Ancient Greek Architecture

https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691262550/retrospective-columns?srsltid=AfmBOopv_gutJ0lrUJuRpL7d1-gssvTaxHxRwGCG32zjNk3i3eyd32gL

The Ionic order of ancient Greek architecture gradually evolved over the course of the sixth century BCE. In Retrospective Columns, Samuel Holzman examines an overlooked group of nine Ionic monuments that are varied in design but have capitals that combine the pillowy, convex volutes of sixth-century Ionia on one side and the crisp concave volutes of more contemporary styles on the other. Such hybrid capitals had a surprising longevity and range, spanning Greece, Italy, and Turkey between 550 and 250 BCE.

Why did ancient Greek builders sometimes revert to older carving styles and combine them with newer ones? One old theory is that outdated styles were a labor-saving shortcut—a notion Holzman puts to rest with a marble carving experiment that recreated the volutes of one capital. Rather, he argues that hybrid capitals represented an important parallel to other trends in Greek art, notably “bilingual” Attic vases, which combined older and newer painting techniques for sheer visual delight. By studying the chiaroscuro carving effects and painted polychrome decoration of Ionic architecture, Holzman shows that ancient viewers were primed to look for differences in such details, which the book illustrates with many original drawings and diagrams.

Exploring works of Ionic architecture from different periods in Ionia, the Cyclades, Athens, and the Northern Aegean, Retrospective Columns demonstrates that their builders ultimately returned to outmoded elements to establish continuity with the past, reinforcing community identities and architectural tradition.

Scholarly study of ancient Greek sanctuaries has tended to focus on religion and ritual, monuments, deities, sacrifce, and topography. Logistics in Greek Sanctuaries takes a completely novel perspective by shifting the focus away from the religious sphere and monumental aspects of sanctuaries to practical activity and the experience of the human visitor. Close examination of the more mundane and everyday life and activity in Greek cult places, e.g., sanitation, water and food supply, accommodation, markets, managing crowds and behavior and workers, reveals relatively unexplored facets of ancient Greek sanctuaries and offers new paths of investigation for the future.

Le programme ici presente associe deux archeologues et un historien d’Ausonius, une architecte de fouille, le responsable technique d’Archeotransfert et des stagiaires informaticiens. Commence en 2005 sur le site de Xanthos, recemment etendu a Telmessos de Carie (Alazeytin Kalesi) dans le cadre du projet ANR Euploia, ce programme vise a la modelisation d’edifices antiques fouilles ou du moins assez bien connus, avec pour but l’extension de la modelisation a l’ensemble des sites concernes. Les exemples etudies (arc honorifique, basilique civile, temple ou heroon) presentent des degres de conservation tres differents et le niveau de connaissance theorique qu’on peut en avoir est tres disparate : on donnera ici un tableau provisoire des difficultes rencontrees et des resultats scientifiques et methodologiques obtenus.

It is the contention of this research to explain the perceptual totality of composed groups of Classical Greek buildings in sacred precincts, as exemplified at Delphi and the Athenian Acropolis. The main proposal to be tested by the analysis of these architectural ensembles is that sacred Classical Greek architecture is not exclusively an architecture of three Classical orders, but an architecture on two hierarchical levels, namely the architecture of the divine level, as symbolised mainly by the Doric temple, as opposed to the architecture of the secondary human level, represented by the ancillary buildings in the approach areas that are characterised by a diminished scale, complexity and ambiguity.

Une machine aU service d'Un chantier de restaUration : le restUcage des colonnes dU temple des castors à la fin de la répUbliqUe En 74 av. J.-C., les deux préteurs urbains, dont un certain Caius Verrès, sont chargés de vérifier le bon état de réfection des temples de la ville. Cicéron, dans sa Seconde Action contre Verrès rédigée en 70 av. J.-C. alors que l'accusé a quitté Rome, raconte comment le préteur tente d'extorquer de l'argent à l'entrepreneur en charge des travaux du temple des Castors situé sur le Forum romain, un pupille du nom de Junius. Il lui suffit pour ce faire de refuser les travaux livrés par Junius sous le prétexte que certaines colonnes du temple ne seraient pas droites et devraient être redressées. Un nouveau chantier est alors ouvert pour répondre aux exigences du préteur, et Cicéron en offre une description exceptionnellement riche afin de démontrer, une fois de plus, la malhonnêteté de Verrès. Ce qui retiendra ici notre attention est que la spécificité de ces travaux, si l'on en croit l'orateur, réside dans l'utilisation d'une machine 1 . La description matérielle des travaux est assez succincte : il s'agit de démonter, de remonter puis de restuquer quatre des colonnes du temple : Etenim quid erat operis ? Id quod uos uidistis ; omnes illae columnae, quas dealbatas uidetis, machina adposita nulla impensa deiectae isdemque lapidibus repositae sunt. Et de fait, quels étaient les travaux à faire ? Ce que vous avez vu ; toutes ces colonnes que vous voyez blanchies ont été, au moyen d'une machine placée contre elles, sans aucune dépense, démontées et remontées avec les mêmes blocs 2 . De fait, on apprend un peu plus tard que seules trois colonnes ont été démontées, la quatrième ayant seulement été reblanchie : Atque in illis columnis dico esse quae a tuo redemptore commotae non sint ; dico esse ex qua tantum tectorium uetus deiectum sit et nouum inductum.

