceptions in the lives of children living with albinism. In conclusion, the study recommends the establishment of a community-based protection model for people living with albinism, which integrates all stakeholders involved in mitigating the challenges that emerge from the misconceptions of albinism in Zimbabwe.

This article reports on a workshop that was held with frontline workers in Canada and discusses the role of anthropological sensibilities as they inform research, community engagement
and policy outcomes. The workshop brought together frontline workers to discuss foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, a complex and lifelong disability – one that often raises social-justice concerns. The goal was to facilitate a space in which participants could share their experiences and potentially bring about better outcomes for people living with this disability. The article focuses on the workshop in relationship to anthropological sensibilities, anchored in lateral research practices, with attention to poly-vocality and relational ways of understanding, all of which inform our practice and potential impacts. This article critically analyses the role of applied research as it is informed by other disciplines and concurrently constrained by different forces.

When addressing the issue of disabled people, the image that society has on this topic emerges as an element to analyze. Currently, the perception of an anthropological fact such as this one is not conceived without the assumption of the realities that certain discursive and audiovisual constructs promote. The objective of this article is to analyze the cinema's treatment of disability based on the case of the film Campeones. After a brief analysis of the treatment of disability in the history of cinema, we carry out an eco-narrative analysis of the film, fixed in an etic position, on which both, the representation of disability through the characters, and the way in which stereotypes and prejudices are reflected in their stories are examined. Results. Cam-peones promotes a phenomenological approach to the plot. In conclusion, Cam-peones tries to minimize the established social binomial "capacity-disability" to build an image that does not present disabled people as a correlate of deficiency. Resumen Cuando abordamos la cuestión de las personas con discapacidad emerge como elemento de análisis la imagen que la so-ciedad ha tenido de ellas a lo largo de la historia. En la actualidad la percepción de un hecho antropológico como este no se concibe sin la asunción de las realidades que ciertos constructos discursivos y au-diovisuales impulsan. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar el tratamiento que el cine hace de la discapacidad a par-tir del caso de la película Campeones. Tras un breve recorrido por el tratamiento de la discapacidad en la historia del cine, se despliega un análisis eco-narrativo de la película, fijado en una posición etic, sobre el que se examina la representación de la discapacidad a través de los personajes que aparecen en ella, así como la mane-ra en que se plasman los estereotipos y prejuicios en sus historias. Campeones insta a realizar un acompañamiento feno-menológico de la trama. En conclusión, Campeones trata de minimizar el esta-blecido binomio social "capacidad-dis-capacidad" para construir una imagen que no presente a las personas con dis-capacidad como correlato de deficiencia.

Utilizing the bioarchaeology of care model, this research formulates a model of care based on ethnohistorical and skeletal markers of pathologic conditions. The index of care is the method used to create models of care, and this requires social, cultural, economic, environmental, and mortuary contexts to determine the resources required to aid a person through injury or disability. This paper investigates the impact of known medical, occupational, and morgue records that accompanied each selected individual in the skeletal collection. This additional information, beyond what is gained from skeletal analysis, generates a complex model of care. A more complex model of care can better estimate cost of care, length of care, and resource requirements and availability. Information provided by the records allows for a better understanding of the individual’s life and care received. Such learnings can better inform on how individuals of the past understood and treated people with disabilities or impairment. Utilizing the pathologic lesions on the skeletal remains, coupled with the associated individual records, eight individuals were selected from The Terry Collection, currently housed at the Smithsonian Institution. Completed models of care for each individual are examined to evaluate the impact of written documentation on the finished model. Additionally, this paper investigates whether the documentation provided informs on the financial cost of care in addition to social cost or length of care. Studying multiple models of care built around individuals from different time periods can illuminate how caregiving has evolved to modern-day standards.

