Animal Health Management and Production

A study was conducted to assess the proximate composition, phytochemicals, and mineral components of the pod, leaf, and seed of the Parkia biglobosa (P. biglobosa) tree, with the aim of determining their suitability as animal feed resources. The findings revealed that the seed exhibited significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) compared to the leaf and pod. Specifically, the seed recorded the highest values (P < 0.05) for CP (15.31±0.03) and EE (13.23±0.04), while the pod displayed the lowest values of 3.91±0.12 and 0.89±0.04 for CP and EE, respectively. The pod registered the highest values (P < 0.05) for crude fiber (CF) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) with respective values of 8.85±0.1 and 75.14±0.11. Conversely, the leaf exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) ash content, while the seed had the lowest ash value (1.99±0.04). In the mineral analysis, the seed and pod had the highest values (P < 0.05) for calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), respectively. Phytochemical screening results indicated that the pod contained the highest values (P < 0.05) of alkaloid (19.06±0.09) and tannin (10.97±0.08), while the leaf showed the highest values (P < 0.05) for saponin (34.20±0.25) and hydrocyanic acid (HCN) (2.22±0.30). The overall conclusion drawn from this study suggests that all three parts of P. biglobosa (seed, pod, and leaf) have the potential to serve as alternative feed resources for livestock.

This seven-week study evaluated the effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf meal (BPLM) on the growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of grower rabbits. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed using 48 weaned Hyla male rabbits. The rabbits were assigned to four dietary treatments containing 0%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% BPLM. Each treatment group consisted of 12 rabbits, subdivided into three replicates of four rabbits each. Results showed that the 1.5% BPLM inclusion led to the highest feed intake, total weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency. This suggests improved nutrient utilization and gut health, likely due to the bioactive compounds in BPLM. Carcass analysis revealed higher dressing percentages and improved carcass quality in BPLM-fed rabbits. Evaluation of organ weights showed no adverse effects, confirming the safety of BPLM at moderate inclusion levels. Meat quality traits pH, water-holding capacity, and cooking loss were not significantly affected by BPLM inclusion. This indicates that meat acceptability was not compromised. In conclusion, BPLM can be included at up to 1.5% in rabbit diets as a natural growth promoter without negatively affecting growth, health, or meat quality.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are highly contagious and pathogenic viruses that caused severe disease in poultry and are potentially zoonotic. Since last decade the outbreaks of AIVs have been increased globally including Pakistan. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of avian influenza H5, H7 and H9 viruses in broilers at Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 1920 samples, including each of 960 blood samples and tracheal swabs were collected from broilers and tested through hemagglutination inhibition (HI), AIV-ELISA and RT-PCR. The HI test revealed a significant (P<0.01) difference in the seroprevalence of H9 virus (40.11%), H5 virus (16.88%) and H7 virus (6.25%) respectively. The mean antibody titer against H5, H7 and H9 virus was 4.87, 3.72, and 5.31 log 2 respectively. AIV-ELISA revealed that overall prevalence of AIV viruses was 8.44% which was subtyped through RT-PCR that revealed the higher occurrence of H9 virus (5.33%) as compared to H7 (1.16%) and H5 (0.31%). However, the coinfections of H7/H9 (0.73%) was higher than H5/H9 (0.21%) and H5/H7/H9 (0.21%). In conclusion, the H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza viruses are circulating in broilers of Karachi, Pakistan; moreover, the prevalence of H9 virus and the H7/H9 coinfections are common than other subtypes of AIV.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding Panicum maximum and concentrate at different sequence and durations on the haematological and serum biochemical indices of West African Dwarf rams. Fifteen (15) West African Dwarf rams were randomly allotted to five groups of 3 rams each, each group randomly assigned to each treatment as follows: TI: Fresh Panicum maximum fed 1hr before feeding concentrate, T2: Fresh Panicum maximum fed 2hrs before fed concentrate, T3: Concentrate fed 1hr before fresh Panicum maximum, T4: Concentrate fed 2hrs before fresh Panicum maximum, T5: Concentrate given with fresh Panicum maximum at the same time for a period of 3 weeks. Diets were fed after an initial acclimatization of 1 week. The results obtained showed that Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Neutrophil (N), Lymphocyte (L), Eosinophil (E) and Basophil (B) concentrations in the blood did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the treatments. However, there were significant differences in Haemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Cell (RBC), White Blood Cell and Monocytes (M) among the groups. The mean Hb and RBC of WAD Rams on Tl were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those on T3 and T4 (9.55 gdl /vs 8.70 and 8.65 g/dl; 2.95×10 6 ul/mm 3 vs 2.55 and 2.50×10 6 ul/mm 3 respectively). Rams on T5 diet recorded the highest for WBC (27.50 ×10 3 /ul) but it was similar (P > 0.05) with those on T3 and T4 (22.10 and 23.63 ×10 3 ul/mm 3 respectively). The total protein of the WAD rams on T2 was significantly (P < 0.05) the highest (57.50g/dl) among the treatment means while those on T5 were least (53.33g/dl). The mean serum urea of animals fed diet T1 was significantly (P < 0.05) different from those fed T2, T3 and T5 diets. (3.65 mg/dl vs 3.00 mg/dl, 3.00 mg and 3.06 mg/dl respectively). The mean serum glucose of rams fed diets T2 and T5 were significantly (P < 0.05) different from those on T1 diet (5.00mgdl /and 5.00mgdl /vs 4.10mg/dl). It is thus concluded that WAD rams fed Panicum maximum and concentrate at different sequence and durations had no deleterious effect on the haematological and serum biochemical parameters evaluated.

The use of rice straw for ruminant livestock has been restricted by the high fiber and low digestibility. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of rice straw processed by combining autoclave and ammoniation. The combination was performed to produce rice straw, which was able to digest by the rumen microorganism. The autoclave was conducted at 150 o C, 1.2 atm, 60 minutes, whereas ammoniation used 3% urea. The study used a completely randomized design with four treatments i.e., untreated rice straw (A), rice straw + 3% urea (B), rice straw + autoclave (C), and rice straw + 3% urea + ensiling (D). Results revealed that urea addition increased (P<0.05) protein content of rice straw compared to the non-added urea. The pH of all sample treatments over 48 hours of in vitro analyses showed no significant difference, which means it with suit condition for the microorganism in the rumen (6.76-6.82). The combination of rice straw + urea (B) showed higher (P<0.05) gas production in 24 and 48 hours in comparison to other treatments as well as increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, combining autoclave and ammoniation enhances the nutritional value and in vitro digestibility of rice straw.