Alman Arkeoloji Enstitüsü'nün (DAI) Kısaltmalar Dizini'nde 'OLBA' şeklinde yer almaktadır. OLBA dergsi hakemlidir. Makalelerdeki görüş, düşünce ve bilimsel değerlendirmelerin yasal sorumluluğu yazarlara aittir. The articles are evaluated by referees. The legal responsibility of the ideas, opinions and scientific evaluations are carried by the author. OLBA dergisi, Mayıs ayında olmak üzere, yılda bir kez basılmaktadır. Published each year in May. KAAM'ın izni olmadan OLBA'nın hiçbir bölümü kopya edilemez. Alıntı yapılması durumunda dipnot ile referans gösterilmelidir. It is not allowed to copy any section of OLBA without the permit of the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA dergisinde makalesi yayımlanan her yazar, makalesinin baskı olarak ve elektronik ortamda yayımlanmasını kabul etmiş ve telif haklarını OLBA dergisine devretmiş sayılır. Each author whose article is published in OLBA shall be considered to have accepted the article to be published in print version and electronically and thus have transferred the copyrights to the Mersin University (Research Center for Cilician Archaeology / Journal OLBA) OLBA'ya gönderilen makaleler aşağıdaki web adresinde ve bu cildin giriş sayfalarında belirtilen formatlara uygun olduğu taktirde basılacaktır. MERSİN ÜNİVERSİTESİ KILIKIA ARKEOLOJİSİNİ ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ BİLİMSEL SÜRELİ YAYINI 'OLBA' Kapsam Olba süreli yayını Mayıs ayında olmak üzere yılda bir kez basılır. Yayınlanması istenilen makalelerin en geç her yıl Kasım ayında gönderilmiş olması gerekmektedir. 1998 yılından bu yana basılan Olba; Küçükasya, Akdeniz bölgesi ve Ortadoğu'ya ilişkin orijinal sonuçlar içeren Antropoloji, Prehistorya, Proto historya, Klasik Arkeoloji, Klasik Filoloji (ve Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri), Eskiçağ Tarihi, Nümizmatik ve Erken Hıristiyanlık Arkeolojisi alanlarında yazılmış makaleleri kapsamaktadır. 'RESEARCH CENTER OF CILICIAN ARCHAEOLOGY' JOURNAL 'OLBA' Scope Olba is printed once a year in May. Deadline for sending papers is November of each year. The Journal 'Olba', being published since 1998 by the 'Research Center of Cilician Archeology' of the Mersin University (Turkey), includes original studies done on antropology, prehistory, protohistory, classical archaeology, classical philology (and ancient languages and cultures), ancient history, numismatics and early christian archeology of Asia Minor, the Mediterranean region and the Near East.

Between the fifth and first century BC, calendars that compiled astronomical and meteorological information, known as parapēgmata, came to be used throughout the Greek-speaking world. In the course of the Hellenistic period, numerous such almanacs attributed to scientific authorities who operated in different regions were circulating, some of which emphasized distinct atmospheric phenomena. By ca. 100 BC at the latest, individuals and communities began combining astrometeorological parapēgmata to produce their own, including inscribed public versions. I argue that politically active citizens and doctors would have benefited from the use of these calendars within the context of the Hellenistic polis because weather was believed to have a direct impact on the collective food supply and health of communities and such documents were perceived as an invaluable tool for anticipating important atmospheric changes, determining when meteorological thresholds were crossed and building consensus for communal action taken in response.

As the Cold War loomed and debates on European unity took shape, Greece stood at a crossroads. This paper focuses on a moment when US-forged 'strategic dependencies' transformed rural Greece into a cog in the capitalist machine. The country's natural wealth, particularly its rich bauxite reserves, fueled Western Europe's recovery, but shipping it out of the country stifled Greece's own industrial ambitions. This moment marked a redefinition of architecture as both a tool and a symbol of constrained growth-a pattern that persisted globally throughout the so-called developing era. Far from being a deliberate engine of growth, housing reconstruction emerged as an ad hoc mechanism to address the era's conflicts and sustain economic activity because early housing schemes were framed as tools for import substitution and investment. Corrugated aluminum sheets-previously used in the construction of military barracks and thus considered a wartime relic-were now used for the first time for domestic roofing. Recommended by US housing specialists, their use epitomized the constrained agency of housing reconstruction in post-WWII Greece. In this case, architectural materiality also stands for the stark disparity, recently raised in seminal studies about the 'Age of Aluminum', between resource-extracting peripheries and the consumption-driven cores of modernity.