El vínculo de la sociedad con las Personas con Discapacidad 2
(PCD), fue
cambiando a lo largo del tiempo. Se pasó de prescindir de ellas, a colocar el énfasis
en las barreras que la sociedad construyó por no tenerlas en cuenta, lo que impidió el
desarrollo de su plena autonomía. A medida que fueron surgiendo modelos, también
se fueron entremezclando, y estas mixturas no acaban de poner el énfasis en la
persona y sus derechos dentro de la sociedad de la que son parte. Sobre todo el
derecho a expresarse como sujeto de derechos en sociedades democráticas. Este
artículo presenta un breve resumen de las distintas concepciones en torno a las
personas con discapacidad y propone al Modelo de Comunicación y Reconocimiento
Legítimo3
, como aquel que podría complementar a algunos y reconciliar a otros en
algunas diferencias históricamente construidas.
Palabras clave: discapacidad, diversidad, reconocimiento, empoderamiento, Estado

I argue that the prominent anthropological understanding of rationality is a deficient understanding of the human person and does not seriously take into consideration the existence of those with mental disabilities. Instead, I argue that the human person should be defined as a created animal whose primary distinctions lie within two areas: 1) creatures of desire and 2) creatures who both desire and require community, connection, and relationship with other humans.

This article presents a reflection on the “afterlife” of the Zika virus epidemic, drawing on the narratives of mothers of children born with neurological malformations associated with the virus in Bahia. Based on eleven semi-structured interviews with mothers and fathers whose children are attended in a state rehabilitation center, and in dialogue with contemporary theorizations of time and disability in cultural anthropology, it proposes an approach to the temporality of Zika and its effects. Three narratives are highlighted, showing how their children’s unpredictable condition, together with the precarities they already experience, make the future almost impossible to imagine. In the face of so much uncertainty, mothers create alternative forms of thinking about, interacting with, and appreciating the child in her or his own terms. This article suggests that hope may include, paradoxically, “expecting nothing”.

From a diachronic and multi-disciplinary perspective, the contributions to the miscellany Alterhabilitas – Perception of Disability among People, explore the social and cultural dynamics that underlie the construction and evolution of the concept of disability, which is not immutable in time and space, but is instead subject to multiple factors and different levels of analysis. Paying particular attention to the socio-historical reference contexts, the authors identify an ample number of questions and problématiques relating to disabled persons and their inclusion or exclusion in various societies. The volume offers the reader multiple reading keys which are always able to stimulate new questions about the perception of the “other” and about self-representation.

This photo essay discusses the interactions between international and national non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governmental organizations on the one hand, and local populations and people with albinism on the other, in Tanzania. From the mid-2000s onward, international attention started to be drawn to the aggressions toward, and the murders of, people with albinism in the northwestern part of Tanzania (Ntetema 2008). To date, around 74 individuals with the condition are said to have lost their lives (Smith 2015; Mlacha 2015; Shigongo 2015). Since the increase in attention to such issues, national health organizations as well as international NGOs have begun to carry out awareness campaigns on behalf of people with albinism. At the same time, they have implemented humanitarian aid programs, distributing sunglasses and sunscreen. Some organizations have also distributed grants and scholarships to allow people with albinism to pursue their education. The following essay presents connections between these supra-local actors who are participating in the global flow of (bio)medical and human rights campaigns about albinism, and persons with albinism themselves who, instead of simply being passively exposed to such discourses, actively appropriate them in the making and remaking of their identities. In this regard, people with albinism capitalize on the global flow of (bio)medical and human rights campaigns on their behalf in order to enhance their inclusion within their families and local communities, while attempting to redefine ideas of normalcy and able-bodiedness in Tanzanian society at large. At the same time, this process of appropriation incorporates previous conceptions of albinism derived from religious explanations, especially at the rural level, which has not been deeply reached by governmental and international awareness campaigns.