The present study was performed to evaluate the aerobic bacterial contamination in meat and butchers' equipment in retail shops in Tando-Allahyar, Pakistan. A total of 100 samples (40 beef, 40 mutton and 20 butchers' meat-cutting equipment) were obtained from butcher shops from local vendors of different regions of Tando-Allahyar. The samples were collected randomly in sterile labelled polythene bags or bijoux bottles individually and were transferred to laboratory at 4 o C within 3-4 hours of collection. All the samples were subjected to aerobic plate count method that followed by the standard method of isolation and identification. The bacterial load in (g-1 ) meat samples was recorded higher (p< 0.05) in beef samples (4.1x10 9 ) than mutton (3.9x10 7 ) and butchers' meat cutting equipment samples (3.7x10 6 ). The bacterial organisms including Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella enteritidis were recorded as individual or mixed contaminants in meat and meat-cutting equipment samples. From the results, it could be concluded that in Tando-Allahyar, meat samples of cattle beef and sheep mutton, as well as butcher's meat-cutting equipment are highly contaminated. The contamination level of aerobic spoilage bacteria was found higher in cattle beef as compared to sheep mutton.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella in poultry meat and products presents a serious global public health problem. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the isolation rate of Salmonella species in eggs and chicken meat randomly sampled from some selected retail outlets in Sokoto metropolis, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolates. Bacteriological culture and biochemical characterization, followed by the antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method were employed. Out of the 300 samples comprising 150 eggs, and 150 chicken meat samples analyzed, 20 (13.3 %) were positive for Salmonella among chicken meat, while 11 (7.33 %) were positive among the egg samples. Based on the sampling locations, the frequency of isolation of Salmonella was highest in Sokoto south and Wamakko areas with 17.5 % each for the chicken meat, while Sokoto south area with 10.0 % had the highest among the egg samples. The results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test showed 15 isolates (75 %) for chicken meat being 93.3 %, 86.7 %, 60.0 % and 60.0 % resistant to penicillin, oxytetracycline, Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and erythromycin respectively, while all 11 (100 %) isolates from egg swab culture showed resistance to one or more of the antimicrobials tested. However, a high proportion of isolates were susceptible to neomycin (93.3 %). The Salmonella isolates also exhibited multidrug-resistance against four of the antimicrobials tested that included erythromycins, Sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim, penicillin, and oxytetracycline. It could be suggested that the rational use of antibiotics needs to be adopted in commercial poultry farming system of Sokoto to curtail the spread of these drug-resistant pathogens and its concomitant hazard to human health.

C aseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic disease of sheep and goats worldwide (Abdullah et al., 2013) leading to disruption in trade of animals and animal products (Williamson, 2001). It is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis that infects through non-intact skin such as open wound and abrasions (Adza et al., 2013). Abscesses that developed often ruptured, spreading the infection (Adza et al., 2013). Vaccination is a suitable method of controlling this disease. Various attempts have been made to develop an efficient vaccine (Leamaster et al., 1987). Eventually, the toxoid phospholipase D (PLD) is most frequently used that resulted in partial protection. However, many undesirable side effects have been associated with the use of this exotoxin (Williamson et al., 2001). In this study, a newly developed recombinant CLA vaccine using different concentrations of palm oil as adjuvant was used to determine the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in rat model. Recombinant cells carrying the 40kDa outer membrane protein of C. pseudotuberculosis were prepared using pET-32 Ek/LIC vector and was confirmed by subjecting the pET32/LIC-Omp40 recombinant cells to SDS-PAGE (Puspitasari et al., 2012). To prepare the vaccine, the recombinant cells were grown, harvested and killed in 0.5% formalin-PBS overnight at 4 o C. This was followed by washing three times in sterile PBS by centrifugation at 5,000 x g at 4 o C to remove the formalin. Finally, the inactivated recombinant cells were re-suspended in sterile PBS to a final concentration of 1 x 10 6 cells/ml. Palm oil (Sime Darby, Malaysia) was used as adjuvant by mixing with the recombinant vaccine at 3%, 5% and 7%. A total of 25 healthy female rats were selected and divided Abstract | Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic contagious disease of sheep and goats worldwide. It is caused by a bacterium known as Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and vaccination is the most suitable method of control. This study measures the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination with a recombinant CLA vaccine with palm-based oil as adjuvant. Twenty-five adult rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 was vaccinated intramuscularly with recombinant CLA vaccine without adjuvant, groups 2, 3 and 4 were vaccinated with the same vaccine containing 3%, 5% and 7% of palm-based oil, respectively while groups 5 was injected with PBS. The immunoglobulin and cell-mediated immune status were measured for a period of 10 weeks. Rats vaccinated with recombinant vaccine without adjuvant showed slightly high but short response of antibody, CD4+ and CD8+. Rats vaccinated with the recombinant vaccine containing 3% palm oil adjuvant showed significantly (p<0.05) highest and lasting antibody levels and percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Hence, it is concluded that recombinant CLA vaccine with 3% palm oil adjuvant has potential to be developed as a CLA vaccine.

Background: Sa-Um, a traditional pork product of Mizoram could be an alternative and easily available source for Lactobacillus starter culture with probiotic properties. Methods: Traditional pork product (Sa-Um) and pig faecal samples from Mizoram were collected and analysed for number of viable Lactobacillus bacteria by spread plate method. Samples above 10 6 cfu/ ml were considered for isolation of probiotics. Gram positive and catalase negative presumptive Lactobacillus isolates were confirmed by PCR analysis of 16S-rRNA gene. The Lactobacillus strains were studied for viability at different temperatures, species identification by fermentation of sugars and probiotic properties namely tolerance to acid, bile salt and digestive enzymes, antagonistic activity and antimicrobial sensitivity. Result: Four Lactobacillus strains, namely L. plantarum SU 2, L. plantarum SU 11 and L. acidophilus SU 38 from Sa-Um and L. plantarum PF 11 from pig faeces were suggested as probiotic bacteria. Lactobacillus plantarum SU 2 was the most potential probiotic candidate based on the studied probiotic properties.

This presentation addresses the pressing need for sustainable construction materials and efficient organic waste management in Colombia. The cement industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately 8% of the world's CO2 emissions, while organic waste in landfills generates methane and other pollutants. This research proposes the development of a novel, closed-loop system to produce biocement (calcium carbonate) by integrating two biotechnological processes. The first stage involves the bioconversion of organic waste using Black Soldier Fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), which reduces waste mass while generating larval biomass, organic fertilizer (frass), and carbon dioxide. In the second stage, the microalga Chlorella vulgaris is cultivated using the CO2 and nutrient-rich frass from the first stage. Through photosynthesis, the microalgae consume CO2, increasing the water's pH to an alkaline level (>10), which in turn induces the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). A documentary review revealed that the integration of these two processes is not sufficiently studied in scientific literature. Experimental results demonstrated the viability of the integrated system; however, the process achieved a low calcium carbonate yield of 0.96%. The study concludes that while the concept is feasible, optimization of key process conditions, such as CO2 concentration, is necessary to improve the yield for potential scaling