Tutti i diritti riservati. È vietata la riproduzione di testi e illustrazioni senza il permesso scritto dell'Editore o dell'Autore Sistemi di garanzia della qualità UNI EN ISO 9001:2015 Sistemi di gestione ambientale ISO 14001:2015 All texts, images, illustrations and drawings including the cover photograph and the photographic images of the archaeological site, © Attilio Pizzigoni, unless otherwise stated.

The foundation of the city of Messene in the southwest Peloponnese as the new capital of Messenia by the Theban general Epaminondas in 369 BC upon its liberation from Sparta, marked the end of centuries-long wars, suppression and uprisings, but at the same time the threatening onset of new con!icts, too. Namely, some of the Greek city states, above all Sparta of course, challenged the legitimateness of an  independent Messenia. thus, the monumental city wall of Messene, built right a"er the city’s founding, stands for an extremely crucial action taken in preparation for con!ict. It was erected relatively under time pressure, yet according to the latest forti&cation techniques. On the other hand, signi&cant representative aspects show that at the same time the city wall was a symbol of the newly attained identity, self-assurance and fortitude of a new urban population, and with that it became a rock-solid argument for the right of the Messenians to an independent existence. Hence, the city wall of Messene can be seen as a pre-emptive measure to prevent con!ict, which was ultimately crowned with success: the city could assert itself and !ourish in prosperity for several centuries’ time.

H e r d e f ü r B r o n z e s c hm e l z e n l a s s e n s i c h i n n e rh a l b v o n S i e d l u n g e n n u r ä u ß e r s t s e l t e n n a c hw e i s e n 6 . D a f ü r d a s S c hm e l z e n n u r g e r i n g e E r de i n t i e f u n g e n e r f o r d e r l i c h s i n d , um d e n H e r dp l a t z a u s r e i c h e n d z u s c h ü t z e n , v e rw u n d e r t d i e s e l t 1 NW 1 9 9 9 / 0 1 0 7 , S t e l l e 2 0 0 . D i e ö r t l i c h e G r a b u n g s l e it u n g l a g i n d e n H ä n d e n v o n J o c h e n A l tm i k s . Z um F u n d p l a t z z u l e t z t P . W a g n e r , G i g a n t u n d S y r i n x , B e r g k r i s t a l l u n d M a l e r g r a b . A r c h . R h e i n l

Tracing the ebb and flow of De Architectura 8 1 'Later, a measure (called the quinaria) that was based neither on the inch nor on either of the digits came into use in the City, supplanting earlier measures, either through Agrippa or through the plumbers working under the direction of Vitruvius the architect.' (Frontinus, Aq. 25) 'Vitruvius' eighth book, on water, is not one of his best. It is bitty and discursive… a sloppy compilation of borrowings, largely from Greek writers [which] shows little originality, clear-mindedness or intelligence on Vitruvius' part. His excuse must be that he was old and tired…' (Lewis 1999.145 and 171-2) When it is discussed at all (which is not often), the eighth book of Vitruvius' De Architectura is frequently approached as something of an anomaly, an interruption almost to the rest of the treatise. Not only does it revolve around the provision of a city's water supply (not one of 'the three parts of architecture' outlined by Vitruvius at DA 1.3.1 2 ); it digresses beyond what even an ancient reader might expect an account of civic hydraulics to cover, ranging into philosophy, natural history, geography and paradoxography as it discusses different water types and their weird and wonderful properties. It is a book that surprises both disciplinary and generic expectations in other words, even more than Vitruvius' other books. In addition, it has had the misfortune to disappoint many an archaeologist and historian of technology, 1 I am grateful to the Leverhulme Trust for funding the research fellowship during which this article was written. 2 Aedificatio (building), gnomonice (clock-making) and machinatio (mechanics); McEwen 2003.87-8.

Building on di ferent types of evidence, and spanning from Archaic to Roman times, the contributors to this volume address the complex relationship of memory and space in a variety of instances and methodological approaches. As a whole, the volume emphasizes how the Greeks deployed a strong sense of place and locality, especially the epichoric element, in communion with the stu f of memory-stories, myths, and narratives-to shape communal identities. This is far more than a matter of inventing traditions and rather takes us to the heart of how the Greeks experienced their worlds. From Pindar to Actium, for the Greeks the world was experienced as a series of mnemotopes.