Sociologue Chercheur associé à MODYS Mondes et Dynamiques des Sociétés (UMR 5264 CNRS -univ. Lyon2 -univ Jean Monnet de St Etienne) La survenue brutale de l'accident et le changement corporel soudain qui en découle, initient tous deux l'expérimentation d'un « corps poussé à ses limites » pour le blessé médullaire 1 . Il ne s'agit pas là d'un corps poussé à l'exploit, pas davantage d'un dressage conscient et déterminé du corps, mais bien d'une transformation radicale, involontaire et définitive d'un potentiel corporel : l'expérience d'un corps paraplégique ou tétraplégique. Le traitement social appliqué à cette situation corporelle limite -à savoir : une institutionnalisation en service de rééducation et de réadaptation fonctionnelles durant plusieurs mois -, et la progressive mise en sens 2 du nouveau potentiel corporel vont tous deux contribuer à un réaménagement de l'ensemble des liens sociaux antérieurs du blessé 3 , mais aussi à l'impulsion de nouveaux rapports avec différentes catégories d'acteurs : soignants, rééducateurs et pairs. Un approfondissement analytique de la période de sortie de réanimation, mettra en lumière la galvanisation du réseau relationnel usuel du blessé. Nous montrerons ensuite que la trajectoire relationnelle amorce un premier virage avec l'impact d'une institutionnalisation à moyen terme sur les liens sociaux antérieurs à l'accident, puis un deuxième tournant avec le passage d'une compréhension d'un « corps poussé à ses limites » à une intelligence du corps handicapé. Enfin, le dernier temps de notre propos sera réservé à l'analyse des nouveaux liens sociaux qui se tissent tout au long de la trajectoire en milieu sanitaire, et nous mettrons en exergue quelques-uns des principes les sous-tendant.

Poza zasadą sprawności subwersywne działania teatralne osób o sprawności nienormatywnej/hybrydycznej Jeżeli sprawność jest przede wszystkim czymś, co należy zdobywać, można zaryzykować twierdzenie, iż nikt z nas nie rodzi się sprawny, lecz nim się staje. Analizując dokonania takich grup teatralnych jak DV8 Physical Theatre, The Gimp Project oraz działania artystyczne performerki Lisy Bufano staram się ukazać sposób, w jaki na gruncie teatru tańca opozycja sprawny/niesprawny może zostać przekroczona, a w końcu całkowicie przezwyciężona. Porzucenie jednego, hegemonicznego i normatywnego modelu sprawności pozwala tym samym utworzyć przestrzeń dla wielu różnorodnych form wyrazu, spośród których żadna nie jest w stanie zająć centralnego miejsca, przyjmując postać obowiązującej normy. Pojawienie się w teatrze tańca osób o nienormatywnej/hybrydycznej sprawności jest nie tylko przeżyciem o charakterze estetycznym, lecz w głównej mierze projektem politycznym, zmierzającym do zredefiniowania słownika dotyczącego osób niepełnosprawnych i podważenia dotychczasowego porządku.

Recent critiques of ethnographic practice have challenged the ability of traditional fieldwork narratives to adequately represent the fragmented nature of contemporary social settings. In response to such challenges anthropologists have begun to engage new approaches to conducting ethnography. The idea of "multi-sited" research (Marcus 1998; Clifford 1997), for example, has become increasingly common, fieldwork "at home" is more widely pursued (Gupta and Ferguson 1997), and innovative sites such as the Internet (e.g. Edwards 1994; Gold 2001) and business and research organizations (Mouly, V.S. and Sankaran, J.K. 1995; Forsythe 1993) are being identified. In the latter case, it is not unusual for the anthropologist to be employed in the organization he or she is researching, and, as Forsythe (1999) and Hogle and Downey (1999) point out, occupying the dual roles of employee and ethnographer -where one's informants are also ones colleagues and supervisors -can produce a variety of unique personal and professional dilemmas. In fact, the more roles and statuses the ethnographer occupies in relation to her/his informants the more likelihood that conflicts of interest, ethical dilemmas and/or points of contention will occur.