T he success of a livestock industry depends on the ge- netic improvement and the number of production animal. Although the traditional breeding method is still being practiced successfully, reproductive biotechnology such as embryo transfer (ET) and artificial insemination (AI) have been introduced for genetic improvement and a better production (Aires, 2003). In cattle breeding, AI is the most widely used technique where bull semen is used to artificially inseminate a cow during heat. However, the fertility and performance of spermatozoa in fresh semen can only be maintained for a few hours. As a result, frozen semen is produced to preserve the spermatozoa from a good genetic animal for years without any changes in their metabolism and structure under ultralow temperature (El-Sheshtawy et al., 2014). The success of AI depends on several factors including the quality of frozen-thawed semen that is being used. Extended sperm is expanding rapidly with a great demand for semen cryopreservation, especially in the cattle research Article Abstract | Previous studies have demonstrated that honey is a good additive for frozen semen, but the composition of honey is ultimately influenced by the plant species visited by the honey bees, the environment, processing, and storage conditions. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the effect of using local honey derived from the Apis mellifera bee as an additive in Bioxcell™ extender for cryopreservation on bull semen quality from different cattle breeds. Different concentrations of honey additive in the commercial extenders (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%) were prepared accordingly. Semen samples were collected from 12 sexually mature bulls consisted of three Mafriwal, three Jersey, three Peidmontese, and three Limousin bulls with the aid of an artificial vagina (AV) and a teaser cow. The semen samples were extended 1:1 (semen: extender) in the prepared extenders for cryopreservation. Semen evaluations were carried out on fresh semen, post-chilled, and 14th days post-thawed frozen semen. The semen samples were evaluated based on microscopic characteristics such as general motility, progressive motility, and liveability. The results showed that there were significant differences (P˂0.05) in the sperm quality between different breeds of bull and between different concentrations of honey additive extenders. Jersey bull exhibited the best sperm quality with the highest sperm general motility, progressive motility, and liveability throughout the fresh semen, post-chilled, and post-thawed frozen semen followed by Mafriwal, Piedmontese, and Limousin. The sperm quality of all bull species increased significantly (P˂0.05) by the 1% concentration of honey additive extender compared to 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% concentration of honey additive extenders. In summary, 1% concentration of honey additive extender can be used effectively in bull semen cryopreservation to preserve the sperm quality.

The study was conducted on a total of 592 buffaloes and 453 cattle in their different stages of lactation to investigate the biochemical changes occurring in milk due to mastitis. California Mastitis Test (CMT) was used to diagnose the mammary gland infection. The results revealed significant (P<0.0001) increase in pH, electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde and total dissolved solids, while decrease in fat, protein, lactose and solids not fat in milk samples of both mastitic buffaloes and cattle. The total somatic cell and neutrophil counts were significantly higher, while the macrophage and lymphocytes were lower in the milk of mastitic animals. The enzymes including lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase along with sodium were significantly higher in mastitic than healthy buffaloes. It was similar in cattle as well, with the exception of aspartate aminotransferase which was non-significant in cattle. The values of potassium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron were significantly higher in the milk of mastitic animals. The copper levels were significantly (P<0.0001) lower in mastitic than in healthy buffaloes, while it showed non-significant difference in cattle. The investigation of enzymes, lipid peroxidation product and milk electrical conductivity in present study appeared suitable diagnostic tools for identification of mastitis.

Aim: A serological survey for the detection of Foot and Mouth Disease virus antibodies in trade cattle was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Kwara state of Nigeria. A cross-sectional study based on convenient sampling for bovine blood was carried out in 5 cattle markets (Offa, Bode Sadu, Ilesha baruba, Ilorin, Ajasse) across five local government areas in Kwara State amongst cattle with unknown history of FMD vaccination over a period of August-September-October, 2011. The sera obtained were screened R using NS-Blocking ELISA kit (PRIOCHECK ). Results: Out of the 450 cattle (268 cows and 182 bulls) screened for FMD antibodies, sero-positivity was highest amongst cows 62.13%. Percentage distribution of sero-positive reactors by location showed Ilesha baruba, Ilorin and Offa had 27.14%, 23.80% and 13.33% respectively, while seropositivity amongst bulls was 37.86%, highest occurrence in Offa 30.46% and least in Ilesha baruba 14.84%. FMD carriers according to breeds showed 77.21% white Fulani (Bunaji) was positive over the other breeds. The sex, location and breed was significant by chi square p<0.05. FMD seropositivity according to age indicated young cattle within 6 months-2years group had the highest occurrence 75.14% over the adult group 24.85%. The occurrence thus confirms FMD endemicity and susceptibility of all sex, ages, and various breed of unvaccinated trade cattle especially amongst white Fulani, young cows within the local markets and those from neighboring West African countries. Thus, circulating FMDV strains responsible for this seropositivity should be established in order to design appropriate control strategy to limit FMD effect.

A group of nine young Nubian goat kids (3 to 4 month old) were intratracheally inoculated with a virulent strain of Pasteurella multocida for experimental induction of pneumonia. Another group of goat kids of the same age (n = 5) were kept as uninfected controls. After inoculation, infected animals showed clinical signs ofmoderate to severe respiratory distress, fever, intermittent cough weakness, dullness, reduced appetite and recumbency. Death occurred in five animals within different time intervals ranging from 24 to 72 hours post infection. The main gross and histopathological lesions in dead animals were indicative acute fibrinous or fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia with fibrinous adhesions and severe vascular changes in visceral organs. However, unrelated types of cerebral lesions were microscopically detected in four of the infected goat kids. These included focal encephalomalacia and diffuse gliosis in one kid, perivascular and perineural oedema of the cerebral cortex in another kid and acute fibrinous meningitis in other two goat kids. The remaining kids which survived infection did not show significant pulmonary or cerebral lesions when sacrificed 28 days post inoculation.

Forty-five suckling lambs 24 males and 21 females at 7 days after birth with an average live body weight of 5.2 ± 0.06 kg were allocated into three similar groups (8 males and 7 females in each group) according to LBW and sex. All lambs naturally suckled their dams. The 1 st group was unsupplemented and served as control (G1), whereas the 2 nd and 3 rd groups orally supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 g bee pollen/lamb/day, respectively. The experiment continued for 84 days. Results showed that all types of plasma immunoglobulins were significantly (P<0.05) increased in tested groups (G2 and G3) compared with the control one (G1). The high bee pollen level (G3) showed significantly (P<0.05) the highest values compared to low level in G2. The percentages of induced diseases were decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increase the level of BP additive. Moreover, G3 received the high level of bee pollen revealed the lowest percentages of various diseases followed by G2, whereas control one G1 had the highest percentages (P<0.05). (G1) recorded significantly (P<0.05) the highest mortality rate 20% followed by G2 13.33%, while the G3 recorded the lowest rate 6.67%. Lambs were significantly (P<0.05) heavier in BP additive groups than that of control one, being the heaviest in G3. Also, TWG and ADG were significantly (P<0.05) higher in BP additive in G3 being 13.84 kg and 164.76 g, respectively. Improvements in feed intake, conversion and output of weaning weight increased significantly (P<0.05) with increasing bee pollen from 0.5 to 1.0 g/lamb/day.

A three years old doe of Boer cross was presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal with post parturient haemorrhagic mastitis. Proteus vulgaris was identi ed as the mastitic pathogen by culture and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity revealed sensitivity to enro oxacin, however the case failed to respond to the treatment, resulting in chronic mastitis.

| Paddy and wheat generate multi-million tons of straw as residue. These two straws although similar in their nutrient content are quite different in microstructure and non-nutritive chemical composition. Present study scrutinized the effect of these straws when fed in combination as compared to fed as sole roughage on blood biochemical profile and serum enzymes. Eighteen non-descript local adult male goats were randomly divided into three equal groups as per randomized block design and were offered concentrate mixture @20g /kg metabolic body weight (W 0.75 ) along with either wheat straw (WS), paddy straw (PS) or wheat-paddy straw as 60:40 mix (WP) ad libitum. Feeding trial lasted for 30 days. The haemoglobin, total serum protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and serum enzymes (alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase) were comparable among goats irrespective of the diets. It may be concluded that wheat and paddy straw can be used as sole roughage or in combination without effecting blood biochemical profile and serum enzymes of goats.