There are many studies on ancient maritime history, the ships, naval battle tactics, and the ecology of the Mediterranean, but this book is the first to look at the subject through the lens of sea power, a term that is familiar to modern naval strategists but less so to scholars of ancient Greece. John Nash, a former officer in the Royal Australian Navy, seeks to demonstrate how our understanding of history can be enriched by modern maritime concepts.[1] The Introduction defines sea power broadly as "a state's use of the sea in general" (2), including economic, diplomatic, and legal enterprises as well as military or political dominance. With this description of sea power, the book outlines the physical maritime features that shaped what Nash calls a "maritime consciousness" as well as the maritime operations that reflected naval strategies. Nash is, therefore, less interested in tactics and military campaigns than in strategy, which he defines as "the interplay between ends, ways, and means, where the desired end state is reached through particular 'ways'-the operational level of war-and enabled by the 'means'-the resources and tactics used in the conduct of operations" (229). In short, this is a book about the influence of maritime forces upon strategic thinking.

Hellenistic-Roman Alexandria is often characterized as a cosmopolis; a city that would represent the quintessential ‘cultural crossroads’ of the ancient world. The aim of this volume is to critically discuss, unwrap and develop this idea. After a set of (theoretical) introductions, first the network Alexandria
was part of is explored in a more global, Afro-Eurasian sense than is traditionally done. What about Alexandria’s connections with China, India, Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the African Sahara and (western) Europe? Second, the relation between the global node that was Alexandria and the many processes of innovation that characterized the city during the Hellenistic-Roman era are investigated through a variety of specifically selected case studies: from medicine to poetry and from the city’s famous tombs to its exotic animals. Global dynamics prove to be at the core of Hellenistic-Roman Alexandria and its innovative character.

Hellenistic-Roman Alexandria is often characterized as a cosmopolis; a city that would represent the quintessential ‘cultural crossroads’ of the ancient world. The aim of this volume is to critically discuss, unwrap and develop this idea. After a set of (theoretical) introductions, first the network Alexandria
was part of is explored in a more global, Afro-Eurasian sense than is traditionally done. What about Alexandria’s connections with China, India, Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the African Sahara and (western) Europe? Second, the relation between the global node that was Alexandria and the many processes of innovation that characterized the city during the Hellenistic-Roman era are investigated through a variety of specifically selected case studies: from medicine to poetry and from the city’s famous tombs to its exotic animals. Global dynamics prove to be at the core of Hellenistic-Roman Alexandria and its innovative character.

Thessalian Eretria is a fortified center, located on a hill 385 m above sea level, very little known from an archaeological perspective, but of significant importance due to its strategic position along communication routes between the major cities of the region, such as Pharsalus, Skotoussa, Pevma, Pherrae, Demetrias, and Halos. The center enjoyed considerable vitality in the Hellenistic period and is known from ancient sources (Strabo, Polybius, Livius) to have been destroyed by Philip V during the Second Macedonian War in 198 BC and because here the Roman army of Titus Quintius Flamininus camped at the end of the first day's march from Pherae towards Skotoussa, in 197 BC.
The analyzed area included the "Kastro" rocky hill, fortified in the Hellenistic period, and the flat area at the foot of the hill, where various structures, necropolis and a suburban rock sanctuary have been recognized.
The activities included the topographical survey of the site, the positioning of the visible sections of the fortifications, the internal and external structures of the city and the excavations in the suburban sanctuary. An updated, georeferenced and high-definition map was created to be used as a work base for the positioning of the structures. Through these searches it was possible to carry out a first diachronic reconstruction of the image and stratifications of the ancient city.
Of particular importance are the investigations conducted in the suburban sanctuary located immediately east of the fortified city. Naiskos-shaped niches and 33 hemispherical protrusions obtained in a small rocky hill have been identified which testify to the sacred character of the area. These have been interpreted as omphaloi referable to the cult of Apollo, attested in Eretria by epigraphic testimonies, but they are present in different contexts of Thessaly and it is not possible, in fact, to determine the connection with a specific deity. At the foot of this rocky bank, along two declining terraces from south to north, the structures of the sanctuary develop referable to a monumentalization. The cleaning of the upper terrace, contained by a large wall, made it possible to identify the limit of a rectangular structure (7 x 5 m) in square blocks, probably the base of a small temple. The surface layers have given back Hellenistic pottery and elements of a precious decorative system in limestone. This structure was accessed via a connecting ramp with the lower terrace where a second rectangular building measuring 21.25 x 7.40 m was found, divided into two rooms. Here the excavation showed that the floor level has not been preserved, but the natural rocky bank directly emerged, cut by ten circular pits with imperial-era ceramics, attesting that the area was also frequented in this period. These pits further cut some much older cist tombs from the Middle/Late Bronze Age.

A temple model found in Daskyleion sheds light on the relation of Phrygian, Lydian, and Ionian temple architecture, which has not yet been sufficiently understood. The limestone model has been dated to 670/50 BCE, according to the context of its origin, by Tomris Bakır and Suat Ateşlier, but since it is not an object of everyday life, it probably has been in use, or display, for some time, and may date to the late eighth or early seventh century BCE. The temple model is related to features of the well-known rock-cut façades of Western Phrygia, like the Midas monument or the Arezastis monument. Parallels are the gabled roof with crossed horns crowning the pediment, and a (painted) vertical beam in the middle of the pediment. The entrance of the temple model is marked by a niche which also is reminiscent of Phrygian rock-cut monuments. On the other hand, two painted columns with volute capitals may be interpreted as columns of a prostyle or peripteral temple, similar to the earliest temple of Artemis at Ephesos.

Marble sculptures of Alexandria represent an artistic production deriving from the insertion of the Graeco-Roman statuary tradition into the ancient know-how of Egyptian stone craftsmanship, which can be followed across the art history of Egypt up to Late Antiquity. A group of sculptures found in the eastern suburbs of Alexandria offers the opportunity to broaden the discussion to the phenomenon of production, trade and display of statuary furniture in Egyptian architecture. This thirteen-pieces collection falls into the widespread typology of mythological statuettes that decorated domus and villas across the Roman Empire. However, the Egyptian cultural environment is well testified by the combination of Graeco-Roman and Egyptian deities into the same architectural context.

"Gli dei dentro casa": rituali per la protezione e la dismissione delle abitazioni antiche. Un caso da Agrigento Giuseppe Lepore Bustini in terracotta dal Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli Riccardo Berriola Note preliminari sui tegami a ingobbio rosso interno da Tindari. I materiali dagli scavi Lamboglia 1950-1956 Alberto Carlevaris La viabilità romana nel Salento: stato dell'arte e nuove prospettive di ricerca Stefania Pesce Dalla litoralizzazione alla ricomposizione territoriale. Una nuova datazione per l'insediamento enotrio di Palinuro Alessandro Cocorullo

Larisa (Buruncuk) is a strategically situated ancient site in the Hermos (Gediz) river valley in Aeolis. It maintained connections with inland Lydia and Aegean harbors, all while ensuring a secure inland position. The settlement spans two hills, namely Larisa East and Larisa West, with the area in between which host a necropolis and agricultural landscapes. This dual-hill layout suggests a certain hierarchy, with Larisa West as the central urban area and Larisa East functioning as a fortified stronghold.
Architectural remains demonstrate different building techniques, indicating two major construction phases dating to the early 5th and 4th centuries BCE. These phases reflect both regional and Greco-Persian influences. The integration of topography into Larisa’s urban planning shows a close relationship between natural features and social organization, such as the prominent ridge formations chosen for the construction of monumental tumuli as expressions of representative values. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Larisa’s urban dynamics, highlighting its settlement structure and environmental strategies.

Sonderdruck aus BONNER JAHRBÜCHER des LVR-Landesmuseums Bonn und des LVR-Amtes für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland sowie des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande BAND 214 2014 Diese PDF-Datei ist nur zum persönlichen Versand durch den Autor bestimmt. Sie darf bis Januar 2020 nicht in das Internet, zum Beispiel auf die Homepage des Verfassers, gestellt werden. This PDF is good for private dissemination by the author only. Its publication on the world wide web, for example on the writer's homepage, is restricted until January 2020. Ce fichier pdf est destiné seulement à la distribution personnelle de l'auteur. Jusqu'au janvier 2020 il ne doit pas être mis en ligne sur l'internet, par exemple sur la page d'accueil du nomographe. Questo file pdf è destinato esclusivamente all'uso personale dell'autore. Non né è permessa la pubblicazione in Internet, per esempio sulla pagina Internet dell'autore, prima del Gennaio 2020. VERLAG PHILIPP VON ZABERN • DARMSTADT Sonderdruck aus BONNER JAHRBÜCHER des LVR-Landesmuseums Bonn und des LVR-Amtes für Bodendenkmalpflege im Rheinland sowie des Vereins von Altertumsfreunden im Rheinlande BAND 214 2014 Diese PDF-Datei ist nur zum persönlichen Versand durch den Autor bestimmt. Sie darf bis Januar 2020 nicht in das Internet, zum Beispiel auf die Homepage des Verfassers, gestellt werden. This PDF is good for private dissemination by the author only. Its publication on the world wide web, for example on the writer's homepage, is restricted until January 2020. Ce fichier pdf est destiné seulement à la distribution personnelle de l'auteur. Jusqu'au janvier 2020 il ne doit pas être mis en ligne sur l'internet, par exemple sur la page d'accueil du nomographe. Questo file pdf è destinato esclusivamente all'uso personale dell'autore. Non né è permessa la pubblicazione in Internet, per esempio sulla pagina Internet dell'autore, prima del Gennaio 2020.