| Paddy and wheat generate multi-million tons of straw as residue. These two straws although similar in their nutrient content are quite different in microstructure and non-nutritive chemical composition. Present study scrutinized the effect of these straws when fed in combination as compared to fed as sole roughage on blood biochemical profile and serum enzymes. Eighteen non-descript local adult male goats were randomly divided into three equal groups as per randomized block design and were offered concentrate mixture @20g /kg metabolic body weight (W 0.75 ) along with either wheat straw (WS), paddy straw (PS) or wheat-paddy straw as 60:40 mix (WP) ad libitum. Feeding trial lasted for 30 days. The haemoglobin, total serum protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and serum enzymes (alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase) were comparable among goats irrespective of the diets. It may be concluded that wheat and paddy straw can be used as sole roughage or in combination without effecting blood biochemical profile and serum enzymes of goats.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) has excellent nutritional signifcance as well as medicinal and therapeutic benefts, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. Whole wheat four (WWF) is associated with a reduced risk of cancer (colon cancer), constipation, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. In this regard, the objective of the study is to determine the chemical composition, nutritional value, and antioxidant activity of moringa leaves and their MLP containing snack food (bread) to make a strong recommendation for their consumption in a balanced diet. Te present study was aimed at assessing the efects of dehydrated moringa leaf powder (MLP) supplementation at 0-10% MLP levels on proximate, antioxidant, mineral, and sensory quality attributes of WWF leavened bread. Further, these quality attributes for MLP and WWF were also analyzed individually. As compared to WWF, MLP exhibited signifcantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activities, such as DPPH activity (10.38 ± 0.25 μmol TE/g DW), FRAP activity (21.43 ± 0.08 μmol TE/g DW), and total phenolic content (2.33 ± 0.04 mg GAE/100 g DW). MLP-supplemented bread exhibited signifcantly improved proximate, antioxidant, and mineral profle. It was evident from the proximate and sensory analysis that there was signifcant improvement in the nutritional composition of MLPsupplemented leavened bread; however, the overall acceptability scores of WWF leavened bread showed gradually decreasing tendency with corresponding rises in the addition levels of MLP. Based on results, it was implied that maximum acceptability was exhibited by the sample T 2 supplemented at MLP addition level of 5%. Moreover, the nutritional, mineral profle, and antioxidant profle of the supplemented bread were signifcantly improved owing to MLP addition, and it may be implied that MLP could be exploited for improving the nutritional status of people in underdeveloped and developing countries.

A three years old doe of Boer cross was presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal with post parturient haemorrhagic mastitis. Proteus vulgaris was identi ed as the mastitic pathogen by culture and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity revealed sensitivity to enro oxacin, however the case failed to respond to the treatment, resulting in chronic mastitis.

Rotation of gravid uterus along its own axis defined as uterine torsion which is very common in the buffalo during the last trimester of pregnancy. Here, a case of 5 year old buffalo which was in 2 nd parity affected by uterine torsion and incomplete cervical dilatation simultaneously discussed. Primarily torsion was relieved by Modified Schaeffer's Method and then treatment for incomplete cervical dilatation followed. Response to treatment took 24 hours. At the end cervix was dilated sufficient so that dead fetus removed by traction. Animal recovered successfully within a short period of time.

Feline cryptococcosis was reported prevalent in several countries including Australia, United States, and South America . Nevertheless, feline cryptococcosis reports in Indonesia was limited. Therefore, the potential of cryptococcosis as a zoonotic has not been a major concern. In several neighbour countries, cases of feline cryptococcosis have been reported in Malaysia Thailand (Worasilchai et al., 2017). This case report aims to provide information on feline cryptococcosis with the predominant clinical symptom

This study was conducted in Boyra and Sutiakhali villages under Sadar upazila of Mymensingh district to know the present status of backyard poultry production system. The survey data were collected from 40 randomly selected farmers having 20 from each village by interviewing them. The data were then analyzed statistically. All the selected farmers reared deshi chicken and about 54% of them reared deshi duck only. It was also found that highest proportion (75%) of farmers reared both chicken and duck together, followed by 17.5% reared only chicken and 7.5% reared chicken, duck and pigeon at a time. The average population per household of chicken, duck and pigeon were 10.4, 9.95 and 4.0, respectively, in both villages. All farmers reared poultry in semi-scavenging system. About 55% farmers kept poultry in their dwelling house. Farmers were used boiled rice, rice polish, paddy and broken rice to fed the birds. About 62% farmers were used rice and rice polish to make diet for chicken an...

The study describes farm management practices, determines farmers' knowledge of Salmonella, and identifies agricultural extension advisory services available to strengthen livestock farmers to examine the prevalence of Salmonella outbreaks among poultry farms in Osun and Ogun, Nigeria. The study utilized a crosssectional survey of 240 poultry farmers and 60 agricultural extension workers from both states. Data was collected with an interview schedule and analysed using percentages, frequency count and mean. Results indicate that the majority (68.3% and 67.5% in Osun and Ogun States, respectively) of the respondents were males; the mean age of the respondents was 47 years and 46 years in Osun and Ogun States, respectively. High (100.0% and 78.3%) Salmonella disease outbreaks were experienced in Osun and Ogun, respectively. Semi-intensive and intensive production systems are the predominant production methods in both states. The results further reveal that 56.7% and 70.0% of respondents in Osun and Ogun states had over 15 years of regular contact with extension services, respectively. However, the majority (83.3% and 91.7%) of Extension agents in Osun and Ogun states were knowledgeable about the Salmonella infection. The study concluded that for better adherence against disease outbreaks in poultry farms, monitoring and evaluation of all advisory services rendered should be done to ensure compliance. It is therefore recommended that there be improved biosecurity practices across the study location and adequate extension services that will enhance biosecurity measures and training to mitigate Salmonella outbreaks in poultry farms in the study area.

| Cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy metal, is often associated with the reproductive disorders of mammals. The edible bird's nest (EBN) is a naturally occurring food product made from the saliva of swiftlet birds (Aerodramus fuciphagus & Aerodramus maximus) in the form of a nest, and it has been consumed as healthy food or tonic for decades. This research aimed to study the possible protective effects of EBN against Cd toxicity in ovaries of Sprague Dawley rats. Thirty (30) female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned into five groups as follows: group 1-Negative control (NC) received distilled water; group 2-positive control (PC) administered with CdCl 2 , 5mg/kg BW; while groups EBN 1, EBN 2, and EBN 3 received CdCl 2 (5mg/kg BW) concurrently with graded concentrations of 60, 90 and 120 mg/kg BW of EBN, respectively. After four weeks of treatment, rats were euthanized to collect ovaries for histopathological studies using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed through immunohistochemistry, and levels of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) were assessed using a SOD assay kit. Oral administration of CdCl 2 without EBN supplement resulted in significantly decreased (p<0.05) immunohistochemical expressions of VEGF in ovarian tissue and a decrease (p<0.05) in the activity of SOD. Moreover, ovarian histopathological changes, including follicular cysts and a significant increase (p<0.05) in the number of atretic follicles, while a decrease in the number of growing follicles was noted in Cd only treated group. Animals treated with CdCl 2 and EBN at three different dosages resulted in significantly increased (p<0.05) expressions of VEGF in ovarian tissues, low degenerative changes with normal histomorphology as well as significantly increased (p<0.05) SOD activity as compared to the PC group. Overall, the findings revealed that oral exposure to Cd at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg BW resulted in significant alterations in ovaries, as evidenced by a lower degree of VEGF expression along with reduced antioxidant activity and histomorphological changes. Meanwhile, EBN proved to exhibit a significant protective role against Cd toxicity in ovaries, possibly through its antioxidant effect.

Background: Diminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The noncompliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d'Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028). The high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.

The aim of this study was to compare vaginal mucus scoring and ultrasonographic assessment of uterine content as predictors of future reproductive performance of dairy cows. Holstein-Friesian cows (n=493) from seven commercial dairy farms were enrolled in this study. All cows received one pre-breeding exam (PBE) between 21 to 38 days after parturition. During the PBE, vaginal mucus was scored (MS) and the transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the uterus to assess content (UTS) took place. The MS was scored on a scale of 0 to 3 using a Metricheck® device and appearance of the uterus on transrectal ultrasound was scored on a scale of 0 to 4 based on the presence and consistency of intraluminal fluid. Other data collected from each cow included the farm ID (F_ID), conception rate to first service (CRS1), length of breeding window (BW), lactation number (LN), calving month (CaM), Body Condition Score (BCS) at calving (C_BCS), BCS loss after calving (BCS_L), BCS at PBE (BCS_PBE), days in milk at PBE (DIM_PBE ), 305day milk yield (305D_Y), economic breeding index (EBI), EBI fertility subindex (EBI_F) and EBI health subindex (EBI_H). For each cow these parameters were analysed using univariate Cox proportional hazard model to evaluate the effect of variables on the reproductive performance, measured as positive pregnancy status (PS) at the end of the breeding season. ROC analysis of the diagnostic tests compared with each other took place as well. Cows with positive UTS were 7.75 times more likely to have a positive MS as well (P <0.01). The PS hazard ratios for cows with UTS0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1; 0.84; 0.53; 0.78; 0.28, respectively (P < 0.001). For the cows with MS0, 1,2, 3 the PR hazard ratios were 1; 1.02; 0.51; 0.75; respectively (P = 0.01). CRS1, BW and PS were significantly better for the cows with UTS0, 1 and 2 compared with the cows with UTS3-4 and MS2+3 (68%; 18%, (P = 0.020); 29; 75 days, (P = 0.001); 95%; 55%; (P = 0.010), respectively).

Forty cows of the Black-and-White breed at 2 to 5 lactation were divided into 4 groups (10 in each group) and were fed according to 4 different regimes during the dry period and the first 84 days of lactation. Nutrition levels for both periods were: moderate-moderate (MM); moderate-abundant (MH); abundant-moderate (HM) and abundant-abundant (HH). The abundant feeding during the dry period that had resulted in BCS of 3.8 points of cows at calving had positive effect on milk production but relatively unfavourable effect on the calving process, placenta discharge, conception rate and occurrence of subclinical ketosis compared to moderate nutrition during the dry period and calving at BCS of 2.95 points. By feeding high-energy rations during the first 12 weeks of lactation less body reserves in the beginning of lactation can be compensated in cows with BCS of 2.95 points at calving and nearly the same milk production can be achieved, as in cows fed abundantly during the dry period and l...

Forty cows of the Black-and-White breed at 2 nd to 5 th lactation were divided into 4 groups (10 in each group) and were fed according to 4 different regimes during the dry period and the first 84 days of lactation. Nutrition levels for both periods were: moderate-moderate (MM); moderate-abundant (MH); abundant-moderate (HM) and abundant-abundant (HH). The abundant feeding during

This study on enhancing small ruminant farm efficiency: evidence-based management strategies for small ruminant farms, specifically sheep (ovine) and goats (caprine) has an objective to assess the small ruminant farms in the three (3) Districts of Cagayan, Philippines. Small ruminants provide an essential role in the livelihoods of many farmers, therefore enhancing productivity is necessary for food security and economic stability. The study indicates important areas for improvement, including as feeding management, breeding system, health management, and farm management strategies. Surveys and questionnaires were used to collect data, which revealed varied results in farm performance associated with the use of certain management strategies. The researchers strongly emphasize the significance of education and support for farmers to effectively implement these management strategies.

P oultry is a growing industry across the world to justi- fy the protein demands of people. At the same time, there are high concerns about the emissions (organic dust, gases, and heavy metals) that are coming from such large facilities. The emissions from such facilities goes into different environmental media which results in public health impacts . Among these, metal pollution is a major public health risk and the contribution of intensive poultry farming to heavy metal emissions into the air, soil and water have the potential to negatively affect ecosystems and human populations. Some metals such as Selenium, Copper, Iron and Zinc are purposefully added to the feed to enhance feed efficacy, weight and research Article Abstract | Poultry industry is progressing worldwide due to cheap sources of proteins and it is also considered as the center of various organic and inorganic emissions. The current study was designed to see the release of different metals from the poultry farms. Air samples both from indoor and outdoor along with the litter and feed samples of ten poultry houses were collected from the outskirts of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Poultry farms were varied in feed and grouped into three categories: Group A (using Feed A), Group B (using Feed B) and Group C (using Feed C). All collected samples were digested with aqua regia and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Fourteen metals were detected and categorized as essential (Calcium (Ca), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg)), trace (Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn)) and heavy metals (Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb)). In general, the concentration of all essential, trace, and heavy metals was found to be highest in feed followed by litter and air samples. However, Cr, Hg and Pb were higher in litter samples of group A as compared to feed and air. All the samples were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA. A significant difference of feed was present with litter and air samples within groups (p<0.05) however, no significant differences were recorded among different groups. Overall it was noticed that the concentration of metals in feed samples were reflecting in litter and air. So, there is a need to ensure intervention and management policies in intensive poultry farming facilities to establish standards for metal in feed to reduce their bioaccumulation in the environment.

Bio-mass yield (BMY), chemical composition, in-vitro organic matter digestibility(IVOMD) and gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME), methane and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) productions of Mulberry (Morus alba.) plant fractions (leaf, stem edible branch and whole plant) harvested at three cutting stages were evaluated. The plants were harvested at 6,8 and 10 months after planting which was denoted as stage 1,2 and 3 respectively. Among morphological fractions the highest (p&lt;0.05) dry matter yield was for stem while the lowest (p&lt;0.05) was for edible branch. The DM yield increased (p&lt;0.001) with increasing stage of maturity for all fractions. The CP content decreased (p&lt;0.001) with increasing stage of maturity for leaf and edible branch. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content for stage 1 and 2 was lower than stage 3 for leaf, edible branch and whole plant. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) for stage 1 in leaf was lower than that of stage 2 and 3. The IVOMD of lea...