Abstract
A prismatic altar made of local limestone was found in a debris deposit on the slope above E3 Necropolis. Approximately 15 meters west of the altar, near the summit of the valley, is situated a cult structure. It is understood from the inscription on the altar that it was dedicated to Artemis Polias. Artemis Polias appears to be new, not only for Termessus and Asia Minor, but also for the whole Ancient Mediterranean World. Why did Artemis, the goddess of nature, become the patron deity of Termessus with the epithet polias? Is it known that Artemis protected city life and cities from other cities? While answering these questions, the geographical locations of
the newly discovered cult structure and the altar within the city are indicated. In this context, especially the dominant position of the cult structure and the altar overlooking the Mecene Pass outside the city, which is one of the weakest places in terms of the city’s defence, is emphasised.
The cult structure of Artemis and within altar for Artemis Polias are in a position to watch over one of the natural borders of the city.

The aim of this paper is to publish thirty production stamps (on tiles and amphorae), recently discovered during archaeological fieldwork in the ephebikon of Segesta. It focuses in particular on the public production of tiles (damosion) and that named after Onasos, in the context of the public buildings bordering the agora of Segesta.

Prima di introdurre, come di consueto, i contenuti del nuovo fascicolo delle Notizie degli scavi, mi è particolarmente gradito ringraziare ancora una volta il Direttore della Scuola Normale, prof. Luigi Ambrosio e il Segretario Generale, dott. Enrico Periti per il sostegno fornito alle nostre iniziative, e l'ing. Eugenio Lucchesini, che come di consueto ha creato le condizioni perché tutte le attività sul campo si svolgessero in piena sicurezza. Nelle nostre attività in Sicilia abbiamo come sempre potuto fare affidamento sul supporto istituzionale, tecnico e logistico degli Enti preposti alla tutela e alla valorizzazione delle aree in cui ricadono i siti di nostro interesse. In particolare voglio ricordare il Parco archeologico di Segesta (diretto fino all'aprile 2022 dalla dott.ssa Rossella Giglio e adesso dall'arch. Luigi Biondo), che ha anche cofinanziato un assegno di ricerca rivolto alla georeferenziazione e documentazione delle aree di scavo di Entella e Segesta (dott. Pietro Carmelo Manti). Come ha fatto del resto anche il Parco della Valle dei Tempi di Agrigento (diretto dall'arch. Roberto Sciarratta), cofinanziando l'assegno di ricerca grazie al quale il dott. Cristofoco Grotta sta conducendo ricerche negli archivi agrigentini (e non solo, come vedremo). Le campagne di scavo del 2021 hanno riguardato i siti di Agrigento, Entella e Segesta. Si tratta di progetti ormai consolidati, alcuni ormai da decenni, che continuano a restituire nuove acquisizioni scientifiche e ulteriori prospettive di ricerca, come si vedrà nelle pagine che seguono. Allo stesso tempo, nei cantieri archeologici della Normale in Sicilia si avvicendano allieve e allievi della Scuola, insieme a studentesse e studenti da altri Atenei, in quello che è ormai diventato un appuntamento fisso, un'esperienza formativa per le giovani leve dell'archeologia e, più in generale, dell'antichistica. Le sezioni in cui si articola il presente fascicolo (Agrigento; Entella; Segesta; Locri) contengono principalmente le relazioni preliminari degli scavi condotti nel 2021, oltre a singoli approfondimenti e ad apporti da altre discipline. viii Anna Magnetto Ad Agrigento ci portano le indagini condotte da Gianfranco Adornato e dai suoi allievi nell'area del tempio D, nell'ambito di un progetto pluridisciplinare, in cui la ricerca archeologica si integra da un lato con le indagini scientifiche e dall'altra con lo spoglio di un'ampia messe di documenti d'archivio. Il tutto nella cornice del Parco della Valle dei Templi che, come scrive in queste pagine Roberto Sciarratta, sa coniugare tutela e valorizzazione, ricerca scientifica e archeologia pubblica, rivitalizzazione del paesaggio e accessibilità. Introduce la presentazione dei risultati dei tre saggi condotti nell'area del tempio D un contributo del direttore dello scavo, Gianfranco Adornato (infra), che collega i tre distinti interventi con altrettante domande suscitate dal riesame complessivo dell'area templare. Il nuovo rilevamento delle strutture antiche porta a individuare simmetrie e asimmetrie che interessano il tempio, l'altare monumentale, lacerti murari affioranti nell'area della collina e indagati