Background: Early detection of pregnancy can perk up the reproductive competence of dairy animals and decreasing the interval between two successive AI. Several methods of pregnancy diagnosis both direct and indirect are being practiced; but to date, none of these technologies qualifies as the ideal pregnancy detection method due to its limitation. The present study was designed to learn about the changes of hormonal and blood metabolites during early bovine pregnancy. Methods: A total of 30 numbers of crossbred cows at 2 nd to 5 th lactation was selected for the study. Clinico-gynaecological examination was carried out in all the cows and those have devoid of ill health, having a regular estrous cycle and estrus period were inseminated at mid to late estrus. Ten milliliter of blood samples were collected aseptically from all the cows (6 samples from each cow and a total of 180 samples) on day 1, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 of post-A.I. From the obtained serum, levels of glucose, cholesterol, BUN, total protein and hormonal profile estrone sulphate, progesterone were analysed. All the cows were observed for the absence of external signs of estrus after AI and pregnancy was confirmed by using ultrasonography and per rectal examination on day 30 to 40 of post insemination. Result: It was observed that level of glucose, BUN, cholesterol and progesterone was significantly increased during early pregnancy (P<0.01). While, the serum level of estrone sulphate significantly decreased while advancing the pregnancy. There was positive correlation between the level of progesterone (P<0.01) and negative correlation of estrone sulphate (P<0.05) with serum glucose, BUN, cholesterol at different days of post A.I. The blood biochemical constituents i.e. glucose, BUN, cholesterol and hormone estrone sulphate, progesterone possibly will used as an ideal marker of early pregnancy in cattle. Thus blood biochemical constituents like glucose, BUN, cholesterol and hormone estrone sulphate, progesterone possibly can be used as a tool for diagnosis of non pregnant dairy cattles with very high accuracy at around 30 days of post insemination.

Participatory methods were used to assess impact of PPR outbreaks in Shinille zone of Somali National Regional State in year 2007. The methods were standardized and repeated with 73 pastoralists. The impact assessed vaccination was conducted through 3 campaigns run by LCNRDB in collaboration with FAO, SC UK and HCS over 8 months period, May to December 2007. In this study impact of the disease and vaccination was estimated using goat mortality data alone. The PPR outbreak was confirmed by the Sebeta NAHRC through laboratory test using samples delivered from Shinille zone.

The assessment showed PPR outbreak has been circulating in the area for around 10 month period, December 2006 to October 2007, and there was no clinical disease encountered in sheep according to informants. In this study, around 21% of the assessed goat flocks developed PPR symptoms and around 49% of them died of the particular disease during the year 2006/2007 outbreak. In the 73 flocks covered by this PE the loss incurred due to mortality alone is estimated to around 259,200 ETB or 3,551 ETB per household. A total of 114 abortion events were also reported although this study was unable to specify causes.

The vaccination campaigns were intervened in response to the pastoralists’ complains against the massive goat mortality that resulted in the heavy pressure placed by local administrative bodies on the LCNRDB and its NGO development partners. In the four districts covered by campaigns vaccination was conducted few months later to the onset of the outbreaks on average and around 11% of the total sheep and goat populations existed in the 4 districts covered by vaccination campaigns were vaccinated. Mortality in the post vaccination period went down to zero nearly although there is no strong evidence from this study that the vaccine had impact on the outbreak.

In conclusion, PPR was perceived to be among the most important goat diseases mainly because of its contagious and highly killer nature. To that end, flock vaccination is a logical and essential control and prevention measure required especially at time of drought. However, in the year 2006/7 PPR outbreak partly as a consequence of issues related to political implications of failure to respond to such disaster, and lack of disease specific outbreak control principle and strategy it seemed that the technical aspects of the vaccination campaign has been inexpertly handled or neglected. Finally, while the reasons forcing unnecessary vaccination indicated earlier are well noted ring vaccination practice is more logical in order to avoid cost of campaigns while vaccinating populations existed with the agent for months. It also needs to be noted that vaccination in the affected flock itself during acute phase may actually trigger more clinical cases.

Se detecta la presencia de Anaplasma marginale en becerros hijos de vacas con infección asintomática. Ensayos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) llevados a cabo en muestras de sangre de 31 vacas lactantes, en aparente buen estado físico y sus respectivas crías, revelaron la presencia de ADN específico de A. marginale en el 70 y 40%, respectivamente. La detección de parte del genoma de A. marginale en becerros recién nacidos, hijos de vacas asintomáticas PCR positivas, sugiere la transmisión de la infección madre-hijo por vía transplacentaria. Se discute las implicaciones epizootiológicas de la infección por A. marginale en animales asintomáticos y se advierte sobre la potencialidad de esta forma de transmisión en el mantenimiento del ciclo de este organismo. Se concluye que la transmisión por vía transplacentaria podría ser un evento de frecuente ocurrencia en el área de estudio y se sugiere la utilización de técnicas producto de la nueva biotecnología como la PCR para incrementar la especificidad en el diagnóstico.

Se detecta la presencia de Anaplasma marginale en becerros hijos de vacas con infección asintomática. Ensayos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) llevados a cabo en muestras de sangre de 31 vacas lactantes, en aparente buen estado físico y sus respectivas crías, revelaron la presencia de ADN específico de A. marginale en el 70 y 40%, respectivamente. La detección de parte del genoma de A. marginale en becerros recién nacidos, hijos de vacas asintomáticas PCR positivas, sugiere la transmisión de la infección madre-hijo por vía transplacentaria. Se discute las implicaciones epizootiológicas de la infección por A. marginale en animales asintomáticos y se advierte sobre la potencialidad de esta forma de transmisión en el mantenimiento del ciclo de este organismo. Se concluye que la transmisión por vía transplacentaria podría ser un evento de frecuente ocurrencia en el área de estudio y se sugiere la utilización de técnicas producto de la nueva biotecnología como la PCR para incrementar la especificidad en el diagnóstico.

La urolitiasis es un problema importante en los perros de todo el mundo. Los estudios de prevalencia de la urolitiasis canina han sido realizados en muchos países, pero en el continente americano resulta difícil encontrar publicaciones que no se refi eran a Canadá y USA, no existiendo cifras de prevalencia en México. El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar la composición fi sicoquímica de los urolitos y establecer las razas de perros que presentan un riesgo relativo para esta patología en México.

Aim: A serological survey for the detection of Foot and Mouth Disease virus antibodies in trade cattle was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Kwara state of Nigeria. A cross-sectional study based on convenient sampling for bovine blood was carried out in 5 cattle markets (Offa, Bode Sadu, Ilesha baruba, Ilorin, Ajasse) across five local government areas in Kwara State amongst cattle with unknown history of FMD vaccination over a period of August-September-October, 2011. The sera obtained were screened R using NS-Blocking ELISA kit (PRIOCHECK ). Results: Out of the 450 cattle (268 cows and 182 bulls) screened for FMD antibodies, sero-positivity was highest amongst cows 62.13%. Percentage distribution of sero-positive reactors by location showed Ilesha baruba, Ilorin and Offa had 27.14%, 23.80% and 13.33% respectively, while seropositivity amongst bulls was 37.86%, highest occurrence in Offa 30.46% and least in Ilesha baruba 14.84%. FMD carriers according to breeds showed 77.21% white Fulani (Bunaji) was positive over the other breeds. The sex, location and breed was significant by chi square p<0.05. FMD seropositivity according to age indicated young cattle within 6 months-2years group had the highest occurrence 75.14% over the adult group 24.85%. The occurrence thus confirms FMD endemicity and susceptibility of all sex, ages, and various breed of unvaccinated trade cattle especially amongst white Fulani, young cows within the local markets and those from neighboring West African countries. Thus, circulating FMDV strains responsible for this seropositivity should be established in order to design appropriate control strategy to limit FMD effect.

T he concept of homeostasis requires that a living be- ing's internal and external environments interact and coexist in balance. Such interactions result in exerting influence from one factor on the other. All of these factors influence the survival and productivity of living beings. For example, the growth, development, and reproduction of an animal are determined by its hormonal balance. Also, the initiation of puberty and the transition to adulthood in an-imals is characterized by the secretion of these hormones . As stressor and stimuli, climate factors significantly impact hormonal systems . Therefore, a concise understanding and grasp of the effect of seasons on variations in reproductive hormones are imperative for the farmer in the management of goats, selection of breeding animals, mating ratios and their reproductive potential.

The current study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Microfilaria in cows in the western regions of Iraq, by examining 382 cows of both sexes and for ages from 1-11 years during the year 2020. The parasite was diagnosed by examining the skin scraping collected from the infected animals in the laboratory, and the results showed that the cows were infected with the microfilariae parasite by 34%, and the highest infection rate was recorded in Al-Qa'im area 51.6% and Haditha 49.%. Significant differences were observed between males (21.9%) and females (44.6%). The highest incidence rate was recorded in cows aged 3-5 years, at 45.3%, with significant differences from the rest of the ages. Furthermore, the highest incidence rate was observed in Summer seasons, reaching 64.8%. The current study concludes that cattle in the western regions of Iraq are infected with the microfilariae parasite at a high rate, and this necessitates the establishment of an integrated control approach to control parasitic diseases and prevent their spread in farm animals because they cause serious disease effects and heavy economic losses.

N eospora caninum is an obligate protozoan parasite which causes abortion in farm animals worldwide especially in cattle. The parasite was first detected in 1984 in dogs (Dudey et al., 2007; Dubey and Schares, 2011). Domestic and wild canids are natural final host for N. caninum. Infected dog excrete oocysts in their feces, which is then ingested by intermediate hosts such as horses, goats, sheep and water buffaloes (Nasir et al., 2011; Kamali et al., 2014). The disease is generally diagnosed in bovine by serological or pathological findings, immunochemical methods and molecular biological techniques. To detect antibodies specific for N. caninum tachyzoites, antigens are examined using serological test, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibodies test (IFT) (Bishop et al., 2010; Rhman et al,. 2011; Jamal and Haidar, 2014). In Iraq less is known about seroprevalence of neosporosis in bovine. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of N. caninum antibodies in sera of water buffaloes in Baghdad city. One hundred and fifty blood samples were collected randomly from different ages and sexes (60 males and 90 females) of water buffaloes during October 2014-May 2015 from different areas north of in Baghdad city, Iraq. The samples were transported on cold box to the parasitology laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University. Blood samples (about 5 ml) were collected by puncturing external jugular vein under a septic condition.

C holesterol is an important component as it functions as a precursor for steroid hormone synthesis, bile acid, and vitamin D in humans and in animals (Mumpuni et al., 2011). The presence of cholesterol in the body helps in building cell walls and phospholipid synthesis, a cell membrane component (Fitriarini et al., 2012). Excess cholesterol with high serum levels for prolonged period of time can cause cholesterol plaque build-up in arteries, thickening and hardening of blood vessel walls which cause obstructions in the blood stream (Damayanti, 2013). Hypercholesterolemia in animals may trigger the development of diabetes (Manens et al., 2012). Biological compounds are known to produce a reduction in cholesterol level without causing dangerous side effects, one of them being β-glucan (Ardhani et al., 2017; Golomb et al., 2010; Talati et al., 2009). Microorganism-based materials may be used as an alternative when plant-derived materials that are very reliant on environmental factors and unsupportive weather factors are unavailable. In addition, microorganisms are also easier to control and require less land area, making it more preferable. Microorganisms can also be grown in modified media, its productivity increased, and the extraction process is easier. β-Glucan is a food fiber with a high molecular weight and viscosity so that it has positive effects in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism (Nazare et al., 2007). β-Glucan acts as an anti-cholesterol by preventing destruction of Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol through oxidative processes, as an antioxidant by bonding with free radicals (Lee et al., 2001; Miura et al., 2003; Józefowski et al., 2012; Utama et al., 2020). β-glucan may be produced from several sources such as ce- Abstract | Hypercholesterolemia may cause diabetes in animals and often happens to beloved pets such as Labrador retrievers, Terrier cairns, and Beagles. Treatments for hypercholesterolemia commonly causes side effects. β-glucan is a biologically-derived polysaccharide from sources like extracted Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a valid natural/herbal alternative in reducing cholesterol levels. The safety of β-glucan from S. cerevisiae is clear, as it has been considered Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Extracted Saccharomyces cerevisiae may produce up to 85% β-glucan. β-glucan may be developed for treatment of hypercholesterolemia as it has no side effects.

A Murrah buffalo in its fourth parity was presented with the history of nine-month pregnancy with cervicovaginal prolapse. The detailed gynaecological examination of the buffalo revealed whole anterior vagina and cervix hanging out from vulva with minor lacerated wound over the vaginal surface. Animal was restrained properly; vaginal mass was thoroughly cleaned after evacuation of the bladder. The prolapsed mass was repositioned into the pelvic cavity followed by retention of the prolapsed mass by horizontal mattress suture. Adequate treatment ensured uneventful recovery of buffalo without any complications.

Background and Aim: Artificial insemination (AI) is a critical technique in sheep breeding programs, yet its success is influenced by factors such as semen quality, storage conditions, and insemination timing. This study examines the effects of different semen extenders, storage durations, and insemination schedules on semen motility and pregnancy rates in Palestinian Assaf sheep. The primary aim of this study was to assess and compare the efficacy of three semen extenders – Andromed, Indonesian, and Syrian – on the quality of stored semen and its subsequent effect on pregnancy rates following AI. In addition, the study investigated the impact of semen storage duration and the timing of insemination post-equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) injection on reproductive outcomes.

Materials and Methods: Semen was collected from eight Assaf rams, diluted with one of three extenders, and stored at 4°C for up to 72 h. Sperm motility was analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analysis system at different time intervals. AI was performed on 180 Assaf ewes across three farms in Palestine, with insemination conducted at either 48 h, 52 h, or both 48 and 52 h post-eCG injection. Pregnancy rates were determined through ultrasound 45 days post-insemination. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 22 (IBM® NY, USA), with p-values set at <0.05 for significance.

Results: Semen motility decreased significantly over time, with total motility (TM) declining from 0.85 ± 0.01 (fresh) to 0.63 ± 0.02 after 3 days of storage. The Syrian extender exhibited superior fast motility (FM) (0.35 ± 0.01) compared to the others. Strong positive correlations were observed between TM and progressive motility (0.90, p ≤ 0.01). Pregnancy rates did not significantly differ among extenders (Andromed: 0.58 ± 0.06, Indonesian: 0.54 ± 0.07, Syrian: 0.56 ± 0.08). However, insemination performed at both 48 and 52 h post-eCG injection resulted in the highest pregnancy rate (0.62 ± 0.07), while the second ejaculation showed a tendency for improved fertility outcomes (0.61 ± 0.07).

Conclusion: Prolonged semen storage negatively impacts motility, though the Syrian extender preserves FM better than the others. Pregnancy rates were not significantly influenced by the extender type but were optimized by insemination at both 48 and 52 h post-eCG injection. These findings highlight the importance of refining semen preservation techniques and timing AI procedures to enhance breeding success in Assaf sheep.

Keywords: artificial insemination, breeding efficiency, Palestinian Assaf sheep, semen preservation.