durante gli scavi, e che insieme ai reperti raccolti fanno ipotizzare la presenza di un edificio di culto anteriore a quello adesso visibile. L'altare in particolare ha un orientamento diverso rispetto al tempio, e soprattutto un rapporto dimensionale con l'edificio templare (1,73) unico nel panorama mediterraneo del V sec. a.C. Entrando nel dettaglio, i risultati dell'indagine all'altare (Sarcone, Guerini, infra) ne fissano la costruzione verso il 470-460 a.C., ma i materiali architettonici residuali rinvenuti nello scavo documentano per la prima volta una precedente fase cultuale di età arcaica, e forniscono spunti per una ricostruzione di attività rituali nell'area, subito dopo la fondazione della colonia e nel secolo successivo. Nell'area a Ovest del tempio (D'Andrea, infra), le fasi di vita e frequentazione antecedenti la costruzione dell'edificio dorico riaffiorano in un muro in grandi blocchi di calcarenite, caratterizzato da accorgimenti tecnici che consentivano un adeguato drenaggio delle acque, mentre i terreni di fondazione e a ridosso del muro stesso rivelano allo scavo una voluta alternanza di livelli argillosi e sabbiosi, funzionale a costituire un terrapieno che consolidasse e livellasse la collina del tempio. Infine, le due strutture murarie individuate alle pendici nord-orientali della collina del Tempio (Amara, Di Santi, Figura, Rignanese, infra) forniscono nuovi dati e ulteriori spunti di indagine sull'area a ridosso della cinta muraria in due momenti della storia agrigentina, tra la fine del VI-inizio V sec. a.C., e tra la fine del IV-inizi del III sec. a.C. Dalle ricerche sul campo a quelle d'archivio con Grotta (infra): anzi, negli archivi, visto che l'indagine si amplia dall'Archivio di Stato di Agrigento a quello del Museo «A. Salinas» di Palermo. I documenti permettono di ix Prefazione ricostruire una fitta sequela di interventi di scavo, di restauro, di consolidamento lungo il XIX e i primi decenni del XX secolo; al contempo, fanno risaltare alcuni vuoti nella documentazione, come quello riguardante l'indagine condotta da Pirro Marconi negli anni Venti nel secolo scorso. Ci spostiamo poi nella Sicilia interna, nella valle del Belìce, a Rocca d'Entella, ricadente nel Parco Archeologico di Segesta. E non posso non ringraziare il sindaco del Comune di Contessa Entellina, Leonardo Spera, per il costante supporto offerto: in particolare, la 'vecchia' missione archeologica a Contessa, risistemata e rinnovata ad opera e spese del Comune, ha potuto tornare a ospitare gli archeologi della Normale, rivitalizzando una tradizione più che decennale. L'équipe del Laboratorio, coordinata da Maria Cecilia Parra e da chi scrive, ha proseguito le indagini riprese nel 2020 in due aree strategiche dell'antica città di Entella, l'altura del palazzo fortificato medievale e la cosiddetta 'Area centrale' . Nel primo dei due settori (Corretti, Vaggioli, infra) si è approfondita e ampliata l'indagine lungo il versante nord-occidentale del rilievo di q. 542, nell'area non occupata dalle strutture medievali lungo l'attuale strada agricola. Lo scavo ha rimesso in luce una serie di ambienti posti a valle di un muro di terrazzamento in grandi blocchi di pietra gessosa locale, analogo, e perpendicolare, a quello messo in luce sul versante NordEst dell'altura nel 2020. Di notevole interesse la vicenda costruttiva del complesso, che vede successive trasformazioni tra l'età protoellenistica e la tarda età repubblicana, analogamente a quanto documentato nel settore nord-orientale dell'altura nel 2020. Emergono quindi le tracce di un apprestamento che può risalire all'epoca arcaica e che era volto a monumentalizzare questo rilievo centrale nella topografia urbana. Una delle anfore recuperate nei contesti della piena età ellenistica portava un titulus pictus il cui studio (Nicolino, infra) consente di inserire pienamente Entella nel circuito di diffusione dei vini campani fra III e II sec. a.C. Significative poi, per la ricostruzione dei culti di Entella, le acquisizioni delle indagini 2021 (Michelini, Parra, infra) nell'area centrale, nel vallone orientale della Rocca. Le vasche circolari rimesse in luce -una interamente; una seconda, più grande, solo in parte -vanno con ogni verosimiglianza interpretate come apprestamenti cultuali e riferite in particolare alla pratica del megarizein, caratterizzante il rituale tesmoforico: esse vanno quindi a integrare quanto già emerso nella scorsa campagna con il rinvenimento di alcune deposizioni votive. Di notevole interesse inoltre l'individuazione di due anfratti nella roccia, con ceramiche locali di epoca