F oot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic high- ly contagious disease in most parts of the world that affects broad host range including domestic and wild cloven-footed animals . Globally, an economic burden of six to twenty billion US dollars is associated with the FMD in terms of animal milk and meat production, mortality, preventive measures, and trade restrictions . FMD outbreaks in 2001 in United Kingdom led to slaughtering of approximately 7 % of all cattle and 15 % of sheep while a US$300 million loss from outbreaks of 2007 (Anderson, 2008;. FMD virus, a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus is responsible for the disease outbreaks. The virus has seven major serotypes each having subtypes. There is no cross-protection between the serotypes . Different disease control policies have been adopted across the globe including restriction of animal movement and mass vaccination programs . Vaccination is considered an effective strategy to control the disease, but still, there are some uncertainties in the time of vaccination and type of vaccines. Mostly killed monovalent, bivalent, trivalent and polyvalent vaccines are used in vaccination programs . FMD virus is RNA virus, the genetic research Article Abstract | The biological effects of idiotype antibodies in immune modulation against diseases have been described in various studies. Idiotype vaccine is a novel alternative approach to immunize animals against various contagious diseases. The recombinant subunit vaccines and antibody-based vaccine does not result in post-vaccine outbreaks as it is devoid of viral structural and non-structural proteins. Three inactivated serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (A, Asia-1, O) were injected into the goats. The serum containing a high antibody titer was proceeded for the separation of idiotype antibodies via octanoic acid-ammonium sulfate precipitation. The fragment antigen-binding (Fab) components of idiotype antibodies were separated and purified. Two different concentrations of Fab idiotype were used as antigens in the layer birds for the development of anti-idiotype antibodies that were used as FMD virus surrogates in rabbits. The production of anti-idiotype antibodies in egg yolk was detected through the agar gel immunoprecipitation test (AGPT) and western blot. The birds immunized with 10 mg mL -1 of idiotype perfectly produced anti-idiotype antibodies at day 14 post-immunization. Antibody titer of anti-idiotype antigen was significantly high with a peak titer of 83% at 45-day post-immunization. The caprine anti-FMD virus idiotype has the potential to successfully produce anti-idiotype in layer birds. Anti-idiotype antigens may be a good alternative as virus surrogates in vaccine development. Layer birds are the potential experimental source for the bulk production of anti-idiotype antibodies.

S everal broad spectrum antibiotics were widely used for treatment and prophylaxsis of some dangerous bacterial infection in rabbits (El-Nawawy et al., 2006). Cefepime is one of fourth-generation parenteral cephalosporin antibiotic that is used for treatment of pneumonia, febrile neutropenia, urinary tract infections. Cefepime monotherapy gives both an excellent microbiological clearance and a good clinical response (El-Dars et al., 2019). Antimicrobial drug residues are detected by chemical, biological and immunological methods. The use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is an effective, accurate, rapid and sensitive technique for the analysis of cefepime residues in the tissues (Orti et al., 2000). Intensive uncontrolled use of antimicrobials drugs in the rabbit industry especially if the withdrawal times are neglected leads to harmful effects on human health (Tajick and Shohreh, 2006). The possible human hazards health problems related to antibiotic residues have been report-research Article Abstract | Drug Residues in meat have serious effects on human health (e.g., increase antimicrobial resistance, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and hypersensitivity) which urge the control of veterinary drug residues to ensure consumers' health. Thus, this work was designed to determine cefepime residues quantitatively in different tissues of the rabbits (liver, kidneys and muscles) and to determine the withdrawal time of cefepime following intra-muscular (I/M) dosing of the drug using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twenty four healthy male rabbit (growing white New Zealand) were used and randomly allocated into two equal groups, 12 rabbits/each; group 1 (negative control) was I/M injected with sterile normal saline and group 2 was I/M injected with cefepime hydrochloride (75 mg/kg BW) once daily for 5 successive days. Rabbits were sacrificed on 1 st , 3 rd , 7 th and 14 th day post antibiotic injection and liver, kidney and breast muscles samples were collected for detection of residue by HPLC. Results showed that days of experiment and tissue type has an effect on cefepime residual level as there is highly significant interaction (p =0.0001). The highest cefepime residual level was detected in kidney followed by liver while the lowest level was recorded in muscle samples. Cefepime remained within the detectable limit in the breast muscle (on the 3 rd day) and in the kidney and liver tissues (on the 7 th day) following the last I/M injection of the drug. While on the 14 th day after last dose, the cefepime residues were disappear in all tested tissues. Cefepime administration caused non-marked changes of tested biochemical indices (liver, and kidney function tests) of rabbit then reached to safe levels during the withdrawal period at other time points. Therefore, it is recommended to pay attention to the proper withdrawal time (14 day) before slaughtering of cefepime-treated rabbits to make sure that rabbits tissues are free from cefepime residues and become safe for consumers.

The present study was carried out to determine how ApoB2 gene polymorphisms are related to growth-related traits and carcass characteristics of Noi chickens. A total of 183 birds were examined in the study. Body weight was recorded individually at days 1, 35, 63, and 91, and carcass parameters were determined at 91 days for all chickens. For determining single nucleotide polymorphisms, the PCR-RFLP method was used with the help of AcyI restriction enzyme. A polymorphic site was found in the population, with the frequencies of 11, 12, and 22 genotypes being 0.18, 0.67, and 0.15, respectively. At the end of the experiment, better body weight (965-976 g/bird) and daily weight gain (10.5-10.6 g/bird/day) were found in chickens with 11 and 12 genotypes. Carcass parameters were superior in chickens carrying these genotypes (P<0.05) except for thigh and drumstick weight. In breeding selection for improving growth and carcass traits in Noi native chickens, allele 1 was more advantageous.

Background: Foot and mouth disease is a debilitating and highly contagious transboundary disease of cattle that can cause a huge economical loss globally. It is a notifiable disease in Ethiopia, and it is thought to be causing a decrease in cattle productivity and production. Methods: A cross-sectional study and outbreak investigation were performed to estimate seroprevalence, identify associated factors and serotypes of FMDV in dairy cattle around Addis Ababa. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed for the selection of sampling units for the seroprevalence study. A total of 383 blood samples were collected using plain vacutainer tubes and the obtained sera were tested by 3ABC-Ab ELISA at the NAHDIC lab. Also, from outbreak cases, 20 epithelial tissue samples were collected purposively for the molecular detection of FMDV serotypes. The overall seroprevalence of FMD in dairy cattle was 72.1% (95% CI=67.27-76.50). The seroprevalence in dairy cattle of Ada Berga, Holeta, and Sululta districts was 97.2%, 71.4%, and 57.6%, respectively. Up on Chi-square analysis, age, body condition, and management system were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). Besides, multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that district, age, body condition, and management were significantly associated with FMD seroprevalence (p<0.05). The odds of being seropositive to FMD were 6.9 (95% CI=1.8-24.9; p=0.005) and 2.3 (95% CI=1.2-4.7; p=0.01) times higher in cattle found in Ada Berga and Holeta Woreda. From outbreak cases, 18 (90.0%) were identified positive for FMDV serotype O. The current study revealed higher seroprevalence was recorded in the study area and associated risk factors identified statically, serotype O of FMDV was identified from outbreak cases. Therefore, it is critical to design and implement feasible control and prevention mechanisms based on the type of circulating virus serotype.