Fano, Centro Studi Vitruviani, giovedì 16 – venerdì 17 ottobre 2025

DETTAGLI DELLA CANDIDATURA
Proposta di intervento: 200 parole (1000 caratteri ca.)
Breve curriculum vitae: 100 parole (500 caratteri ca.)
Lingue ammesse per l’intervento: italiano, inglese
Lingue ammesse per la relazione al convegno: italiano, inglese
Termine di presentazione delle proposte: 15 giugno 2025, UTC+1
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[ENGLISH VERSION]

Call for Papers | International Conference
The Words of Vitruvius: Between Archaeological Findings and Vulgarizations
Fano, Centro Studi Vitruviani, Thursday 16 – Friday 17 October 2025
APPLICATION DETAILS
Proposal: title, 200-word abstract (1000 characters ca.)
Brief Curriculum Vitae: 100 words (500 characters ca.)
Interventions Duration: 20 minutes each
Languages admitted for the papers’ presentation: Italian, English
Proposal Submission Deadline: June 15th, 2025, UTC+1

The paper summarizes the current state of the research concerning the fortification walls of the Graeco-Roman city of Butrint in Epirus (today in Southern Albania, Saranda region). The focus deals with the archaic and Hellenistic phases of the defensive circuits and the evolution of the access system and city gates in relation to urban development and transformations over time. Main masonry styles are described, and technical solutions adopted in the defensive and terracing walls – built to regularize the urban space – are discussed. Finally, we return to the so-called Lion’s Gate and to the specific problem of a figured stone block from an archaic frieze, which was reused as a lintel in the postantique reconstruction of this urban gate.

Sparta stands out as a prominent city-state of ancient Greece, renowned for its significant historical impact. Its legacy is marked not only by its involvement in major historical events but also by the 'peculiarities' attributed to the constitution and societal life of the Classical city. Ancient written sources often portrayed Sparta as a militaristic and patriotic model of severity, discipline and austerity, crafting narratives that emphasised these traits. Over time, these narratives have fascinated various audiences and frequently been used for ideological and political purposes. Locally, these historical narratives have affected aspects of the contemporary Spartan society and the expectations of visitors and scholars. Projects for the enhancement of Spartan archaeological sites were systematically implemented rather late, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. This article discusses this development and explores the ways in which organised and accessible archaeological sites and their narratives can engage diverse audiences. It also considers how such efforts can challenge and revise established narratives, impacting local identity and regional development.

TO THE ANCIENT Greeks, he was Hephaistos . To the Romans, he was Vulcan. To the Etruscans, he was Sethlans. Many ancient cultures imagined a god of fire who presided over volcanoes and was a metalsmith who crafted magical armor and weapons. Of the 12“Olympian” gods of the Greco-Roman pantheon, he appears on the fewest coins — a special challenge for collectors eager to assemble a “complete” type set of deities.

Binlerce yıllık geçmişi içinde pek çok uygarlığın iç içe veya yan yana yaşadığı Smyrna'yı, benzer antik kentler arasında farklı ve ayrıcalıklı kılan; en önemli ve eşsiz özelliği bu yerlerde bulunmayan tarihsel, kültürel ve arkeolojik mirasının zenginliği olmalıdır. Kent kültürünün en başta gelen ilkelerinden biride, kentin tarihi mirasına sahip çıkmak, korumak ve yapılarına uygun birer fonksiyon kazandırılarak kent için çok yönlü katkılarını sağlamaktır.

egh xi sanctuaries outside the city's walls but within the city's territory. Other sanctuaries, such as the great Sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia (Fig. ), developed in places not controlled by a major polis; these became Panhellenic (for all Greeks) or interpolis sanctuaries where rival individuals and states could meet and compete.

Rural sanctuaries are well-known features of ancient Greek culture. Many have been excavated or studied but only in a few cases do we have a good understanding of the areas outside of the sacred area, or temenos. This article investigates exactly these areas by taking a structure, found roughly 500 metres from the temenos at the sanctuary Zeus at Labraunda, as a case study. The remains and location in the landscape indicate that it could be a farmhouse. Epigraphic evidence from the Mylasa/Labraunda region, related to agricultural land and agricultural production in connection to sanctuaries, is brought in to contextualise the possible uses of the farmhouse. While sanctuaries regularly owned agricultural lands, in this case, the proximity to the temenos also opens for other forms of administration. The farmhouse is then situated in a spatial organisation that can be discerned in the surroundings of the temenos at Labraunda. It is argued that the surroundings of the temenos were spatially planned in connection with the large architectural programme at the sanctuary, instigated by the Hekatomnid dynasty.